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Analysis of Design Parameters of a Novel Modified Reciprocating Mechanism Emre Arabacı1*

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Analysis of Design Parameters of a Novel Modified Reciprocating Mechanism Emre Arabacı1* INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMOTIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020, VOL. 4, NO:3, 116-124 www.dergipark.gov.tr/ijastech Analysis of Design Parameters of a Novel Modified Reciprocating Mechanism Emre Arabacı1* 0000-0002-6219-7246 1 Automotive Technology Department, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey Abstract * Corresponding author Emre Arabacı In this study, displacement, velocity, and acceleration equations were obtained [email protected] for the mechanism created by modifying the long-stroke reciprocating mecha- nism. Thus, a novel mechanism has been created. In addition, the effects of the Address: Automotive Technology Department, Vocational School of design parameters were examined and the results obtained were compared with Technical Sciences, Burdur Mehmet the conventional crank-connecting rod mechanism. While the crank radius (r) and Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, connecting rod length (L), which are the main design parameters of the conven- 15100, Turkey tional crank-connecting rod mechanism, are fixed, the design parameters of the Tel: +902482134503 novel mechanism are changed and the effects of these design parameters on the velocity and acceleration characteristics are examined. For the novel mechanism, Fax: +902482134598 the ratio of the inner gear radius to the pinion gear radius (r2/r1=k) and the ratio of the output gear radius to the pinion gear radius (r0/r1=m) are determined as the basic design parameters. Accordingly, by decreasing k and increasing m, it was Research Article seen that the connecting rod angle, mean piston velocity and mean piston accel- eration were decreased. The correct choice of k and m shows that the novel mech- Manuscript anism can be made more advantageous compared to the conventional crank-con- necting rod mechanism. The results are predicted to be promising for engine de- Received 23.04.2020 signers. Revised 19.06.2020 Accepted 25.06.2020 Keywords: Crank mechanism, Kinematics, Long-stroke, Reciprocate Doi: 10.30939/ijastech..725750 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- crank. However, many losses occur during this force trans- 1. Introduction mission due to the angular relationships in the crank-con- The first example of the crank-connecting rod mechanism necting rod mechanism. There are many alternative displace- used even in today's modern internal combustion engines is ment mechanisms developed for internal combustion en- the early crank-connecting rod mechanism of Ismail al-Jazari gines. These mechanisms have been developed to achieve a (also called al-Jazari), one of the important engineers and, specified purpose or to improve the existing system. Besides, inventors of the 11th century [1, 2]. This simple mechanism, these mechanisms are modified crank-connecting rods or which is frequently used in machine design, converts circular specially designed mechanisms created by adding various motion to linear (reciprocating) motion and vice versa. In in- links to the conventional crank-connecting rod mechanism. ternal combustion engines, the crank-connecting rod mecha- The compression ratio in the Atkinson cycle is smaller than nism is used to convert the repetitive up-and-down or back- the expansion ratio. Many mechanisms have been developed and-forth linear motion of the piston into continuous rotary to achieve this goal. In 1887, Atkinson added various con- motion in the output shaft. This crank-connecting rod mech- nections to the crank connecting rod mechanism and created anism is called the reciprocating mechanism [3, 4]. the mechanism in which the compression ratio was smaller To create useful work on the output shaft in internal com- than the expansion ratio [5]. A modernized version of Atkin- bustion engines, the force that moves the piston down son's design was created by Yamada, and links were created through the gas pressure created by the combustion effect in in this mechanism similar to that of Atkinson [6]. Catalano the cylinder should be transmitted to the connection rod and created the CTL engine by making Atkinson more compact. this force in the connecting rod should be transmitted to the In this design, the elliptical gear mechanism was used instead of the conventional crank connecting rod mechanism [7]. 116 E. Arabaci / International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology 4 (3): 116-124, 2020 Various mechanisms have been developed not only for At- ds from BDC to TDC, the drive mechanism moves up to de. kinson cycle engines but also for conventional engines. When pinion gear moves on rack-gear, de value is maximum. Gültekin and Çınar performed the kinematic and thermo- In Figure 1, the follower of the drive mechanism and the dynamic analysis by applying the rhombic drive mechanism teeth of the gears are not intentionally shown. to a two-stroke engine and compared the rhombic drive mechanism with the conventional crank-connecting rod Stroke Stroke mechanism. In this paper, approximately the same perfor- Rack gear Rack gear BDC mance results were obtained in both mechanisms [8]. Yılmaz BDC et al. performed a thermodynamic analysis by applying the Pinion Gear Path Pinion Gear Path e ß=0 rhombic drive mechanism to a four-stroke engine. Thanks to Pinion Gear Pinion Gear Piston Piston the Rhombic drive mechanism, the maximum in-cylinder Inner Gear Inner Gear (a) (a) pressure has been reported to increase by 2% compared to Connecting rod the conventional crank-connecting rod mechanism [9]. ds e max Connecting rod Kopystanski has created a novel crank-connecting rod mech- ds max de 2de anism for reciprocating engines. In this mechanism, two rack 2de gears are used for piston movement, and this mechanism is (b) (b) ß claimed to be more efficient compared to the conventional ds Drive Drive Mechanism crank-connecting rod mechanism [10]. Many mechanisms e Mechanism have also been created to make a variable stroke in engines demax [11-14]. (c) One of the interesting mechanisms is the Scotch-yoke Fig. 1. Long-stroke reciprocating mechanism mechanism. In this mechanism, the connecting rod, which is connected to the piston, is coupled to a sliding yoke with a In the literature, it is possible to come across various alter- slot that engages on a pin on the rotating disc [15]. In the native designs for the long-stroke reciprocating mechanism Scotch-yoke mechanism, sinusoidal motion, cosinusoidal [21-25]. However, Şenberber's design has a different charac- velocity, and sinusoidal acceleration occur. Compared to the teristic from other designs [25]. The long-stroke reciprocat- conventional crank-connecting rod mechanism, it can be ing mechanism and the crank-connecting rod mechanism are used especially in Otto-cycle engines due to the long waiting hybridized. In Figure 1, the connecting rod is in motion on period that occurs during the change of direction in the the drive mechanism and an eccentricity of up to de occurs Scotch-yoke mechanism. [16, 17]. Various motion charac- between these two elements depending on the pinion gear teristics can also be obtained from the slot design changes in position. In addition, the connecting rod acts as a pendulum the Scotch-yoke mechanism [18, 19]. in the conventional crank connecting rod mechanism. In this An alternative to the crank-connecting rod mechanism can design of Şenberber, the connecting rod and the drive mech- be created using various gear mechanisms. Long or short- anism are combined into a single structure and turned into a stroke reciprocating mechanisms are also one of these alter- new connecting rod, and therefore this new connecting rod native methods and they consist only of gears. The pinion acts like a pendulum just like the conventional crank-con- gear used instead of the crank moves on the inner gears on necting rod mechanism (Figure 2). the connecting rod. There are inner gears and rack-gears on The drive mechanism on the connecting rod in the novel the connecting rod [20]. The pinion gear moves in these gears. mechanism acts according to a follower mechanism as in the Since the pinion gear is axially fixed, the connecting rod fol- long stroke reciprocating mechanism. Thanks to this mecha- lows a special path that moves right-left and back and forth nism obtained, mechanical losses caused by angular relation- (Figure 1). When the drive mechanism in Figure 1 is used ver- ships in the crank-connecting rod mechanism are minimized tically, it is called short-stroke reciprocating mechanism. Alt- as much as possible. Thus, it has been claimed that mechan- hough this mechanism is not structurally similar to the ical efficiency of the modified long stroke reciprocating Scotch-yoke mechanism, it resembles the scotch-yoke mech- mechanism can be increased compared to the conventional anism as a way of working. crank-connecting rod mechanism. Figure 1 shows some of the positions that occur while moving from the bottom dead center (BDC) to the top dead center (TDC) for the long-stroke reciprocating mechanism. In Figure 1(a) the piston is in BDC, in Figure 1(b) the pinion gear is engaged with inner gear, and in Figure 1(c) the pinion gear is engaged with rack-gear. When the piston moves up to 117 E. Arabaci / International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology 4 (3): 116-124, 2020 Stroke Stroke in Figure 4(a) is examined, the piston moves s when the out- Rack gear Rack gear put shaft rotates θ angle. Also, due to the movement of the B, BDC BDC β angle occurs in the connecting rod. The structure in Figure Pinion Gear Path Pinion Gear Path e ß=0 4(b) is somewhat more complicated. In Figure 4(a), when the Pinion Gear Pinion Gear output shaft rotates π radians, the piston moves only one Piston Piston Inner Gear Inner Gear (a) (a) stroke. Connecting rod In Figure 4(b), for the piston to move one stroke, the pin- ds ion gear with radius 푟1 must move from A to D by moving e max Connecting rod ds max on the 퐴 → 퐵1 → 퐶1 → 퐷 path.
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