DOCSLIB.ORG

Turning Points in the Vietnam War.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Turning Points in the Vietnam War.Pdf TALKING PONTS TURNING POINTS IN THE VIETNAM WAR Viv Sanders takes issue with some all too common assumptions. Right This Chinese poster depicts the Vietnamese bravely fighting against US imperialism. Its caption insists that the Americans should 'Get Out of South Vietnam!' here are two major issues con- cerning turning points in the TUnited States' involvement in the Vietnam War, both involving chronology. First, when and how did the US become irrevocably committed to large-scale intervention? Second, when did it become obvious that the US would have to de-escalate? In the ever-growing US involvemenl in Vietnam from 1950 until 1968, the turning point is usually considered to be 1965, when President Johnson sent in American ground combat troops. How- ever, it will be argued in this article that decisions taken by the Eisenhower administration during 1954-56 constitut- ed a far more important change. There is less controversy over the 50 SEPTEMBER 2008 HISTORY REVIEW TALKING POINTS main turning point in the US decision Eisenhower continued Truman's policy of munist Vietnam, the US had sponsored to de-escalate. Most historians agree helping the French, hut after the Geneva an artificial political creation, the state that it was the Tet Offensive in 1967. Conference of 1954, the great turning of South Vietnam. However, it will he argued here that the point in the US commitment occurred. Within weeks of Ceneva, Eisenhower Tet Offensive was not a turning point Prior to 1954, US involvement in Viet- arranged to help Diem set up South but a clarification of issues that had nam had consisted of giving materials and Vietnam. He sent General 'Lightning been evident since 1954-56 and had led monetary aid to the French. During 1954 Joe' Collins and created MAAG (the to the resignation of Secretary of tbe Eisenhower administration switched Military Assistance Advisory Croup) to Defence Robert MeNamara in late from a policy of aid to France to an exper- assist in the process. The US also helped 1967. It was with McNamara's resigna- iment In state-building in what hecame and encouraged Diem to squeeye out tion, rather than with Tet, that it known as South Vietnam. Bao Dai. became obvious that the US had to de- By 1954 the war in Vietnam had The French exit meant that Eisenhow- escalate. become increasingly unpopular in er could have dropped Truman's commit- France. The defeat of French troops hy ment in Vietnam. Truman had aided the Communist forces at Dienbienphu left French, and the French bad got out. US Involvement in Vietnam: France exhausted, exasperated and keen American credibility was not at stake, for the first turning point to withdraw. At the international confer- it was the French who had lost the strug- ence convened to discuss French gle. However, the French withdrawal Owing to the fact that it was Johnson Indochina at Ceneva in May 1954, the from Vietnam was seen by Dulles as a who sent in the ground troops in 1965, French exit was formalised. Vietnam was great opportunity for greater US involve- the Vietnam War became known as temporarily divided, with Ho Chi Minh ment. 'We have a clean base there now, 'Johnson's war'. The dubious nature of in control of the north and the Emperor without the faint taint of colonialism,' that attribution is implicitly acknowl- Bao Dai in control of the south. The said Dulles, calling Dienbienphu 'a bless- edged by historians who favour the Geneva Accords declared that there ing in disguise'. When the Eisenhower 'coÊiimitment trap' thesis. According to were to be nationwide elections leading administration created South Vietnam, this interpretation, Johnson of necessity to reunification of Vietnam in 1956. Truman's commitment had not been honoured and then built upon a com- However, US intervention ensured that renewed hut recreated, with a far greater mitment bequeathed to him hy three this 'temporary division' was to last for degree of American responsihility. former presidents, Truman, Eisenhower more than 20 years. American observers and the Eisen- and Kennedy. An exit from that commit- "Hie United States refused to sign the hower administration had great doubts ment would have damaged US credibili- Geneva Accords and moved to defy them about Diem's regime. Viee President ty as an anti-Communist superpower. within weeks. Eisenhower's Secretary of Richard Nixon was convinced the South Was there any point at which any of State, John Foster Dulles, organised Vietnamese lacked the ability to govern Johnson's three predecessors could allies such as Britain in the South-east themselves. Even Dulles admitted that reasonably have ended US involve- Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO). The the US supported Diem 'because we ment in Vietnam? SEATO signatories agreed to protect knew of no one better'. Harry Truman initiated the US South Vietnam, in defiance of the Gene- 'Magnificently ignorant of Vietnamese involvement. From 1950 to 1953, he va Accords, which had forbidden the history and culture," according to his gave financial aid to the French colo- Vietnamese from entering into foreign biographer Townsend Hoopes, Dulles nialists as they struggled to re-establish alliances or to allow foreign troops in proceeded to ignore the popularity of Ho control of Indochina in the face of Vietnam. Chi Minh and Viet- opposition from Vietnamese Commu- The Eisenhower • • It was with namese desires, in nists and nationalists. It could be argued administration favour of the unpop- that, up to 1953, the United States' encouraged Bao Dai McNamara's ular Diem, a mem- commitment was simply a financial to appoint Ngo Dinh resignation, rather ber of the Christian commitment to Its French ally. On the Diem as his prime minority in a pre- other hand, as early as November 1950, minister, and then than with Tet, that dominantly Buddhist a Defence Department official warned, proceeded to engage it became obvious country. Back in in 'nation building. 1941. Dulles had we are gradually increasing our Eisenhower and that the US had saitl that 'the great stake in the outcome of the Dulles created a new to de-escalate, f f trouble with the struggle ... we are dangerously state, in defiance world today is that close to the point of being so (yet again) of the Geneva Accords and of there are too few Christians\ In the East deeply committed that we may what was known to be tbe will of the Asian despots (Chiang Kai-shek in Tai- find ourselves completely com- Vietnamese people. Eisenhower record- wan, Syngman Rhee in South Korea, and mitted even to direct interven- ed in his memoirs that he knew that if Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam), all of tion. These situations, unfortu- there had heen genuine democratic elec- whom were Christian, the US had found nately, have a way of snowballing. tions in Vietnam in 1956, Ho Chi Minh men with whom it felt it could work. would have won around 80 per cent of After ¿ill, as Dulles said, the US had In the early months of his presidency. the vote. In order to avoid a wholly Com- Jesus Christ on its side, and needed allies HISTORY REVIEW SEPTEMBER 2008 51 TALKING POINTS who believed likewise. • • Eisenhower credibility. On the other hand. Diem had The Eisenhower administration was ignored American warnings to introduce well aware of Ho Chi Minh's popularity. recorded in his reform for almost a decade. Any sudden However, it was not Vietnam itself that memoirs that he knew US rejection of Diem and ending of the mattered, but Vietnam's position as a US commitment in 1963 might have potential domino in the Cold War. In the that if there had been raised questions as to why the US had 1954 speech in which he had introduced genuine democratic supported Diem's unsatisfactory regime his famous "domino theory', Eisenhower for so long. had said that if Vietnam fell to Commu- elections in Vietnam In the context of the Cold War and nism, other nations might follow. in 1956, Ho Chi Minh with 16,000 American "advisers' in Viet- Given that the US came ver)' close to nam at his accession in 1963, it was dumping Diem in 1955-6, it is interest- would have won exceptionally difficult for Johnson to ing to note the important role played by around 80 per cent of repudiate his predecessors' legacy in relatively minor and/or ignorant Ameri- Vietnam, particularly as he had not been can figures in Diem's survival and in this the vote, f > elected president in his own right. The great turning point in US involvement in increasing vulnerability of American per- Vietnam, Influential Senator Mike sonnel to Victcong attack triggered a Mansfield, leader of the Democrats in extricate the US from Vietnam in 1963. unanimous decision within the Johnson the Senate, had been a professor of Johnson felt that when the Kennedy administration to escalate the involve- Japanese and Chinese history. Congress administration colluded in the autumn ment in early 1965. when Rolling Thun- considered "China Mike' to be their 1963 coup against Diem, the United der commenced and the first American expert on Vietnam, although, as he mod- States' moral responsibility in and com- ground troops were sent in. By 1968, estly admitted, "I do not know too much mitment to Vietnam greatly increased. they numbered around half a million. about the Indochina situation. I do not Having helped depose one South Viet- While it could be argued that think that anyone does.' Despite his namese leader, the US had an even Kennedy had the opportunity to leave acknowledged ignorance, the Catholic greater obligation to support his successors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Teacher Resource Packet for Vietnamese Students. INSTITUTION Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia
    )xocliMENTRESUME ,ED 118 679 UD 015 707 TITLE- Teacher Resource Packet for Vietnamese Students. INSTITUTION Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia. PUB DATE Jul 75 NOTE'-. litp.; This document is available in microfiche only 'due to the print size of parts of the original 0 document EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Asian Americans; Bilingual Education; *Bilingual Students; Educational. Resources; Elementary School Students; English (Second Language); *Ethnic Groups;, Guidelines; Immigrants; *Indo hinese; Minority Group Children; Minority Groups; *Re ugees; Resource Guides; Resource Materials; Se ndary School Students; *Student Characterist cs;- Student Needs; Student Problems; Student TeacheRelationship; Teacher Guidance; Teacher Respons bility IDENTIFIERS *Vietnam r ABSTRACT This packet provides information for classroom , teachers who will be working with Vietnamese students Among the subject matter discussed in the history and general in ormation section are the Republic of Vietnam, family loyalty, p ofessional man, politeness and restraint, village life, fruits and vegetables, meat dishes, festivals, and religion. Other sections include a summary of some cultural differences, a Vietnamese language guide, and Asian immigrant impressions. A section on bilingual education information discus es theory, definition, and the legal situation concerning bilingu4lism and English as a second language. Suggestions for interacting with non-English dominant students in all grade levels in either a regular classroom setting or a secondary school setting are provided. Relevant resources, such as materials that can be used for basic instruction in English (as a second language) classes, reading resources, and community resources are enclosed. (Author/AM) **********L********************************************************* Documents acquired by ERIlinclude many informal unpublished * materials not aotailable from ther sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Bulletin in PDF Format
    m a p s • v o l u m e x i i i n u m b e r 1 • s p r i n g 2 0 0 3 1 2 m a p s • v o l u m e x i i i n u m b e r 1 • s p r i n g 2 0 0 3 Spring 2003 Point-Counterpoint 3Letter from Rick Doblin, Ph.D. 52 Language and Reality — Our Choices of Words Affect How 4MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Post- Psychoactive Substances are Perceived traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Second Update on David L. Lenderts, M.D. the Approval Process 55 Hallucinogens – What’s In A Name? or Defending The Michael Mithoefer, M.D. Indefensible 7MDMA/PTSD research in Spain: An Update Gary L. Bravo, M.D. & Charles S. Grob, M.D. José Carlos Bouso Saiz, Ph.D. Candidate 57 Membership/Staff Pages 9MAPS-Supported MDMA/PTSD Research in Israel:59 50th Anniversary of LSD poster An Update Max Doubt Rick Doblin, Ph.D. 10 MDMA Research at McLean Hospital MAPS (Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) is a member- John H. Halpern, M.D. & Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D. ship-based organization working to assist psychedelic researchers around the world design, obtain governmental approval, fund, conduct and 11 Vaporizer Research: An Update report on psychedelic research in humans. Founded in 1986, MAPS is an Dale Gieringer, Ph.D. IRS approved 501 (c)(3) non-profit corporation funded by tax-deductible 12 DEA and the UMass Amherst Medical Marijuana Produc- donations.
    [Show full text]
  • Tet the Vietnamese New Year Normally Vietnamese, Chinese & Other Oriental People Use the Same Calendar As the Rest of the World
    Tet - The Vietnamese New Year Normally Vietnamese, Chinese & other oriental people use the same calendar as the rest of the world. But they also follow a lunar calendar that they consult often when scheduling life-events that they want to insure are blessed with good luck. The Vietnamese calendar like the Chinese calendar began in the year 2637 B.C. It is 355 days long and consists of 12 months that are 29 or 30 days long. About every three years a thirteenth month is added to maintain balance. In Vietnam, the calendar was devised based on the regularly changing phases of the moon. Most Vietnamese, even city dwellers and overseas Vietnamese, have a lunar calendar in their homes to consult for festivals and auspicious dates. Because of the use of the lunar calendar, the actual days of the New Year vary from year to year. The equinoxes and solstices that marked the beginning of the European seasons were taken as the midpoint by the Asian calendar with the result that each Vietnamese season begins six weeks earlier than its European counterpart. Tet, in the Vietnamese language, symbolizes the very first morning of the New Year in Vietnam and is popularly known as the Vietnamese New Year. Also known by the name of Nguyen-Dan, its celebrations lasts for about 7 days. The celebrations of the Vietnamese New Year involves a lot of excitement and enthusiasm and is it is regarded as one of the most popular festivals of the year among the Vietnam people. The happiness associated with Vietnamese New Year can be attributed to the fact that this particular festival brings along one of the most desired break in the agricultural year for the Vietnamese people.
    [Show full text]
  • Serious Play: Formal Innovation and Politics in French Literature from the 1950S to the Present
    Serious Play: Formal Innovation and Politics in French Literature from the 1950s to the Present by Aubrey Ann Gabel A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Michael Lucey, Chair Professor Debarati Sanyal Professor C.D. Blanton Professor Mairi McLaughlin Summer 2017 Abstract Serious Play: Formal Innovation and Politics in French Literature from the 1950s to the Present By Aubrey Ann Gabel Doctor of Philosophy in French University of California, Berkeley Professor Michael Lucey, Chair Serious Play: Formal Innovation and Politics in French literature from the 1950s to the present investigates how 20th- and 21st-century French authors play with literary form as a means of engaging with contemporary history and politics. Authors like Georges Perec, Monique Wittig, and Jacques Jouet often treat the practice of writing like a game with fixed rules, imposing constraints on when, where, or how they write. They play with literary form by eliminating letters and pronouns; by using only certain genders, or by writing in specific times and spaces. While such alterations of the French language may appear strange or even trivial, by experimenting with new language systems, these authors probe into how political subjects—both individual and collective—are formed in language. The meticulous way in which they approach form challenges unspoken assumptions about which cultural practices are granted political authority and by whom. This investigation is grounded in specific historical circumstances: the student worker- strike of May ’68 and the Algerian War, the rise of and competition between early feminist collectives, and the failure of communism and the rise of the right-wing extremism in 21st-century France.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mathematics of the Public Holidays of Singapore
    The Mathematics of the Public Holidays of Singapore Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.org Adam Schall (då [oå], Tang¯ Ruòwàng, 1592-1666) Public Holidays in Singapore I There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labor Day 3. National Day Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays I The remaining eight cultural, racial or religious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 1. Chinese New Year and 2nd day of CNY 2. Good Friday (Easter Sunday is a day off anyway!) 3. Vesak Day (Buddha’s birthday) 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Eid ul-Fitr (Hari Raya Puasa), the end of Ramadan 7. Eid ul-Adha (Hari Raya Haji) I Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. I The Muslim holidays move throughout the year, while the others move within a one month interval. A Quick Course in Astronomy I The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth rotates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. I In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equinoxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. The Year and the Month I The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Aspects of Solar and Lunar Eclipse Records in Vietnamese Historical Sources ― an Attempt to Judge Whether These Records Were Based on Observation Or Prediction ―
    Two Aspects of Solar and Lunar Eclipse Records in Vietnamese Historical Sources ― An attempt to judge whether these records were based on observation or prediction ― Akira OKAZAKI ([email protected]) Abstract An attempt was made to judge whether (briefly described) solar and lunar eclipse records in Vietnamese historical sources were based on observation or on prediction, by using statistical approaches. For this purpose, two aspects of these solar and lunar eclipse records were examined: (a) The “Eclipse-recorded (ER) ratio” and (b) Bimonthly distribution of eclipse records. The results are as follows: (1) The ER ratio of solar eclipse records in the ĐNTL-CB suggests that many of these records in Period D are those of eclipse prediction deduced by calendar calculation. (2) The bimonthly distribution of the number of solar and lunar eclipse records in the VSL and the TT&TB in Periods B and C was found to show a large scatter, making it difficult to determine whether the distribution would have any correlation to the seasonal variation of sky conditions (cloud coverage and sunshine time), which led to no definitive conclusion for these records. 1. Introduction Some historical sources in Vietnam contain a considerable number records of astronomical phenomena, as those in China, Korea and Japan do. For example, Ho Peng-Yoke (1964) and Okazaki and Yokoo (1984) found astronomical records in Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư (TT, 大越 史記全書, Complete Annals of Great Vietnam) and Việt Sử Lược (VSL, 越史略, Abridged Chronicles of Vietnam), respectively. Recently, Okazaki (2019) examined 124 solar and 59 lunar eclipse records (including a few ones of predicted eclipses) ranging from the third century BCE to 1888 CE, which are found in VSL, TT&TB (the TB stands for Đại Việt Sử Ký Tục Biên, 大越史記續編, Sequel of Annals of Great Vietnam, which is practically the sequel of the TT) and Đại Nam Thực Lục Chính Biên (ĐNTL-CB, 大南寔録 正編, the Principal Records [or the Main Volumes] of Veritable Record [or True Record] of the Great South).
    [Show full text]
  • About the 1968 Tet Offensive
    Student Handout Oakland Museum of California What’s Going On? California and the Vietnam Era Lesson Plan #2 1968: Year of Social Change and Turning Point in Vietnam and the U.S. Vietnamese Perspective on Tet From the South Vietnamese, anti-Communist perspective From Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (also known as VNQDD, or Vietnamese National Party). http://www.vietquoc.com/tet68rev.htm More About the 1968 Tet Offensive For several thousand years, Vietnamese Lunar New Year has been a traditional celebration that brings the Vietnamese a sense of happiness, hope and peace. However, in recent years, it also brings back a bitter memory full of tears. It reminds them of the 1968 bloodshed, the bloodiest military campaign of the Vietnam War the North Communists launched against the South. The “general offensive and general uprising” of the north marked the sharp turn of the Vietnam War. Today there have been a great number of writings about this event. However, it seems that many key facts in the Communist campaign are still misinterpreted or neglected. In the mid-80s, living in Saigon after being released from the Communist “re-education camp,” I read a book published in the early 1980s in America about the story of the 1968 Tet Offensive. It said that the North Vietnamese Army supreme command had imitated one of the greatest heroes of Vietnam, King Quang Trung—who won the most spectacular victory over the Chinese aggressors in the 1789 counter-attack—in planning the 1968 operations. The book quoted King Quang Trung’s tactic of surprise.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China in Vietnam and Valois France in Italy: Political Actors and Public Narratives of Invasion and Occupation in the Premodern World ______
    MING CHINA IN VIETNAM AND VALOIS FRANCE IN ITALY: POLITICAL ACTORS AND PUBLIC NARRATIVES OF INVASION AND OCCUPATION IN THE PREMODERN WORLD ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History ____________________________________ By Joey Low Thesis Committee Approval: Gayle Brunelle, Department of History, Chair Jochen Burgtorf, Department of History Sun Laichen, Department of History Spring, 2018 ABSTRACT In 1406, the armies of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) invaded Dai Viet, or present-day Vietnam. Zhu Di, or the Yongle emperor (r. 1403-1424), ousted Ho Quy Ly (1336-1407?) of the Ho dynasty (1400-1407), leading to an occupation of twenty years. Nearly ninety years later in 1494, the French army invaded Naples in southern Italy. Charles VIII (r. 1483-1498) then ousted the Aragonese dynasty, all the while proposing to use Naples as a base from which to start a crusade against the Ottomans. Both conquests did not last long. The Vietnamese defeated their oppressors in 1427. A coalition of European powers forced the French regime back to France in 1495. The French continued to invade Italy until 1559. Based on its comparison within a framework of narrative theory of the public narratives as presented by the Ming dynasty and French monarchy to justify their wars, this thesis shows that despite their geographical, contextual, political, and cultural differences, the Ming and French invasions possessed three major things in common and one disparity: (1) both the Ming emperor and the French kings utilized just war concepts rooted in ideological traditions in their public narratives; (2) these rulers relied on dubious historical claims to justify their wars; (3) internal and foreign ministers exerted tremendous influence on the creation of these wars; and (4) both narratives differed on the prevalence of prophecy, a recurring element in Italy, but not in China nor Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • Bk Inno 001190.Pdf
    LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #1 Self Introductions - Basic Greetings in Vietnamese CONTENTS 2 Vietnamese 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar # 1 COPYRIGHT © 2012 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. VIETNAMESE 1. Giang: Xin chào. Tôi tên là Giang. Bạn tên là gì? 2. Mary: Chào Giang. Tôi tên là Mary. 3. Giang: R⇥t vui ⇤⌅⇧c g⌃p bạn. 4. Mary: Tôi c⌥ng vậy. ENGLISH 1. Giang: Hello. My name is Giang. What's your name? 2. Mary: Hello Giang. My name is Mary. 3. Giang: Nice to meet you. 4. Mary: You too. (Literally, "me too.") VOCABULARY Vietnamese English Class tên name noun Tôi "I" or "me" Pronoun Xin chào "Hello." Tôi tên là "My name is.." Bạn tên là gì? "What's your name?" R⇥t vui ⇤⌅⇧c g⌃p bạn "Nice to meet you." VIETNAMESEPOD101.COM BASIC BOOTCAMP #1 - SELF INTRODUCTIONS - BASIC GREETINGS IN VIETNAMESE 2 Tôi c⌥ng vậy "me too" SAMPLE SENTENCES Tôi không nhớ tên b⇥n. Anh ta nói anh ta tên là Nam. "I can’t remember your name." "He said his name is Nam." Tôi không bi⇤t tên cô ⌅y. Tôi là ng⇧⌃i Vi⌥t Nam. "I don't know her name." "I'm Vietnamese." Tôi là Mary Xin chào, lâu lắm không g p. "Tôi là Mary." "Hello, haven't seen you for a while." Chào Mary, b⇥n có kh⌦e không? Chào Mary. "Hello, how are you Mary?" "Hello, Mary." A: Tôi r⌅t thích nh⇥c pop.
    [Show full text]
  • Time & the Technosphere
    Bear & Company One Park Street Rochester, Vermont 05767 www.InnerTraditions.com Bear & Company is a division of Inner Traditions International Copyright @ 2002 by Jose ArgUelles All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data ArgUelles, Jose, 1939- Time and the technosphere : the law of time in human affairs / Jose ArgUelles. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-879181-99-1 1. Calendar reform-Miscellanea. 2. Social evolution-Miscellanea. 3. Maya chronology-Miscellanea. I. Title. BF1999 .A6398 2002 001.94-dc21 2002006082 Printed and bound in the United States at Capital City Press 10987654321 This book was typeset in Janson, with Eurostile as a display typeface I 9-11, The Inevitable Event and the Nature of Time: 1 Introductory Reflections Preliminary Definitions: Biosphere- Technosphere- 18 Noosphere as an Evolutionary Continuum Time and Human Consciousness: The Law of Time- 35 What It Is and Where It Came From The Law of Time in Human Affairs: The Analysis of History 54 The Climax of History, the Fifty-six Years of Hiroshima- 76 Artificial Time Runs Out The Solution of the Law of Time: Get a New Calendar 99 Humans-Noospheric Chips: Consciousness and Reality Redefined 121 Making the Transition to the New Time: A How-to 145 Catalog and Guide to the Pax Cultura,
    [Show full text]
  • Expressing Ethnicity: a Vietnamese Community in Kansas
    EXPRESSING ETHNICITY: A VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY IN KANSAS A Thesis by Audrey Ricke Bachelor of Arts, Wichita State University, 2004 Submitted to the Department of Anthropology/College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2006 © Copyright 2006 by Audrey C. Ricke All Rights Reserved EXPRESSING ETHNICITY: A VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY IN KANSAS I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts, majoring in Anthropology. _____________________________ Robert Lawless, Committee Chair We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: _____________________________ Peer Moore-Jansen, Committee Member _____________________________ Jay Price, Committee Member _____________________________ Clayton Robarchek, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my parents and sister iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Robert Lawless for his guidance and advice. I am truly grateful for all of his help throughout my graduate and undergraduate education. I would also like to extend my appreciation to the other members of my thesis committee: Dr. Clayton Robarchek, Dr. Peer Moore-Jansen, and Dr. Jay Price as well as to all of the faculty in the Department of Anthropology. I am also grateful to Kim, Mr. Le, and Lynn for their help in translating the consent forms and conversations as well as the advice they gave me. In addition, many thanks goes out to all of the individuals who gave of their time to allow me to interview them and especially to those individuals who made the interviews possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Identity in Vietnamese Diasporic Cinema
    Identity in Vietnamese Diasporic Cinema Irene Soldavini PhD School of Oriental and African Studies ProQuest Number: 10673133 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673133 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abstract French and American cinema has portrayed Viet Nam and the Vietnamese in narratives which, broadly-speaking, are reflective of French and American ideologies. The Vietnamese, in these productions, have generally been presented as the object, and not as the subject. However, since the 1980s, an interesting and significant cinematic counter-narrative to the Western idea of Viet Nam has been constructed. This is because the Vietnamese diaspora in France and in the United States has started making films about its own experiences of French colonial rule, the Vietnamese-American conflict, the Vietnamese Communist regime, exilic journeys, contemporary Viet Nam, and the generational conflicts among the Vietnamese diaspora. The identities of the diasporic Vietnamese- particularly the younger generations- have, inevitably, been strongly shaped by these themes, but, at the same time, are also clearly influenced by the culture and values of the new countiy.
    [Show full text]