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Aprendiendo Juntos Para El Cambio Aprendiendo juntos para el Cambio La facilitación de innovaciones para el manejo sustentable de recursos naturales y el desarrollo rural a través de procesos participativos Jürgen Hagmann con la colaboración de Francisco Guevara H. Correct citation: Hagmann, J. con F. Guevara H. (2004) “Aprendiendo juntos para el Cambio: la facilitación de innovaciones para el manejo sustentable de recursos naturales y el desarrollo rural a través de procesos participativos”, Serie estudios de caso, Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural A. C. Y Fundación Rockefeller, Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico: 153 pp. Aprendiendo juntos para el cambio La facilitación de innovaciones para el manejo sustentable de recursos naturales y el desarrollo rural a través de procesos participativos Jürgen Hagmann y Francisco Guevara H. Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural A.C. Fundación Rockefeller MÉXICO Serie: Estudios de Caso Cita original: Hagmann, J. 1999. Learning together for change: facilitating innovation in natural resource management through learning process approaches in rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe. Margraf Verlag. Weirkershein, Germany. 310 p. Cita en español: Hagmann, J. y F. Guevara H. 2004. Aprendiendo juntos para el cambio: La facilitación de innovaciones para el manejo sustentable de recursos naturales y el desarrollo rural a través de procesos participativos. Serie Estudios de Caso. Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural A.C. y Fundación Rockefeller. Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca, México. Traducción, edición y corrección de estilo: Francisco Guevara H. Revisión y apoyo en corrección de estilo: Francisco Javier Ramos Sánchez Elías Rodríguez Viveros Foto de Portada: “El Ciclo de Aprendizaje”, por Hagmann J., Peter, H. and Krebs, K.. 2004. Primera edición en español Marzo de 2004 Esta obra fue traducida y editada bajo autorización del autor y publicada por la DR. 2004. Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural A.C. y financiada por la Fundación Rockefeller. Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca. MÉXICO. El contenido de este libro podrá ser reproducido total o parcialmente, almacenarse y transmitirse en sistemas de reproducción, siempre y cuando se cite la fuente en español. Para mayores informes dirigirse a: Red de Estudios para el Desarrollo Rural A.C. A.P. 592 Col. Centro, 68000 Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca, MÉXICO [email protected] Impreso en México INDICE GENERAL Página PRESENTACIÓN.................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................... 9 TEORÍA Y CONCEPTOS SOBRE EL MANEJO DE RECURSOS NATURALES, DESARROLLO DE INNOVACIONES Y EXTENSIÓN........................................................... 12 1. Manejo sustentable de recursos naturales..................................................................... 12 1.1 Los conceptos de “Sustentabilidad” y “Desarrollo Sustentable”........................................ 13 1.2 Conceptos en el manejo de recursos naturales................................................................ 15 1.2.1 Conceptos de planeación física: evaluación y planeación del uso de tierras................ 16 1.2.2. Conceptos geográficos.................................................................................................. 19 1.2.3 El manejo holístico de recursos: Un concepto orientado a la integralidad..................... 23 1.2.4 Conceptos orientados al actor: La perspectiva plataforma-ecosistemas....................... 24 1.3 Elementos estratégicos y herramientas para el manejo de recursos naturales................ 27 1.3.1 La agricultura sustentable y el uso del suelo................................................................. 28 Agroecología................................................................................................................ 31 1.3.2 Conservación de suelo y agua....................................................................................... 32 2 Investigación, desarrollo de innovaciones y extensión................................................. 35 2.1 Sistemas agrícolas y medios de vida: un punto de entrada a las innovaciones y el MSRN...................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.1 La perspectiva de sistemas agrícolas y los medios de vida: algunos puntos relevantes.................................................................................................................................. 37 2.1.2 Terminología de sistemas agrícolas y medios de vida.................................................... 38 2.1.3 Tipología, jerarquía y clasificación de sistemas............................................................... 39 Clasificación de los sistemas agrícolas......................................................................... 40 2.1.4 El vínculo entre los sistemas de medios de vida y el MSRN........................................... 42 2.2 Investigación y extensión bajo el modelo convencional de “Transferencia de Tecnología” 43 2.2.1 La visión implícita en el modelo de transferencia de tecnología...................................... 43 2.2.2 Investigación y desarrollo de innovaciones en el modelo de transferencia de tecnología................................................................................................................................................ 45 2.2.3 Difusión de innovaciones y la extensión en el modelo de Transferencia de Tecnología. 48 3. La necesidad de un nuevo concepto para la investigación agrícola y la extensión.... 50 3.1 Expansión de la ciencia positivista hacia perspectivas constructivistas............................. 51 3.2 Conocimiento y tecnología: construcciones sociales.......................................................... 52 3.3. De la extensión al aprendizaje conjunto............................................................................ 53 4. ¿Cambio de paradigma?: los enfoques de “El Agricultor Primero” y los procesos de aprendizaje......................................................................................................................... 55 4.1 Participación y empoderamiento......................................................................................... 60 Definición de participación............................................................................................. 60 Empoderamiento............................................................................................................ 61 Metodologías participativas........................................................................................... 64 4.2 Conocimiento indígena y sistemas de conocimiento agrícola............................................. 65 Papel y función del conocimiento Indígena en los planteamientos del proceso de aprendizaje.. ................................................................................................................. 66 La perspectiva del conocimiento y los sistemas de información................................... 67 4.3 Instituciones y organizaciones locales................................................................................ 69 Definición....................................................................................................................... 69 Características, funciones y potencialidades de las organizaciones e instituciones locales............................................................................................................................ 70 Fortalecimiento de las instituciones y organizaciones locales....................................... 71 4.4 El Desarrollo de Tecnología Participativa (DTP): Un concepto integrador......................... 72 5. Innovaciones y extensión en el manejo de recursos naturales: una síntesis conceptual................................................................................................................................ 75 5.1 El paradigma del desarrollo................................................................................................. 75 5.2 El concepto para las innovaciones en el MRN.................................................................... 77 Aprendizaje social y acción colectiva a través del conocimiento compartido................ 77 Fortalecimiento de la capacidad de negociación y manejo de conflictos...................... 78 Desarrollo y difusión de tecnologías que conservan los recursos................................. 78 5.3 Implementación................................................................................................................... 80 El papel de los agentes externos................................................................................... 82 5.4 Revisión de la racionalidad y la metodología de la investigación: generalidades de un estudio de caso en África.......................................................................................................... 83 5.4.1 El Contexto de Zimbabwe................................................................................................ 83 5.4.2 El motivo y la racionalidad de la investigación y el proceso............................................. 84 La investigación............................................................................................................. 84 El proceso.....................................................................................................................
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