DOCSLIB.ORG

Ming China in Vietnam and Valois France in Italy: Political Actors and Public Narratives of Invasion and Occupation in the Premodern World ______

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ming China in Vietnam and Valois France in Italy: Political Actors and Public Narratives of Invasion and Occupation in the Premodern World ______ MING CHINA IN VIETNAM AND VALOIS FRANCE IN ITALY: POLITICAL ACTORS AND PUBLIC NARRATIVES OF INVASION AND OCCUPATION IN THE PREMODERN WORLD ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History ____________________________________ By Joey Low Thesis Committee Approval: Gayle Brunelle, Department of History, Chair Jochen Burgtorf, Department of History Sun Laichen, Department of History Spring, 2018 ABSTRACT In 1406, the armies of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) invaded Dai Viet, or present-day Vietnam. Zhu Di, or the Yongle emperor (r. 1403-1424), ousted Ho Quy Ly (1336-1407?) of the Ho dynasty (1400-1407), leading to an occupation of twenty years. Nearly ninety years later in 1494, the French army invaded Naples in southern Italy. Charles VIII (r. 1483-1498) then ousted the Aragonese dynasty, all the while proposing to use Naples as a base from which to start a crusade against the Ottomans. Both conquests did not last long. The Vietnamese defeated their oppressors in 1427. A coalition of European powers forced the French regime back to France in 1495. The French continued to invade Italy until 1559. Based on its comparison within a framework of narrative theory of the public narratives as presented by the Ming dynasty and French monarchy to justify their wars, this thesis shows that despite their geographical, contextual, political, and cultural differences, the Ming and French invasions possessed three major things in common and one disparity: (1) both the Ming emperor and the French kings utilized just war concepts rooted in ideological traditions in their public narratives; (2) these rulers relied on dubious historical claims to justify their wars; (3) internal and foreign ministers exerted tremendous influence on the creation of these wars; and (4) both narratives differed on the prevalence of prophecy, a recurring element in Italy, but not in China nor Vietnam. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. vi A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY .................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 The Main Issues and Their Significance............................................................... 4 Historiography of Global Comparisons ................................................................ 5 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 10 Roadmap and Argument ....................................................................................... 12 2. THE MING INVASION OF VIETNAM: THE BACKGROUND ...................... 15 Opening ................................................................................................................. 15 Origins of Chinese-Vietnamese Connections ....................................................... 15 The Two Usurpers ................................................................................................ 17 Tensions Build, Emperors Clash .......................................................................... 21 The Invasion and Occupation of Vietnam, 1406-1428 ......................................... 27 3. THE FRENCH INVASION OF ITALY: THE BACKGROUND ....................... 31 Opening ................................................................................................................. 31 Origins of French Intervention in Southern Italy.................................................. 31 The Call to Italy: Crusades, Prophecy, and Ministers .......................................... 35 “He Conquered before He even Saw:” The Invasion of Naples, 1494-1495 ....... 42 The Invasion and Occupation of Milan, 1499-1521 ............................................. 46 4. ZHU DI’S INJUNCTIONS AND CHARLES VIII’S MANIFESTO: A COMPARISON OF TWO CONQUERORS’ NARRATIVES ............................ 51 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 51 Just War Concepts from China and Europe .......................................................... 53 Zhu Di’s Public Narrative ..................................................................................... 57 Charles VIII’s Public Narrative ............................................................................ 64 Comparison of the Two Narratives ....................................................................... 70 iii Concluding Remarks............................................................................................. 72 5. THE SECOND COMING OF CHARLEMAGNE AND MAITREYA: A DIVERGENCE IN THE PRESENCE OF PROPHECY IN FRENCH AND MING PUBLIC NARRATIVES ................................................ 73 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 73 Christian and Buddhist Concepts of Messianism ................................................. 74 Supernaturalism and Millenarianism in France and Italy, 1494-1495.................. 77 Various Prophetic Literature in the French Invasion of Milan, 1499-1525.......... 82 Narrative Creation in French and Italian Prophecies ............................................ 85 Buddhist Millenarianism in Premodern China and Vietnam, 1000-1450 ............ 87 Comparison of the Two Case Studies and Concluding Remarks ......................... 94 6. JIAOZHI AND CISALPINE GAUL: COMPARISON OF THE RATIONALES OF TERRITORIAL CLAIMS .................................................... 96 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 96 Concepts of Historical Claims in Premodern China and France .......................... 97 Ming China’s Narrative of the Reclamation of Vietnam ...................................... 100 The Composition of a Narrative: Mac Thuy’s Petition and Zhang Fu’s Report .. 102 French Narratives of Historical Claims to Italy .................................................... 105 The Tonso-Rizzo Dialogues, April 17, 1500 ........................................................ 109 Comparison of the Two Case Studies and Concluding Remarks ......................... 113 7. AMBITIOUS AND GREEDY POLITICAL ACTORS IN COUNTER- NARRATIVES ..................................................................................................... 115 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 115 The Economic Background of Premodern Vietnam ............................................. 117 The Quest for Wealth: Exiles, Ministers, and Collaborators in Ming China and Vietnam .............................................................................................................. 119 The Economic Background of Premodern Italy ................................................... 125 “Chaos and Ladders:” Exiles and Ministers in the French Invasion of Naples .... 126 Patterns of Material Ambitions in the Invasion of Milan, 1499-1521 .................. 130 Comparison of the Two Case Studies and Concluding Remarks ......................... 137 8. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 140 The Impact of Traditional Ideology on Premodern Foreign Invasions ................ 142 Suggestions of a Pattern ........................................................................................ 144 iv APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 146 A. SOME PARALLELS BETWEEN THE MING INVASION OF VIETNAM AND THE FRENCH INVASION OF ITALY .......................... 146 B. FAMILY TREES ........................................................................................... 147 C. FIGURES ....................................................................................................... 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 153 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe the completion of this study to many individuals, and I would like to take a moment to thank everyone who supported me. To my thesis committee members, Drs. Gayle Brunelle, Jochen Burgtorf, and Laichen Sun: without your guidance and encouragement, this research would not have been possible at all. I thank Dr. Brunelle for serving as my chair, reading over my research, giving me insightful comments, and pushing me to work harder. I appreciated her confidence and assistance in my graduate studies. Dr. Burgtorf was instrumental in helping me formulate my approach to this thesis. He was fantastic in giving me advice during his office hours, and I owe a great debt to his intelligent suggestions. To Dr. Sun, I want to thank him for being a great mentor and listening to my ideas in his office hours. He taught me much about the Ming invasion of Vietnam and led me to the wonders of Southeast Asian history. Finally, I thank my family and friends for encouraging and motivating me to finish this thesis.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European and Chinese Coinage Before the Age of Steam*
    《中國文化研究所學報》 Journal of Chinese Studies No. 55 - July 2012 The Great Money Divergence: European and Chinese Coinage before the Age of Steam* Niv Horesh University of Western Sydney 1. Introduction Economic historians have of late been preoccupied with mapping out and dating the “Great Divergence” between north-western Europe and China. However, relatively few studies have examined the path dependencies of either region insofar as the dynamics monetiza- tion, the spread of fiduciary currency or their implications for financial factor prices and domestic-market integration before the discovery of the New World. This article is de- signed to highlight the need for such a comprehensive scholarly undertaking by tracing the varying modes of coin production and circulation across Eurasia before steam-engines came on stream, and by examining what the implications of this currency divergence might be for our understanding of the early modern English and Chinese economies. “California School” historians often challenge the entrenched notion that European technological or economic superiority over China had become evident long before the * Emeritus Professor Mark Elvin in Oxfordshire, Professor Hans Ulrich Vogel at the University of Tübingen, Professor Michael Schiltz and Professor Akinobu Kuroda 黑田明伸 at Tokyo University have all graciously facilitated the research agenda in comparative monetary his- tory, which informs this study. The author also wishes to thank the five anonymous referees. Ms Dipin Ouyang 歐陽迪頻 and Ms Mayumi Shinozaki 篠崎まゆみ of the National Library of Australia, Ms Bick-har Yeung 楊 碧 霞 of the University of Melbourne, and Mr Darrell Dorrington of the Australian National University have all extended invaluable assistance in obtaining the materials which made my foray into this field of enquiry smoother.
    [Show full text]
  • Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
    Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenth-Century Painting Before Song Taizong's Reign
    Tenth-Century Painting before Song Taizong’s Reign: A Macrohistorical View Jonathan Hay 1 285 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND 2 longue durée artistic 3 Formats 286 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN Tangchao minghua lu 4 5 It 6 287 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND 7 The Handscroll Lady Guoguo on a Spring Outing Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk Pasturing Horses Palace Ban- quet Lofty Scholars Female Transcendents in the Lang Gar- 288 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN den Nymph of the Luo River8 9 10 Oxen 11 Examining Books 12 13 Along the River at First Snow 14 15 Waiting for the Ferry 16 The Hanging Scroll 17 18 19 289 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND Sparrows and Flowers of the Four Seasons Spring MountainsAutumn Mountains 20 The Feng and Shan 21 tuzhou 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 290 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN 29 30 31 32 Blue Magpie and Thorny Shrubs Xiaoyi Stealing the Lanting Scroll 33 291 TENT H CENT URY CHINA AND BEYOND 34 35 36 Screens 37 38 The Lofty Scholar Liang Boluan 39 Autumn Mountains at Dusk 292 TENT H-CENT URY PAINT ING BEFORE SONG TAIZONG’S R EIGN 40Layered Mountains and Dense Forests41 Reading the Stele by Pitted Rocks 42 It has Court Ladies Pinning Flowers in Their Hair 43 44 The Emperor Minghuang’s Journey to Shu River Boats and a Riverside Mansion 45 46 47tuzhang 48 Villagers Celebrating the Dragonboat Festival 49 Travelers in Snow-Covered Mountains and 50 .
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907)
    Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 BuYun Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen During the Tang dynasty, an increased capacity for change created a new value system predicated on the accumulation of wealth and the obsolescence of things that is best understood as fashion. Increased wealth among Tang elites was paralleled by a greater investment in clothes, which imbued clothes with new meaning. Intellectuals, who viewed heightened commercial activity and social mobility as symptomatic of an unstable society, found such profound changes in the vestimentary landscape unsettling. For them, a range of troubling developments, including crisis in the central government, deep suspicion of the newly empowered military and professional class, and anxiety about waste and obsolescence were all subsumed under the trope of fashionable dressing. The clamor of these intellectuals about the widespread desire to be “current” reveals the significant space fashion inhabited in the empire – a space that was repeatedly gendered female. This dissertation considers fashion as a system of social practices that is governed by material relations – a system that is also embroiled in the politics of the gendered self and the body. I demonstrate that this notion of fashion is the best way to understand the process through which competition for status and self-identification among elites gradually broke away from the imperial court and its system of official ranks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recovery of Manuscripts
    Cultural heritage The Recovery of manuscripts David RUNDLE ABSTRACT Manuscripts were the cornerstone of humanism. They had been the main vector for transmission of the ancient texts and culture in the Middle Ages. Most of them had nonetheless been lost or forgotten in remote libraries. In order to recover the ancient Greek and Latin texts they favoured, humanists went on a European quest to find these manuscripts. From Italy, at first, humanists travelled all across Europe, visiting convents and libraries, in search of the lost works of Tacitus, Cicero, etc. building and securing the antique legacy of European culture. Portrait of Poggio holding a manuscript on the first page of the Ruins of Rome (Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana, Urb. Lat. 224, fol. 3). This treatise dedicated to another prominent manuscript hunter, the pope Nicholas V, is a meditation on the loss of Roman culture. Manuscripts were humanism’s lifeblood, its inspiration and its purpose. The production of new books in a new, or revived, style of Latin and with a new, or revived, presentation on the page was central to their activities. But before they could even be conceived, there needed to be classical texts to be imitated. Behind the humanists’ practices lay an agenda of manuscript recovery all across Europe. They were conscious of themselves as cut off from the classical past and set themselves the challenge of discovering works which had not been seen—they said- —by scholars for centuries. In writing of their achievements in doing this, they exaggerated both their own heroic endeavours and the dire state that preceded them.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Ethiopian Diplomacy with Latin Europe — Medieval Ethiopian Kingship
    Verena Krebs | Ethiopian Medieval Diplomacy & Kingship Medieval Ethiopian Diplomacy with Latin Europe — Medieval Ethiopian Kingship Verena Krebs Historical Institute Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Verena Krebs | Ethiopian Medieval Diplomacy & Kingship Solomonic Royal Churches and Monasteries built between ca. 1400 and 1540, (i.e. the reign of aṣe Dawit and aṣe Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl) built by Solomonic Kings aṣe Dawit —1 aṣe Yǝsḥaq —3 aṣe Täklä Maryam —1 aṣe Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob —9 aṣe Bäʾǝdä Maryam —4 aṣe Ǝskǝndǝr —4 aṣe Naʿod —2 aṣe Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl —4 built by Royal Women Ǝleni —1 Romna —1 Naʿod Mogäsa —3 Verena Krebs | Ethiopian Medieval Diplomacy & Kingship Verena Krebs | Ethiopian Medieval Diplomacy & Kingship Early Solomonic rulers…. Yəkunno Amlak Wədəm Räʿad Säyfä Arʿad Yǝsḥaq Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob Ǝskǝndǝr Ǝleni – Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl 1270–1285 1299–1314 1344–1371 1414–1429/30 1434–1464 1478–1494 1508–1540 Yagba Ṣəyon ʿAmdä Ṣəyon I Dawit II Täklä Maryam Bäʾǝdä Maryam Naʿod 1285–94 1314-1344 1378/79–1412 1430–1433 1468–1478 1494–1508 …who sent (formal/informal) delegations to Latin Europe Verena Krebs | Ethiopian Medieval Diplomacy & Kingship Renato Lefèvre, 1967 aṣe Dawit’s 1402 mission to Venice caused by a desire to obtain ‘masters of art and industry that could raise the civil and technical level of the Ethiopian state, and therefore strengthen its military efficiency’ Taddesse Tamrat, 1972 aṣe Yǝsḥaq and aṣe Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob sent embassies ‘to Europe asking for technical aid’, ‘the purpose of the delegations sent out to Europe was to ask for more artisans and military experts’. ‘The Ethiopians had always been impressed by the political and military aspects of an all-over Christian solidarity against the Muslim powers of the Near East’ and wanted to share ‘in the superior technical advancement of European nations’.
    [Show full text]
  • Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese
    Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2020 Committee: Zev Handel William Boltz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2020 Grainger Lanneau University of Washington Abstract Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Zev Handel Asian Languages and Literature Middle Chinese glottal stop Ying [ʔ-] initials usually develop into zero initials with rare occasions of nasalization in modern day Sinitic1 languages and Sino-Vietnamese. Scholars such as Edwin Pullyblank (1984) and Jiang Jialu (2011) have briefly mentioned this development but have not yet thoroughly investigated it. There are approximately 26 Sino-Vietnamese words2 with Ying- initials that nasalize. Scholars such as John Phan (2013: 2016) and Hilario deSousa (2016) argue that Sino-Vietnamese in part comes from a spoken interaction between Việt-Mường and Chinese speakers in Annam speaking a variety of Chinese called Annamese Middle Chinese AMC, part of a larger dialect continuum called Southwestern Middle Chinese SMC. Phan and deSousa also claim that SMC developed into dialects spoken 1 I will use the terms “Sinitic” and “Chinese” interchangeably to refer to languages and speakers of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. 2 For the sake of simplicity, I shall refer to free and bound morphemes alike as “words.” 1 in Southwestern China today (Phan, Desousa: 2016). Using data of dialects mentioned by Phan and deSousa in their hypothesis, this study investigates initial nasalization in Ying-initial words in Southwestern Chinese Languages and in the 26 Sino-Vietnamese words.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceremony and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century France: Lancastrian Ceremonial Entries Into French Towns, 1415-1431
    113 Ceremony and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century France: Lancastrian Ceremonial Entries into French Towns, 1415-1431 Neil Murphy he renewal of the Hundred Years' War by Henry V led to the rapid T expansion of Lancastrian power in northern France. Although England's military campaigns have been studied in great detail, historians have paid little attention to the Lancastrian monarchy's use of ceremony to establish its rule in France.! This article will principally focus on the ceremonial entry, which was a dynamic and versatile rite that could be adapted to suit the rapidly changing conditions engendered by Lancastrian successes in France. The ceremonial entry underwent a period of intense development in England and France during the later Middle Ages. Following the inclusion of multifaceted dramatic performances in England from 1377 and in France from 1380, entries became increasing complex (Kipling 6). A ceremonial entry was the moment at which a ruler took formal possession of a town, and these entries were used frequently in zones of persistent conflict, such as northern France, where towns regularly passed from one lord to another. Indeed, the Lancastrian rulers of France made at least twenty-three ceremonial entries in the sixteen years running from 1415 to 1431. This article will look at Lancastrian ceremonial entries during the period running from Henry V's invasion of France in August 1415 to his son's coronation at Paris in December 1431. It will provide a wider contextualisation of the Lancastrian monarchy's use of ceremony and relate the developments made to the form and function of the entry to the wider political and economic conditions created by war in northern France.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P
    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
    [Show full text]
  • The Antagonist in the Trickster Tales of Trang Quynh
    THE ANTAGONIST IN THE Trang Quynh tales series from TRICKSTER TALES OF the perspective of folklore 1 TRANG QUYNH Trang Quynh3 is a set of Vietnamese tales. It is recognized by Vietnamese folklore 2 Soratee Jaisa-ard scholars as a humorous tale emphasizing amusement. In Vietnamese, it is known as truyÖn c−êi, truyÖn hài h−íc or truyÖn kh«i Abstract hài which denotes a tale designed to entertain and amuse its audience.4 The This article explores the antagonists from story of Trang Quynh touches upon the tales of Trang Quynh, which are well- critical issues in society and social taboos. known trickster tales throughout Vietnam. It also aims at both upper and lower class The main antagonists in Trang Quynh’s people and the protagonist of the story is series comprise those in the royal court, enabled to do anything that he cannot do even the king himself, mandarins, rich in real life. In the world of tales, the landlords and even the mother Goddess at audience can find release from the the village shrine. The tales of Trang oppression that they endure in everyday Quynh can be interpreted as the farmers’ life. This topic will be discussed in more way of alleviating their hardship, as an detail later in this article. expression of their antagonism towards the ruling class and restrictive social According to the Thai scholar, Prakong rules. Meanwhile, Trang Quynh, the Nimmanahaeminda (1911: 20), a protagonist in the story, is regarded as the humorous tale is a “short story of non- hero or the representative of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • China Versus Vietnam: an Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo
    A CNA Occasional Paper China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea Raul (Pete) Pedrozo With a Foreword by CNA Senior Fellow Michael McDevitt August 2014 Unlimited distribution Distribution unlimited. for public release This document contains the best opinion of the authors at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Cover Photo: South China Sea Claims and Agreements. Source: U.S. Department of Defense’s Annual Report on China to Congress, 2012. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: E13PC00009. Copyright © 2014 CNA This work was created in the performance of Contract Number 2013-9114. Any copyright in this work is subject to the Government's Unlimited Rights license as defined in FAR 52-227.14. The reproduction of this work for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. Nongovernmental users may copy and distribute this document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this copyright notice is reproduced in all copies. Nongovernmental users may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies they make or distribute. Nongovernmental users may not accept compensation of any manner in exchange for copies. All other rights reserved. This project was made possible by a generous grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation Approved by: August 2014 Ken E. Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2014 CNA FOREWORD This legal analysis was commissioned as part of a project entitled, “U.S. policy options in the South China Sea.” The objective in asking experienced U.S international lawyers, such as Captain Raul “Pete” Pedrozo, USN, Judge Advocate Corps (ret.),1 the author of this analysis, is to provide U.S.
    [Show full text]