Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04118-9 — the Cambridge Handbook of Kinship Edited by Sandra Bamford Index More Information

Home , Bilateral descent, Fictive kinship, Patrilineality

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04118-9 — The Cambridge Handbook of Kinship Edited by Sandra Bamford Index More Information

Index

abortion controversies concerning, 241 laws in Norway, 668 heritage tours, 240 legalization of, 234 race, 242 selective, 347 kin based, 237 adoption, 15 , 19, 22, 47 , 183 , 232 , 242 , 246 , legal documents 403 , 452 , 464 , 667 , 668 salience in defi ning kinship, 463 , 465 and alliance, 232 and the Napoleonic code, 236 and ambivalence, 233 open, 237 , 240 anthropological research on, 400 orphanages, 395 vs. appropriation, 294– 295 , see also child plenary, 236 , 394 , 406 , 469 traffi cking positive vs. negative valuation of, 233 barriers to, 240 prevalence of child abuse, 235 and birth families, 233 , private, 235 , 238 – 239 , 265 242 , 474 professional facilitators, 233, 238 , child givers, 469 462 , 463 child receivers, 469 public, 235 , 237 – 238 , 264 and Christianity, 234, 397 and race, 234 , 241 , 248, 249 , 264 and class, 235, 249 reasons to adopt, 231 – 233 , 396 closed, 237 , 246 , 406 reforms, 237 communication with birth relatives, 136 reunion with birth relatives, 136 , 240 , 247 , controversies concerning, 242– 247 , 462 456 , 462 , 463 defi ned, 231 salience of legal documents, 460 – 461 , and dekinning, 473 465 – 467 , 468 , 471 – 475 as a distinct family form, 248 , 406 search for birth family, 285, 298 , 453 , 454 , domestic, 235, 374, 391 , 401 455 , 456 , 459 , 470 of embryos, 247 simple, 394 and “fi ctive kinship”, 468 single parents, 244 – 245 fi nancial barriers to, 238 and social media, 247 formal, 193 , 235, 236 , 394 of “special needs” children, 5 , 264 and foster care, 234 , 237 by step parents, 239 by gays and lesbians, 245 – 246 transracial, 242 – 244 as a gendered domain, 233 , 249 waiting lists, 399 and the Hague Convention, 236 affi nity, 55 , 308 and home studies, 237 Africa, 68 , 181 , 397 and human rights, 265 , 468 African Political Systems (Evans-Pritchard & illegal, 283 , 294 , 461 , 462 , see also rehoming Fortes), 68 , 658 impact of new reproductive technologies on African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (NRT), 234 (Evans-Pritchard), 182 and inequality, 392 , 461 After Kinship (Carsten), 439 informal, 191 –193 , 235 – 236 , 394 Algeria, 74 , 136 Brazil, 241 alliance theory, 96 , see also Lévi-Strauss, international, 239 – 242 , see also international Claude adoption, transnational adoption, critique of, 99 , 100 transnational kinship Amazon, 147

730 Index

American Kinship: A Cultural Account (Schneider), Aymara, 186 , 197 7 , 12 – 13 , 112 , 115 , 117 , 118 – 122 , 438 , Azande, 68 714 , 715 , see also Schneider, David, North American Kinship baby markets, 242 , see also rehoming blood, 44 Bahloul, Joelle, 136 , 138 diffuse enduring solidarity, 609 Bailey, Marlon, 257 division of labor, 121 , 124 – 126 Bakewell, Robert, 56 – 57 focus on symbols, 119 Bamford, Sandra, 225 , 226 love, 609 Bangladesh, 378 marriage, 44 Barnes, John, 11 , 76 relatives by blood, 119 , 120 Bateson, Gregory, 51 relatives in law, 119 , 120 Batswana, 675 sexual intercourse, 121 , 609 Bear, Laura, 709 , 713 Ancient Law (Maine), 8 – 9 Beidelman, Tom, 72 Andes, 21 , 179 Belgium, 402 , 507 chachawarmi (male– female form), Bellotti v. Baird , 491 197 – 199 , 200 Benedict, Ruth, 116 circulation of children, 191 – 193 biological models compadrazco, 192 change through time, 108 division of labor, 189– 190 and feminist scholarship, 108 , 111 , 113 , 115 changing patterns of, 189 – 190 gender inequality, 111 , 113 economy, 184 as literal and fi gurative, 107 gender inequality, 188 , 189 and politics, 108 , 127 lo andino (what it means to be Andean), of reproduction, 107 184 , 185 biology, 156 machismo , 189 as a discipline, 110 , 112 marriage, 187 polysemic qualities, 108 Pacha Mama (female earth deity), 185 , 186 as a subject of study, 110 , 112 patron–client relations, 192 as a symbolic code, 117 poverty, 190 biomedicine, 107 race, 193 – 194 bioscience, 107 single mothers, 190 – 191 as a subject of study, 107 , 108 testimonio (testimonial narrative), 199 – 200 Birke, Lynda, 117 Appadurai, Arjun, 375 Bleier, Ruth, 117 Argentina 22 , 281 blood, 139 – 143 , 147 Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo (Abuelas), 280 , 285 , defi nitions of, 55 286 , 287 , 290 , 292 , 295 , 297 , 298 and DNA testing, 141 Amicable Agreement, 287 , 288 , 289 , 301n8 naturalizing capabilities, 144 , 145 Biographical Family Archive (BFA), 292 polysemic qualities, 140 , 141 , 164 case of Evelyn Karina Vázques Ferrá, 286 – 288 , signifi cance in defi ning kinship, 55 289 , 299 as a cultural symbol, 44 , 56 , 140 , 142 , case of Guillermo Gabriel Prieto, 288 – 289 , 143 – 144 , 164 290 , 299 Blood Will Out: Essays on Liquid Transfers and Flows case of María Eugenia Sampallo (Carsten), 141 – 143 Barragán, 299 Bodenhorn, Barbara, 713 era of dictatorial rule, 282 , 289 Boellstorff, Tom, 261 human rights Bolivia, 179 , 200 , 397 violation of, 283 Borneo, 73 humanitarian organizations, 280 Botswana, 28 "living disappeared", 279, 280 AIDS epidemic, 677 , 696 defi nition of, 282 bagolo (elders), 676 , 694 and DNA testing, 282 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 288 , blurring of the public and private, 681 , 289 , 290 , 298, 299 684 – 685 , 689 , 696 Mariana Zaffaroni Isla, 295 – 296 kgotla (courtyard), 676 National Bank of Genetic Data, 280 non-governmental organizations, 685 – 689 , National Commission for the Right to 695 , 697 Identity (CONADI), 280 , 285 , 295 orphan crisis, 677 Period of State Terrorism, 288 perceived breakdown of the family, 683 , 691 , pregnancy, 587 693 , 694 violation of human rights, 283 social services, 679 – 685 , 695 , 697 Aristotle, 38 stereorypes of, 680 Asad, Talal, 718 , 719 Bott, Elizabeth, 116 Asia Bouquet, Mary, 11 sex selection, 347 Bourdieu, Pierre, 74 , 351 attachment, 156 Bowlby, John, 166 theory of, 166 – 169 , 173n23 , 174n26 Bracero Program, the, 436

Index 731

Brazil, 142 , 345 and personhood, 555, 574 “appropriative endurance”, 632 , 636 , 638 – 639 pillow angels, 559 – 562 “consideration”, 629 – 631 , 632 , 634 , 653 response by parents, 559 , 564 – 566 , 575 “containment”, 632 , 636 , 639 – 642 and technobodies, 569 homicide rates, 642 and the valorization of independence, hyperincarceration, 633 569 – 571 , 575 international adoption, 241 China, 240 , 346 , 397 o caminho certo (the right path), 646 amahs (spinster), 374 , 375 – 377 , 379 , 387 o caminho errado (the wrong path), 646 , 649 households, 372 police killings, 641– 645 international adoption, 242 poverty, 632 , 634 muijai (domestic worker), 374 , 386 , 387 prison as a technology of care, 631 , 633 , 635 , multigenerational households, 371 , 373 641 , 646 , 647, 653 one child policy, 240 relational intervention, 632 , 636 – 638 , 649 sex ratio imbalance, 347 sex/gender system, 632 , 635 , 639 – 640 two child policy, 240 Britain valuation of sons vs. daughters, 232 cousin marriage, 621 – 624 Christianity, 37 , 38 , 43 , 143 , 166 , 179 , 425 , 620 , Tudor-era 702 , 708 , 709 and adoption, 232, 400 and adoption, 397 Brown, Louise, 483 competing defi nitions of, 707 Butler, Judith, 111 , 434 , 443 , 445 idioms of sacrifi ce, 413 , 423 Gender Trouble , 118 marriage, 615 origin story, 45 – 46 Calvert, Mark and Crispina, 493 Protestantism, 707 , 708 , 710 , 718 , 719 Canada, 417 Roman Catholicism, 710 Cannell, Fenella, 17, 677, 713 Church of England, 704 Carsten, Janet, 8 , 15 , 18 , 72 , 434 , 438 , 443 , 445, citizenship, 447 456 , 713 and adoption, 397 on adoption, 400 , 463 and gender, 610 Blood Will Out: Essays on Liquid Transfers and and marariage, 610 Flows , 141 – 143 relevance to kin connections, 457 relatedness, 15 , 135 role in defi ning family, 433 , 445 , 464 Caucasus clans, 373 sex ratio imbalance, 347 Clarke, Morgan, 111 Chewong, 27, 659 , 660 , 670 Colen, Shellee, 17 , 344 authority, 662 Collier, Jane, 14 , 46 , 127 , 438 , 713 cognatic descent, 661 compadrazco , 183 divorce, 663 Conceiving the New World Order: The Global egalitarianism, 661 Politics of Reproduction (Ginsburg & marriage, 661 Rapp) , 16 politics, 663 concubines, 372 procreation beliefs, 661 Confucianism, 377 reciprocity, 661 Connolly, Deborah, 345 residence, 661 consanguinity, 55 spiritual beings, 661 Copeman, Jacob, 142 child cosmology, 40 , 47 , 185 changing defi niitions of, 498 Côte d’Ivoire, 236 custody, 498 – 499 Critique of the Study of Kinship, A (Schneider), 7 , relevance of the “best interest” standard 13 , 88 , 118 , 438 , 531 in determining, 486 , 489 –490 , 492 , culture 498 – 499, 500 vs. biology, 134 – 135 , 158 , 159 , 163 abandonment, 458 diffi culty in defi ning, 399 , 459 Darwin, Charles, 57 , 59 , 61 , 74 abduction, 238 , 241 , 285 , see also Argentina: Descent of Man and Selecction in Relation to “living disappeared” Sex, The , 60 circulation, see also adoption: informal ideas surrounding descent, 60 adoption: informal circulation of Variation of Animals and Plants under children Domestication , 60 , 71 , 73 , 89 , 142 , 345 welfare, 165 Das, Veena, 135 childhood disability Dawkins, Richard, 714 assistive technologies, 566 – 574 de Beauvoir, Simone, 115 , 117 autism, 562 – 566 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 337 and belonging, 561, 574 dekinning, 292 , 294 and dekinning, 558 and childhood disability, 558 and kinship ambiguity, 558 and surrogacy, 545 – 549 , 593 – 597 and medical intervention, 559 Delaney, Carol, 15 , 610 , 611

732 Index

descent, 56 , 68 , 77 , 308 Faubion, James, 146 changing defi nitions of, 52 , 53 Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 117 defi nition of, 51 , 53 Feeley- Harnik, Gillian, 143 , 713 inclusions and exclusions, 51, 53 feminist scholarship, 14 – 15 , 71 , 75 , 609 , 625 Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The critique of surrogacy, 584, 594 (Darwin), 60 fertility, 38 domestic workers, 376 , see also foreign men, 38 domestic workers (FDW) women, 38 and exploitation, 376 fi ctive kinship, 183 , 256 Hong Kong, 373 China, 371 and reproductive labor, 372 and illegal adoption, 284 domestication, 52 Filipino women animal breeding, 56 – 59 Central Kiso, 417 – 418 double descent, 186 as domestic workers, 377 – 378 Dravidian kinship, 91 – 93 as maids, 375 , 376 dualism marriage, 412 , 419 – 421 critique of, 214 migrant mothers, 385 Dumont, Louis, 92 , 93, 670 oyomesan (traditional Japanese bride), 412 – 413 prostitution, 418 Eastern Europe, 397 stereotypes of, 419 , 421 , 423 , 424 Ecuador, 179 , 193 , 194 work in Japanese hostess bars, 416 , 417 – 418 Edwards, Jeanette, 134 , 135 stigma, 418 Egypt, 523 Finland and new reproductive technologies, 512 adoption, 246 Ehrenreich, Barbara, 17 Firestone, Shulamith, 111 , 115 , 117 Elementary Structures of Kinship, The The Dialectics of Sex , 113 (Lévi- Strauss), 12 , 89 Firth, Raymond, 67 , 116 Embodied Progress: A Cultural Account of Assisted foreign domestic workers (FDW), 372 Conception (Franklin), 16 dispersed families, 384 embodiment, 158 – 163 duties, 378 – 379 of abuse, 158 as "global women", 372 of people, 212 in Hong Kong, 377 of place, 212 , 227 immigration law, 383 of social ties, 21 , 159 – 163 , 166 , 169 , 309 Indonesia, 384 theory of, 169 intimate relations, 379 , 380 , 384 , 386 embryo modifi cation issues regarding citizenship, 380 , 384 in monkeys, 325 living conditions, 378 using spindle transfer method, see from the Philippines, 375 mitochondrial replacement therapy remittances, 388 Ethiopia, 402 and reproductive labor, 387 Europe, 237 , 240 , 241, 317 , 458 South East Asia, 372 aristocracy and temporary families, 379 – 384 , 388 ”inbreeding”, 617 and violence, 386 regulations concerning adoption, 238 , 239 Fortes, Meyer, 11 , 68 , 71 , 89 , 146 , 182 , 345 , Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 11 , 68, 73 , 75 , 89 , 182 , 346 , 658 345 , 658 foster care, 19 , 157 , 165 , 183 , 234 , 268 Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Foucault, Michel, 311 , 666 Political Institutions of a Nilotic People, The , 68 Fox, Robin, 6 Sudan Notes and Records , 70 Franklin, Sarah, 16 , 583 Embodied Progress: A Cultural Account of Assisted family Conception , 16 bureaucratization of, 679 , 682 Freud, Sigmund, 346 , 356– 357 , 359 changing defi nitions of, 484 , 485 unconscious desire, 356 – 357 dispersed, 372 , 373 , 386 , 391 , 412 , 422 , 433 , 434 , 436 , 440 , 442 , 444 Gailey, Christine, 403 fl uid composition of, 372, 434 , 445 gay/lesbian kinship, 3 – 4 , 15 , 22 , 47 , precarity of, 434, 446 253 – 271 , 669 temporary, 373 and adoption, 264 , 265 traditional defi nition of, 484 AIDS epidemic, 263 Fassin, Didier, 693 as alternative families, 22 , 259 – 262 , 271 father avenues for achieving fatherhood, 263 biological, 182 avenues for achieving motherhood, 263 legal, 182 Ballroom culture, 257 fatherhood chosen families, 256 , 271 and gay men, 263 committment ceremony, 261 , 267 , 268 meanings of, 38 – 39 , 75, 262 discrimination, 3

Index 733

families with children, 3 – 4 , 22 Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in fi ctive kin, 256 Quebec , 606 gay fathers, 267 on Schneider, 110 "gayby boom", 263 Hann, Katherine, 92 “houses”, 259– 262 Haraway, Donna, 111 , 115 , 117 inequality, 3 – 4 Hayden, Corrine lesbian mothers, 259 , 260, 266 – 267 on lesbian families, 258 as mainstream families, 22 , 259 , 260 , 261 , Herschberger, Ruth, 117 268 , 270 , 271 Adam’s Rib , 113 – 115 marriage, 261 , 268 – 270 heteronormative family and natal families, 266 critique of, 179 and naturalization, 260 , 270 Holt, Bertha and Harry, 397 and new reproductive tecchnologies, Holy, Ladislav, 8 259 , 521 Hong Kong, 372 , 378 and parenthood, 260 , 262 – 266 , 268 , 270 , households, 372 327 – 328 shifting economy and race, 268 impact on women, 374 and resistance, 258 Hoschild, Arlie, 17 restrictions on use of new reproductive households technologies, 533 extended, 373 stereotypes, 265 multigenerational, 440 subjectivity, 261 temporary, 440 as subversive, 261 houses, 74 support networks, 267 Houses and Houselife (Morgan), 74 Geertz, Clifford, 112 Hubbard, Ruth, 111 , 117 gender, 180 , 660 , 670 human rights, 299 complementarity, 197 – 199 controversies concerning, 281 , 287 , 289 Euro- American assumptions violation of, 283 , see also Argentina, violation concerning, 262 of human rights and inequality, 188, 197 , 309 , humanitarianism, 27 , 690, 696 310 , 610 and adoption, 401 – 402 Gender and Kinship: Essays Toward a and anti-politics, 678 Unifi ed Analysis (Collier & Yanagisako), and kinship, 678 , 693 14 , 127 neglect of families, 678 genealogy, 68 , 308 organizations, 678 defi nition of, 52 , 53 , 77n1 Georgia Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant international adoption, 241 Responsibility Act, the (1996), 437 gestational labor Immigrant Reform and Control Act, the and surrogates, 584 (1986), 436 value of, 581 , 582 Immigration and Nationality Act, the Gifford, Edward (1965), 436 Tonga, 69 In re Baby , 499 , 501– 502 , 503 Gift: The Form and Function of Exchange In re Gault (1967), 484 , 491 in Archaic Societies , The In re Matter of Baby M. , 329 , 335 , 483 – 484 , 485 , (Mauss), 88 486 – 491 , 492 , 493 , 502 , 503 Ginsburg, Faye, 16 traditional surrogacy, 329– 330 global capitalism India, 23 impact on kinship, 372 intersection of kinship and religion, “global women”, 387 709 – 711 globalization, 446 sex ration imbalance, 347 Gluckman, Max, 69 surrogacy, 584 –585 , 597 godparenting, 183 view of pregnancy, 598 Good,Anthony, 92 indigenous movements, 181 Goody, Jack, 394 Indonesia, 23 , 27 , 145 , 373 , 377 , 378 , governmentality, 458 659 , 663 Gow, Peter, 147 infertility, 523 Graeber, David, 72 and adoption, 232 , 395 Greer, Germaine, 115 , 117 and gay/lesbian kinship, 258 Guatemala, 264 men, 38 , 510 and adoption, 401 perceived causes of, 308 Gulliver, George, 57 rates of, 507 women, 38 Hague Convention on Adoption, the (1993), Inhorn, Marcia, 396 240 , 395 , 396 , 399 intellectual property law Handler, Richard use in determining surrogacy cases, 332 – 334

734 Index

international adoption, see also adoption: Johnson v. Calvert (1933), 329 , 336 , 485 , 493 – 496 , international, transnational adoption, 502 , 503 transnational kinship gestational surrogacy, 331 – 334 rehoming, 5 Johnson, Anna, 493 , 496 “special needs”, 5 , 241 Jordan Iran, 25 , 508 , 523 and new reproductive technologies, 512 Ayatollah Khamenei, 517 Judaism, 37 , 709 egg donation, 518 male infertility, 518 Kamea, 225 milk kinship, 518 Keane, Webb, 144 , 145, 718 Shia Muslim, 516 Keller, Evelyn Fox, 111 , 117 sibling gamete donation, 517 kinning, 294 , 660 stereotypes of, 524 kinship views on third party reproduction, 516 – 519 as an absence, 155 , 158 , 164 , 165 – 166 , 168 Iroquois and affl iction, 313 – 317 and adoption, 232 and ambivalence, 18 , 22 , 27 , 54 , 135 , 136 , Irvine, Judith, 72 137 , 143 , 147 , 156 , 188 , 295 , 309 , 310 , Isbell, Billie Jean, 186 311 , 312 , 318 , 344 , 345 , 364 , 631 , 651 Islam, 37 , 620 as care, 308 , 311 , 312 , 319 Israel, 25 , 26, 403 , 508 , 509 , 512 , 523 , and class, 162, 180 , 382 556 , 607 classifi catory vs. descriptive systems, 75 and childhood disability, 554 and desire, 346 egg donation, 520– 521 and disability, 26, 47 , 345 experience of pregnancy, 591 , 592 and DNA, 280 fertility clinics, 583 and embodiment, 153 , 154 – 155 gay and lesbian kinship, 520 , 533 and ethics, 311 gestational labor, 586 and gender roles, 181 male infertility, 519 and genetics, 26 , 235 , 298 new reproductive technologies, 510 , 522 , and globalization, 695 525 , 546 gradations of, 133 , 136 and ultraorthodox Jews, 521 and identity, 451 pregnancy, 581 , 590 and illness, 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 prenatal diagnosis, 588– 590 , 591 importance of phenotypic resemblance, 265 public funding of new reproductive and indeterminacy, 290 , 651 technologies, 512 and inequality, 20 , 22 , 38 , 40 , 45 , 48 , 187 , relevance of genetic kinship, 546 310 , 371 , 372 , 376 , 614 sperm donation, 520 knowledge of, 281 , 453 , 463 surrogacy, 521 , 581 , 584 , 593 – 597 and landscape, 21 , 183 – 184 tentative pregnancy, 586 – 588 and law, 281 , 445 , 659 views about reproduction, 580 legal disputes, 23 legal fi ctions, 24 Japan, 21 , 24 , 155 , 157 , 412 life and death, 76 child welfare system, 156 – 157 and the media, 286 , 290 , 293 , 297 experience of pregnancy, 591 , 592 and memory work, 143 household, 607 and migration, 154 –155 , see transnational ie (corporate household), 414 kinship inheritance patterns, 416 and naturalization, 196 , 610 – 611 kinship roles, 413 and politics, 68 , 311 , 658 , 659 , 660 , Kiso Valley 670 , 677 , 679 , 694 , 696 , see also bride shortage, 415 , 416 lineage theory changing economy, 415– 416 as process, 15 , 21 , 154 , 183 , 223 , 225– 226 , marginality, 416 227 , 308 , 411 , 439 , 630 , 651 tourism, 415 – 416 and race, 193 – 194 transnational marriage, 419 refusal of biological ties, 291 – 292 kokusai kekkon (international marriage), 416 relevance of biology, 21 – 22 , 76 , 154 , 182 , oyomesan (traditional Japanese bride), 413, 263 , 265 , 289 , 299 , 327 , 331 , 473 , 415 , 419 , 423 – 424 549 , 669 domestic duties, 424 relevance of intent, 336 , 547 , 549 resistance, 426 – 427 relevance of legal documents, 452 pregnancy, 581 , 587 and religion, 19 , 25 , 28 , 37 – 38 , 47 – 48 , 184 , sex industry, 418 284 , 310, 613 – 616 , 703 , 708 , 712 , 714 , signifi cance of blood in defi ning 716 , 719 kinship, 164 right of blood, 57 , 58 , 59 , 74 social change, 413 , 414 , 428 right of soil, 57 , 58 , 59 , 74 yome (informal, Japanese bride), 413 , 419 and ritual, 184 , 185

Index 735

sentamentalized view, 135 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 11 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 116 , 119 , social basis of, 52 181, 185 , 659 , 660, 664 , 712 and social identity, 279 , 287 , 290 , 463 atom of kinship, 90 and social media, 452 , 454 elementary structures, 89 social vs. biological, 154 , 291 , 295 , 298 , 509 , generalized exchange, 89 660 , 714 on the gift, 308 and the state, 19, 22 , 26 – 28 , 279 , 290 , 435 , incest taboo, 89 437 , 452 , 457 , 469, 606 , 632 , 677 , 684 , restricted exchange, 89 707 , 713 , see also state, the: role in Lewin, Ellen, 110 validating kinship ties lineage, 68 , 373 status vs. contract, 25 and politics, 66 , 68 as a system of acts, 531 , 630 , 683 , 711 lineage theory temporality, 19 , 20 , 21 , 72 , 74 , 76 , 133 , 136 – lineages as political units, 68 137 , 139, 142 , 146 , 147 , 182 Lio, 27 , 659 , 660 , 670 thickening and thinning, 139 , 146 , 434 , 440 , authority, 663 441 , 442 , 443 , 444 clans, 664 and violence, 48 , 66 , 155 , 168 , 187 – 189 , 344 , descent, 663 632 , 638– 640 , 647 hierarchy, 664 kinship studies, 7, 181 , 444 houses, 664 evolutionary models, 8 – 10 , 26 , Indonesia, 663 40 – 42 , 605 , 608 , 625 , 712 , see also kinning, 665 modernization theory marriage, 663 , 665 feminist approaches, 46 , 112 personhood, 666 focus on birth and procreation, 19 , political organization, 663 134 , 154 priest leaders, 663 – 664 , 665 history of, 8 – 18 , 19 – 20 , 438 – 439 , 605 reciprocity, 664 signifi cance of Schneider, 108 , 109 , 110 signifi cance of land, 664 traditional vs. revisionist approaches, 7 succession, 665 Klassen, Pamela, 719 Lock, Margaret, 76 knowledge local biologies, 158 , 161 and constructions of kinship, 458 Locke, John, 338 – 340 and constructions of self, 456 Lowie, Robert, 69 Koedt, Anne, 115 Primitive Society , 69 Korea, 405 Luce, Jacqueline, 258 international adoption, 242 motherhood, 458 McClintock, Anne, 610 orphan registry, 466 MacCormack, Carol, 14, 118 , 126 Overseas Koreans visa, 465 McKinley, Robert, 146 patriarchial family structure, 462 McKinnon, Susan, 17 , 677 , 712 , rising divorce rates, 462 713 , 721 transnational adoption, 451 Vital Relations , 705 history of, 458 – 460 McLennan, John, 63 Kuper, Adam, 8 , 11 , 621 , 658 Madagascar, 72 magic, 136 labor Maine, Henry Sumner, 8 – 9 , 712 in the production of people, 220 legal fi ctions, 9 in the production of place, 220 status vs. contract, 8 Lacan, Jacques, 347 , 357 – 359 , 364 Malay kinship, 15 , 139 "mirror stage", 358 Malaysia, 27 , 72 , 140 , 659 Lambek, Michael, 134 , 135, 137 , 146 , 683 , blood donation, 140 711 – 712, 713 , 718 , 720 , 721 pathology labs, 140 kinship and ritual, 134 views about blood, 140 – 141 Lamphere, Louise, 117 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 11, 40 , 42 – 43 , 44 , 67 , landscape, 213 346 , 437 , 438 formation, 214 marketplace Langkawi, 15 impact on kin relations, 484 Latin America, 264 , 397 view as antithetical to kin, 492 , 496 Leach, Edmund, 43 , 658 marriage, 308 Lebanon companionate, 519 , 710 egg donation, 518 consanguineous unions, 511 , 622 – 624 legal documents cousin marriage, 27 , 621 importance in transforming identity, 458 Britain, 621 role in producing kinship, 451 , 453 , 454 , efforts to prohibit, 618 455 , 457 views concerning, 616 , 617 Leinaweaver, Jessica, 192 , 196 cross-cousin, 91 , 663

736 Index

marriage (cont.) Hong Kong, 373 endogamy, 93 – 94 impact on families, 435 uncle–niece marriages, 93 issues regarding citizenship, 382 , 383 gay/lesbian marriage, 270 maintenance of kin ties, 412, 422 , 428 interfaith, 710, 711 motivation to work abroad, 378 monogamy, 606 remittances, 422 , 439 views concerning, 614 and reunifi cation, 437 , 440 , 441 , 446 nineteenth-century view of interracial rights, 398 unions, 619 undocumented, 432 and parenthood Mitani, John, 143 changing ideas of, 340 mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), 1 – 2 and political governance, 606 , 608 , 613 , 614 , controversies concerning, 2 616 –620 , 625 , 706 – 708 and infertility, 2 polygamy, 27 , 606 , 613 – 616 , 705 , 707 , 718 procedure, 2 campaign against, 616 uses, 1 patriarchy, 614 , 615 Miwok, the, 69 views concerning, 614 Modell, Judith, 400 , 403 polygynous, 519 modernization theory, 26 , 28 , 606 , 607 , 705 , preferential rules, 95 – 96 712 , 719 and reciprocity, 92 “backwardness”, 623 and religious freedom, 706 critique of, 678 , 713 – 714 transnational, 391 , 405 and marriage, 606 , 620 Martin, Emily, 111 , 117 and religion, 703 , 717 “The Egg and the Sperm”, 111 Morgan, Lewis, Henry, 9 – 10 , 40 – 41 , 54 , 55 , 57 , Marx, Karl, 181 59 , 60 , 61 , 63, 74 , 75 , 91 , 144 , 612 materiality classifi catory vs. descriptive systems, 9 – 10 , of human relations, see embodiment 40 , 41 , 61 Mauss, Marcel, 64 , 88 , 92 , 181 monogamy, 10 , 75 on the gift, 308 primitive promiscuity, 10 , 41 , 75 Mayblin, Maya, 142 , 143 Morgan, Robin, 115 Meeker, Michael, 40 Mormonism, 28 , 614 – 616 Melanesia, 212 and adoption, 703 Mendel, Gregor, 43 anti- polygamy campaigns, 706 , 707 Metcalf, Peter, 73 Celestial Kingdom, 702 Mexico, 24 , 432 , 435 childbirth as part of a divine plan, 703 Middle East, 25 , 508 , 525 collective salvation (exaltation), 702 adoption of NRTs, 512 – 513 missionary work, 702 declining rates of childbirth, 509 polygamy, 614 , 705 , 715 haram (religiously illicit), 511 , 515 and reproduction, 701 ijtihad (independent reasoning), 514 , 516 , 517 spirit children, 702 importance of biogenetic kinship, 522 mother importance of reproduction, 509, 523 genetic, 263 nasab (biological lineage), 511 , 513 , 514 , 516 , gestational, 263 517 , 519 , 520 , 522 , 524 meanings of, 196 , 262 , 263 science and medicine, 510 new defi nitions of, 47 third party reproduction, 513 – 514 , 522 single mothers, 190 – 192 , 200 views on adoption, 511 – 512 motherhood zina (adultery), 514 defi nition of, 488 , 489 Middleton, John, 72 and fetal health, 556 – 557 migration, 391 , 393 , 412 , 457 meanings of, 38 – 39 , 75 , 334 and adoption, 464 new defi nitions of, 497 – 498 chain returns, 442 signifi cance of gestation, 545 and changing defi nitions of kinship, 428 single mothers, 385 , 452 and class, 384 women as responsible for fetal health, 591 and the creation of new kin ties, 428 , 440 mutuality of being, 139 , see also Sahlins, and deportation, 432 , 436 , 443 , 444 , 447 Marshall impact on families, 433 , 441 – 442 , 445 Myanmar, 378 deunifi cation, 443 , 446 , see also family: dispersed nation state, the dispersed families, 405 as contrasted with kin-based societies, 607 and exploitation, 377 and individualism, 606 foreign domestic workers rights, 386 National Commission for the Right to Identity, and gendered labor, 377 see also Argentina domestic workers, 436 , see also domestic National Uniform Parenting Act, 331 workers Native American peoples, 232

Index 737

naturalization, 265 , 268 child rearing, 668 of fatherhood, 262 democratic absolutism, 666 of kinship divorce, 668 gays and lesbians, 266 gays and lesbians of motherhood, 262 marriage, 670 Naturalizing Power: Essays in Feminist Cultural in vitro fertilization, 667 Analysis (Yanagisako & Delaney), 15 , 611 law, 667 , 668 Nature, Culture and Gender (MacCormack & legal disputes Strathern), 14 , 118 relevance of the best interest standard, 668 Needham, Rodney, 118 marriage, 667 , 668 neuroscience, 167 , 168 new reproductive technologies new reproductive technologies (NRT), 7 , 16 , gays and lesbians, 669 25 – 26 , 107 , 324 , 597 , 668 signifi cance of biological kinship, 666 and adoption, 235 use of new reproductive technologies, 667 attention given to in the academic welfare state, 666 , 669 literature, 583 Nuer, the, 68 , 70 changing defi nitions of kinship, 484 buth (lineage), 73 controversies concerning, 324 , 326, 329 , 334 , "E- P paradox", 71 483 , 486– 491 matrilocality, 71 relevance of the best interest standard in political system, 70 determining custody, 486 , 489 – 490 , 492 , relations with the Dinka, 73 498 – 499, 500 Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and egg donation, 25 , 47 , 107 , 265 , 331 , 508 , 518 , Political Instutions of a Nilotic People , The 520 – 521 , 522 , 548 (Evans-Pritchard), 70 and race, 194 embryo adoption, 247 , 508 Obergefell v. Hodges (marriage equality), 325 , gay/lesbian use, 258, 263 , 508 336 – 341 , see also gay/lesbian kinship in vitro fertilization (IVF), 483 , 507 , 583 Origin of Species (Darwin), 57 , 59 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), orphans, 695 507 , 519 and the AIDS epidemic, 676 , 677 non- Western settings, 16 , 25 , 193 Botswana, 680 post- menopausal motherhood, 508 care centre, 685 , 691 posthumous reproduction, 508 defi nition of, 240 relevance of intent, 486 , 503 diffi culty in defi ning, 465 , 469 and religion, 508 , 510 , 512 , 518 , 523 , orphanages, 454 524 , 525 Ortner, Sherry, 117 sibling gamete donation, 517 sperm donation, 25 , 47 , 107 , 279 , 331 , Palestine, 509 508 , 520 Papua New Guinea, 21 , 159, 212 success rates, 507 Parham v. J.R , 492 surrogacy, 329 – 330 , 483 , 508 , 521 Parkin, Robert, 8 gestational, 493 –496 Parsons, Talcot, 116 Nigeria patriarchial family, 8 – 9 , 180 Igbo, 232 patriarchy, 43 non-governmental organizations (NGO), 695 discourses of, 426 orphan care, 687 , 688 Peletz, Michael, 135 role in bureaucratizing families, 687 Peru, 179 , 396 , 399 role in creating kin, 676 adoption, 403 North American kinship child fostering, 392 as a cultural system, 116 Code of Children and Adolescents, 396 diffuse enduring solidarity, 493 Philippines, 23 , 373 , 376 , 378 , 419 distinctive features, 608 changing economy, 417 North India divorce, 383 affl iction, 306 place, 211 , 215 , 216 , 220 bhut (ghost), 306 role in eliciting kinship, 227 dargah/daragah (Sufi shrine), 312 – 317 , Polanyi, Karl, 181 , 182 318 , 319 Political Systems of Highland Burma (Leach), 658 hawa (madness), 306 , 307 Povinelli, Elizabeth, 261 , 445 medicine, 308 pregnancy patriarchy, 309 in contrast to surrogacy, 585 spirits, 306 neglect in the academic literature, 585 , Norway, 27 , 659 , 660 , 671 598 , 599 abortion law, 668 as a tentative condition, 586 – 590 , 596 adoption, 667 , 668 views concerning, 582 , 592 – 593 , 597 , see also bilateral descent, 666 gestational labor

738 Index

prenatal diagnosis, 582 , 588 – 590 , 591 , 598 surrogacy, 327 – 328 amniocentesis, 583 gestational surrogacy, 326 sonograms, 583 Roman Empire ultrasound imaging, 583 and adoption, 232 procreation beliefs, 40 , 47, 660 Romania, 241 monogenetic theory of, 38 Rosaldo, Jane, 438 seed and soil, 43 Rosaldo, Michelle, 117 Trobriand Islands, 42 , 43 Rosecky v. Schissel , 499 – 501 , 502 , 503 property inheritance, 188 Rubin, Gayle, 110 , 112 and gender, 187 Russia prostitution, 637 international adoption, 241 likened to surrogacy, 584 psychoanalytic theory, 346 , 359 , 364 Sahlins, Marshall, 75 , 134 , 135 public adoption, 237 mutuality of being, 18 , 54 , 133 , 134 , 136 , 155 , 296 , 630 , 659 , 670 , 720 Quechua, 182 , 186 , 197 What Kinship Is … and Is Not , 133 Qur’an, 38 Saudi Arabia and new reproductive technologies, 512 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 11 , 67 – 68 Scandinavia, 240 “The Social Organization of Australian Scheper- Hughes, Nancy, 345 , 634 Tribes”, 67 Schneider, David, 7 , 12 – 13 , 44 – 46 , 75 , 88 , 90 , Rapp, Rayna, 16 112 , 115 , 122 , 438 , 492 , 531 , 714 , 715 reciprocity, 89 , 182 , 183 , 217 American Kinship: A Cultural Account , 18 , Reed, Evelyn, 115 110 , 608 Reite, 21 , 213 critique of Schneider, 46 , 109 , 117 – 118 , 609 consumption critique of biology, 111 , 112 , 261 and the creation of social ties, 221 critique of the genealogical method, 75 kaapu (spirits), 215 , 224 Critique of the Study of Kinship , 118 life-cycle rites, 214 , 215 , 216 – 226 on culture, 116 maternal kin, 216 , 218 , 220 , 222 diffuse, enduring, solidarity, 18 palem (residential group), 215 , 216 , 219 , 220 , on family, 45 223 – 225 and feminist scholars, 14 , 20 , 90 , 109 , labor, 220 110 , 112 post-marital residence, 215 on gender, 44 relatedness, 15 , 135 kinship as symbol, 44 Reproducing the Future: Essays on Anthropology, on the link between kinship, nationality, and Kinship, and the New Reproductive religion, 609 , 625 Technologies (Strathern), 16 on marriage, 44 reproduction on metaphor, 307 gendered contributions, 40 , see also and queer anthropology, 112 procreation beliefs Scott, James, 457 gestational labor, 26 selective reproduction, 345 modern genetic theory of, 39, 43 , 45 Shever, Elena, 713 monogenetic theory of, 45 Shryock, Andrew, 143 and prenatal diagnostic testing, 552 Silverstein, Michael, 144 state discourses of, 345 Singer, Peter, 561 and ultrasounds, 554 – 555 social media, 558 residence social workers, 695 and adoption, 397 South Asia, 307 as the basis of kinship, 438 South Indian kinship Rich, Adrienne, 115 anniyam (outsiders), 98 Richards, Audrey, 74 contam (belonging to), 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 reassessment of the Nuer, 71 marriage of Siva, 99 Rivers, W.H.R., 10– 11 , 58 , 61 – 67 , 75 , 91 marriage rules, 95 – 96 anthropological inquiry, genealogical the mother’s brother, 96– 99 method, 10 – 11 pa ̄cam (love), 97 biographical history of, 62 pankali (patrilineage), 94 critique of colonialism, 66 panku (share), 94 work on comparative psychology, 62 uncle–niece marriage, 92 – 94 , 98 , 100 work on genealogy, 62 – 63 , 64 – 66 lack of desire, 98 – 99 Roberts, Elizabeth, 193 sacriﬁ ce, 98 – 99 , 101 Robertson-Smith, William urimai (rights), 94 , 95 kindred, 70 Spain, 396 , 401 , 403 Robinson v. Hollingsworth , 330 , 333 adoption, 392 , 403 gay kinship International Adoption Law, 396

Index 739

Special Agricultural Worker provisions, 437 in the United States, 532 spirit possession, 23 , 309, 315 , 318 , 321 views concerning, 582 and madness, 310 Sweden Spiro, Melford, 346 international adoption, 242 Stasch, Rupert, 344 Systems of Consanguinity and Affi nity of the Human state, the Family (Morgan), 41 , 54 , 60 , 63, 144 diffi culty in defi ning, 704 legitimization of, 694 Taiwan, 344 and religion, 704 , 707– 712 , 717 Talensi, 71 role in shaping everyday life, 458 , 721 Tamil Nadu, 88 , 93 role in validating kin ties, 435 , 441 , 443 , Taneja, Anand, 310 445 , 447 , 452 , 457 , 458 , 463 , 470 – 471 , Tanzania, 72 475 , 683 Taussig, Michael, 186 Stern, William and Elizabeth, 487 – 491 Taylor, Charles, 716 Stevenson, Lisa, 310 Terrell, John, 400, 403 Strathern, Marilyn, 14, 16 , 90 , 112 , 118 , 134 , Tikopia, 67 135 , 258 , 340 , 583, 666 paito (house), 67 on kinship and knowledge, 307 ramage, 67 mode 1 relations, 213 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District , 491 mode 2 relations, 213 , 221 , 226 Tonga, 69 on Mount Hagen, 219 transgender, 198 new reproductive technologies (NRT), 279 transnational adoption, 457 , see also adoption: relation1, 214 international, international adoption relation2, 213 and adventure, 393 , 401 – 402 on relationships, 219 and citizenship, 474 Reproducing the Future , 16 and class, 392 , 401 , 402 – 404 on the work of Schneider, 122– 124 controversies concerning, 392 stratifi ed reproduction, 17 , 345, 387 defi nition of, 393 , 394 –396 substance, 137 – 139 , 146 , 195 and development, 393 broadly defi ned, 138 , 139 , 196 , 451 as distinct from domestic adoption, 401 – 402 and relationality, 139 ethnicity, 456 Sumerian culture, 39 gay men, 264 surrogacy, 23 , 25 , 400 , 483 , 484 , 584 – 586 , 593 – 597 gender, 456 birth mothers’ relationship to the couple, global Korean adoptee network, 453 532 , 535– 540 heritage tours, 454 , 456 , 457 birth mothers’ relationship to the fetus, 532 , history of, 393 , 397 – 398 540 – 544 and humanitarianism, 393 , 401 – 402 bond between surrogate and intending Korea, 453 mother, 538 process of, 398 – 400 controversies concerning, 327– 328 , 332 and race, 392 , 401 , 402 – 404 , 456 and dekinning, 545 – 549 , 593 – 597 receiving countries, 398 , 405 egg donation, 265 and social inequality, 393 , 401 , 405 as a form of labor, 584– 585 , 597 sending countries, 398 , 404 , 405 and gay kinship, 265 , 327 – 328 and tourism, 393 gestational, 265, 326 , 327 – 328 , 331 – 334 , 485 , transnational kinship, 16 , 23 – 24 493 , 496 , 533 , 534 domestic workers, 23 and race, see also new reproductive marriage, 24 , 422 technologies migration and deportation, see family: in India, 584 – 585 dispersed and intellectual property law, 332 – 334 romantic encounters, 24 in Israel, 532 transnational adoption, 23 , see also adoption: as “a journey of love”, 535 international, international adoption, laws governing transnational adoption Israel, 532 Trautmann, Thomas, 61 , 96 , 143 United States, 532 Trobriand Islands, 40 marital status of birth mother, 533 Turkey, 25 , 39 , 41 , 508 , 523 , 524 maternal bonding, 541– 542 and new reproductive technologies, 513 , motivation to become a surrogate, 534 515 – 516 and pseudo-pregnancy, 542 – 544 prohibition against third party relationships after birth, 539 – 540 reproduction, 515 and sacrifi ce, 538 secularism, 515 and social media, 532 , 534 , 536 , 543 Sunni Muslim, 516 stereotypes of, 538 views on adoption, 516 traditional, 23 , 329 – 330 , 485 , 486 , views on third party reproduction, 516 499 – 502 , 534 Tylor, Edward, 91 , 133

740 Index

Uganda, 72 patrilocality, 360 Ukraine preference for sons, 348 , 354 international adoption, 241 reproductive intimidation, 362 United Arab Emirates, 523 residence patterns, 351 , 362 United Kingdom, 240 , 704 sex ratio at birth, 347 , 352 , 354 United Nations Convention on the Rights of sex selective reproduction, 345 the Child, 395 , 399 social change, 349 United States, 25 , 27 , 237 , 240 , 241 , 317 , 417 , social order, 363 434 , 435 , 701 , 704 state discourses on gender equality, 348 – 349 critique of aristocracy, 617 “traditional” vs. “modern” families, 348 critique of "inbreeding", 618 value of daughters, 352 – 354 international adoption, 239 , 393 value of sons, 360 marriage, 606 views on traditional culture, 349 – 352 political history, 612 Virgin birth polygamy, 624 , 706 Christian views, 43 relevance of genetic kinship, 547 debate surrounding, 43 slavery, 624 Trobriand Islands, 42 surrogacy, 584 Vivieros de Castro, Eduardo, 15 , 720 theocracy, 624 value of egalitarianism, 618 Weber, Max, 704 , 708 , 712 , 716 , 717 , 720 women’s rights, 609 asceticism, 717 on modernity, 717 Valeri, Valerio, 663 mysticism, 717 Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Weismantel, Mary, 15 , 196 The (Darwin), 60 Western Balkans Vietnam, 23 , 240 , 553 , 556 sex ratio imbalance, 347 and childhood disability, 553 Western Europe, 181 desire for sons, 362 Weston, Kath, 110 , 142 , 143 , 256 and disability, 557 Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, division of labor, 355 Kinship , 256 domestic confl icts, 355 , 356 , 363 What Kinship Is … and Is Not (Sahlins), 133 , economic growth, 349 see also Sahlins, Marshall family order, 363 Whitehead, Mary-Beth and William, family values, 350 – 351 487 – 491 , 496 fi lial piety, 356 Willmott, Peter, 116 foreign cultural infl uences, 349 witchcraft, 136 gender inequality, 345 wives, 372 ideal family, 364 Wolf, Margery, 344 as a fantasy, 362 Wolof, 72 kinship patterns, 351 Law on Gender Equality, 348 Yanagisako, Sylvia, 14 , 15 , 46 , 110 , 127 , 438 , Law on Marriage and the Family, 348 611 , 713 Law on the Prevention and Control of Young, Michael, 116 Domestic Violence, 348 patriarchy, 351 , 356 Žižek, Slavoj, 359, 362 , 363 patrilineality, 360 Zumbagua, 15