www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org Rockefeller Center Table of Contents Slide/s Part Description 1N/ATitle 2 N/A Table of Contents 3~72 1 FtFuture CitCity 73~104 2 The Upper Estate 105~262 3 The Architecture of Optimism 263~344 4 Art Triumphant 345~398 5 Showplace of the Nation 399~425 6 Fighting to Get In 1 2 City Within A City Part 1 The Board of Strategy Future City 3 4 “Build a city to accommodate a floating population of 200,000 people on an area of one-fifth of a square mile! That, in effect, was the command issued to the board of strategy given the task of planning Rockefeller Center, New York’s latest wonder. In their control, the builders had $250,000,000 – enough money to build five power dams like Muscle Shoals, or to drill a twenty- two-mile tunnel under the English channel and still have $100,000,000 to spare…It is literally a city standing on end, a city of gardens, plazas, theaters, studios, offices and shops driven into the blue skyline until it is visible to ships at sea or, on other occasions, loses itself in the clouds…” Popular Mechanics, March 1933 5 6 © J.M. Syken 1 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org 7 8 9 10 11 12 © J.M. Syken 2 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org 13 14 15 16 17 18 © J.M. Syken 3 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org 19 20 “…With $250,000,000 in its pocket, the board of strategy soon found its chief concern was what not to do with it. People from all over the world offered ideas and bushels of them were sifted down to a few pertinent facts. Imaginary schemes of grandeur, staggering visions of transparent buildings, suspended highways and Chinese pergolas all went the way they had come, as also did a man from Georgia and one from California offering to sell mountains…” Popular Mechanics, March 1933 21 22 A Tooeedowered Town 23 24 © J.M. Syken 4 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org “…When finished in the fall of 1933, a Central Unit. A 60-story building, will house sixty-story skyscraper, housing twenty- 27 Broadcasting Studios and General Offices of all Corporations interested in the seven broadcasting studios, some of Project them three stories high, will tower over the group, which will include four large theaters provided with radio and television broadcasting apparatus, one Offices and Studios in upper floors of each for vaudeville, one for talkies, one for Theater Building plays, and one for musical comedies. Offices “A Towered town of a thousand wonders, a ‘Radio City,’ will and The vaudeville theater will seat 7,000 Studios arise within three years in the heart of New York. It will persons, and the movie house 5,000. The Offices and musical comedy theater will be a Studios combine radio, motion picture, and possibly television ‘proving ground,’ successful pro- ductions to be given wider audience activities with drama, opera, symphony music, and vaudeville Thea ter Buildings through motion pictures, radio, and, into one huge nerve center for national, and probably perhaps, television. A great symphony worldwide, dissemination of entertainment and education…” hall, which would be equipped for radio Theater and television, also is considered. The Popular Science Monthly, September 1930 Building. One of four heart of the group will be a beautiful, low, respectively to be devoted oval building, containing shops and bank to Dramatic Productiions, offices and topped by a garden Musical Comedy, Offices Moving Pictures and restaurant. Other office structures and and Vaudeville. Studios perhaps a skyscraper church building will complete the ‘Radio City.’ Theater Building broken Oval Building, above, will Popular Science Monthly, September 1930 away to show auditorium contain shops on the street and arrangement of To Auto level. The upper part will Left: caption: “Our artist gives you his idea of 25 office space. Part of this Parking Space house a Banking Institution the gigantic structures that will be 26 structure will probably be Underground while on the roof will be a occupied by a Church. glass-enclosed Restaurant grouped in ‘Radio City’” Church and Promenade. “…Work will begin on the project this autumn. Financed by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., it involves the investment of $250,000,000 for the razing of buildings now occupying threeentirecityblocksandthe construction of a group of magnificent structures to be equipped with the latest devices for oral and visual broadcasting. They will be leased and operated by the Radio Corporation of America, the National Broad- casting Co., the R.C.A. Victor Corporation of America, the Radio- Keith-Orpheum Corporation and its subsidiary, Radio Pictures, and R.C.A. Photophone, Inc…” Popular Science Monthly, Sept. 1930 Left: John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 27 28 29 30 © J.M. Syken 5 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org 31 32 Above: caption: “NBC Studios Lobby, 30 Rockefeller Plaza” 33 34 35 36 © J.M. Syken 6 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org This is What Has Been Done 37 38 “…The planners finally decided a modern city intended to become a world capital of business, merchandising and recreation should be built contrary to ancient models, and this is what has been done. Instead of building a large basin-shaped city, they modeled one after a mountain – the highest point in the center. And near the base they placed fair sized molehills. This interesting plan allows the people living in the highest levels to look down upon the roof gardens of their neighbors, and the people in the lower levels to look down upon a sunken plaza. And the whole populace enjoys unobstructed sunlight and circulating air…” Popular Mechanics, March 1933 39 40 41 42 © J.M. Syken 7 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org 43 44 45 46 47 48 © J.M. Syken 8 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org 49 50 The Heavy Hand of John Law “…The strategists next sought the best method of carrying out their plan. Each states his notion on an ideal city, and one by one, these notions vanished in a ruthless process of elimination. Zoning laws limit the bulk of buildings; fire laws govern the dimensions of floors and walls. And then they had to provide enough space to cover the project’s operating expenses. A thousand considerations governed every plan. What they finally chose was a compromise between art, engineering and the heavy hand of John Law…” 51 Popular Mechanics, March 1933 52 Above: model of the final design of Rockefeller Center as unveiled to the press on March 5th 1931 “Radio City is ugly. Its exterior is revoltingly dull and dreary” Herald Tribune RE: when on March 5th 1931 a tentative model for the project was unveiled, it was Architectural Aberrations greeted by almost universal disdain. The New York Times was also dismissive, calling the complex a composition of “architectural aberrations.” Many alterations would be made to the original plans, but the press’ initial critical reception was representative of the formidable task ahead. 53 54 © J.M. Syken 9 www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org Hood left the Gothic style that he used for the Tribune Tower Building in Chicago of 1924 (left) for the modernist movement with his design for the Daily News In late 1930/early 1931, the plans for the “Radio City”complex were modified. The Building of 1930 Architects redesigned the complex with a uniform architectural style, heavily (right). It was the first influenced by architect Raymond Hood’s Daily News Building and the stringent large-scale building requirements of NYC’s Zoning Law of 1916. An innovative design was included for in NYC that realized a the twenty-story Oval Building and The RCA Building was redesigned, adding modern design, but twenty additional floors (from fifty to seventy-stories). In October 1931, the British within the aesthetic Empire Building and La Maison Francaise replaced the oval building in the canons of the design; returning to the earlier arrangement of an axial promenade flanked by low prevalent Art Deco buildings ending in a plaza. In March 1931, the complex was renamed: Rockefeller style. Center despite J.D. Rockefeller, Jr.’s misgivings about using the family name for the project (after the Metropolitan Opera had withdrawn from the project, the name “Metropolitan Square” appeared misleading and inappropriate). 55 56 Above: architects reviewing a design model The year 1931 was critical in the history of New York City architecture. In that year, the International Style - the modernist movement which originated in post-WWI Europe, was consolidated in the United States and, especially, in Manhattan with the construction of the McGraw-Hill Building (left). Modernist architecture gave preference to the function of the building rather than its ornamentation. This rationalist idea whereby “less is more” developed in Germany with Walter Gropius’ Bauhaus design school. Another German Less is More architect; LdLudw ing Mies Van der Rohe, began his career designing buildings where the predominant material was glass. In France, Le Corbusier designed buildings that revealed the structure; predominantly bare concrete covered with glass. Nearly all these European architects would not produce works in the U.S. until late 1940s, but by the end of the 1920s they were influencing local architects. One of them was Raymond Hood. Left: architect Raymond Hood’s McGraw-Hill 57 Building, 1931 58 “It’s my building, but it’s their skyline” Raymond Hood Above: architect Raymond Hood Left:theMcGraw-Hill Building with its distinctive green terra-cotta facade 59 Above & Left: caption: “Preliminary studies for 60 RCA Building by Raymond Hood, 1931” © J.M.