Género Y Legislación

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Género Y Legislación 76 ISSN 1020-4377 Rev. 1 FAO ESTUDIO LEGISLATIVO 76 Rev. 1 Género y legislación – Los derechos de la mujer en agricultura derechos – Los y legislación Género Género y legislación Las mujeres constituyen una parte sustancial de la población económicamente activa dedicada a la agricultura. Los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos, Los derechos de la mujer medioambiente y desarrollo sostenible proclaman el principio de no discriminación por razón de sexo o de género. Sin embargo las mujeres frecuentemente se encuentran con obstáculos de género a la hora de ejercer sus derechos y de alimentar a sus familias. en la agricultura Así, el derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado, que incluye una alimentación adecuada, puede verse vulnerado. Estos obstáculos pueden derivarse de normas directa o indirectamente discriminatorias, de prácticas socioculturales profundamente arraigadas o de ambas cosas. El presente estudio analiza desde una perspectiva de género la legislación relativa a la agricultura existente en distintos países del mundo, examinando la condición jurídica de la mujer en tres esferas clave: los derechos sobre la tierra y los recursos naturales; los derechos de las trabajadoras agrícolas; y los derechos de las trabajadoras autónomas del sector agrario, desde la condición de la mujer en las cooperativas rurales hasta su acceso a los servicios de crédito, capacitación y extensión agrícola. ISBN 978-92-5-305563-0 ISSN 1020-4377 978 9 2 5 3 0 5 5 6 3 0 FAO TC/M/A0686S/1/05.07/1000 FAO ESTUDIO Género y legislación LEGISLATIVO Los derechos de la mujer en la agricultura 76 Rev. 1 Lorenzo Cotula para el Servicio de Derecho para el Desarrollo Oficina Jurídica de la FAO ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACIÓN Roma, 2007 Las denominaciones empleadas en este producto informativo y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contiene no implican, de parte de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica o nivel de desarrollo de países, territorios, ciudades o zonas, o de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. ISBN 978-92-5-305563-0 Todos los derechos reservados. Se autoriza la reproducción y difusión de material contenido en este producto informativo para fines educativos u otros fines no comerciales sin previa autorización escrita de los titulares de los derechos de autor, siempre que se especifique claramente la fuente. Se prohíbe la reproducción del material contenido en este producto informativo para reventa u otros fines comerciales sin previa autorización escrita de los titulares de los derechos de autor. Las peticiones para obtener tal autorización deberán dirigirse al Jefe de la Subdirección de Políticas y Apoyo en Materia de Publicación Electrónica de la Dirección de Comunicación de la FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Roma, Italia, o por correo electrónico a [email protected] © FAO 2007 PRÓLOGO La cuestión del género está potencialmente presente en todos los ámbitos relacionados con la agricultura. En todo el mundo, las mujeres constituyen una parte sustancial de la población económicamente activa dedicada a la agricultura, ya sea como propietarias o como trabajadoras de explotaciones agrícolas, y juegan un papel crucial para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria del hogar. Sin embargo, frecuentemente se enfrentan con trabas a la hora de acceder a la tierra y a otros recursos naturales, a un empleo regulado, y a los servicios de crédito, formación y extensión agrícola. Estos obstáculos pueden derivarse de normas directa o indirectamente discriminatorias, y/o de prácticas socioculturales profundamente arraigadas, y acarrean consecuencias negativas no sólo para las propias mujeres, sino también para los miembros de sus familias, especialmente cuando la mujer es la cabeza de familia. En los últimos años se ha venido prestando una mayor atención a las cuestiones de género, tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional. A nivel internacional, se han adoptado disposiciones específicamente orientadas al género no sólo en el marco de los tratados de derechos humanos (particularmente la Convención para la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra las mujeres y su Protocolo Facultativo), sino también en instrumentos relacionados con el medioambiente y el desarrollo sostenible, como la Declaración de Río sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, la Declaración de Johannesburgo el sobre Desarrollo Sostenible y la Convención de lucha contra la desertificación (CLD). Además, la comunidad internacional ha proclamado solemnemente su compromiso con la igualdad de género y la potenciación del papel de la mujer en la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer (Declaración y Plataforma de Acción de Beijing), en la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Alimentación (Objetivo 1.3 del Plan de Acción), y en otras recientes conferencias internacionales. A nivel nacional, muchos países han favorecido la igualdad de género a través de disposiciones constitucionales, planes nacionales de acción, reformas legales y decisiones judiciales. El compromiso de la FAO con el avance y la potenciación del papel de la mujer rural se encarna en el Plan de Acción sobre Género y Desarrollo aprobado por la Conferencia de la FAO en el año 2001. El Plan de Acción define las prioridades para la aplicación efectiva de los compromisos internacionales asumidos por los miembros de la FAO, especialmente en lo que respecta a la igualdad de género en el sector agrario y al desarrollo rural. Entre otras cosas, el Plan de Acción conminaba a la elaboración de estudios en materia de género en la legislación agraria, particularmente sobre el acceso de la mujer a la tierra y otros activos productivos clave (párr. 94). iv Prólogo El presente estudio responde a ese llamamiento. Analiza desde una perspectiva de género la legislación relativa a la agricultura, examinando la condición jurídica de la mujer en tres esferas clave: los derechos sobre la tierra y los recursos naturales; los derechos de las trabajadoras agrícolas; y los derechos de las trabajadoras autónomas del sector agrario, desde la condición de la mujer en las cooperativas rurales hasta su acceso a los servicios de crédito, capacitación y extensión agrícola. El estudio hace un breve repaso de los instrumentos internacionales aplicables y se centra en los sistemas legales nacionales, examinando la legislación y la jurisprudencia de diez países que reflejan diferentes entornos culturales y tradiciones jurídicas. Presta particular atención a las normas consuetudinarias, que se aplican en las zonas rurales de muchos de los países considerados, y en general, a las prácticas socioculturales que condicionan la aplicación de la legislación vigente. El resultado es un análisis que identifica los principales factores legales, y no legales, que condicionan la existencia y el ejercicio de los derechos agrarios de la mujer. Una correcta comprensión de dichos factores es imprescindible para identificar las intervenciones legislativas y de otra índole que son necesarias para desarrollar los derechos de la mujer. La investigación en la que está basado el estudio se llevó originariamente a cabo en los años 2001/02. Esta segunda edición, revisada y actualizada, tiene por objeto incluir los principales avances que se han producido desde entonces. Los cinco capítulos del estudio se estructuran de la siguiente forma: el capítulo I formula las definiciones e identifica las normas aplicables; el capítulo II trata de los derechos de la mujer sobre la tierra y otros recursos naturales; el capítulo III examina los derechos de las trabajadoras agrícolas; el capítulo IV contempla los derechos de las trabajadoras autónomas del sector agrario; y el capítulo V sintetiza las principales conclusiones del estudio, plantea algunas cuestiones fundamentales relativas a la aplicación efectiva y propone posibles actuaciones para desarrollar los derechos de la mujer. El presente estudio es el resultado del trabajo de investigación llevado a cabo para la Oficina Jurídica de la FAO por Lorenzo Cotula, Consultor de la FAO, bajo la dirección de Ali Mekouar, Jefe del Servicio de Derecho para el Desarrollo, en aquel momento. Stefano Burchi Oficial Encargado Servicio de Derecho para el Desarrollo Oficina Jurídica de la FAO Índice PRÓLOGO .................................................................................................. iii Índice de cuadros y recuadros ................................................................................ ix Lista de abreviaturas ........................................................................................... x I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................... 1 1.1. Contexto ................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Objeto, alcance y metodología ............................................................ 3 1.3. El principio de la igualdad de género ................................................. 5 1.4. Las fuentes del estatus jurídico de la mujer ...................................... 7 1.4.1. Derecho internacional .............................................................. 7 1.4.2. Derecho nacional .................................................................... 10 1.4.3. Derecho consuetudinario ...................................................... 18 1.4.4. Normas de origen religioso...................................................
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