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Déportés À Auschwitz. Certains Résis- Tion D’Une Centaine, Sont Traqués Et Tent Avec Des Armes
MORT1943 ET RÉSISTANCE BIEN QU’AYANT rarement connu les noms de leurs victimes juives, les nazis entendaient que ni Zivia Lubetkin, ni Richard Glazar, ni Thomas Blatt ne survivent à la « solution finale ». Ils survécurent cependant et, après la Shoah, chacun écrivit un livre sur la Résistance en 1943. Quelque 400 000 Juifs vivaient dans le ghetto de Varsovie surpeuplé, mais les épi- démies, la famine et les déportations à Treblinka – 300 000 personnes entre juillet et septembre 1942 – réduisirent considérablement ce nombre. Estimant que 40 000 Juifs s’y trouvaient encore (le chiffre réel approchait les 55 000), Heinrich Himmler, le chef des SS, ordonna la déportation de 8 000 autres lors de sa visite du ghetto, le 9 janvier 1943. Cependant, sous la direction de Mordekhaï Anielewicz, âgé de 23 ans, le Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ZOB, Organisation juive de combat) lança une résistance armée lorsque les Allemands exécutèrent l’ordre d’Himmler, le 18 janvier. Bien que plus de 5 000 Juifs aient été déportés le 22 janvier, la Résistance juive – elle impliquait aussi bien la recherche de caches et le refus de s’enregistrer que la lutte violente – empêcha de remplir le quota et conduisit les Allemands à mettre fin à l’Aktion. Le répit, cependant, fut de courte durée. En janvier, Zivia Lubetkin participa à la création de l’Organisation juive de com- bat et au soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie. « Nous combattions avec des gre- nades, des fusils, des barres de fer et des ampoules remplies d’acide sulfurique », rapporte-t-elle dans son livre Aux jours de la destruction et de la révolte. -
Female Nazi Perpetrators Kara Mercure Female Nazi Perpetrators
Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 19 Article 13 2015 Female Nazi Perpetrators Kara Mercure Female Nazi Perpetrators Follow this and additional works at: https://openspaces.unk.edu/undergraduate-research-journal Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Gender Commons Recommended Citation Mercure, Kara (2015) "Female Nazi Perpetrators," Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol. 19 , Article 13. Available at: https://openspaces.unk.edu/undergraduate-research-journal/vol19/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Undergraduate Research & Creative Activity at OpenSPACES@UNK: Scholarship, Preservation, and Creative Endeavors. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized editor of OpenSPACES@UNK: Scholarship, Preservation, and Creative Endeavors. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Female Nazi Perpetrators Kara Mercure Nazi women perpetrators have evolved in literary works as they have become more known to scholars in the last 15 years. However, public knowledge of women’s involvement in the regime is seemingly unfamiliar. Curiosity in the topic of women’s motivation as perpetrators of genocide and war crimes has developed in contrast to a stereotypical perception of women’s gender roles to be more domesticated. Much literature has been devoted to explaining Nazi ideology and how women fit into the system. Claudia Koonz’s, Mother’s in the Fatherland, demonstrates the involvement of women in support of National Socialism. The book focuses on women in support of the regime and how they supported the regime through domestic means. Robert G. Moeller’s, The Nazi State and German Society, also examines how women were drawn to National Socialism and how their ideals progressed through the regime. -
Endbericht Für Den Zukunftsfonds Der Republik Österreich
ENDBERICHT FÜR DEN ZUKUNFTSFONDS DER REPUBLIK ÖSTERREICH DIE STRAFRECHTLICHE VERFOLGBARKEIT NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHER VERBRECHEN IM KOMPLEX LUBLIN-MAJDANEK. DIE DEUTSCHEN PROZESSE: QUELLEN, ÜBERBLICK UND VERGLEICH MIT ÖSTERREICH Projekt P09-0560 Projektleitung: Dr. Winfried R. Garscha Sachbearbeiterin: Dr.in Claudia Kuretsidis-Haider Trägerverein: Zentrale österreichische Forschungsstelle Nachkriegsjustiz (FStN) Projekt: Die strafrechtliche Verfolgbarkeit nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen im Komplex Lublin-Majdanek Zentrale österreichische Forschungsstelle Nachkriegsjustiz Projektleitung: Dr. Winfried R. Garscha ([email protected]; 0699 10332810) I. Forschungsgegenstand 2008 erteilte die damalige Bundesministerin für Justiz, Dr.in Maria Berger, der Zentralen österreichischen Forschungsstelle Nachkriegsjustiz (FStN) den Auftrag, eine eventuell noch mögliche strafgerichtliche Verfolgbarkeit von NS-Verbrechen im KZ Majdanek aus der Sicht der historischen Forschung einzuschätzen. Ausgangspunkt dieses Forschungsauftrages war, dass im Zuge der vom Leiter des Jerusalemer Simon-Wiesenthal-Zentrums, Efraim Zuroff, im Jahre 2002 initiierten „Operation: Last Chance“ zur Ausforschung noch lebender mutmaßlicher NS- TäterInnen im Mai 2004 der Name einer in Wien lebenden ehemaligen Aufseherin des KZ Majdanek, Erna Wallisch, genannt wurde. 2006 legten die polnischen Justizbehörden dem österreichischen Justizministerium polnische Zeugenaussagen vor, die eine Beteiligung Wallischs an Morden in Majdanek vermuten ließen. Das in der Folge eingeleitete -
GENDERING the HOLOCAUST a Case Study of Irma Grese
Művelődés-, Tudomány- és Orvostörténeti Folyóirat 2016. Vol.7.No.13. Journal of History of Culture, Science and Medicine ISSN/EISSN : 20622597 DOI: 10.17107/KH.2016.13.529-541 GENDERING THE HOLOCAUST A case study of Irma Grese: Constructing the ‘evil’ and the ‘ordinary’ through digital oral testimonies and written trial testimonies of the Holocaust survivors Esettanulmány Irma Grese-ről: a „gonosz” és a „hétköznapi” artikulálódása a Holokauszt túlél ők digitális szóbeli visszaemlékezései és írásbeli tanúvallomásai elemzése tükrében. Bianka Vida MA student Central European University (CEU), Budapest, HU [email protected] Initially submitted October 10, 2016; accepted for publication november1, 2016 Abstract In the paper, I discuss the case study of Irma Grese, labelled as the ‘beauty beast’ who was one of the cruelest and most infamous Nazi female perpetrator working in Auschwitz- Birkenau as a camp guard in the Holocaust history. I look into how Grese’s figure is constituted through analyzing the trial testimonies of the Holocaust survivors from 1945 and the oral testimonies of the survivors, recorded between 1994 and 1999, available at the VHA collection of Shoah. In the article, I demonstrate that with the use of the combination of the different testimonies, it can be mapped how not only the ‘evilness’, but also the ‘ordinariness’ of Grese is constructed. As a result, I provide new insights on the general images of Nazi female perpetrators in both the public and the perpetrator scholarship in terms of two main aspects. One of them is the fact that ‘recorded cases of female killers had been suppressed, overlooked and under-researched’ and the female perpetrators in Third Reich ‘were not marginal sociopaths’ (Lower 2013: 4). -
United States Involvement with Nazi War Crimes
NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 11 Number 3 SYMPOSIA: 1990 Article 4 1990 UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT WITH NAZI WAR CRIMES Elizabeth Holtzman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Holtzman, Elizabeth (1990) "UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT WITH NAZI WAR CRIMES," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 11 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol11/iss3/ 4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT WITH NAZI WAR CRIMES ELIZABETH HOLTZMAN * I very much appreciate the opportunity to be a panelist with such distinguished people and to address such an extraordinarily important subject. I think I can contribute most to this discussion by recounting a little bit of the history of the United States' involvement with Nazi war crimes. Until the mid 1970s, with one or two small exceptions,' the United States government was not particularly interested in the presence of Nazi war criminals in this country.' Indeed, at the very time that it was prosecuting the Nuremberg cases, the United States was sheltering such Nazi war criminals as Klaus Barbie from accountability for war crimes committed in France. In addition, a United States government report found that government officials committed crimes in their effort to protect Klaus Barbie.4 In another case, this one having its situs in Belgium, the United States government again violated either its own laws or foreign laws in protecting Nazi war criminals from local accountability. -
Final Report of the Nazi War Crimes & Japanese
Nazi War Crimes & Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Final Report to the United States Congress April 2007 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Final Report to the United States Congress Published April 2007 1-880875-30-6 “In a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people not to be on the side of the executioners.” — Albert Camus iv IWG Membership Allen Weinstein, Archivist of the United States, Chair Thomas H. Baer, Public Member Richard Ben-Veniste, Public Member Elizabeth Holtzman, Public Member Historian of the Department of State The Secretary of Defense The Attorney General Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Security Council Director of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Nationa5lrchives ~~ \T,I "I, I I I"" April 2007 I am pleased to present to Congress. Ihe AdnllniSlr:lllon, and the Amcncan [JeOplc Ihe Final Report of the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Rcrords Interagency Working Group (IWG). The lWG has no\\ successfully completed the work mandated by the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act (P.L. 105-246) and the Japanese Imperial Government DisdoSUTC Act (PL 106·567). Over 8.5 million pages of records relaH:d 10 Japanese and Nazi "'ar crimes have been identifIed among Federal Go\emmelll records and opened to the pubhc. including certam types of records nevcr before released. such as CIA operational Iiles. The groundbrcaking release of Lhcse ft:cords In no way threatens lhe Malio,,'s sccurily. -
The Inaccurate Representation of Female Victims and Perpetrators in Auschwitz
1 Fact or Fable: The Inaccurate Representation of Female Victims and Perpetrators in Auschwitz in Out of the Ashes Abstract: This paper will focus on the flaws in the representation of women victims and perpetrators of the Holocaust in Western media by comparing such representations to historical sources that depict the same people and events. In particular, this paper will dissect the 2003 movie Out of the Ashes, an adaptation of Gisella Perl’s memoir I was a doctor in Auschwitz. Gisella Perl’s memoir differs considerably from its film adaptation in the portrayal of the morality and violence of women in Auschwitz. In order to appeal to an American audience, the film alters Perl and her fellow inmates to be at once more innocent and more altruistic than Perl describes in her memoir, instead representing them as perfect victims with little agency and no flaws of their own. Similarly, the film also minimizes or even omits the sadism of the female SS guards in Auschwitz and chooses to leave much of the sexual and gendered violence that survivors of Auschwitz endured off camera. The flawed representation of female morality in Auschwitz in the film Out of the Ashes helps to facilitate a classic good-versus-evil story in which the complicated moral and social dynamics of real camp life are ignored. By portraying both the victims and the perpetrators of the Holocaust in an overly simple way, Out of the Ashes perpetrates a mythic understanding of the Holocaust rather than a historical one. 2 The Holocaust has become a fixture in historically-inspired media in America. -
Episode Guide: Corruption
Episode Guide: Corruption April 1943–March 1944 Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler tours the Monowitz-Buna building site in the company of SS officers and IG Farben engineers. Overview "Corruption" (Disc 2, Title 1, 47:35) reveals the financial contributions Auschwitz made to the Third Reich. The Nazi plan was to kill "useless mouths" instantly upon arrival at Auschwitz and to work stronger prisoners to death as slave laborers in places like the nearby IG Farben factory. The SS also profited from the belongings of those they killed—so much so, that in the summer of 1943, an investigation was launched into corruption in the camp and Rudolf Höss, the commandant, was removed. Elsewhere, although infrequently, some individuals and groups were finding ways to resist the spread of deportations. Denmark, for example, was able to protect its Jewish citizens from Auschwitz. In the Follow-up Discussion (Disc 2, Bonus Features, Title 10, Chapter 1, 8:07), Linda Ellerbee talks with David Marwell, a historian and director of the Museum of Jewish Heritage—A Living Memorial to the Holocaust in New York City; Doris Bergen, associate professor of history at the University of Notre Dame and author of War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003); and Deborah Lipstadt, Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies and director of The Rabbi Donald A. Tam Institute for Jewish Studies at Emory University and author of Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945 (Free Press, 1986), Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Plume, 1994), and History on Trial: My Day in Court with Holocaust Denier David Irving (Ecco, 2005). -
Genocide, Memory and History
AFTERMATH GENOCIDE, MEMORY AND HISTORY EDITED BY KAREN AUERBACH AFTERMATH AFTERMATH GENOCIDE, MEMORY AND HISTORY EDITED BY KAREN AUERBACH Aftermath: Genocide, Memory and History © Copyright 2015 Copyright of the individual chapters is held by the chapter’s author/s. Copyright of this edited collection is held by Karen Auerbach. All rights reserved. Apart from any uses permitted by Australia’s Copyright Act 1968, no part of this book may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the copyright owners. Inquiries should be directed to the publisher. Monash University Publishing Matheson Library and Information Services Building 40 Exhibition Walk Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia www.publishing.monash.edu Monash University Publishing brings to the world publications which advance the best traditions of humane and enlightened thought. Monash University Publishing titles pass through a rigorous process of independent peer review. www.publishing.monash.edu/books/agmh-9781922235633.html Design: Les Thomas ISBN: 978-1-922235-63-3 (paperback) ISBN: 978-1-922235-64-0 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-876924-84-3 (epub) National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Title: Aftermath : genocide, memory and history / editor Karen Auerbach ISBN 9781922235633 (paperback) Series: History Subjects: Genocide. Genocide--Political aspects. Collective memory--Political aspects. Memorialization--Political aspects. Other Creators/Contributors: Auerbach, Karen, editor. Dewey Number: 304.663 CONTENTS Introduction ............................................... -
Hermine Braunsteiner Was Born on July 16, 1919 in Vienna As a Daughter of a Qualified Butcher Friedrich Braunsteiner and His Wife Maria
Hermine Ryan-Braunsteiner Origins, education, occupation Hermine Braunsteiner was born on July 16, 1919 in Vienna as a daughter of a qualified butcher Friedrich Braunsteiner and his wife Maria. She was the youngest of seven children in this catholic family. She spent her childhood with her siblings and parents in Vienna. They lived in three room professional apartment belonging to the brewery her father worked for, as a carter or driver. Her mother earned their living as a laundrywoman. The family home was ‘apolitical’ and was marked by good family relationships and strict catholic upbringing. In the years 1925-1933 Braunsteiner attended a public elementary school and after finishing it she got admitted to high school where she spent the next four years. She was a good student and wanted to achieve something. Her dream was to work as a nurse, but unfortunately she had to give it up because she could not find a place to learn. Due to financial reasons she had to help at home; after working at home for six months she started a job at the brewery in May 1934. Then she worked as a cook at baron Bachhofen. Thanks to her salary she was able to support her family. When her father died from cancer and mother stopped getting the annuities, she became the only provider for the family. Hermine Braunsteiner was ambitious and she wanted to achieve something more in her life, so to free herself from the difficult life situation in Vienna she left for the Netherlands to her sister. She wanted to find a job there to improve her financial situation; unfortunately, she didn’t get a job permit and went back to Vienna after three months. -
Zum Selbstverständnis Von Frauen Im Konzentrationslager. Das Lager Ravensbrück
Zum Selbstverständnis von Frauen im Konzentrationslager. Das Lager Ravensbrück. von der Fakultät I Geisteswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie vorgelegt von Silke Schäfer aus Berlin D 83 Berichter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Benz Berichterin: Prof. Dr. Johanna Bleker (FUB) Tag der Wissenschaftlichen Aussprache 06. Februar 2002 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 4 1 Problemfelder und Nachkriegsprozesse 11 1.1 Begriffsklärung 11 1.1.1 Sprache 13 1.1.2 Das nationalsozialistische "Frauenbild" 14 1.1.3 Täterinnen 18 1.1.4 Kategorien für Frauen im Konzentrationslager 19 1.1.5 Auswahlkriterien 26 1.2 Strafverfolgung 28 1.2.1 Militärgerichtsverfahren 29 1.2.2 Die Hamburger Ravensbrück-Prozesse 32 1.2.3 Strafverfahren vor deutschen Gerichten 38 1.2.4 Strafverfahren vor anderen Gerichten 40 2 Topographie 42 2.1 Vorgeschichte 42 2.1.1 Moringen 42 2.1.2 Lichtenburg 45 2.2 Das Frauen-KZ Ravensbrück 47 2.2.1 "Alltagsleben" 52 2.2.2 Solidarität 59 2.3 Arbeit 62 2.3.1 Arbeitskommandos 63 2.3.2 Wirtschaftliche Ausbeutung 64 2.3.3 Lagerbordelle und SS-Bordelle 69 2.4 Aufseherinnen 75 2.4.1 Strafen 77 2.5 Lager bei Ravensbrück 80 2.5.1 Männerlager 81 2.5.2 Jugendschutzlager Uckermark 81 3 Die Medizin 86 3.1 Der Blick auf die Mediziner 86 3.1.1 Das Revier 87 3.2 Medizinische Experimente 89 3.2.1 Sulfonamidversuche / Knochen-, 91 Muskel- und Nervenoperation Sulfonamidversuche 93 Knochen-, Muskel- und Nervenoperation 104 Versuche 108 3.3 Sterilisation 110 3.3.1 Geburten und Kinder 115 3.4 Das medizinische Personal 123 3.4.1 NS-Ärztinnen - Lebensskizzen 125 Jantzen geb. -
Gender and Literature
english edition 2 2017 Gender and Literature issue editor ANNA NASIŁOWSKA SŁAWOMIR BURYŁA Manly Fascism AGNIESZKA DAUKSZA KwieKulik as an Unknown: A Neo-Avant-gardist Laboratory of Experience ARÁNZAZU CALDERÓN PUERTA The Theme of Rape in Ida Fink’s Aryan Papers and Tadeusz Słobodzianek’s Our Class KRYSTYNA KŁOSIŃSKA The Secret of the Dulskis’ Establishment WOJCIECH ŚMIEJA A Piece of Fedora Cake: The Male-Centric Imagination of Jerzy Andrzejewski and the Scholarly Reconnaissance MONIKA ŚWIERKOSZ Arachne and Athena: Towards a Different Poetics of Women’s Writing teksty drugie · Institute of Literary Research Polish Academy of Science index 337412 · pl issn 0867-0633 EDITORIAL BOARD Agata Bielik-Robson (uk), Włodzimierz Bolecki, Maria Delaperrière (France), Ewa Domańska, Grzegorz Grochowski, Zdzisław Łapiński, Michał Paweł Markowski (usa), Maciej Maryl, Jakub Momro, Anna Nasiłowska (Deputy Editor-in-Chief), Leonard Neuger (Sweden), Ryszard Nycz (Editor-in-Chief), Bożena Shallcross (usa), Marta Zielińska, Tul’si Bhambry (English Translator and Language Consultant), Justyna Tabaszewska, Marta Bukowiecka (Managing Editor) ADVISORY BOARD Edward Balcerzan, Stanisław Barańczak (usa) , Małgorzata Czermińska, Paweł Dybel, Knut Andreas Grimstad (Norway), Jerzy Jarzębski, Bożena Karwowska (Canada), Krzysztof Kłosiński, Dorota Krawczyńska, Vladimir Krysinski (Canada), Luigi Marinelli (Italy), Arent van Nieukerken (the Netherlands), Ewa Rewers, German Ritz (Switzerland), Henryk Siewierski (Brasil), Janusz Sławiński , Ewa Thompson (usa), Joanna Tokarska-Bakir,