Causas De Las Crisis Alimentarias En Somalia, Sudán Y Etiopía Entre 1980 Y 2015

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Causas De Las Crisis Alimentarias En Somalia, Sudán Y Etiopía Entre 1980 Y 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA I TESIS DOCTORAL Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Francisco Jesús Gómez de Mercado Millán DIRECTOR Jorge Fonseca Castro Madrid, 2018 © Francisco Jesús Gómez de Mercado Millán, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES Departamento de Economía Aplicada I CAUSAS DE LAS CRISIS ALIMENTARIAS EN SOMALIA, SUDÁN Y ETIOPÍA ENTRE 1980 Y 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR FRANCISCO JESÚS GÓMEZ DE MERCADO MILLÁN BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DEL DOCTOR JORGE FONSECA CASTRO Madrid, 2017 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 Agradecimientos Deseo expresar mi agradecimiento, en primer lugar, a don Jorge Fonseca Castro, director de esta tesis y de la Catedra "Celso Furtado" de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, así como al resto de profesores del Master de Economía Internacional y Desarrollo de la UCM por sus enseñanzas durante todos estos años. 3 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 A mi mujer 5 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 Resulta tremendamente irónico que la mitad de las personas que pasan hambre en el mundo se dediquen a la agricultura. Devereux, Vaitla y Hauenstein-Swan (2008, 26). 7 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 RESUMEN En el estudio de las hambrunas recientes, existe un enfoque dominante caracterizado por estudios econométricos en los que se concluye que las crisis alimentarias producidas después de 1980 en África fueron debidas a: los fenómenos climáticos, el incremento demográfico, el crecimiento de consumo de carne en los países emergentes asiáticos, el auge de los biocombustibles, la restricción a las exportaciones de alimentos en importantes países productores y habituales exportadores de los mismos, las condiciones de pobreza y malnutrición, y las situaciones de conflicto bélico. En esta visión ortodoxa de las hambrunas, no se expone como causa de la creación del hambre los programas de ajuste estructural a que fueron sometidos los países africanos después de 1980, ni las injerencias de los países occidentales en los conflictos bélicos, ni la relación de los gobiernos africanos con las empresas transnacionales de los países desarrollados. Tampoco se argumenta críticamente sobre la especulación financiera con los mercados de futuros con subyacentes formados por alimentos como el maíz, el trigo o el arroz. De hecho, cuando se trata la influencia de la financiarización en la producción de hambrunas es precisamente para negar su influencia. Además, en la perspectiva ortodoxa, en el caso de hacerse eco de la situación de pobreza y desnutrición de estos países, generalmente ésta se achaca a la corrupción de las élites gobernantes y al bajo nivel de desarrollo económico, (sin señalar la procedencia histórica de esas condiciones de subdesarrollo, como podrían ser el desarrollo temporal de la esclavitud, el colonialismo y posterior neocolonialismo). La orientación dominante tampoco analiza en una visión histórica, cuáles fueron las raíces de los conflictos bélicos que tuvieron lugar en África Subsahariana, y cuál ha sido la contribución de los países desarrollados en la generación de esos conflictos, tanto en la época de la Guerra Fría como tras la caída del Telón de Acero. A este respecto, en esta tesis doctoral se estudiaron las anteriores carencias descritas y junto con el análisis del rol de la especulación financiera a comienzos de siglo XXI, se valoró su contribución a la formación de las hambrunas que se produjeron en 2008 y 2011. Salvo algunas excepciones, como las crisis alimentarias producidas a propósito por los hombres o “man-made famine”, para que se dé una crisis alimentaria en una zona geográfica, tienen que suceder dos tipos de hechos. Primero tiene que darse una causa coyuntural, un detonante o shock cuyo impacto sea notable y no tenga una 9 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 solución inmediata debido a la situación estructural que sufre la región dañada. Un ejemplo de causa coyuntural son las sequías, las inundaciones, las invasiones de langostas, etc. que se han estudiado de forma estrictamente científica en el capítulo 2. Otro, son las guerras de corta duración que se estudiaron atendiendo a su proceso histórico, económico y social, en el capítulo 4. Finalmente, se estudió la elevación especulativa de los precios internacionales de los alimentos en el capítulo 4 mediante un análisis econométrico de cointegración. Segundo, dado que es evidente que una sequía no tiene los mismos efectos en el Cuerno de África que el sur de Florida, es necesario que exista una vulnerabilidad en la seguridad alimentaria, producida por una causa estructural. En general se trata de una situación de pobreza y malnutrición, ligada a un proceso histórico de dependencia que surgió de la secuencia temporal de esclavitud, colonialismo, y dependencia de las instituciones financieras y comerciales internacionales tras la independencia, en lo que se ha constituido como una forma de neocolonialismo. Esta dependencia no ha empezado a decaer, hasta que han surgido nuevos proyectos de desarrollo conjuntos con antiguos países subdesarrollados que se han convertido en potencias emergentes como son China e India. El estudio de los procesos históricos de esclavitud, colonización, y neocolonialismo se realizó en el capítulo 3 y en el capítulo 4. En el capítulo 4 se demostró que existe evidencia estadística de que la especulación en los mercados internacionales de futuros ha provocado un alza de los precios locales de algunos países, en particular en los afectados por hambrunas. Los resultados demostraron que es posible aproximar acertadamente los precios locales de los productos alimentarios en dichos países, en función de los precios internacionales de los alimentos desde 2008 hasta la actualidad, a partir de cálculos con datos anteriores a 2008, con lo que se consiguió identificar la hambruna de 2011 en Somalia. Causes and effects in the modern food crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa ABSTRACT In the study of recent famines, a dominant standpoint prevails characterized by econometric studies in which it is concluded that food crisis in Africa after 1980 are due to: climate-related phenomena, an increase in demography, a rise in the consumption of meat by the emerging Asian countries, the boom of biofuels, the restriction to food exports in important producing countries and usual exporters, the 10 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 poverty and undernourishment conditions, and military conflict situations. In this orthodox viewpoint of famines, it is not presented as a cause for hunger neither the Structural Adjustment Plans that African countries suffered after 1980, nor the interference of western countries in the warlike conflicts, or the relationship of African governments with the transnational companies of the developed countries. Besides there is no critical argumentation against the financial speculation in the futures market over food commodities such as corn, wheat or rice. In fact, when the influence of financialization in the generation of famines is studied, it is precisely aimed to deny its influence. Besides, in the orthodox perspective, in the case of talking about the poverty and malnutrition situation in these countries, they are generally attributed to the corruption of the governing elites and to their poor economic development, (without mentioning the historical origin of those underdevelopment conditions, such as the temporal practice of slavery, the colonialism and later neocolonialism). The dominant orientation does not analyze from a historical view, which were the roots of the warlike conflicts that have occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa, and which was the contribution of the developed countries in generating those conflicts, both during the Cold War times and after the fall of the Iron Curtain. In this regard, this doctoral thesis has studied the aforementioned scarcities and along with the analysis of the role played by the financial speculation at the beginning of the XXI century, has assessed its contribution to the famines that took place in 2008 and 2011. Except for some exceptions, such as the food crisis produced on purpose by men or “man-made famines”, for a food crisis to take place in a geographical region, two different circumstances must concur. Firstly, there must be a relevant cause, a trigger or shock that impacts notably and has no immediate solution due to the structural situation that the region goes through. An example of these structural causes are droughts, floodings, locust infestations, etc., that have been studied from a strictly scientific point of view in chapter 2. Another one are the short-term wars that have been studied according to their historical, economic and social processes in chapter 4. Finally, the speculative rise of international food prices has been analyzed in chapter 4 by means of econometric cointegration. Secondly, as it is obvious that a drought has very different effects in the Horn of Africa and South Florida, it is necessary that an additional vulnerability on food security exists, produced by a structural cause. In general, this is a situation of poverty and malnutrition, linked to a historical process of dependency that emerge from the temporal sequence of slavery, colonialism, and 11 Causas de las crisis alimentarias en Somalia, Sudán y Etiopía entre 1980 y 2015 reliance on the financial and commercial international institutions after independence, in what has been established as a form of neocolonialism. This dependency did not begin to decline, until new joint development projects have arisen with old underdeveloped countries now turned into emerging powers as China and India. The study of the historical processes of slavery, colonization, and neocolonialism has been performed in chapter 3 and chapter 4.
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