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From a Culture of Violence to a Culture of Peace; Peace and Conflict Issues

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From a Culture of Violence to a Culture of Peace; Peace and Conflict Issues F ROM A CULTURE OF VIOLENCE TO A CULTURE OF PEACE PEACE AND CONFLICT ISSUES FROM A CULTURE OF VIOLENCE TO A CULTURE OF PEACE Also in the Peace and Conflict Issues Series Peace and Conflict Issues after the Cold War Non-military Aspects of International Security From a culture of violence to a culture of peace Peace and Conflict Issues Series UNESCO Publishing The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this book do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 1996 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Composed by Éditions du Mouflon, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Printed by Presses Universitaires de France, Vendôme ISBN 92-3-103290-9 © UNESCO 1996 Printed in France Preface In keeping with its mandate to construct the defences of peace in the minds of men and women, UNESCO publishes biennially a volume in the series Peace and Conflict Issues, prepared in consultation with the Advisory Board for this series. The present publication brings together the reflections of eminent peace researchers, philosophers and jurists on the multiple facets of a culture of peace. It elucidates its very concept and examines normative bases and universally recognized moral and ethical principles. It shows that a common system of values grouped around such key notions as justice, human rights, democracy, development, non-violence and peaceful resolution of conflicts, and behavioural patterns are the essence of a culture of peace. Whilst recognizing that the construction of a culture of peace is a long-term process, this volume dwells on the ways, means and partners necessary for its implementation, notably education, the media, intercultural dialogue and cultural pluralism. The sustained efforts of the whole international community – states, governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as individuals and civil society – are indispensable for the achievement of a culture of peace. It is hoped that this book will provoke further reflection on this subject which will, in turn, make yet another contribution to the promotion of a culture of peace. Contents Constructing a culture of peace: challenges and perspectives – an introductory note Janusz Symonides and Kishore Singh 9 Peace behaviours in various societies Elise Boulding 31 Normative instruments for a culture of peace Emmanuel Decaux 55 Cultural peace: some characteristics Johan Galtung 75 Social and cultural sources of violence Santiago Genovés 93 Creating global/local cultures of peace Linda Groff and Paul Smoker 103 Towards a planetary code of ethics: ethical foundations of a culture of peace Hans Küng 129 Understanding and dialogue between religions to promote the spirit of peace Félix Marti 145 Gandhi on the moral life and plurality of religions Mrinal Miri 163 An Agenda for Peace and a culture of peace Nazli Moawad 177 The teaching of Martin Luther King for a culture of peace Solomon M. Nkiwane 195 The role of education for a culture of peace Keith D. Suter 209 Towards a culture of peace based on human rights Marek Thee 229 UNESCO and a culture of peace: promoting a global movement UNESCO’s Culture of Peace Programme 251 A NNEXES I. Declaration on the Role of Religion in the Promotion of a Culture of Peace 269 II. Advisory Board for UNESCO’s series on Peace and Conflict Issues 273 9 Constructing a culture of peace: challenges and perspectives – an introductory note Janusz Symonides* and Kishore Singh** A CULTURE OF PEACE: A NECESSITY FOR OUR TIME At the end of the twentieth century humankind is still confronted with numerous armed conflicts, with the illegal use of military force and with various forms of violence. Permanent and lasting peace and security still remain as a goal to be achieved, as they were fifty years ago at the moment of the creation of the United Nations system. An analysis of the present situation leads to the conclusion that the main objective formulated in UNESCO’s Constitution half a century ago, namely the construction of the defence of peace in the minds of men and women, is more than ever valid. Indeed, ‘a peace based exclusively upon the political and economic arrangements of governments would not be a peace which could secure the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the peoples of the world... and peace must therefore be founded, if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind’. In a world where many regions suffer from increasing tensions, conflicts and violence, to make peace a tangible reality is of critical importance. Ethno- nationalism, xenophobia, racism and discrimination against minority groups, religious extremism and violations of human rights are the cause of an increasing number of local and regional conflicts. Violence fuelled by hate and directed * Director of UNESCO’s Division of Human Rights, Democracy and Peace. ** Programme Specialist in the same Division. 10 Janusz Symonides and Kishore Singh against non-nationals, refugees and asylum-seekers, and immigrant workers is a serious threat to domestic security and the very fabric of states themselves. At the same time, exclusion, poverty, urban decay, mass migration, environmental degradation and new pandemic diseases, as well as terrorism and traffic in drugs, create very real threats to internal and international security. The present culture of violence based on distrust, suspicion, intolerance and hatred, on the inability to interact constructively with all those who are different, must be replaced by a new culture based on non-violence, tolerance, mutual understanding and solidarity, on the ability to solve peacefully disputes and conflicts. The world is in need of such a new culture and of a common system of values and new behavioural patterns for individuals, groups and nations, for, without them, the major problems of international and internal peace and security cannot be solved. The end of the Cold War and of ideological confrontation between East and West created new possibilities for the United Nations system and for the whole of the international community to move towards a culture of peace. Not only has the threat of a global nuclear war been removed to a great extent but the role of the military factor in international relations is decreasing. This, in consequence, paves the way towards disarmament and demilitarization both internationally and internally and towards the elimination of enemy images, distrust and suspicion. Moreover, the sharp divisions and useless debates concerning the concept of human rights are being replaced by recognition that the promotion and protection of all human rights is an important element of peace and development and, as such, is a great concern of the international community as well as a priority objective of the United Nations. The process of transition towards democracy is another factor conducive to the construction of a culture of peace. Democracies, as proved by historical experience, not only do not make war against each other but also through their systems of governance – rule of law, participation, transparency and accountability – diminish considerably recourse to violence. In the new international atmosphere, UNESCO has undertaken a series of activities aimed at the promotion of a culture of peace. It is worth noting that the first call to work in this direction was formulated in July 1989 by the Constructing a culture 11 of peace: challenges and perspectives – an introductory note UNESCO International Congress on Peace in the Minds of Men, held in Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire, which in its declaration proposed to ‘help construct a new vision of peace by developing a peace culture ...’. At its 140th session in 1992, the UNESCO Executive Board discussed the contribution to be made towards the promotion of a culture of peace, in the light of the United Nations Secretary-General’s An Agenda for Peace.1 It decided that an action programme should be established to promote a culture of peace, in particular by strengthening and co-ordinating ongoing activities. As declared by Federico Mayor, Director-General of UNESCO, at the opening session of the Forum for Education and Culture held in San Salvador, El Salvador, on 28 April 1993, the underlying spirit of a culture of peace is to: • promote the apprenticeship and practice of a culture of peace, both in the formal and non-formal education process and in all the activities of daily life; • build and strengthen democracy as a key to a just and peaceful negotiated settlement of conflicts; • strive towards a form of human development which, with the participation of the entire population, values the social capabilities and the human potential of all members of society; • give pride of place to cultural contacts, exchanges and creativity, at national and international levels, as a means of encouraging recognition of respect for others and the ways in which they differ; and • strengthen international co-operation to remove the socio-economic causes of armed conflicts and wars, thereby permitting the building of a better world for humankind as a whole. In accordance with the resolutions of the twenty-seventh session of the General Conference in 1993, an initial programme was prepared for 1994–95 providing, inter alia, the elaboration of two or three country projects aimed at the creation of a climate conducive to reconciliation in countries torn by war or civil strife and where United Nations peace-keeping operations had been or are being 1.
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