Re-Forming Texts, Music, and Church Art in the Early Modern North Brings Together Scholars from Different Disciplinary Backgrounds
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15 mm front 153 mm 8 mm 28,5 mm 8 mm front 153 mm 15 mm 15 mm CROSSING BOUNDARIES 2 CROSSING BOUNDARIES Lehtonen & KaljundiLehtonen (eds) Re-forming Texts, Music, and Church Art in the Early Modern North brings together scholars from different disciplinary backgrounds. It explores the transmission of medieval cultural forms in different media: writing, music, and sacred space. Tracing the transformations in the early modern Sweden, Finland, and Livonia, the chapters of this book point to the vivid exchange between the pre- and post-Reformation practices. They also stress that the Reformation meant rather appropriation than rejection of medieval legacies. The authors are particularly interested in the interaction of various cultural media, as well as the relationship between the elite and popular spheres, genres and registers, and the written and the oral traditions. Dr. Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen is Secretary General at the Finnish Literature Society and adjunct professor at the University of Helsinki. He has published widely on medieval history and literature, as well as on the relationship between oral and literary culture in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern North Modern Early the in Art Church and Music, Texts, Re-forming period. Dr. Linda Kaljundi is a researcher at the Finnish Literature Society and Edited by Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen and Linda Kaljundi Associate Professor at the Tallinn University. She has published on medieval historiography and images of otherness, as well as on modern cultural Re-forming Texts, Music, memory. 240 mm and Church Art in the Early Modern North ISBN: 978-90-8964-737-5 AUP.nl 9 7 8 9 0 8 9 6 4 7 3 7 5 15 mm Re-forming Texts, Music, and Church Art in the Early Modern North Crossing Boundaries Turku Medieval and Early Modern Studies The series from the Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (TUCEMEMS) publishes monographs and collective volumes placed at the intersection of disciplinary boundaries, introducing fresh connections between established fields of study. The series especially welcomes research combining or juxtaposing different kinds of primary sources and new methodological solutions to deal with problems presented by them. Encouraged themes and approaches include, but are not limited to, identity formation in medieval/early modern communities, and the analysis of texts and other cultural products as a communicative process comprising shared symbols and meanings. Series Editors Matti Peikola, University of Turku, Finland Re-forming Texts, Music, and Church Art in the Early Modern North Edited by Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen and Linda Kaljundi Amsterdam University Press Maps: Liisi Kasuk Translators: Aet Varik (Chapters 10 and 14) and Margarita Spirida (Chapter 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 737 5 e-isbn 978 90 4852 493 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789089647375 nur 685 © Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen, Linda Kaljundi and the contributors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2016 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the authors of the book. Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. Table of Contents A Note on Terms and Names 17 Acknowledgments 19 Introduction 21 Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen and Linda Kaljundi Part I Contextualizations and Thematizations 1 Popular Belief and the Disruption of Religious Practices in Reformation Sweden 43 Martin Berntson 2 Trade and the Known World 69 Finnish Priests’ and Laymen’s Networks in the Late Medieval Baltic Sea Region Ilkka Leskelä 3 Diglossia, Authority and Tradition 97 The Influence of Writing on Learned and Vernacular Languages Marco Mostert Part II Music and Religious Performances 4 Changes in the Poetics of Song during the Finnish Reformation 125 Kati Kallio 5 Vernacular Gregorian Chant and Lutheran Hymn-singing in Reformation-era Finland 157 Jorma Hannikainen and Erkki Tuppurainen 6 Pious Hymns and Devil’s Music 179 Michael Agricola (c. 1507-1557) and Jacobus Finno (c. 1540-1588) on Church Song and Folk Beliefs Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen 7 The Emergence of Hymns at the Crossroads of Folk and Christian Culture 217 An Episode in Early Modern Latvian Cultural History Māra Grudule Part III Church Art and Architecture 8 Reform and Pragmatism 253 On Church Art and Architecture during the Swedish Reformation Era Anna Nilsén 9 Early Lutheran Networks and Changes in the Furnishings of the Finnish Lutheran Parish Church 287 Hanna Pirinen 10 Continuity and Change 311 Reorganizing Sacred Space in Post-Reformation Tallinn Merike Kurisoo Part IV The ‘Other’ and the Afterlife 11 Pagans into Peasants 357 Ethnic and Social Boundaries in Early Modern Livonia Linda Kaljundi 12 Est vera India septemtrio 393 Re-imagining the Baltic in the Age of Discovery Stefan Donecker 13 Transformations of Saint Catherine of Alexandria in Finnish Vernacular Poetry and Rituals 421 Irma-Riitta Järvinen 14 Agricola’s List (1551) and the Formation of the Estonian Pantheon 449 Aivar Põldvee Contributors 475 Index 479 List of Maps, Figures, Tables, and Musical Examples Maps Map 1 Baltic Sea region 11 Map 2 Baltic Sea region, 1530 12 Map 3 Baltic Sea region, 1580 13 Map 4 Baltic Sea region, 1630 14 Map 5 The Swedish provinces 15 Figures Figure 5.1 A fragment from Graduale F.m. II 44 in the National Library of Finland, with Finnish translation added for the Gloria 160 Figure 5.2 The end of the antiphon O Kunnian Kuningas (O Rex gloriose) in the Codex Westh 165 Figure 5.3 The introit Nos autem in the Codex Westh 167 Figure 5.4 The trope Benedicamus parvulo nato in a manuscript from Hämeenkyrö 168 Figure 5.5 The hymn O fadher wår wij bidhie tigh in the Loimijoki manuscript (c. 1600) 173 Figure 8.1 Gustav Vasa as the Bysta Master saw him in about 1550 256 Figure 8.2 Gustav Vasa’s Bible, 1541; title page 258 Figure 8.3 St. Erik. Uppsala Cathedral Chapter’s counter-seal from 1275, believed to represent his statue 260 Figure 8.4 The Seven Sacraments. Altarpiece painted by Rogier van der Weyden, 1440-1445. Detail of the central panel, showing the Eucharist 262 Figure 8.5 Klara church plan 266 Figure 8.6 Läby church, Uppland. Drawing from the seventeenth century. A typical Swedish one-celled church, well- suited to the Lutheran service 267 Figure 8.7 Katarina church in Stockholm. Original plan and elevation 268 Figure 8.8 Two sixteenth-century pulpits 271 Figure 8.9 Choir screen from Kongsted, Denmark 273 Figure 8.10 Marby old church, Jämtland 276 Figure 8.11 The Trinity in Vendel church Uppland, painted by Johannes Ivan in 1452. Below the Trinity in Hägerstad church, Östergötland, painted by Mats the Painter from Linköping in 1608 280 Figure 8.12 Vårdsbergs church, Östergötland. St. George, painted by Mats the Painter in 1615 283 Figure 9.1 The Hattula pulpit 295 Figure 9.2 Lucas Cranach the Elder. The Holy Service. A motif from a prayer book, 1527 297 Figure 9.3 Paintings from the Isokyrö church. The northern wall 300 Figure 9.4 The bookstand of Vehmaa church 301 Figure 9.5 Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Old and the New Testa- ment (c. 1529) 302 Figure 10.1 Matthäus Merian the Elder, View of Tallinn from the northwest 317 Figure 10.2 Ornate pews for the Town Council members in St. Nicholas’s Church, 1556-1557; destroyed during the Second World War 329 Figure 10.3 Ground plan of St. Nicholas’s Church; Heinrich Julius Woltemate, 1691 330 Figure 10.4 Interior view to the west of St. Nicholas’s Church with seven-armed candelabrum (1519), the pews of the Brotherhood of Black Heads (1560s), and the pulpit (1624). Pulpit and benches destroyed during the Second World War 332 Figure 10.5 Interior view to the east of St. Nicholas’s Church with the late medieval altarpiece (workshop of the Lübeck master Hermen Rode, 1478-1481) and the Calvary Group (early fifteenth century) 333 Figure 10.6 Open view of the altarpiece of the high altar of St. Nicholas’s Church 335 Figure 10.7 Open view of the Passion Altarpiece. The middle panel shows the praying figures of the mint master Urban Dene and the superintendent Heinrich Bock, added in the mid-sixteenth century. 338 Figure 10.8 Epitaph of the pastor of St. Nicholas’s church, Johann Hobing, 1558 339 Figure 10.9 Ground plan of the church of the Holy Spirit; Heinrich Julius Woltemate, 1691 342 Figure 10.10 Antependium of St. Olaf’s Church 348 Figure 12.1 Muscovite atrocities in the Livonian War 394 Figure 12.2 How the Amazons Treat their Prisoners of War 395 Figure 12.3 About the Islands recently discovered in the Indian Sea 414 Figure 14.1 Transcript of Agricola’s list from Thomas Hiärne’s chronicle 456 Figure 14.2 Conrad Westermayr, Wainamöinen – Finnish Orpheus 465 Tables Table 5.1 Liturgical chants in three Swedish/Finnish sources 164 Musical Examples Example 5.1 Comparison of melodies: Kyrie Lux et origo, set in Roman and Germanic forms 162 Example 5.2 The beginning of the trope Discubuit Jesus in the Codex Westh (1546?, Finnish) and in the Henricus Thomæ manuscript (Swedish) 164 Example 5.3 The antiphon O sacrum convivium in a manuscript from Marttila (1596, Latin) and in a handwritten ap- pendix to Michael Agricola’s Passio (1616) from the same time (Finnish) 165 Example 5.4 The antiphon O Rex gloriose in the Marttila manu- script (1596, Latin) and in the Codex Westh (1546, Finnish) 166 Example 5.5 Latin and Finnish forms of the introit Nos autem in the Graduale Uskelense (A) and in the Codex Westh (B) 167 Example 5.6 Fragments from the introits Quasi modo geniti in the manuscript of Henricus Thomæ (A, Latin) and in the Officia Missæ of M.B.