The Case of the Eloquent Bishops, Ambrose of Milan and Grego
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Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549
“JUST AS THE PRIESTS HAVE THEIR WIVES”: PRIESTS AND CONCUBINES IN ENGLAND, 1375-1549 Janelle Werner A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Advisor: Professor Judith M. Bennett Reader: Professor Stanley Chojnacki Reader: Professor Barbara J. Harris Reader: Cynthia B. Herrup Reader: Brett Whalen © 2009 Janelle Werner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT JANELLE WERNER: “Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549 (Under the direction of Judith M. Bennett) This project – the first in-depth analysis of clerical concubinage in medieval England – examines cultural perceptions of clerical sexual misbehavior as well as the lived experiences of priests, concubines, and their children. Although much has been written on the imposition of priestly celibacy during the Gregorian Reform and on its rejection during the Reformation, the history of clerical concubinage between these two watersheds has remained largely unstudied. My analysis is based primarily on archival records from Hereford, a diocese in the West Midlands that incorporated both English- and Welsh-speaking parishes and combines the quantitative analysis of documentary evidence with a close reading of pastoral and popular literature. Drawing on an episcopal visitation from 1397, the act books of the consistory court, and bishops’ registers, I argue that clerical concubinage occurred as frequently in England as elsewhere in late medieval Europe and that priests and their concubines were, to some extent, socially and culturally accepted in late medieval England. -
By Rachel Stone
Exploring minor clerics in early medieval Tuscany by Rachel Stone Reti Medievali Rivista, 18, 1 (2017) <http://www.retimedievali.it> Firenze University Press Reti Medievali Rivista, 18, 1 (2017) <http://rivista.retimedievali.it> ISSN 1593-2214 © 2017 Firenze University Press DOI 10.6092/1593-2214/5076 Exploring minor clerics in early medieval Tuscany* by Rachel Stone The article examines minor clerics (clerici) in Carolingian texts. Comparing episcopal capitu- laries from Italy and Francia suggests that clerici played a more prominent role in Italian church life. An analysis of charters from the monastery of Monte Amiata reveals a high proportion of clerici. They appear as a rurally-based group, with varying levels of education, but of some local social standing, and were often mature men with children. The prevalence of such clerici may be related to the northern Italian structure of pievi, and the opportunities these provided for mixed patterns of father-son and uncle-nephew inheritance of church office. The blurring of the lay/clerical divide by such clerici may have particularly worried eleventh-century church reformers coming to Italy from other regions of Western Europe. Il saggio intende fornire una panoramica sui chierici minori nelle fonti di età carolingia, che, a partire dai capitolari episcopali, mostrano un ruolo assai più rilevante in area italica rispetto alle coeve dinamiche osservabili sul suolo francese. Tra le fonti, sono soprattutto le carte – det- tagliatamente analizzate – provenienti dall’archivio del monastero di San Salvatore al Monte Amiata a mostrare una consistente presenza di clerici. Essi appaiono generalmente come un gruppo a forte radicamento rurale, differenziato al proprio interno secondo livelli non omo- genei di educazione e alfabetizzazione, ma di una qualche eminenza sociale in ambito locale e con larga presenza di individui adulti con prole. -
Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period
Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period This volume is an investigation of how Augustine was received in the Carolingian period, and the elements of his thought which had an impact on Carolingian ideas of ‘state’, rulership and ethics. It focuses on Alcuin of York and Hincmar of Rheims, authors and political advisers to Charlemagne and to Charles the Bald, respectively. It examines how they used Augustinian political thought and ethics, as manifested in the De civitate Dei, to give more weight to their advice. A comparative approach sheds light on the differences between Charlemagne’s reign and that of his grandson. It scrutinizes Alcuin’s and Hincmar’s discussions of empire, rulership and the moral conduct of political agents during which both drew on the De civitate Dei, although each came away with a different understanding. By means of a philological–historical approach, the book offers a deeper reading and treats the Latin texts as political discourses defined by content and language. Sophia Moesch is currently an SNSF-funded postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford, working on a project entitled ‘Developing Principles of Good Govern- ance: Latin and Greek Political Advice during the Carolingian and Macedonian Reforms’. She completed her PhD in History at King’s College London. Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period Political Discourse in Alcuin of York and Hincmar of Rheims Sophia Moesch First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. -
Brief of Appellee, Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Virginia
Record No. 120919 In the Supreme Court of Virginia The Falls Church (also known as The Church at the Falls – The Falls Church), Defendant-Appellant, v. The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America and The Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Virginia, Plaintiffs-Appellees. BRIEF OF APPELLEE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE DIOCESE OF VIRGINIA Bradfute W. Davenport, Jr. (VSB #12848) Mary C. Zinsner (VSB #31397) [email protected] [email protected] George A. Somerville (VSB #22419) Troutman Sanders LLP [email protected] 1660 International Drive, Suite 600 Troutman Sanders LLP McLean, Virginia 22102 P.O. Box 1122 (703) 734-4334 (telephone) Richmond, Virginia 23218-1122 (703 734-4340 (facsimile) (804) 697-1291 (telephone) (804) 697-1339 (facsimile) CONTENTS Table of Authorities .................................................................................... iiii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Facts ........................................................................................................... 2 Assignment of Cross-Error .......................................................................... 5 Argument .................................................................................................... 5 Standard of Review ........................................................................... 5 I. The Circuit Court correctly followed and applied this Court’s -
Francia. Band 44
Francia. Forschungen zur Westeuropäischen Geschichte. Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris (Institut historique allemand) Band 44 (2017) Nithard as a Military Historian of the Carolingian Empire, c 833–843 DOI: 10.11588/fr.2017.0.68995 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. Bernard S. Bachrach – David S. Bachrach NITHARD AS A MILITARY HISTORIAN OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE, C 833–843 Introduction Despite the substantially greater volume of sources that provide information about the military affairs of the ninth century as compared to the eighth, the lion’s share of scholarly attention concerning Carolingian military history has been devoted to the reign of Charlemagne, particularly before his imperial coronation in 800, rather than to his descendants1. Indeed, much of the basic work on the sources, that is required to establish how they can be used to answer questions about military matters in the period after Charlemagne, remains to be done. An unfortunate side-effect of this rel- ative neglect of military affairs as well as source criticism for the ninth century has been considerable confusion about the nature and conduct of war in this period2. -
The Diocese of Minsk, Its Origin, Extent and Hierarchy
177 The Diocese of Minsk, its Origin, Extent and Hierarchy BY Č. SIPOVIČ I Those who would wish to study the history of Christianity in Byelorussia should certainly pursue the history of the Orthodox and Catholic churches, and to a lesser extent, that of various groups of Protestants. One must bear in mind that the Catholic Church in Byelorussia followed and still follows two Rites: the Latin and the Oriental-Byzantine. It is acceptable to call the latter by the name Uniate. In Byelorussia it dates back to the Synod of Brest-Litoŭsk in the year 1596. But here we propose to deal exclusively with the Catholic Church of the Latin Rite, and will further limit ourselves to a small section of its history, namely the foundation of the diocese of Minsk. Something also will be said of its bishops and admin istrators. Exactly how and when the Latin form of Catholicism came to Byelorussia is a question which has not been sufficiently elucidated. Here then are the basic historical facts. From the beginning of the acceptance of Christianity in Byelo russia until the end of the 14th century, the population followed the Eastern Rite and until the end of the 12th century it formed part of the universal Christian Church. After the erection of a Latin bishopric in Vilna in 1387, and after the acceptance of Christianity in the Latin Rite by the Lithuanians, this episcopal see itself and its clergy started to propagate this rite. It is well-known that Jahajła had virtually the same relations with the pagan Lithuanians as with Orthodox Ukrainians and Byelo russians. -
The Corpus Iuris Civilis in the Middle Ages Brill’S Studies in Intellectual History
The Corpus Iuris Civilis in the Middle Ages Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History General Editor A. J. Vanderjagt, University of Groningen Editorial Board C. S. Celenza, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore M. Colish, Oberlin College J. I. Israel, Princeton University J. D. North, University of Groningen W. Otten, Utrecht University VOLUME 147 The Corpus Iuris Civilis in the Middle Ages Manuscripts and Transmission from the Sixth Century to the Juristic Revival by Charles M. Radding and Antonio Ciaralli LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 On the cover: Cologne, Historisches Archiv, W. 328, f. 31r. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 371.82968'0747'1– ISSN 0920–8607 ISBN-13: 978 90 04 15499 5 ISBN-10: 90 04 15499 X © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Armando Petrucci and in memory of Paola Supino Martini CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................. -
The Ordination of Women in the Early Middle Ages
Theological Studies 61 (2000) THE ORDINATION OF WOMEN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES GARY MACY [The author analyzes a number of references to the ordination of women in the early Middle Ages in light of the meaning given to ordination at that time and in the context of the ministries of early medieval women. The changing definition of ordination in the twelfth century is then assessed in view of contemporary shifts in the understanding of the sacraments. Finally, a brief commentary is presented on the historical and theological significance of this ma- terial.] N HER PROVOCATIVE WORK, The Lady was a Bishop, Joan Morris argued I that the great mitered abbesses of the Middle Ages were treated as equivalent to bishops. In partial support of her contention, she quoted a capitulum from the Mozarabic Liber ordinum that reads “Ordo ad ordin- andam abbatissam.”1 Despite this intriguing find, there seems to have been no further research into the ordination of women in the early Middle Ages. A survey of early medieval documents demonstrates, however, how wide- spread was the use of the terms ordinatio, ordinare, and ordo in regard to the commissioning of women’s ministries during that era. The terms are used not only to describe the installation of abbesses, as Morris noted, but also in regard to deaconesses and to holy women, that is, virgins, widows, GARY MACY is professor in the department of theology and religious studies at the University of San Diego, California. He received his Ph.D. in 1978 from the University of Cambridge. Besides a history of the Eucharist entitled The Banquet’s Wisdom: A Short History of the Theologies of the Lord’s Supper (Paulist, 1992), he recently published Treasures from the Storehouse: Essays on the Medieval Eucharist (Liturgical, 1999). -
The Holy See
The Holy See ORIENTALIS ECCLESIAE ENCYCLICAL OF POPE PIUS XII ON SAINT CYRIL, PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA TO OUR VENERABLE BRETHREN THE PATRIARCHS, PRIMATES, ARCHBISHOPS, BISHIOPS, AND OTHER ORDINARIES AT PEACE AND IN COMMUNION WITH THE APOSTOLIC SEE Venerable Brethren, Health and Our Apostolic Benediction. St. Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, glory of the Eastern Church and celebrated champion of the Virgin Mother of God, has always been held by the Church in the highest esteem, and We welcome the opportunity of recalling his merits in this brief Letter, now that fifteen centuries have passed since he happily exchanged this earthly exile for his heavenly home. 2. Our Predecessor St. Celestine I hailed him as 'good defender of the Catholic faith,'[1] as 'excellent priest,'[2] as 'apostolic man.'[3] The ecumenical Council of Chalcedon not only used his doctrine for the detecting and refuting of the latest errors, but went so far as to compare it with the learning of St. Leo the Great;[4] and in fact the latter praised and commended the writings of this great Doctor because of their perfect agreement with the faith of the holy Fathers.[5] The fifth ecumenical Council, held at Constantinople, treated St. Cyril's authority with similar reverence[6] and many years later, during the controversy about the two wills in Christ, his teaching was rightly and triumphantly vindicated, both in the first Lateran Council [7] and in the sixth ecumenical Council, against the false charge of being tainted with the error of Monothelitism. He was, as Our saintly Predecessor Agatho proclaimed, 'a defender of the truth'[8] and 'a consistent teacher of the orthodox faith.'[9] 3. -
The Heirs of Alcuin: Education and Clerical Advancement in Ninth-Century Carolingian Europe
The Heirs of Alcuin: Education and Clerical Advancement in Ninth-Century Carolingian Europe Darren Elliot Barber Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute for Medieval Studies December 2019 ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. iii Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisors, Julia Barrow and William Flynn, for their sincere encouragement and dedication to this project. Heeding their advice early on made this research even more focused, interesting, and enjoyable than I had hoped it would be. The faculty and staff of the Institute for Medieval Studies and the Brotherton Library have been very supportive, and I am grateful to Melanie Brunner and Jonathan Jarrett for their good advice during my semesters of teaching while writing this thesis. I also wish to thank the Reading Room staff of the British Library at Boston Spa for their friendly and professional service. Finally, I would like to thank Jonathan Jarrett and Charles West for conducting such a gracious viva examination for the thesis, and Professor Stephen Alford for kindly hosting the examination. iv Abstract During the Carolingian renewal, Alcuin of York (c. 740–804) played a major role in promoting education for children who would later join the clergy, and encouraging advanced learning among mature clerics. -
Charlemagne and Europe
Journal of the British Academy, 2, 125–152. DOI 10.5871/jba/002.125 Posted 3 December 2014. © The British Academy 2014 Charlemagne and Europe Raleigh Lecture on History read 12 November 2013 JINTY NELSON Fellow of the Academy Abstract: This paper, ‘Charlemagne and Europe’, is a revised and expanded form of the lecture I read on 12 November 2013. I begin by asking what Europe has meant to medieval historians in recent times, focusing on some answers given in the 1990s and around the year 2000, and reflecting on the different ways Charlemagne is being com- memorated in different parts of Europe now, 1,200 years after his death. I then re- examine Charlemagne through evidence from his own time, as a ruler of a recognisably European empire, and, in the light of recent research and new approaches, I recon- sider his record as a political figure. A brief survey of his posthumous reputation as man and myth in the middle ages, and after, leads into a closer look at the roles assigned to him in post-war rhetoric. Finally I ask whether Charlemagne has, or might have, anything to offer Europeans today. Keywords: Charlemagne, Europe, empire, commemoration, myth To be invited to give the Raleigh Lecture is, as it has been since it was endowed almost a century ago, a tremendous honour. It also presents a new challenge, for the British Academy is changing with the times, and today’s Raleigh Lecturer is now invited to connect the Academy with a broad public. The occasion has become part of the Academy’s opening-wide of its doors. -
Adams County Historical Society Church Records Collection
Adams County Historical Society Church Records Collection Vol # Town/Township County State Church or Pastor Years Covered Northumberlan 376 Aaronsburg (near) PA Evangelical Lutheran 1794-1854 d 376 Aaronsburg (near) Centre PA Wolf's Chapel ????-???? 1 Abbottstown Adams PA Abbottstown Reformed [now Emanuel Reformed (UCC)] 1768-1880 Immaculate Heart of Mary Roman Catholic (Brandtsburgh 2 Abbottstown Adams PA 1830-1956 Chapel) 3 Abbottstown Adams PA St John Evangelical Lutheran 1884-1920 4 Abbottstown Adams PA St John Lutheran (See also #6) 1837-1850 St John Lutheran (See also #6)(all records alphabetical by 5 Abbottstown Adams PA 1850-1877 name) 6 Abbottstown Adams PA St John Lutheran (see also #4) 1837-1850 St John Lutheran (see also #5)(all records alphabetical by 6 Abbottstown Adams PA 1850-1877 name) Johannes (see St Matthew Evangelical Lutheran, Hanover, 237 Abbottstown Adams PA 1831-1833 Book 2, Vol 2 mentioned) 323 Abbottstown Adams PA Abbottstown Reformed [now Emanuel Reformed (UCC)] 1775-1800 327 Abbottstown Adams PA St John Lutheran 1884-1920 327 Abbottstown Adams PA St John Lutheran, Books I & II 1837-1877 422 Adams Snyder PA St Henry Lutheran (Union) (Musser's Valley) 1860-1878 422 Adams nr Troxelville Snyder PA St James Lutheran (Messiah Lutheran) 1880-1927 254 Adamstown Lancaster PA Muddy Creek 1730-1813 Muddy Creek Lutheran (included in Trinity Evangelical 354 Adamstown Lancaster PA 1730-1813 Lutheran Vol I) Northumberlan Zion Lutheran and Reformed, (Stone) includes thermofax 189 Agustaville PA 1806-1843 d copies 1 Schumacher,