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Home , Auricularia, Auriculariaceae, Cookeina, Ganoderma applanatum, Lamella (mycology), Lentinus tigrinus

Jurnal Natural Vol. 20, (3) 2020 pISSN 1411-8513 DOI 10.24815/jn.v20i3.16916 eISSN 2541-4062

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Exploration of potential wild medicinal from Pocut Meurah Intan forest park, Aceh, Indonesia

HENDRIX INDRA KUSUMA1*, ESSY HARNELLY1, ZAIRIN THOMY1, MUHAMMAD ADRIYAN FITRA1, SAMINGAN2

1Master Program of , Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 Biology Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract. is one of living things with abundant diversity and has various beneficial potentials; one of them is as medicine. The use of mushrooms as medicine has long been known primarily as traditionally made herbs and the knowledge has been passed down for generations. The Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park as a conservation forest, stores a variety of mushrooms in it. Data about the of mushroom that has medicinal potential existed in the forest park has never been published so it is important to do so. This study aims to record the types of mushrooms that have benefits as medicines. The method used is an exploratory survey through a trail or tracking path then identified as a medicinal mushroom base on literature studies. The results of the study found 15 of mushrooms that have potential as medicine, namely tricholoma, coccinea, fuciformis, auricula-judae, Flammulina velutipes, Schizophyllum commune, citrinum, Boletus edulis, Trametes versicolor, tigrinus, Lentinus squarosulus, applanatum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Thelephora ganbajun and Lycoperdon echinatum. This shows that Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park has great resources and potential that can be utilized for the benefit of the surrounding community, and it needs to be preserved so that diversity is maintained and can be used by future generations.

Keywords: Potency of Mushrooms, Medicinal, Wild Macrofungi

INTRODUCTION that mushroom consumption has increased and the focus is on health, nutrition, and prevention A is an important factor that has many of disease [3]. Previous studies have shown that functions in the forest ecosystem including mushrooms contain various ingredients that are decomposition, nutrient cycle, biological useful as medicines such as antioxidants, relationships with plants, biological control of antimicrobials, DNA protectors, analgesics, other fungi, and as a causative agent of diseases anti-inflammatory, antiviral, Cytotoxic, anti- in plants and animals. Macroscopic fungi or cancer, anti-parasitic, Immunomodulation macrophages are one of the potential effects and Hepatoprotective activity [4][5]. biodiversity that has been developed for various purposes such as food, medicine, waste Identifying mushrooms that have potential as biodegradation, and the development of drugs is a significant step to identify natural plantations and agriculture [1]. sources of medicine to fight disease. Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, located in Saree, History shows, various species of mushrooms Aceh Besar is a conservation area with have been consumed by the community as a vegetation composed of various types of plants source of nutrition and as natural medicines [2]. ranging from woody trees to shrubs and grasses. Mushrooms are considered to be rich in benefits The ecosystem balance in the area has created because of their contents and the function of the optimal habitat conditions for fungal nutrients they contain. Recent years indicate development. The surface of the soil in this area is generally covered with leaf litter and weathered twigs. These environmental *Corresponding Author: conditions are very suitable in supporting the [email protected] growth and development of mushrooms, due to Received: June 2020| Revised: June 2020 | the availability of optimal growing substrate Accepted: June 2020 and suitable environmental conditions. Therefore, it is possible for the high diversity of

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Exploration of potential wild medicinal mushrooms from Pocut Meurah Intan forest park,Aceh, Indonesia (Hendrix Indraa Kusuma, Essy Harnelly, Zairin Thomy, M. Adriyan Fitra, Samingan) ______fungal species, especially those that have the names, , habitat, medicinal uses, and potential as medicines in the Pocut Meurah references are shown in Table 1. Based on the Intan Forest Park area. number of species, the family Polyporaceace is the most dominant with the most number of The purpose of this study is to identify and species found, namely 3 species, this is also provide information about mushrooms that reported is the most potential fungus found and have potential as medicines in the Pocut used by the Irula tribe in India [14]. Followed Meurah Intan Forest Park area, Saree Aceh by and Besar District for food researchers, families respectively 2 species each. While pharmaceuticals, nutritionists and public, in other families such as , general. , Psathyrellaceae, METHODOLOGY Schizophyllaceae, , , Thelephoraceae, 1 The mushrooms were collected from October species each. 2018 to February 2019 from the Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Saree Aceh Besar District. Generally, the mushrooms found in the Pocut Morphological characteristics (shape, color, Meurah Intan Forest Park, such as Cookeina and size) and ecological characters are recorded tricholoma, , Tremella in the field. Samples were preserved in 70% fuciformis, Schyzophylum commune, Trametes alcohol and taken to the Biology Laboratory of versicolor, Ganoderma aplanatum, and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Ganoderma resinaceum have efficacy as Syiah Kuala University to observe their immunomodulators. Immunomodulators are microscopic characteristics. Specimens were substances that can affect the immune system, identified morphologically by using the both those that have a suppressing effect (called following references: Mushrooms of the Pacific immunosuppressants), have the effect of Northwest [6], Mushrooms for Trees and increasing (called immunostimulant) immune people [7], The Great Encyclopedia of responses, or cause the tissue to become Mushrooms [8], Mushrooms & Other unresponsive to an antigen so that it is quite Fungi [9], and The Book of Fungi [10] and prospective in the treatment of a disease [15]. subsequently mushrooms which have the These fungi also have properties as antitumor potential as drugs are identified by using books and anti-cancer. According to Wasser (2002) from Miles & Chang [5], Groves [11], Pohleven this ability is because in the fungus there is a [12] and Hall [13]. content of biologically active polysaccharides. Antitumor action of this polysaccharide works RESULTS AND DISCUSSION by activating the immune response in the host The use of mushrooms as medicines has been organism, so it is also known as a biological recorded for a long time. Information regarding response modifier which means that (1) does the cultivation of mushrooms as medicines not cause danger and does not cause additional comes from even since 600 BC. stress on the body; (2) helps the body adapt to However, the use of mushrooms for medicinal various environmental and biological stresses; purposes continues to develop over time [5]. and (3) exerting actions that are not specific to the body, supporting some or all of the major The ability of fungi in treating various diseases systems, including the nervous, hormonal and is due to the presence of active compounds in immune systems, and the regulatory system the form of vitamins, minerals, Beta-D-glucans, [16]. Triterpenoids, Sterols, Statins, Nucleosides, and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, Some of the mushrooms found in Pocut Meurah inotodiol, trametolenic acid and betulinic acid Intan Forest Park have the ability as that have been scientifically proven has a broad Neuroprotective or maintain the ability of nerve spectrum of pharmacological activities [12]. cells so they do not degenerate, one example is Alzheimer. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a Found naturally growing wild, a total of 15 progressive neurodegenerative disorder related mushrooms that have potential as medicines to age. This is the most common form of were successfully identified from the Pocut dementia which affects about 5% of adults over Meurah Intan Forest Park, belongs to 13 genera, 65 years. and Cookeina 11 families. Detailed information on scientific tricholoma are known to have this ability [17].

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Exploration of potential wild medicinal mushrooms from Pocut Meurah Intan forest park,Aceh, Indonesia (Hendrix Indraa Kusuma, Essy Harnelly, Zairin Thomy, M. Adriyan Fitra, Samingan) ______

Table 1. Potentially medicinal macrofungi found in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Aceh Besar District. Scientific Name Family Habitat Medicinal uses Ref. Cookeina tricholoma Sarcoscyphaceae Broken dead tree Antinociceptive, immunomodulator [18] covered in soil Sarcoscypha coccinea Sarcoscyphaceae Manured soil Antinociceptive, immunomodulator [19] Tremella fuciformis Tremellaceae Dead branch Neuroprotective, skin protection, [17] immunomodulator Auricularia auricula Auriculariaceae Dead branch Anti-tumor, anti-cancer, [20][12] hypolipidemic effect Flammulina velutipes Psathyrellaceae Tree stumps Anti-tumor, anti-hepatitis, antiviral [21] Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllaceae Dead Branch Antimicrobial, immunomodulator [22] Sclerodermataceae Soil surface Skin diseases and wound [23] Healing. Boletus edulis Boletaceae Leaf -littered Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, [24][25] soil surface Trametes versicolor Dead tree Increase immune system and [26][27] Depression. Lentinus tigrinus Polyporaceae Dead Tree Antioxidant, anti-microbe [28] Lentinus squarrosulus Polyporaceae Dead Tree Antioxidant, Anti-ulcer [29] Ganoderma applanatum Ganodermataceae Dead Tree Improve immune system, liver [30] protection, lower blood pressure and Inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Ganoderma resinaceum Ganodermataceae Dead Tree Improve immune system, liver [30] protection, and lower blood pressure and inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Thelephora ganbajun Thelephoraceae Leaf -littered Antioxidant, anticancer [31] soil surface Lycoperdon echinatum Agaricaceae Rotten branches Wound Healing [5] litter

Auricularia auricula is an edible fungus known chemical reaction that can produce free as and has been widely radicals, thus triggering a chain reaction that consumed by the public. Edible mushrooms are can damage cells. Antioxidants found in ideal dietary ingredients for the prevention of mushrooms are phenolic, flavonoids, ascorbic atherosclerosis because of their high fiber, acid, tocopherols, . Besides , microelements, and low-fat containing antioxidants, Lentinus squarosulus content. Auricularia auricula is known to have is also useful as an anti-ulcer. Research a strong hypocholesterolemic effect in plasma. conducted by Abdullah (2011) shows that the Research shows that the administration ulceration healing rate of rats undergoing of Auricularia auricula reduces plasma ulceration after 24, 48, and 72 hours of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density treatment is 82%, 90%, and 100%, respectively, lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing high with treatment using antioxidants extracted cholesterol levels of lipoprotein in from L. squarosulus [29]. hyperlipidemic rats. Regular consumption of Boletus edulis is also commonly consumed. mushrooms with hypolipidemic substances can This fungus produces polysaccharides that also reduce blood pressure for people with show a variety of biological activities, including hypertension [32]. anti-tumor, immune stimulation, and anti- Flammulina velutipes, Schizophyllum oxidation. According to research conducted by communae, and Lentinus trigrinus are popular Wu et al (2016), B. edulis polysaccharide edible fungi in Southeast . This fungus is reduces the pro-inflammatory response and consumed as highly nutritious food and has enhances the anti-inflammatory response in been cultivated. They are known to have mouse models that are induced by asthma [25]. efficacy as anti-virus, anti-microbial fungus, Generally, the way people get mushrooms used and also useful as an immune system enhancer as medicine is by collecting from the forest. Its and have high levels of antioxidants. use is usually traditional, either by cooking with Almost all mushrooms found have the food or using it directly. Many studies have antioxidant ability. Antioxidants are molecules shown that regular consumption of certain that can slow down or prevent the oxidation mushroom species either as ordinary food or as process of other molecules. Oxidation is a extracted compounds (nutriceuticals) is

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Exploration of potential wild medicinal mushrooms from Pocut Meurah Intan forest park,Aceh, Indonesia (Hendrix Indraa Kusuma, Essy Harnelly, Zairin Thomy, M. Adriyan Fitra, Samingan) ______effective in preventing and treating certain effective in cancer prevention and growth diseases, especially through inhibition. Another important fact is that immunopotentiation and antioxidant activity. mushroom extract, compared to other drugs, Therefore, the intake of mushrooms and shows very low toxicity when consumed extractable bioactive compounds seems to be regularly, even in high doses [33].

A B C

D E F

G H I

Figure 1. Potentially medicinal macrofungi found in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Aceh Besar District. (A). Cookeina tricholoma,(B). Sarcoscypha coccinea, (C). Tremella fuciformis, (D). Auricularia auricula-judae, (E). Flammulina velutipes, (F). Schizophyllum commune, (G). Scleroderma citrinum, (H). Boletus edulis, (I). Trametes versicolor.

The following is a morphological description of interior of the fruit (the part that contains 15 potential mushrooms as medicines found in ) is bright red, whitish edge color, while the Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Saree, the exterior color is more fade to vaginal Aceh Besar District. discharge, irregular fruit body (tomentose); has no or if there is a very short shape with a 1) Cookeina tricholoma slightly tapered down (Figure 1B). It grows in Fruit body or Apothecia shaped cup chipped groups on branches that fall or are buried with curved edges, 1-2 cm in diameter, with in the ground. slender stipes whose height is 1-3 cm. 3) Tremella fuciformis Apothecia hood, pink to bright red, has striking fine hair; stiff hair such as bristle bristles, and The fruit body is gelatinous but hard enough; it usually 2-3 mm long (Figure 1A). C. tricholoma consists of graceful lobes; transparent to is a saprophyte, the typical habitat is in wood whitish consisting of thin but upright leaves, such as twigs and branches of rotten trees, at such as seaweed, branching, often cracking at low altitudes (usually below 1000 m), in the the edges. It is measured up to about 7 cm and tropics. 4 cm high. The surface of the fruit body is smooth and shiny (Figure 1C). 2) Sarcoscypha coccinea 4) Auricularia auricula-judae Fruit body with a width of 1-5 cm, height 0.5-2 cm, the edge of the fruit body is slightly wavy The fruiting body of A. auricula-judae is slightly curled, the color of the body of the usually 3-8 cm in size. The shape is typical,

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Exploration of potential wild medicinal mushrooms from Pocut Meurah Intan forest park,Aceh, Indonesia (Hendrix Indraa Kusuma, Essy Harnelly, Zairin Thomy, M. Adriyan Fitra, Samingan) ______usually reminiscent of flexible ears, although 7) Scleroderma citrinum the fruit body is also cup-shaped. Fruit bodies The fruit body has a width of 2.5-10 cm and a are usually attached to the substrate laterally height of 2-4 cm. The fruit's body is almost and sometimes with very short stems. This round to slightly flattened pale brown to species has an elastic texture that is chewy when brownish-yellow and covered with large, rough, fresh, thin flesh-like gelatinous rubber, but hard and flat warts. When ripe open irregularly at the and brittle when dry. The outer surface is top to expose spores. When young, the inner reddish-brown and light brown, often covered flesh () is hard and white but soon with fine gray hairs. It has Smooth fruiting becomes marble and purplish-black to black bodies, in younger specimens, or wavy with and hard until it is ripe, the mass of spores in the folds and wrinkles. The color becomes darker form of blackish-brown powder. Sectioning with age. The inner surface is grayish gray and (surgery) reveals a white outer wall that is thick smooth. Sometimes wrinkles, with creases and up to 4 mm or more (Figure 1G). Edibility: wrinkles, and may have "veins", make them Toxic. Grow solitary or in groups on hardened look more like ears (Figure 1D). A. auricular- soil, acting as a saprophyte. judae is Saprobe on rotting wood, wood trunks, and tree stumps. 8) Boletus edulis 5) Flammulina velutipes The cap measured 7-30 cm, the surface is moist slightly sticky, convex when young and evenly The generic name Flammulina is a reference to distributed with age. The color is generally the orange hat, which shines like 'little fire' in reddish-brown fading to white in the area near the sun. The hood is 2 to 10cm in size and is margin and continues to darken when ripe. The often distorted due to neighboring closures in stem is 8-25 cm high and 7 cm thick — quite clusters; the bright orange lid of Flammulina large compared to the lid, shaped club and velutipes is generally rather dark towards the located in the middle. Under the surface porous center. The adnate type Lamella and its distance hood, production site, they are 1 to 2 cm is rather close-sparse, the white Velvet Shank (0.4 to 0.8 in) deep, and are whitish when Lamella mushroom initially turns pale yellow young, but mature with greenish-yellow. The when the fruit's body is ripe. The stem is hard angular pores, which are not stained when and covered with velvety smooth down. bruised, are small - about 2 to 3 pores per Usually pale near the lid, the trunk often turns millimeter. In youth, the pores are white and brown toward the base (Figure 1E). Velvet look like they are filled with cotton; as we get Shank mushroom is saprobe on stumps and older it turns yellow and then browns. Spore dead hardwood tree trunks, and sometimes on in -brown. The flesh of the fruit living trees that are sick. body is white, thick and tight when young, but 6) Schizophyllum commune becomes rather chewy with age. When bruised or cut, the color does not change, or change to Saprobic on dead wood or sometimes parasites very light brown or bright red (Figure 1H). on living wood; growing alone or more often clustered; growing on decayed wood and 9) Trametes versicolor rotting logs (even on boards and boards), the Trametes versicolor has a hood measuring 2-8 fruit body lasts all year long (survives by cm, thickness of 1-2 mm; plano-convex to flat, shrinking and waiting for more moisture). Fruit fan-shaped, semicircular, circular, or kidney- body width 1-5 cm, fan-shaped when attached shaped, often integrates with the hood of other to the wooden side, irregularly shaped like a individuals, flexible when fresh, hairy or shell when mounted above or below, upper velvety solid, often with alternating texture surface covered with small hair, dry, grayish- zones, with concentric zones of white, gray, white or brown, below the surface consisting of brown, cinnamon, orange, and reddish-brown folds such as lamella which is split in the middle (colors vary greatly including blue, green, and (split gill), whitish to grayish, without the stem, orange). Pore surface whitish to pale brown, not hard, rough, pale flesh (Figure 1F). White Spore bruised, with 3-6 or more small pores per mm. Print. Traces of vaginal discharge (Figure 1I). Usually grows on twigs or wood that rot in large quantities.

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A B C

D E F

Figure 2. Potentially medicinal macrofungi found in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Aceh Besar District, (A). Lentinus tigrinus, (B). Lentinus squarosulus, (C). Ganoderma applanatum, (D). Ganoderma resinaceum, (E). Thelephora ganbajun dan (F). Lycoperdon echinatum.

small 4-6 circular pores per mm. Stems are 10) Lentinus tigrinus usually absent; if any, lateral and very fat When fully grown, L. fasciatus is (Figure 2B). Saprobe or parasite, growing pale brown to purplish brown, usually solitary or scattered or in overlapping clusters depressed or funnel shaped and up to 20-70 cm on rotting wood (rarely coniferous), sometimes in diameter with lots of pale and downy hair living trees; fruit body can last all year. which forms the long edge of the margins on the surface of the cap. The stems are sturdy 13) Ganoderma resinaceum cylindrical, with blond hair and soft, dark in The woody is approximately half a color matching with a hood or darker. The meat circle measuring 14–16 cm × 4–9 cm, slightly is hard and white (Figure 2A). Saprophyte bent, eccentric, stipe up to 5 cm. The upper grows on twigs or dead wood. It can be eaten surface is wine colored to brownish, slightly while sporocarp is still young. curved, zones, glabrous when fresh, often 11) Lentinus squarosulus covered with brownish powder. It margins 1 to 1.5 mm, sterile, creamy-white, Sporocarp of L. squarlosulus reaches up to 2-7 thin, rather sharp. Yellowish-brown pore cm in diameter and its surface is milky white or surface. Angular pores, 3-4 per mm. Tube 3 mm pink. The shape of the hood is usually convex brown. 5 mm flesh, light brown, slightly zoning to slightly flat (depressed). Lamella flows in the (Figure 2D). G.resinaceum is saprophytic or stem, crowded, the edges are slightly jagged, parasitic in woody plants. frequent short gills white to beige. Stems have a length of 2-4 cm, 2–5 mm wide, the same size 14) Thelephora ganbajun from the base, or slightly pointed toward the The body of the fruit is coarse, usually brown base, dry, scaly with fine brown scales such as when ripe, and varies in shape from coral-like those on the lid when fresh and young, but often tufts to having a different hood, rather like a lose scales quickly and appear fibrillose or even rose with a middle stem. The hood is irregularly bald (Figure 2C). rounded, often with an additional partial hood. 12) Ganoderma applanatum The surface is smooth to slightly hairy, jagged, Hoods measuring 10–30 cm x 8–14 cm; the in shades of brown. In young specimens the shape is approximately half a circle in outline, margin is whitish, and may be hairy. The lower or irregular; surfaces with foaming outer skin surface is smooth and purplish brown, the trunk that are not too hard, often shrinking in "zones", is narrow and whitish to purple brown (Figure brownish to grayish-brown, slippery. Pore 2E). T. ganbajun is an ectomycorrhizal species, surface grayish-white or pale brown, yellow to especially with living tree roots. Found under brownish bruises if scratched or injured. As age bamboo groves. T. ganbajun is edible and it pores change from dark brown to dirty brown; tastes good.

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15) Lycoperdon echinatum Ethnopharma. 81 387–391. Fruit bodies are usually 2.5 to 5 cm long, height [5] Miles, P. G. and Chang, S.T. 2004. 3 to 7 cm, thorn length is usually 4 to 5mm. The Mushrooms: Cultivation, nutritional fruit body is shaped vertically flat on a short value, medicinal effect, and stem, initially white, soon becomes reddish- environmental impact (USA: CRC Press). brown with age. Soft spines are in groups of [6] Trudell, S. andAmmirati, J. 2009. three (or sometimes groups of four) that gather Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest 1st at the end. As the maturity of the thorn falls Ed. (USA: Timber Press). away leaving a net-like pattern on the fruit's [7] Mortimer, P. E.; Xu, J.; Karunarathna, S. skin leaving brownish marks, the fruit's body C. and Hyde,K. D. 2014. Mushrooms for finally breaks at the top to release the spores. It trees and people: a field guide to useful does not have a stem or a very short stem mushrooms of the Mekong region (China: (Figure 2F). L. echinatum is saprobic. The World Agroforestry Centre). CONCLUSION [8] Lamaison, J.L. and Polese, J. M. 2005. The great encyclopedia of mushrooms Tahura Pocut Meurah Intan has an (Slovakia: Konemann). extraordinary forest wealth. This study shows as many as 15 wild mushroom species from the [9] Lawrence, E. and Harniess, S. 2000. An research area of mushroom diversity that can be instant guide to mushrooms and other used as medicine or food, not to mention several fungi (London: Gramercy). mushroom species that types and benefits have [10] Roberts, P. and Evans, S. 2011. The book not yet been identified. Specific research is of fungi : A life size guide to six hundred needed regarding the benefits of mushrooms for species from around the world (Chicago: their treatment and application. It is also The University of Chicago Press). expected to be used as reference material for [11] Groves, J. 1979. Edible and poisonous herbal treatment methods. The cultivation mushrooms of Canada (Ottawa: Research process is also needed to increase the economic Branch Agriculture Canada). resources of the community around the forest. [12] Pohleven, J.; Korosec, T. and Gregori, A. 2015. Medicinal Mushrooms (Slovenia: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Mycomedia). This research was funded by Syiah Kuala [13] Hall, I. R.; Stephenson,S. L.; Buchana, P. University, Ministry of Research, Technology, K.; Yun, W. and Cole, A. L. J. 2003. and Higher Education, following the 2020 Edible and Poisonous mushrooms of The Masters Thesis Research Contract, Number: World (Cambridge, UK: Timber Press). 62/UN11.2.1/PT.01.03/DPRM/2020. The [14] Venkatachalapathi, A. and Paulsamy, S. author also thanks to the Tahura Pocut Meurah 2016. Exploration of wild medicinal Intan team management for their permission mushroom species in Walayar valley , the and assistance in the field during this research. Southern Western Ghats of Coimbatore District Tamil Nadu. Mycosphere 7 118– REFERENCE 130. [15] Bascones-Martinez, A.; Mattila, R.; [1] Dighton, J. 2003. Fungi in ecosystem Gomez-Font, R. and Meurman, J. H. Processes (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2014. Immunomodulatory drugs: Oral and Inc.). systemic adverse effects. Oral Med. [2] Akgul, H.; Sevindik, M.; Coban, C.; Alli, Patho. 19 24–31. H.; and Selamoglu, Z. 2017. New [16] Wasser, S. P. 2002. Medicinal mushrooms approaches in traditional and as a source of antitumor and complementary alternative medicine immunomodulating polysaccharides. J. practices: Auricularia auricula and Applied Micro. Biotech. 60 258–274. Trametes versicolor. J. Trad. Med. Clin. Natur. 06 (04). [17] Park, K. J.; Lee, S.; Kim, H.; Yamazaki, Chiba, M. K.; and Ha, H. 2007. The [3] Kalač, P. 2016. Edible mushrooms: neuroprotective and neurotrophic of chemical composition and nutritional Tremella fuciformis in PC12h Cells. value, 1st Ed. (Cambridge: Academic Mycobiol. 35 11–15. Press). [18] Moreno, R. B.; Ruthes, A. C.; Baggio, C. [4] Ajith, T. A. and Janardhanan,K. K. 2002. H.; Vilaplana, F.; Komura, D. L. and Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic activities Iacomini, M. 2016. Structure and of Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat. J. antinociceptive effects of β-D-glucans

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