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Alcuin's Disputatio De Rhetorica: a Critical Edition with Studies of Aspects of the Text, the Stemma Codicum, the Didactic Diag

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Alcuin's Disputatio De Rhetorica: a Critical Edition with Studies of Aspects of the Text, the Stemma Codicum, the Didactic Diag Alcuin's Disputatio de rhetorica: A critical edition with studies of aspects of the text, the stemma codicum, the didactic diagrams and a reinterpretation of sources for the problem of the duality of the dialogue Artur Costrino Doctor of Philosophy University of York Medieval Studies September 2016 Abstract Alcuin’s dialogue De rhetoricaenjoyed early success in Middle Ages and had a plethora of early copies in the ninth century. Diagrams concerning rhetoric were added to some of the earliest manuscripts and accompanied the dialogue through the ninth and tenth centuries, but were disregarded by modern editions of the work. The dialogue also has an uncommon combination of classical rhetorical precepts and explanation of the four cardinal virtues; these precepts and virtues had never been merged in such a way. In order to deal with the issues mentioned above, this thesis is divided into two main parts. The first deals mainly with Alcuin’s dialogue and its content. In this part, the controversial date of composition is taken into consideration, as well as the reception of the dialogue by modern scholars and their interpretation of how rhetorical precepts and cardinal virtues associate with each other in the dialogue. I give my own view of this issue and try to use Alcuin’s known sources to justify and undertand the presence of a discussion about virtues on a dialogue about rhetoric. Next I analyse the diagrams which were transmitted in some of the oldest manuscripts and consider their relation to the content of Alcuin’s text. I also collate the manuscripts and drew a stemma codicum of the manuscripts containing the diagrams. In the second part, I analyse previous editions of Alcuin’s work. A description of the readings found in the manuscripts, including two never used before, leads to the first stemma codicum of the dialogue. After this, a physical description of the manuscripts and justifications of each of the different readings adopted in this edition is offered before the edition itself. 3 Table of Contents Abstract 2 List of diagrams 5 Acknowledgements 6 Declaration 8 I. Introduction 9 1.1 The plan for the dissertation 9 1.2 The date of Alcuin’s dialogue: De rhetorica 13 1.3 A summary of the dialogue 26 II. Aspects of Reception: Form and Meaning 31 2.1 Reception and interpretation 31 2.1.1 Modern reception 32 2.1.2 The Disputatio and de Virtutibus: an argument for the unity of a 4 7 composite work using Caius Julius Victor’s evidence III. The Diagrams: A Clue to the Reception of the Text 59 3.1 Diagrams added to the earliest manuscripts 59 3.2 Stemma Codicum of the diagrams 90 3.3 An edition of the diagrams 92 IV. A New Critical Edition 103 4.1 Modern editions of the work 104 4.1.1 Characteristics of Howell’s edition of Alcuin’s De rhetorica 106 4.1.2 Discrepancies between Howell and Halm 108 4.1.3 Main changes implemented by Zimmermann 114 4.2 Manuscripts 116 4 4.3 An analysis of the manuscript variants 139 4.4 The stemma 173 4.5 Different readings proposed in this edition 174 4.6. Manuscript sigla 186 4.7 The new edition of Alcuin’s Disputatio De rhetorica 187 V. Conclusions 289 Abbreviations 293 Bibliography 296 5 List of diagrams Definition of orator 57 The five parts of rhetoric 63 Genres of rhetoric 65, 66 Arguments of causes 69 Types of controversy 72 Five types of causes 73 Parts of speech 75 Ways of argumentation 76 6 Acknowledgements All the gratitude in the world would not be enough to truthfully acknowledge the guidance, the incentive, the dedication and attention I received from my supervisors Dr. Mary Garrison and Dr. Michele Campopiano. I can only hope one day I will be able to help someone as much as they helped me. All my gratitude also go to Dr. Marcos Martinho dos Santos, whose knowledge and example are beyond inspiring. If it wasn’t for him, I wouldn’t be writing this thesis. During all these years, I was lucky and fortunate to have received help and support from the wonderful staff of the Centre of Medieval Studies. A special thanks go to Dr. Christine Phillips and Professor Linne Mooney, members of my TAP meetings. All this journey would have been much harder if it wasn’t for my friends. I am privileged to have many: Ticiano Lacerda, Tasso Micchetti Andre, Alexandre Hasegawa, Alexandre Agnolon, Ricardo Godinho, Gilson Lopes, Nelson de Campos Ramos Junior, Barbara Dias, Thiago Galvão, Fabrizia Serafim, Olavo Galvão, Raquel Ponzoni, Andre Ponzoni, Mari Castro, Raissa Zibell, Rosane Mota, Edna da Rocha, Simone Mota, Zara Burford, Tom Powles, Natalia Ivanova, Joao Angelo Oliva Neto, Paulo Martins, Danilo Catteli, Barbara Roma, Maia Nomelino, Claudia Esteves, James Harland, Laura Kumpuniemi, Jonathan Rubashkin, Aya Komura, Beatrice Wallbank, Lieke Kamphuis, Otavio Pinto, Dionatan Tissot, Ana Luisa Dias, Tamara Kovacs, Francieli Borges, Sanket Jirapure, Sue Coimbra, Stephanie Hill, Mario Eduardo Viaro, Carolina Costrino, Luiz Junior, Diego Ramirez, Robert Smith, Elisabeth Biggs, Raj Jappy, Daniela Moratscheck, Emma Martin, Andre Viccini, among others. My family: Rosemeire Garrido Costrino, Jorge Costrino, Teresa Costrino, Nelson de Campos Ramos, Reinaldo Garrido, Tabata Garrido, Paula Garrido, Gabriel Garrido, Leticia Rebuelta, all part of who I am. 7 A very special thanks to Gillian Galloway and Brittany Scowcroft, whose light made my days brighter for four years. All my love to my grandparents: Braz Costrino Filho, Francisca Costrino, Maria Conceição Garrido and Oswaldo Garrido. You live inside my heart. This thesis was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). 8 Declaration I declare that this thesis is a presentation of original work and I am the sole author. This work has not previously been presented for an award at this, or any other, University. All sources are acknowledged as References. 9 I. Introduction 1.1 The plan for the dissertation This thesis is divided into four main parts. Firstly, in the introduction, I will address the debate about the date of composition of Alcuin’s Disputatio De rhetorica. Some scholars have refrained from offering an opinion about when Alcuin could have written the Disputatio de rhetorica, while others have resigned themselves to an established opinion, seeming content to discuss the matter no further. Therefore, I decided to take into consideration the three main scholars who have written most on this matter: Howell, Wallach and Bullough.1 The first chose to take into consideration a letter Alcuin wrote to Angilbert, in which he supposedly made reference to his dialogue on rhetoric.2 In addition to this, Howell uses the first line of the dialogue, where Charlemagne acknowledges one of Alcuin’s travels, to establish the year 794 as the year in which Alcuin wrote the De rhetorica. Wallach, on the other hand, believes that the letter to Angilbert makes no reference to the dialogue whatsoever and dismisses the first line of the dialogue as being formulaic and, therefore, having no connection to real life events.3 Wallach’s assertion is that the poem which opens the dialogue is the poem that carries the clue necessary for establishing the date of the text. The poem calls Charlemagne pater mundi, and Wallach sees in this epithet an answer to when the dialogue was written. Because this name could only be used to refer to Charlemagne after his coronation as Roman emperor at the end of the year 800, the dialogue could thus only have been written in the space between 801 and 804, the year of Alcuin’s death. Bullough believes it is useful to know when Alcuin developed his pedagogical activities then associates this period with the composition of his dialogues. I will 1 W. S. Howell, The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne, in Princeton Studies in English, 23 (Princeton, 1941); L. Wallach, Alcuin and Charlemagne (New York, 1968); Bullough, Achievements, p. 298 and Bullough, Alcuin, Abbot of St. Martin’s, Tours, and Royal Adviser. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition - http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/index-content.html (last accessed in 17/05/17. 2 Howell, Rhetoric, pp. 5-8. 3 Wallach, Alcuin and Charlemagne, p. 47. 10 proceed to analyse these theories and give the reasons why I consider the first two studies to be problematic, before giving my views regarding the date of the dialogue, which I judge to have been written at the end of the eighth century. Subsequently, there is an abridged description of the contents of the dialogue. Alcuin’s De rhetorica is made almost entirely by borrowed precepts of ancient books on rhetoric (mainly Cicero’s De inuentione and Caius Julius Victor’s Ars rhetorica). In fact, Alcuin’s De rhetorica is mostly an abbreviated version of these two rhetorical manuals, with, perhaps, some other insertions. I will list, in order, all the main subjects discussed by Alcuin together with the section number of the dialogue in which they can be found. In the second chapter, I firstly analyse how modern scholars have perceived Alcuin’s work. This ranges from the disapproving opinions of some nineteenth century scholars and the recognition of its importance as an educational handbook, to a much more intricate and complex analysis of its theological and political implications. Then, I offer my own contribution to the debate by showing the importance of Caius Julius Victor’s text to Alcuin’s De rhetorica. From Halm onwards, other authors also began noticing that the Ars rhetorica was responsible for providing almost half of the content of Alcuin’s dialogue. However, my analysis shows that two sections of Julius Victor’s text, focusing on letters and dialogues, were ignored by scholars of the time, although not by Alcuin.
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