Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations
1-1-2003
Past lives remembered: historic archaeology at the Iowa 4-H Center : research on archaeological sites 13BN343 (the Martelli Site) and 13BN392 (Rabid Coon)
Adam Joshua Meseke Iowa State University
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Recommended Citation Meseke, Adam Joshua, "Past lives remembered: historic archaeology at the Iowa 4-H Center : research on archaeological sites 13BN343 (the Martelli Site) and 13BN392 (Rabid Coon)" (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 19504. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/19504
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Past lives remembered- historic archaeology at the Iowa 4-H Center: research on archaeological sites 13BN343 (the Martelli Site) and 13BN392 (Rabid Coon)
by
Adam Joshua Meseke
A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty
in partial :fulfillment ·of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
Major: Anthropology
Program of Study Committee: Joseph A. Tiffany, Major Professor Nancy R. Coinman David M. Gradwohl Hector I. Avalos
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
2003
Copyright© Adam Joshua Meseke, 2003. All rights reserved. ll
Graduate College Iowa State University
This is to certify that the Master's thesis of
Adam Joshua Meseke has met the requirements of Iowa State University
Signatures have been redacted for privacy iii
For my wife, Jennifer Eileen and little Madeline Ann whose patience, encouragement, and tolerance made this work possible. I love you, girls.
This work is dedicated to Ronald N. Meseke and little AJ. I love and miss you both dearly. lV TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ...... vi
LIST OF TABLES ...... X
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...... l
Significance of Research ...... 2
Plan of Presentation ...... 3
CHAPTER 2. METHODS ...... 5
CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 8
Geology ...... 8
Geomorphology ...... 10
Present Environment and Soils ...... 18
CHAPTER 4. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT ...... 26
Archaeological Cultural Context ...... 26
History of Boone County, Iowa ...... 35
History of the Iowa Coal Mining Industry and Boone County, Iowa ...... 38
History of the Iowa 4-H Center, Boone County, Iowa ...... 53
Previous Archaeological Investigations within the Des Moines Valley ...... 57
CHAPTER 5. HISTORICAL RESULTS AND REFLECTIONS ...... 66
Historic Plats and Atlases ...... 66
Local Folklore and Anecdotes ...... 70
The Martelli Family ...... 78
Historic Records Search for the Occupants of 13BN392 ...... 90 V
CHAPTER 6. 13BN343: The Martelli Site ...... 93
Archaeological Investigations ...... 93
Material Culture ...... 101
Archaeological Interpretation of 13BN343 ...... 141
Summary ...... 146
CHAPTER 7. 13BN392: Rabid Coon ...... 148
Archaeological Investigations ...... 148
Material Culture ...... 153
Archaeological Interpretation of 13BN392 ...... 173
Summary ...... 175
CHAPTER 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 176
REFERENCES CITED ...... 181
APPEND IX ...... 203
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 262 vi LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of Iowa showing bedrock formations. From Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geographic Information System (NRGIS) Library ...... 9
Figure 2. Location of the Madrid Coal Field from Reese (1975:5) ...... ll
Figure 3. Map of Iowa showing location of the project area and regional landforms From Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geographic Information System (NRGIS) Library ...... 13
Figure 4. End moraines of the Des Moines Lobe (from Rube 1969:55) ...... 14
Figure 5. Copy of Bemis moraine (from Bohlken 1980:88) ...... 15
Figure 6. Cross section of the Des Moines Valley (from Mandel and Bettis 1997:95) .... 17
Figure 7. Historic vegetation map from General Land Office (1996) ...... 19
Figure 8. Soil map of the project area. From USDA ICSS ArcView sectional soil coverage ...... 22
Figure 9. Soil map of the area of 13BN417: Scandia Coal Mine #4. From USDA ICSS ArcView sectional soil coverage ...... 23
Figure 10. Copy of mining techniques (from Schwieder and Kraemer 1973:19, 21) ...... 42
Figure 11. Mining techniques (from Schwieder and Kraemer 1973: 19) ...... 44
Figure 12. Location of 13BN417 taken from the Granger 1976 7.5' Quadrangle...... 48
Figure 13. Historic Scandia Coal Mine #4 Photographs (from Madsen [1974:59-60] and Wilcox [1983:130]) ...... 49
Figure 14. Photographs of 13BN417 in 2002 ...... 51
Figure 15. Photographs of 13BN417 in 2002 ...... 52
Figure 16. Aerial photograph of the Iowa 4-H Center ca. 1958 ...... 55
Figure 17. Milestones at the Iowa 4-H Center (from The Iowa 4-H Foundation 1975:2) ·············································································································56 Figure 18. Map of the Iowa 4-H Education and Natural Resource Center ...... 58 Vll Figure 19. Photographs of the archaeological field school for youth at the Iowa 4-H Center in 2000 ...... 63
Figure 20. Photographs of the archaeological field school for youth at the Iowa 4-H Center in 1996 ...... 64
Figure 21. Photographs of 13BN343 in September 2001 ...... 65
Figure 22. Copy of historic Madrid Quadrangle (1911) ...... 68
Figure 23. Copy of historic plat (from Andreas 1875: 100) ...... 69
Figure 24. Copy of historic map (from Hovey and Frame 1902: 17) ...... 71
Figure 25. Copy of historic map (from Iowa State Highway Commission 1940:8) ...... 72
Figure 26. 4-H hikers creeping down a steep hill (from Holthaus 1968:6) ...... 75
Figure 27. On-lookers at Molly Moore's well (from Holthaus 1968:7) ...... 76
Figure 28. Photographs of the Martelli family ...... 79
Figure 29. The Martelli family ...... ;...... 81
Figure 30. Historic sites within the Iowa 4-H Center for this study taken from Luther 1965, photorevised 1976 7.5' Quadrangle ...... 83
Figure 31. The present Martelli house ...... 84
Figure 32. The present Martelli house ...... 85
Figure 33. The Martelli monument ...... 91
Figure 34. Excavations at 13BN343 in 1997 ...... 94
Figure 35. Photographs of 13BN343 ...... 96
Figure 36. Hillslope profiles ...... 97
Figure 37. Site map of 13BN343 (from Parrish et al. 2001:45) ...... 98
Figure 38. Aerial photographs of the Iowa 4-H Center during the flood of 1993 ...... 99
Figure 39. Illustrations of types of medicine/chemical bottles (from Th1ACS 2001) ..... 104
Figure 40. Illustrations of household bottles (from Th1ACS 2001) ...... 105 viii
Figure 41. Recovered glass bottles from 13BN343 ...... 106
Figure 42. Mason jar fragment from 13BN343 ...... 108
Figure 43. Selected glass artifacts with maker's marks from 13BN343 ...... 109
Figure 44. Recovered glass bottles from 13BN343 ...... 110
Figure 45. Recovered glass bottles from 13BN343 ...... 111
Figure 46. Reconstructed glass bottles from 13BN343 ...... 112
Figure 47. Recovered glass bottle from 13BN343 ...... l 13
Figure 48. Recovered glass bottle from 13BN343 ...... l 14
Figure 49. Partially reconstructed clear glass medicine bottle from 13BN343 ...... 115
Figure 50. Glass artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 116
Figure 51. Recovered glass bottle from 13BN343 ...... 117
Figure 52. Selected artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 119
Figure 53. Rim profiles from 13BN343 ...... 124
Figure 54. Selected ceramics from 13BN343 ...... 125
Figure 55. Selected ceramics from 13BN343 ...... 126
Figure 56. Recovered stoneware base from 13BN343 ...... 127
Figure 57. Porcelain artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 129
Figure 58. Selected plastic artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 130
Figure 59. Selected metal artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 132
Figure 60. Selected metal artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 133
Figure 61. Selected shell casings from 13BN343 ...... 134
Figure 62. Barbed wire recovered from 13BN343 ...... 136
Figure 63. illustration of nail style breakdown (from IMA.CS 2001) ...... 137 lX
Figure 64. Brick shapes (from Gurcke 1987: 121) ...... 139
Figure 65. Illustration ofleather shoe fragment from 13BN343 ...... 140
Figure 66. Recovered leather harness from 13BN343 ...... 142
Figure 67. Site map of 13BN392 adapted (from Parrish et al. 2001:48) ...... 149
Figure 68. Excavation at 13BN392 in 1999 ...... 150
Figure 69. Photographs of 13BN392 ...... 151
Figure 70. Selected glass artifacts with maker's marks from 13BN392 ...... 155
Figure 71. Selected glass artifacts with maker's marks from 13BN392 ...... 156
Figure 72. Reconstructed mason jar fragments from 13BN392 ...... 158
Figure 73. Milk glass from 13BN392 ...... 159
Figure 74. Selected whiteware from 13BN392 ...... 161
Figure 75. Selected ceramics from 13BN392 ...... 162
Figure 76. Spongeware bowl from 13BN392 ...... 164
Figure 77. Boone County Dairy Bowls ...... 165
Figure 78. Selected plastic artifacts from 13BN392 ...... 166
Figure 79. Selected metal artifacts from 13BN392 ...... 168
Figure 80. Selected shell casings from 13BN392 ...... 169 X LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Commonly found regional flora identified within the project area ...... 204
Table 2. Commonly found regional amphibians within the project area ...... 215
Table 3. Commonly found regional reptiles within the project area ...... 216
Table 4. Commonly found regional birds within the project area ...... 218
Table 5. Commonly found regional mammals within the project area ...... 221
Table 6. The last recorded depths of the excavation units at 13BN343 ...... 225
Table 7. Table of recorded artifacts from 13BN343 that were not located in ISUAL's repository in the fall of 2002 ...... 226
Table 8. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN343 ...... 227
Table 9. Number of recovered artifacts by excavation unit from 13BN343 ...... 228
Table 10. Discarded objects from 13BN343 ...... 231
Table 11. Table of maker's marks on artifacts from 13BN343 ...... 232
Table 12. Aqua flat glass thickness from 13BN343 ...... 238
Table 13. Table of recovered faunal remains from 13BN343 ...... 241
Table 14. Suggested range of dates for artifacts found at 13BN343 and 13BN392 ...... 245
Table 15. The last recorded depths of the excavation units at 13BN392 ...... 246
Table 16. Table of recorded artifacts from 13BN392 that were not located in IS UAL' s repository in the fall of 2002 ...... 247
Table 17. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN392 ...... 248
Table 18. Number of recovered artifacts by excavation unit from 13BN392 ...... 251
Table 19. Discarded objects from 13BN392 ...... 252
Table 20. Table of maker's marks on artifacts from 13BN392 ...... 253
Table 21. Aqua flat glass thickness from 13BN392 ...... 258 Xl
Table 22. Table of recovered faunal remains from 13BN392 ...... 261 1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
The Iowa State University Archaeological Laboratory (ISUAL) has been participating in archaeological programs with the Iowa 4-H Youth and Development
Program for eight years at the Iowa 4-H Center. The Iowa 4-H Center is located between the cities of Madrid and Luther, Iowa. Among those working with youth at the Iowa 4-H
Center are graduate students from the Department of Anthropology at Iowa State
University. The Iowa 4-H Center also plays an important role in the classroom. Up through 2001, students enrolled in Anthropology 308: Archaeology, with Dr. Joseph A.
Tiffany, have had the opportunity to go to the Iowa 4-H Center and learn about local and regional geomorphology, the history of Boone County, Iowa, different archaeological methodologies of investigation, archaeological remote sensing and map interpretation, and to excavate early 20th century Euro-American homesteads.
ISUAL is an integral and leading member of the Iowa State University community at the Iowa 4-H Center. Archaeological work at the Iowa 4-H Center was conducted under the auspices of a Memorandum of Understanding between the
Department of Anthropology at Iowa State University and the Youth and 4-H Program of
University Extension. Beginning in 1995, ISUAL personnel created and established the
4-H Archaeological Field School for Youth, known as "Archaeological Wonders". All work for this field school is accomplished under the direct supervision of ISUAL personnel and involved active input from the Office of the State Archaeologist (OSA) at
The University of Iowa in Iowa City. As a result, many past and current ISUAL personnel have studied and have conducted archaeological research on Iowa 4-H Center 2 and related activities (Greiner 2002; Nepstad-Thornberry and Meseke 2001; Parrish
1998; and Parrish et al. 2002).
The archaeological database for this project stems from the curated materials
obtained from previous archaeological investigations within the Iowa 4-H Center. The
field investigations include Iowa State University Anthropology 308 activities, a 1997
archaeology field school (Anthropology 428/528), and 4-H Archaeological Field School
for Youth activities. All recovered artifacts, written records, and photographs are curated
at ISUAL, a federal archaeological repository maintained by the Department of
Anthropology at ISU.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
This study will focus on an area that has not been thoroughly investigated by the above-mentioned researchers, the historic archaeology at the Iowa 4-H Center. The need for an examination of the historic archaeology and Euro-American settlements at the
Iowa 4-H Center is purposeful for the following reasons: 1) there does not exist any detailed written account of the people living within the property now maintained by the
Iowa 4-H Center; 2) there is no interpretative analysis of the recovered artifacts from the
Iowa 4-H Center; 3) people now living around the vicinity of the Iowa 4-H Center may provide vital information of the activities and names of the people who once lived within the Iowa 4-H Center; and 4) this work will complete another chapter of the Iowa State
University Department of Anthropology's involvement with the on-going education and participation in public archaeology at the Iowa 4-H Center. Currently, however, the future of ISUAL's involvement in archaeological activities at the Iowa 4-H Center is 3 uncertain at this time. As a result, this may be the last opportunity to summarize archaeological investigations conducted by ISUAL personnel.
This project is also intended as an introduction for future ISUAL personnel and other archaeological investigators interested in Boone County, Iowa and the coal mining industries of Iowa. As coal mining was an important industry in Iowa during the late 19th century and early 20th century, this is the first archaeological attempt to document the coal miner's families, and to document lifeways of rural county residents.
This study hopes to benefit future archaeological and historical investigations for persons interested in the past lifeways of people living in and around the Iowa 4-H
Center, Richardson's Creek (formerly known as "Coal Creek" and "Richadrson's
Branch"), Douglas Township, and Boone County, Iowa, in general. The information that is present and available for the historic past is an invaluable tool for investigators. It is the hope and intention of this author that presenting and recording information from individual memories will contribute to future research on historic archaeology in Iowa at the Iowa 4-H Center.
PLAN OF PRESENTATION
This study is presented in the following manner. Chapter 2 outlines archaeological and historical research methods utilized for this study. Chapter 3 describes the environmental setting of the project area, including geology, geomorphology, and present environment and soils. Chapter 4 provides the historical and cultural setting of this study. Topics covered in this chapter include the different archaeological cultural manifestations in central Iowa, the history of Boone County, 4 Iowa, the history of the Iowa coal mining industry and Boone County, Iowa, the history
of the Iowa 4-H Center, Boone County, Iowa, and the previous archaeological investigations within the Des Moines Valley. Chapter 5 presents the historical accounts of past lifeways along Richardson's Creek. Topics in this chapter include historic plats and atlases, local folklore and anecdotes, the Martelli family, and the results of the historic records search for the occupants of 13BN392. Chapter 6 presents the results of the archaeological work conducted at 13BN343 and the recovered material culture.
Chapter 7 provides the results of the archaeological investigations conducted at 13BN392 and the recovered material culture. Chapter 8 includes an interpretation of the archaeological record in the context of historical documentation and a final summary. 5 CHAPTER 2. METHODS
A famous archaeological quotation reads, "American archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing" (Willey and Phillips 2001 :2). The archaeological investigations for this project involve historic archaeology. Historic archaeology is the study of literate human behavior through the analyses of material culture with the assistance of other means and methods (Deetz 1996:5; Gradwohl and Osborn 1990:6). In North America, historic site archaeology involves the study of past human behavior at archaeological sites within the within the time of written records. The methods used to investigate this project encompass holistic anthropological methodologies. The supplemental methods implemented for historic archaeological investigations include historic written or printed records, fieldwork, interviews, photographs, and online records searches (Gradwohl and
Osborn 1990:6; Orser 1996:25). However, from the onset, the author has been aware of biases, prejudices, and other problems deriving from the use of historical written documents and interviews. Hand-written documents, such as land transfer records reposited at the Boone County Courthouse, are often difficult to read and to decipher accurately and may contain many spelling errors and omissions, or may contain inaccurate reporting (Schroeder 1975:5). Furthermore, personal memories are often flawed; many memories have been forgotten or reported in an inaccurate manner. The archaeological material culture and historical accounts may be contradictory, and the need for critical analyses of the historic material is necessary to attempt to record the various gaps in history before past lifeways of common people and the accounts of their struggles vanish through time; provided that we can get to them in time (Noel Hume
1969:10). 6 For this project, historic and archaeological records searches were conducted at
the Boone County Abstract Company, the Boone County Courthouse, the Boone County
Historical Museum, the Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) in Ames, the Iowa 4-
H Center, ISUAL, Parks Library at Iowa State University, the Madrid Historical Society, the OSA, and the State Historical Society of Iowa (SHSI) in Des Moines. Records searches were conducted for the investigation of abandoned roads, the positive and negative identification of houses, land ownership of lots within the study area on plats and atlases, land and deed transfers, local history, and previous archaeological investigations. Several plats and atlases were used to investigate the active dates of secondary roads, the location of homesteads, dates of inhabited homesteads, and land ownership of lots within the project area.
Artifact analyses were conducted at ISUAL to re-inventory systematically all artifacts curated at ISUAL from 13BN343 and 13BN392 in order to provide a concise, thorough, consistent manner of presentation and comparison of all the recovered artifacts.
Tabulations were required to ascertain if the hand-written inventory sheets corresponded to and reflect what was actually curated at ISUAL. Following the precedent of Jeffrey
Carr, formal criteria for artifact description included material type (categories), manufacturing technique, decoration, and general morphology (vessel form, rim type, paste, size, color), when applicable (Carr 1998:13). Material categories include: glass, porcelain, ceramics, plastic, leather, bone, nails, metal, brick, and other artifacts.
Categorizing all the recovered portable material culture was used to aid in the dating of the artifacts. All discrepancies between inventory sheets, hand-written notes, and the curated material were noted and recorded. 7 A secondary objective of the re-inventorying of the curated material was to
attempt to date all artifacts that may contain a company's maker's marks. Artifact maker's marks can aid archaeological investigations in determining approximate dates of site occupation. Used in conjunction with plats and atlases, better site occupational dates can be determined. However, as material culture may be re-used, recycled, or used for a variety of reasons, company's maker's marks are used as terminus post quern (the date after which) the earliest date of usage may occur. All records of the inventory sheets, maker's marks, artifact totals, and artifacts are curated at ISUAL.
Further artifact analyses were required to determine what the inhabitants may have been doing at the sites based upon the collected artifacts and their distributions. In essence, letting the artifacts speak and say what the occupants of archaeological sites
13BN343 and 13BN392 along Richardson's Creek were doing.
Interviews and fieldwork was also conducted with residents living within the area of the Iowa 4-H Center to determine past lifeways, site inhabitants, folklore and anecdotes of the residents living along Richardson's Creek, and coal mining activities within Boone County. Information was given to the author from previous anthropological investigations by former ISUAL Research Assistants about one possible family living along Richardson's Creek, the Dominic Martelli family. As a result, interviews and fieldwork were conducted to verify if the Martelli family lived at
13BN343 or 13BN392, to locate the Dominic Martelli mineshaft, to document the current
Martelli/Holderness property, and to locate the former location of Scandia Coal Mine #4
(former employer of Dominic Martelli). 8 CHAPTER 3. THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
GEOLOGY
The geological record of central Iowa dates to the Late Mississippian times, ca.
330-355 million years BP (Prior 1991:16-17; Figure 1) from the great, shallow, carbonate-producing seas from the region. The newly formed rocks were subject to warping, uplift, and erosion. The Pennsylvanian rocks of south-central Iowa are a part of the Forest City Basin, and encompass approximately 20,000 square miles of Iowa.
During the Pennsylvanian period, 300-320 million years BP, central Iowa experienced many sea and shoreline shifts resulting in marine and non-marine environments. The non-marine environments included: numerous stream channels, floodplains, deltaic coastal plains, lush swamps, and wetlands (W. Anderson 1998:227-230).
The swampy, tropical conditions provided a particular ecozone, where freshwater wetlands eventually became peat bogs with a highly acidic environment associated with a depletion of oxygen, and a wide variety of flora. Seed ferns, rushes, and other vegetation dominated the coastal floodplains and swamps. The primary coal-forming plants include scaly lycopod trees (ancestors of modern club mosses) and tree ferns. Peat was eventually produced from the burial and alteration of this floral material at a rate that the floor of the swamp sinks at exactly the same rate as floral material is added to it. Coal was eventually produced trough the continuous cycle of rapid plant growth and accumulation of plant debris, floral burial under sediments, alteration, and compaction
(W. Anderson 1998:245-248; Morehouse 1970:49; Stolp and DeLuca 1976: 13). The primary factor limiting the thickness of coal seams was the differential compaction and shrinkage of the peat into coal (Morehouse 1970:44 ). 9 \ ------.,,...... ,-,--,.,,------=o---~"7:-~~=:it!~aa~ i (_
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
Geomap97 - Cambrian N --. ! Cretaceous :--i Devonian , i Jurassic :- : Mississippian D Ordovician ----~ Pennsylvanian Pre-Cambrian ~- -=j Silurian
Figure 1. Map of Iowa showing bedrock formations. From Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geographic Information System (NRGIS ) Library. 10 The Iowa 4-H Center is situated near an oval-shaped area known as the Madrid
Coal Field (Figure 2). The Madrid Coal Field encompasses approximately 23 square miles at the intersection of Boone, Polk, and Dallas Counties (Reese 197 5: 1; Webber
1926:6). This oval-shaped area contains coal beds which are part of the lowermost unit of Pennsylvanian aged rocks, called the Cherokee group (rocks between the overlying
Fort Scott Formation of the Marmaton Group and the erosional surface formed on
Mississippian-aged rocks (Mason 1980:30), within the Des Moines Series and are located at an elevation between 650-700 feet above mean sea level (Reese 1975:1; Webber
1926:12).
The coal mined within the Madrid Coal Field is classified as high-volatile C bituminous coal on the basis of moist, mineral-matter-free British Thermal Units (B.T.U.) and conglomerating properties (Landis 1965:4). Bituminous coals are black (l0YR 2/1), blocky, weather rapidly, have a high ash and sulfur content, and contain fewer volatiles and less moisture than lignites or sub-bituminous coals (Stahlman 1938:4). The large amount of ash found in bituminous coal originates from clay, mud, and silt that was washed into the coal swamps. The high amount of sulfur derives from the swamp plants growing within a sulfuric environment (W. Anderson 1998:248-250). Large quantities and sizes of clinkers are common when the coal is burned due to the large ash content, which fuses at a very low bum temperature (Park 1956: 11 ).
GEOMORPHOLOGY
The Iowa 4-H Center is situated on the Des Moines Lobe (Figure 3), a reentrant feature associated with the terminal episode of the Wisconsinan glaciation. The 11
C.0 I I[) C\J I C\J 17 o:: I a:: North
19 20 Scalesl 1"=1 Mile 30 29 I ) Madrid 35 ~6 31 32 . T82 N I T81 N I'-- l 2 1 6
Des Moines ~iwr01 1 12 7 8
I } 141 13 18 17 '\
23 \ 24 \
Figure 2. Location of the Madrid Coal Field (from Reese 1975:5). 12
Wisconsin glacier occupied an area of approximately 15,867 square kilometers (12,300 square miles) of central and northern Iowa and was part of the last glacial activity in Iowa during the Pleistocene epoch (Rube 1969:54). The Des Moines Lobe reached its maximum extent 13,800 years BP and the terminus, known as the Bemis moraine, to the
City of Des Moines. This regional landform feature is characterized by a relatively flat, loess free, featureless landscape resulting from the advance of the glacier as it penetrated south into Iowa (Prior 1991:36-47; W. Anderson 1998:320). Any surficial features within this landform region are the result of glacial activity. Such features include moraines, kettle holes, and numerous surficial depressions containing prairie lakes and potholes typical of this landform region. As the glacier advanced, it deposited an extensive amount of till over the entire region. The till is typically between 15-20 m (45-
60 feet) thick and is known geologically as the Dows Formation (Prior 1991:36-47).
Towards the end of the Pleistocene, mean annual temperatures gradually increased and the Des Moines Lobe began to retreat northeastward. By 13,500 BP, the tongue-shaped lobe of the Wisconsin glacier once again became stagnant with an eventual surge in water, ice, and other glacial deposits producing a second moraine known as the Altamont moraine (Benn and Bettis 1985:8; Figure 4).
The Iowa 4-H Center is located in a transitional zone, known as the Bemis B landform, near the northern edge of the Bemis moraine in Boone County, Iowa (Bohlken
1980: 105; Figure 5). The Bemis B landform is located 40 miles north of the terminus of the Des Moines Lobe ice sheet and does not constitute what is known as an end moraine based upon the linear topographic features upon the surface (Rube 1969:57; Bohlken 13
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
Landform N - DES MOINES LOBE =:=J IOWAN SURFACE 1 LOESS HILLS r--i MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL PLAIN ;·- : MISSOURI ALLUVIAL PLAIN 0 NORTHWEST IOWA PLAINS -: - ; PALEOZOIC PLATEAU . - SIOUX QUARTZITE I ) SOUTHERN IOWA DRIFT PLAIN
Figure 3. Map of Iowa showing location of the project area and regional landforms. Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geographic Information System (NRGIS) Library. 14
I
I OS
N
s
CA Mi les 40
I Algona - 13,000 years ~ Humboldfi ~i/ia~dgJ'~1~uth I Altamont Ll Bemis - 14,000 years
Figure 4. End moraines of the Des Moines Lobe (from Ruhe 1969:55). 15
nner ,, Ridge ,,, ,,, / ALTAMONT B .,,, ,,,.----..- _,. ONT A Squaw Creek Salient
BEMIS B Outwosh Plain
D BEMIS B
0
N
6 miles t
Figure 5. Copy of Bemis moraine (from Bohlken 1980:88). 16 1980: 105). Furthermore, the Bemis B landform does not contain ridge-like accumulations of glacial debris, knob, and kettle topography (Bohlken 1980: 105).
The third and youngest moraine, known as the Algona moraine (12,600-11,000
BP) is of particular interest. During this time, massive glacial outwash events, known as
Jokulaups, occurred during its formation and created the modem channel of the Des
Moines Valley (Benn and Bettis 1985:8). These massive glacial outwash events over the open, easily-erodible glacial till deposits caused the down-cutting that produced the Des
Moines Valley and well-defined valley walls without stratified glacial till (Bohlken
1980: 105). At approximately 11,000 BP, glacial outwash ceased within the Des Moines
Valley and the formation and the development of the Des Moines River's tributaries, infilling of depression, and massive landscape modification began (W. Anderson
1998:318). The Des Moines River also began down-cutting of its channel producing Late
Wisconsinan terraces along its walls.
By 10,000 BP, the down-cutting of the Des Moines River continued and the High
Holocene terraces were formed (Figure 6). Some Holocene terraces have alluvial fans on them within larger drainage basins that are formed as sediments accumulate at the mouths of side valleys. The drainage basins surrounding the Des Moines River are responsible for subsurface and surficial transportation of water into the Des Moines River system
(Benn and Bettis 1985:13).
By 4,000 BP, the Intermediate Holocene terrace system was created from another period of down-cutting. It was during this period that dark soils were able to form on these terraces as water was no longer on their surfaces (Benn and Bettis 1985: 14 ).
Today, the Des Moines River drainage basin is extremely narrow with relatively short 17
C) Q. >,. .;;C: C) =.,,CQ CD £ C tO =!"u t:.. ·;; Cl> fll .2 "0 :: uCD c; en_·- CD CQ 0 :: CD- ">::, 0 !! -~E \ "0 tn t:::. ..QI QI !!! C) u -~ eu Ill ct: :I: .! :: I- .5!? s "I
Figure 6. Cross section of the Des Moines Valley (from Mandel and Bettis 1997 :95). 18 tributaries (Beyer 1896:182). Exposures of Upper Mississippian limestone and Middle
Pennsylvanian shales, with other outcrops of limestone and sandstones, occurred within the Des Moines Valley at this time (Gradwohl 1974:90). The exposure of the bedrock is important both prehistorically and historically. The exposed cherts within the bedrock was an essential source of lithic procurement for the production of lithic tools, including lithic stone tools, as well as rocks for grinding stones (Gradwohl 1974:90). During the historic period, bituminous coal was mined for personal and regional consumption and usage. Various clays were mined for the construction of ceramics, brick, and tile. Shales and limestones were also mined for the construction of buildings and houses (Gradwohl
1974:90).
PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SOILS
Today, the varied flora and fauna within Des Moines Valley and its tributaries reflects the turbulent geological activity over the past 14,000 years. Using digitized vegetation township plat maps from the original Government Land Office surveys from
1832-1859, the historic native vegetation along the Des Moines River and its tributaries in Boone County, Iowa consist of timber and deciduous forests near pools and marshes; the uplands are dominated by various prairie grasses (P. Anderson 1994:19; General
Land Office 1996; Figure 7). Agricultural and industrial activities within the last 150 years have drastically altered this landscape. However, the native vegetation is reflected with the distribution and differences in soil types, from forest-derived soils appearing on the alluvial fans and on high terraces, and prairie-derived soils on the uplands (Emerson
1984:7). 19
GLO Vegetation: Boone County, Iowa / Legend Towns (1992) N County Boundary T85N N Township Boundary NRivers (1997) Historic Vegetation Prairie -Timber T84N Scattering Trees - · -· LakeM/etland ( - Field - TownNillage
Anderson. P.F. 1098. GIS Research to Digiti::e M.lps ot Iowa 1832 • 1850 VegeUtion from General Land Office Township Pl.It Maps. Iowa State University Ames. Iowa.
Town. County" Boundary. Townsh~ Bounbry and Riwer dab from • ICMa Department of N~ral Resources Natural Res:ourc• Geographic Information System
Thi.: map from ISU GLO ProjectW eb Site ,t htlp:fl'glo .fis' .iasUlte.edu
Figure 7. Digitized historic vegetation map from General Land Office ( 1996). 20
Based on Arc View soil coverages obtained from the Iowa Cooperative Soil
Survey (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service 1999) and the Soil Survey of
Boone County, Iowa (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981), the following five soil types have been identified at archaeological sites, 13BN343, 13BN392, 13BN417, and 13BN418 within the project area. These soil types include: Canisteo, Hayden, Nicollet, and
Spillville.
Soils identified at archaeological sites 13BN343, 13BN392, and 13BN418 include
Hayden and Spillville (Figure 8). The Hayden soil series are fine-loamy, mixed, mesic
Typic Hapludalfs (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981: 152). The Hayden soil series consists of well-drained, moderately permeable soils formed under prairie grasses upon upland ridges and side slopes. The Hayden soil is formed in loamy glacial till with slopes between 25-50% (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981:65).
The Spillville soil series are fine-loamy, mixed, mesic, Cumulic Hapludolls
(Andrews and Dideriksen 1981: 152). The Spillville soil series consists of somewhat poorly-drained and moderately well-drained, moderately permeable soils on bottomlands.
The Spillville soil are formed under gallery forests in loamy alluvium with slopes between 0-5% (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981:74).
The soils identified at archaeological site l 3BN4 l 7 include Canisteo and Nicollet
(Figure 9). The Canisteo soil series are fine-loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic Typic
Haplaquolls (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981:152). The Canisteo soil series consists of poorly-drained, moderately permeable calcareous soils on uplands. The Canisteo soils are formed in glacial settlement and loamy glacial till under prairie grasses with slopes between 0-2% (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981:59). 21
~.-1·' - --4 r--- (
) ' c/'\ I _.. 1 r~--) , 1 ,~ I -~;J l / I
tJbnltl~ 0.4 __mo ..., 0.4 0 0.8 Kilometers ll:l',ll81C
~ T ·--,KlltPS , . ; HA'IUJI --•• HA'lllCIMl0IIDCHL -~ - ,u~ ajwTER '···-' LIITl4(" t::J~-UIC) l!DOICCeO.I I ORT'tCNT'lLOMY ' ·,.ouosPOMXD '. "'1'1 S.U,OAIC)QAA,U -IIMA '••· .. s,,ma:w.c,. '7U'IU.'4il 7 ""'-1.VUl:-IUOUCr ~==-cet,,U:Xr,TERRll. -WATDI L..J wosrut , lD1011 t-::; ;z[)C)ll4-e011>UJ
Figure 8. Soil map of the project area. From USDA ICSS Arc View sectional soil coverage. 22
~t,;~·
j
L~ 0.7 0 0.7 1.4 Kilometers -.AMES C BWEEARnt CJ BUCl
iffi!NICOU.ET :=J NICOLLET-UUIAN LAND !llllOl(OBOJI ORntENlS LOAMY ,- ·1PALMS PONDED :-'--i PITS SANO ANO ORAi/a :- ; RIVER =:J SAUOA ---: SATTRE :::'.j SPIUVIU£ G:J SPILLVll..1.f.SUCKNEY -STORDEN 0 STORDEN.SAUDA COMPL£X ~TERRIL -WATER ~ :ei ZENOR-STORDEN COMPL£X -G,apll2.sl,p
Figure 9. Soil map of the area of 13BN417: Scandia Coal Mine #4. From USDA ICSS Arc View sectional soil coverage. 23
The Nicollet soil series are fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aguie Hapludolls (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981: 152). The Nicollet soil series consists of somewhat poorly- drained,moderately permeable soils on uplands. The Nicollet soils are formed in loamy glacial till under prairie grasses with slopes between 1-3% (Andrews and Dideriksen
1981:71).
The Iowa 4-H Center property reflects all of the past geological events described.
Several different ecological zones are present within the Iowa 4-H Center including tallgrass prairies, rich forests, dry oak woodlands, marshes, floodplain forests, wet prairies, and open water. Each ecological biome reflects distinctive flora and fauna communities.
Tallgrass prairies are described as grasslands with little or no tree cover, and may grade into oak savanna or denser oak forests (Black 1992:xvii). A wide variety of flora and fauna can be found within tallgrass prairies (Tables 1-5).
Rich forests are described as closed-canopy maple or maple-basswood forests with high density, low stature trees (less than 45 cm tall) (Black 1992:xviii). A wide variety of flora and fauna can be found within rich forests (Tables 1-5).
Dry oak woodlands are described as closed-canopy oak or oak-hickory forests
(55-100% cover) that occur on thin soils over glacial outwash, sand dunes, ridges on sandy glacial lake plains, bedrock outcrops on ridges, loess, coarse-textured end and ground moraines, and gravel river terraces (Black 1992:xix). A wide variety of flora and fauna can be found within dry oak woodlands (Tables 1-5).
Marshes are described as shallow basin wetlands formed in association with low floodplain terraces of streams and rivers, river valleys, lake plains, and glacial 24 depressions (i.e., potholes). Marshes can also form within areas of slow-moving water along streams and rivers (Black 1992:xxi). A wide assortment of flora and fauna can be found within marshes (Tables 1-5).
Floodplain forests are described as occurring in moist to wet lowlands along rivers and streams and are characterized by a tree canopy of 50% ( or greater with a variable understory of smaller trees, vines, and shrubs. The tree canopy is dense, closed, and tall (ranging from 90-140 feet in height). Floodplain forests may have a ground cover consisting of mosses, lichens, and shade-tolerant herbs (Black 1992:xxii). A wide variety of flora and fauna can be found within floodplain forests (Tables 1-5).
Wet prairies are described as permanently or seasonally wet areas upon the prairie landscape that is dominated by grasses and or sedges (Black 1992:xxiii). A wide assortment of flora and fauna can be found within wet prairies (Tables 1-5).
Open water is described as permanent or semi-permanent open water, which is dominated by submerged aquatic flora (Black 1992:xxiv). A wide assortment of flora and fauna can be found within open water (Tables 1-5).
A number of animals originally present in Iowa have also been identified within the Des Moines Valley. These animals include bison, black bear, cougar, elk, lynx, and porcupine (Gradwohl 1974:92). Other varieties of Pleistocene animals from Iowa include bison, camel, caribou, peccary, giant beaver, giant sloth, horse, mammoth, and wolf
(Prior 1991:24).
Boone County, Iowa is typically cold in the winter and hot in the summer.
Precipitation typically occurs as snowstorms in the winter. During the summer, precipitation results from warm, moist air that moves in from the south falls primarily as 25 heavy, brief rainfall. In the winter, the average temperature is 22° F, with an average daily minimum temperature of 13° F. In summer, the average temperature is 72° F, with an average daily maximum of 84° F. The typical annual precipitation is 33.4 inches and the prevailing winds are from the northwest (Andrews and Dideriksen 1981:2; Bettis and
Hoyer 1986:5). 26
CHAPTER 4. HISTORICAL AND CULTlJRAL SETTING
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURAL CONTEXT
There are five archaeological sequences represented within the State of Iowa.
These sequences include: Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, Late Prehistoric - Oneota, and Historic. The Paleoindian tradition (12,500-9,500 B.P.) represents the earliest known human presence in North and South America. The Paleoindian peoples were migratory bands of hunter-gatherers who spread rapidly across North America as the last of the massive glacial ice sheets retreated northward. By 12,500 B.P., the Paleoindian peoples migrated throughout Iowa in small mobile hunting bands following Pleistocene megafauna. The Paleoindian tradition is divided into Early and Late periods. The Early
Paleoindian period is characterized by large-to-medium sized, fluted, lanceolate (leaf- shaped) points, such as Clovis and Folsom. The Late Paleoindian period is characterized by non-fluted or basally-thinned lanceolate points, such as Agate Basin and Dalton.
These projectile points are distinctive in fine workmanship across the continent and the high quality lithic raw material selected (Alex 2000; Morrow 1984; Morrow and Morrow
1996:47-48; Parrish et al. 2001:11).
The Paleoindian Tradition is not well-dated and represented in Iowa. Only one
Early Paleoindian site has been excavated in Iowa. Rummels-Maske (13CD15), a Clovis cache site, is situated along a tributary of the Cedar River in Cedar County (A. Anderson and Tiffany 1972:55; Parrish et al. 2001: 10). These early people within Iowa are not well represented in Iowa for a variety of reasons. Many of the possible Paleoindian archaeological sites may be buried under thick alluvial deposits, and thick eolian loessal 27 deposits, or they may have been eroded away within the valleys (Alex 2000:37-38). Two
Paleoindian sites, 13BN233 and 12BN234, have been recorded within the Des Moines
Valley (Benn and Bettis 1985:15).
By 10,000 B.P., the Des Moines Lobe had retreated from Iowa and the Holocene
epoch began. During the Holocene, different ecological zones with different groups of
people adapted to each ecological zone in Iowa and the Upper Midwest. The transition
from a glacial climate to a post-glacial climate coincides with the mass extinction of the
Pleistocene megafauna through human means (Alex 2000:37).
The Archaic Tradition (10,500-2,350 B.P.) is the longest lasting Native American
archaeological tradition. The Archaic Tradition is divided into three periods. These
periods are: Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, and Late Archaic. By the beginning of the
Archaic Tradition, loessal deposition was waning and eroding, and soil formation became the dominant force upon the landscape (Alex 2000:55). The Hypsithermal and the
Altithermal (a time of warm-dry conditions) encouraged the expansion of prairie-grasses across the Midwest. The prairie expanded into western Iowa by 10,100 B.P. and made its way into eastern Iowa around 6,600 B.P. (Baker et al. 1990; Holtz-Leith 2002: 10). The
Archaic peoples had a more diverse diet than their preceding Paleoindian ancestors.
Their diet consisted of modem bison (Bison bison), deer, fish, waterfowl, other large and small mammals, and a variety of wild plants. The Archaic peoples may have begun small-scale cultivation in Late Archaic times, and the widespread domestication of dogs may have occurred in North America at this time as well (Alex 2000:56-57).
Technological advances during the Archaic period include the use of groundstone tools for a variety of purposes such as bannerstones, full-grooved axes, gorgets, manos and 28 metates, and plummets (Parrish et al. 2001: 12). Diagnostic artifacts from the Archaic period include lanceolate, medium-sized, stemmed projectile points, as well as ground stone tools (Alex 2000; Nepstad-Thomberry et al. 1998:9).
Around 5,000 B.P., cooler temperatures and increased moisture caused the retreat of prairies westward and the areas east and south in Iowa became more forested. Plants, especially nuts, became an important subsistence component during this period. The Old
Copper Complex (Middle-Late Archaic) is the earliest evidence of metal-working in
North America and is represented at archaeological sites in Allamakee, Clayton, and
Winneshiek Counties in northeastern Iowa and surface finds in northwest Iowa (Alex
2000; D. Anderson 1975).
There are over six hundred Archaic sites reported in Iowa. Thirty-three of these sites are in Boone County, many which have been altered or destroyed by erosion and modem horticultural and industrial activities (Eck, personal communication 2003). The
Archaic period is well represented within Iowa and includes a variety of pre-ceramic material culture and site types. Archaic site types include open campsites and habitations such as Darr-es Shalom (13PK149) (Timberlake 1981), rock shelters, plant and animal processing sites, and large bison kill sites such as Cherokee Sewer ( 13CK402) (D.
Anderson and Semken 1980) and Simonsen (13CK61) (Frankforter and Agognino 1959,
1960). The first evidence of human burials in Iowa occurred during the Archaic period at
Turin (13MN2) (Fisher et al. 1985; Frankforter and Agognino 1959). When Archaic sites are found, it is typically because of modem horticultural practices. Other unreported and unrecorded sites may be buried beneath a meter or more of alluvial sediments within valleys (Alex 2000:55; Parrish et al. 2001: 13). 29 The Woodland Tradition (2,350-850 B.P.) encompasses most pottery cultures in the eastern half of the United States. The Woodland tradition is marked by the construction of grit tempered ceramic containers for the use of cultigens in horticulture, and the construction of earthen burial mounds. These innovations did not occur at one time and were not adopted by groups at the same time. The Woodland people were generally more sedentary than their Archaic ancestors (Alex 2000; Parrish et al. 2001: 14 ).
The Early Woodland period (2,350-2,050 B.P.) can be characterized as a transition from the Archaic lifeways and is defined by the use of ceramic containers and reliance on cultivated plants for subsistence. Some of the early pottery styles from this period in Iowa are Black Sand Incised, LaMoille Thick, Marion Thick, and Prairie
Incised. The common ceramics contain wide flat bottoms, wide orifices, are cord- roughened, and are heavy (Finney 1994:21; Tiffany 1982, 1986). Some Early Woodland large-to-medium stemmed point types include Adena, Kramer, and the distinctive Turkey
Tail point (Morrow 1984). Turkey Tail points are associated with the Red Ochre burial complex, which is believed to be the burial practice of Early Woodland peoples who made Marion Thick ceramics (Alex 2000; Morrow 1984:90-91; Munson 1982). There are three Early Woodland sites within a distance of 1.86 km (3 miles) downstream of the
Iowa 4-H Center. These sites include 13BN119, 13BN151, and 13BN157 (Parrish et al.
2001: 14-16).
The Middle Woodland period (2,050-1,550 B.P.) is a time of dramatic change marked by widespread trade associated with the Hopewell Interaction Sphere that peaked ca. 2,000 B.P. During this time, long distance trade flourished and is characterized by earthen mounds with high status burials associated with exotic trade goods. Exotic trade 30 goods include mica from West Virginia, pipestone from Ohio and Illinois, marine shell
and shark teeth from the Gulf Coast, and obsidian from the Yellowstone region.
Individual cultural traditions participating in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere can be
defined on the material culture each region shared. The primary source of differentiation
is diagnostic ceramic styles, such as Ravanna pottery associated with the Ravanna
tradition. The common ceramic form is a large, straight-sided with trailed or incised
decoration, and punctates on the rim area. Large conical-shaped burial mounds are also
indicative of the Middle Woodland period which often have prepared floors, subsurface tombs, and may contain exotic Hopewellian artifacts (Alex 2000; Parrish et al. 2001: 16-
17).
There are numerous burial mounds in and around the Iowa 4-H Center. During the Saylorville Dam archaeological investigations, seventeen mounds or mound groups were either recorded or reported. Many of the mounds have been destroyed by modem agricultural practices. The mounds have been identified as conical and linear mounds, with the Middle Woodland, Boone Mound ( 13BN29) as the best known (Benn and Bettis
1985:27; Gradwohl 1974:94; Parrish 1998:45). There are many Middle Woodland period component sites within the vicinity of the Iowa 4-H Center and the Des Moines Valley.
Mound and open habitation sites include 13BN6, Preston Branch (13BN8), Carl Rose
(13BN12), 13BN27, Hubby Site (13BN38), Logansport (13BN103), Meehan-Schell
(13BN110), Sparks Site (13BN121), Blosser (13BN125), Old Moser (13BN130),
13BN201, Henry Woods (13PK.20), Klein's Kleinezeit (13PK111), Darr-es Shalom
(13PK149), Bastille Bottoms (13PK175), Brassica Bench (13PK265) (Benn and Bettis 31 1985:30; Broihahn 1985; Gradwohl 1974:94; Osborn and Gradwohl 1982:280; Parrish
1998:46; Thies 1979; Timberlake 1981).
The Late Woodland period (1,550-850 B.P.) saw the introduction of the bow and arrow, an increase and establishment of the reliance on maize horticulture, the appearance of fortified villages, and the use of globular grit-tempered pottery with punctated cord- impressed decorations. As a result of corn farming, this period experienced an increase in population with a general decline in health. The best-known Late Woodland culture within the Upper Mississippi region is the Effigy Mound culture. Constructed between
AD 700-1100, the animal-shaped earthen works vary in size and shape, and were built in
Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin (Alex 2000; Green 1986:22-23; Parrish et al. 2001:21).
There are hundreds of reported Woodland sites along the Des Moines River and
131 Woodland sites recorded by the OSA in Boone County (Eck, personal communication 2003). However, within the Des Moines Valley, there are few archaeological sites that are specifically designated as Late Woodland sites. Logansport
(13BN103), locatedjust north of the lowa4-H Center, was occupied throughout the entire Woodland period and may be the most well represented Late Woodland site within the area. Other early Late Woodland sites within the area include 13DA12, 13DA110, and 13PK165. Hubby Site ( 13BN38), located just north of the Iowa 4-H Center on a large Intermediate Holocene terrace, contains archaeological evidence of Woodland and
Great Oasis components (Osborn and Gradwohl 1982:280; Parrish 1998:47; Parrish et al.
2001:22).
Late prehistoric traditions in Iowa (950-300 B.P.) are represented by four cultures.
245 late prehistoric sites have been reported to the OSA within Boone County (Eck, 32 personal communication 2003). These four late prehistoric cultures include: Great Oasis,
Mill Creek, Glenwood, and Oneota. Semi-permanent villages that were dependent upon
maize horticulture, hunting, gathering, and foraging for subsistence strategies
characterize all four cultures. Mill Creek sites are concentrated in northwestern Iowa (D.
Anderson 1969; Henning 1971). Glenwood sites are located in southwestern Iowa. For
this study only two central Iowa Late Prehistoric cultures will be discussed.
The Great Oasis culture (A.D. 900-1000) is named after the type-site in southwest
Minnesota. More than 100 Great Oasis archaeological sites are found in central along the
Des Moines and Raccoon rivers in central and northwest Iowa, as well as parts of
Minnesota, Nebraska and South Dakota (Tiffany and Alex 2001). Great Oasis is a
terminal Late Woodland expression. Sites were characterized by rectangular house
structures that were covered with thatched roofs and were built into shallow pits. The
Great Oasis people made a distinctive type of pottery that can be recognized by vessels that are globular in shape without handles, grit tempered, thin-walled, and contain trailed geometric rim decorations with tool impressions. Typical Great Oasis lithics include
small triangular projectile points, sandstone abraders, side-scrapers, end-scrapers, and ground stone tools. The Great Oasis people relied on horticulture, hunting, fishing, foraging, and gathering for subsistence strategies (Alex 2000; Broihahn 1985; Gradwohl
1974:97; Parrish 1998:48; Parrish et al. 2001:22-23; Wirth 1999:30-31).
Eleven Great Oasis sites have been reported or excavated near the Iowa 4-H
Center. These sites range from open habitation sites to sites yielding exclusively Great
Oasis pottery including Great Oasis High Rim and Great Oasis Wedge Lip (Tiffany and
Alex 2001). These sites include: 13BN27, Hubby Site (13BN38), Logansport 33 (13BN103), Meehan-Schell (13BN110), Jenkins West (13BN113), Sparks Site
(13BN121), Blosser (13BN125), Old Moser (13BN130), 13BN137, and 13BN203
(Broihahn 1985; Gradwohl 1974:97; Parrish 1998:48; Parrish et al. 2001:25; Wirth
1999:2).
Named after the Oneota River (now known as the Upper Iowa River), the Oneota culture spread across parts of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and
Wisconsin along major waterways, after A.D. 1300 (Orr 1914:231). The Oneota people were the last prehistoric people to occupy Iowa before Euro-Americans arrived in the mid-1600s. It is believed that the Oneota people are the ancestors of the modem Ho-
Chunk, loway, Oto, Missouri, Winnebago, and other tribes such as the Kansa, Omaha-
Ponca, and Osage that were encountered when the Euro-Americans first arrived in the area (Alex 2000; D. Anderson 1975; Straffin 1971 :2).
The Oneota sites in the Central Des Moines Valley all belong to the Moingona phase and are either annual or seasonal camps (Gradwohl 1967:211-212, 1974:95-96;
1974; Osborn and Gradwohl 1982:281; Parrish 1998:48). The Christensen Site
( 13PK251) is an outlier site just north of Des Moines and is believed to be the remains of a winter Oneota camp (Benn 1991). Excavated Oneota sites within the area include
Mohler Farm (13MA30), Howard Goodhue (13PK1), Clarkson (13WA2), Cribb's Crib
Site (13WA105) (De Vore 1990; Gradwohl 1974:95; Osborn 1982; Osborn and Gradwohl
1982:281; Parrish 1998:50). Two additional sites have been tested at 13MA27 and
13MA45. Surface collections at other Oneota sites have been conducted at 13MA10,
13MA19, 13MA21, 13MA24, Preston (13PK3), 13PK9, Beattie Bottoms (13PK10),
13WA3, Bowers Farms (13WA4), 13WA101, Bartholomew (13WA102), James-Butcher 34 (13WA106), Carlisle Railroad Swing (13WA108), and Sautter (13WA109) (Gradwohl
1974:95). Oneota sites reflect a subsistence based on maize, squash, and beans, as well as bison, deer, elk, fish, and shellfish (De Vore 1990:50; Gradwohl 1974:95; Parrish
1998:50). Diagnostic Oneota artifacts include small triangular projectile points and distinctive ceramics. Oneota ceramics are globular-shaped vessels, primarily shell tempered, with geometric chevron trailed designs located upon the upper shoulders of the vessels, and may have punctuates upon the lips of the vessels (De Vore 1990:50;
Gradwohl 1974:95-96; Harvey 1979; McKusick 1973:50-53; Orr 1914; Osborn and
Gradwohl 1982:281; Mott 1938:289-304; Parrish 1998:49; Straffin 1971:22-29; Tiffany
1988, 1997a, 1997b; Titcomb 2000).
The proto-historic and historic periods (ca. AD. 1700 to present) began as Euro-
Americans began their westward advance. Prior to there westward advancement, it is believed that the Central Des Moines Valley was occupied and inhabited by Chiwere
Siouan-speaking groups such as the Ioway and Oto (Gradwohl 1974:98; Mott: 1938:228;
Parrish 1998:51). Few proto-historic sites have been identified within the area of study.
One site, the Chesterfield Graves Site provides evidence of a proto-historic occupation.
The Chesterfield Graves Site was excavated by Van Hyning in the early 20th century and recovered artifacts include glass beads, lacquer snuff box, silk cloth, and unidentified brass, copper, and metal (Gradwohl 1974:99; Mott 1938; Parrish 1998:51).
Excavated historic sites within the area, but limited to Boone County, include
Logansport (13BN103), Noah Creek (13BN1 l 1), Moingona Pottery Works (13BN120), and Flint Stone Pottery (13BN132) (Gradwohl 1974: 100-101; Nepstad-Thomberry 1997;
Parrish 1998:52; Schroeder 1975; Schulte 1974). The arrival of the Euro-Americans 35 brought dramatic shifts within the lifeways of the native populations. Disease, increased
Euro-American presence, inter-native warfare, and a cold climatic regime known as the
"Little Ice Age" led to the death of approximately 85-90% of native populations (Green
1993; Holtz-Leith 2002:13). As many as eighteen different Native American groups may have lived in Iowa during the historic period (Alex 2000:211).
French fur traders and explorers were the first European people to arrive in Iowa during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The first recorded Euro-Americans to set foot upon Iowa soil were James Marquette and Louis Joliet in 1673 (Union Historical
1880:141). A French fur trader named Michel Accault visited the Ioway at their village on the Upper Iowa River between 1677 and 1680 to establish trading ties. Areas along the headwaters of the Upper Iowa and Cedar Rivers were hunting territories for the
Ioway. The fur trade with the French and the introduction of the horse by the Spanish from the south caused more displacement among the native populations. As a result, a westward push by the Euro-American traders and eventually settlers forced Native
American groups to re-locate to areas on the Great Plains where they took advantage of fur bearing animals and intensified bison hunting (Alex 2000:216-220; Mott 1938).
HISTORY OF BOONE COUNTY, IOWA
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 brought the area later known as Iowa under the direct control of the United States of America. In 1832, Iowa was officially open for
Euro-American settlement. The first recorded Euro-American settler in Iowa was a
Frenchman who immigrated to Canada named Julien Dubuque within the present-day city of Dubuque in 1788. The purpose of Dubuque's settlement within this area was to 36 pursue lead mining. Dubuque married a Native American woman and remained in the area for mining purposes until his death on March 24, 1810 (Union Historical 1880:141).
A treaty was established between the Sac (or Sauk, meaning "People of the
Yellow Earth"), Fox (or Mesquakie, meaning "People of the Red Earth" (Gourley
1990:21), and the United States Government in July, 1830, whereby 20 miles north and south of a line delineated from the Mississippi River to the Des Moines River was established as the "Neutral Ground" from which it was unlawful for either Sac, Fox, or
Sioux to hunt. An area east of the Des Moines River through Boone County was located within the "Neutral Ground" as well as areas west of the Des Moines River, which was a favorable hunting location for the Pottawattamie Indians, was not believed to be a part of the "Neutral Ground" by the Pottawattamie (Union Historical 1880:288). As a result, little interaction between Native Americans and Euro-Americans within the location of the Iowa 4-H Center took place.
A second treaty was established with the Sac and Fox in the south and the Sioux in the north on September 1, 1832, was known as the Black Hawk Purchase. This treaty was the first treaty to make specific reference to the Sac and Fox and recognized Keokuk, a Sauk, as the head chief of both tribes (Gourley 1990:24). The United States
Government acquisitioned areas:
Beginning on the Mississippi river, where the northern boundary line of the lands owned by said Indians strikes said river, thence up or westward on said line fifty miles, thence in a right line to the Red Cedar river, forty miles from the Mississippi river, thence in a right line to the northern part of the State of Missouri, at a point fifty miles from the Mississippi river, thence by the said boundary line to the Mississippi river, and thence up the Mississippi river to the place of beginning. The western boundary line was a very irregular one, as it followed the same general direction as the Mississippi river. It ran a little west of the present location of Washington, and its general direction was a little west of south (Union Historical 1880:271). 37
The third land treaty was made on October 21, 1837, for the sole purpose of straightening the western boundary lines from the Black Hawk Purchase of 1832.
According to this treaty, the Native Americans ceded nearly 1,250,000 acres of land.
However, upon survey, the total acreage proved to be insufficient to establish a straight western boundary, as was originally intended. The Native Americans were supposed to leave this area within one year, except from Keokuk's village (also known as Council on the Iowa), from where the Native Americans could remain on the west side of the
Mississippi River in Louisa County, Iowa for five months longer (Gourley 1990:88;
Union Historical 1880:271).
The fourth land treaty was made in Agency City, Wapello County, Iowa, on
October 11, 1842 and was ratified on March 23, 1843. All four treaties were peaceful treaties. Upon the fourth land treaty, the State of Iowa was now open for Euro-American settlement and the Native American tribes ceded all of their remaining land for a reservation along the Missouri River. However, at this time, few Euro-Americans ventured this far west (Gourley 1990:24; Union Historical 1880:271-272).
Boone County, Iowa and its present boundaries were established in February 1847
(Andrews and Dideriksen 1981: 1). The county is named after Nathan Boone ( 1772-
1857) of Kentucky, son of Daniel Boone. Nathan Boone was a Lieutenant-Colonel for the United States Second Dragoons (Union Historical 1880:260-262). The first Euro-
American settler within Boone County was Colonel L.W. Rabbitt. Colonel Rabbitt settled at Noah's Bottoms, the present city of Moingona, during the winter of 1843-1844. 38 In the spring of 1844, Colonel Rabbitt migrated and settled in Missouri (Union Historical
1880:295-296).
The first recorded Euro-American settler of Douglas Township, Boone County,
Iowa, was Charles. W. Gaston in January, 1846 within Section 34, Township 82N-Range
26W. Mr. Gaston was a member of Company I of the 1st Regiment of the United States
Dragoons when they explored the Des Moines Valley in 1835. In May, 1846, other
settlers arrived in Boone County, including James Hull, John Pea, John M. Crooks, S.M.
Bowers, and Thomas Sparks (Wilcox 1983:3). Mrs. Anna Delander emigrated from
Sweden with her four sons and two daughters to Swede Point. During May and June of
the following year, other Euro-American settlers arrived in Douglas Township. These
people include: John Dobson, Richard Green, William Holston, John Hull, William
Sawyer, and Benjamin Williams. The first death was that of Mrs. Elsie A., wife of Ben
Williams on perhaps June 10, 1847. She was buried within Section 34. The first marriage was recorded as between Henry Holcomb and Mary J. Hull in 1848. The first
birth was that of Henry Hull, son of John and Sophia Hull (date unknown). The first two towns within Douglas Township were Elk Rapids (Section 24) and Swede Point (Section
36) (Union Historical 1880:549-550).
HISTORY OF THE IOWA COAL INDUSTORY AND BOONE COUNTY, IOWA
Iowa was the second state west of the Mississippi River to develop coal mining
for commercial purposes, after the discovery of coal in Missouri. The first written record of coal deposits in Iowa came from the United State Geological Survey in 1835 when a team descended the Mississippi River between Dubuque and St. Louis. During this 39 survey, a man known as Featherstonhaugh recorded bituminous coal deposits on both sides of the Mississippi River. In 1836, Lieutenant Albert Lea was sent by the federal government to investigate the newly acquired Black Hawk Purchase. In his report, Lea documented large coal deposits along the Des Moines River near the Raccoon Fork. The earliest history of coal mining in Iowa began in the eastern part of Iowa in Muscatine, and Scott Counties along Pennsylvanian-age bedrock exposures associated with thin coal seams for local home heating purposes. Other small mines operated in southeastern Iowa in Jefferson, Lee, and Van Buren Counties. The first operational coal mine was operated at Farmington, Van Buren County in 1840 by Samuel Knight (W. Anderson 1998:251-
252; Keyes 1912:119, 1913:104; Olin 1965:27, 80; Schwieder 1983:ix).
·Between 1840 and 1870, the demand for Iowa coal was limited to a few mining operations for home heating purposes along exposed outcrops of Pennsylvanian coal.
People still preferred wood for heating because of its cleanliness and availability. People were reluctant to use Iowa bituminous coal because of the high sulfur and ash content and when burned it was relatively dirty, dusty, smoky, and produced clinkers. Most of the mines in eastern Iowa provided fuel for heating homes and businesses or provided fuel for riverboat transportation (W. Anderson 1998:252; Schwieder 1983:x).
By 1870, most of the major railroad systems and tracks in Iowa were in place to the Missouri River. In 1867, the Chicago and North Western Railroad companies completed their lines to Council Bluffs. Two years later, the Rock Island and Burlington railroad companies also finished their railroad tracks to Council Bluffs. In 1870, the
Illinois Central Railroad reached Sioux City. The development of the railroad transportation systems increased the demand for coal-based locomotives and Iowa coal 40 was the westernmost supply for the railroad systems. Iowa was the leading producer of coal west of the Mississippi River until the coalfields of Colorado were developed. As a result, the need and supply for Iowa coal increased and after agriculture, coal mining was the second leading economic industry in Iowa (W. Anderson 1998:252; Olin 1965:27;
Schwieder 1983:xi).
Within the Des Moines Valley, the first major development of coal mining took place in Des Moines. In 1851, Wesley Redhead, an English immigrant arrived at Fort
Des Moines #2 (13PK61) and organized the Des Moines Coal Company in 1864 with a dozen associates. In 1873, after several attempts at locating coal veins, Redhead finally reached a vein of coal, 4.5 feet thick in modern downtown Des Moines (Olin 1965:31).
Soon after their discovery of the coal vein, Polk County became one of the largest coal producing counties within the state of Iowa (Schwieder 1983:x). Coal production in
Boone County dates back to the 1849. David D. Owen traveled through Boone County and reported that local blacksmiths were using coal that was obtained near Honey Creek, in Section 5, Worth Township (Madsen 1974:13; Owen 1852:638).
Between 1870 and 1885, operators developed and organized mines in all parts of
Iowa's coalfields, especially within the Madrid Coal Region (Figure 2). Local mines usually operated between September and April when the coal demand was at it's highest.
The supply of coal for local demand came from areas along the Des Moines River and
Honey Creek (Madsen 1974:14; White 1870).
Coal mining later developed in the study area within Boone County as a result of the increase in the trucking industry and an increase in population and the ease of the distribution of coal. The trucking industry was able to transport coal to previously 41 unavailable or newly established railroad facilities throughout the county and central
Iowa (Madsen 1974:14). And according to Howes, approximately 5,500 underground mines have operated within the state of Iowa and covering an area approximately 71,900 acres or 112 square miles (Howes 1991: 10-11 ). For archaeological and historical contexts, only a couple of coal mining companies will be briefly described.
The first operational coal mine in Boone County was opened near Moingona in
1874. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad companies passed through the center of town and greatly aided in the growth of the city. The coal produced at this mine was intended for the coal market for the Chicago and North Western Railroad companies.
The Moingona Coal Company had six shaft mines producing 800-900 tons of coal per day, which it sold to the Union Pacific Railroad (Schwieder 1983:xi; Lees 1909; Madsen
1974:17). After 1885, the coal shafts rapidly declined in productivity and eventually closed in 1887 when later mining developments at Carbon, Wyoming shut off the Iowan market for coal from Moingona (Madsen 1974:17; Olin 1965:38).
Several different mining techniques were used in the extraction of coal within
Iowa. The four main extraction methods are: drift mining, slope mining, shaft mining, and strip mining. A drift mine was used if the coal beds were located horizontal and outcropping along a hillslope or slope along banks and valleys of creeks and rivers
(Figure 10). The drift mine was the most common method of coal extraction with the early days of coal mining. Typically, picks and shovels extracted the coal and wooden posts were used to support the roof. A slope mine is a sloping tunnel that is used to intersect the coal beds, which were located approximately 100 feet or more in depth and the coal was transported by mule or manpower (Figure 10). A shaft mine was used if the 42
SHAFT MINE
Figure 10. Copy of mining techniques (from Schweider and Kraemer 1973: 19). 43 coal beds were located approximately 100 feet or more in depth (Figure 10). In shaft mines, vertical shafts were placed perpendicular to the coal layers and horizontal entries were placed off the shafts to extract the coal. Strip mining or surface mining was also used in Iowa where the coal was at a shallow depth. Strip mining entailed removing the overburden by way of front-end loaders, bulldozers, and trucks to expose the coal layers.
Of the four coal mining methods, strip mining has the potential for the most serious ecological dangers if the topsoil is not replaced and if the spoil banks are not leveled (W.
W. Anderson 1998:257, 259-260; Olin 1965:80; Stolp and DeLuca 1974:22).
Once the coal was encountered in an underground mine, two methods were used to extract the coal. These methods include: the longwall method and the room and pillar method. The two extraction methods depended upon the thickness of coal, the depth of coal, and the types rocks that formed over the coal, and region. The longwall method of coal extracted occurred within most of the state, except in the central-southern portion of the state where thicker bituminous coal seams were extracted. In the longwall method the miners used machinery, similar to large chain saws, to cut the soft rock underlain the coal (Figure 11 ). The weight of the beds (gravity) caused the coal to break off and was hauled into carts and pulled to the surface by mules or ponies. As the coal was removed, the mine face receded and began to take fan-like appearance, in a widening circular pattern. The length of the mine determined the number of workers employed. As the mine increased in size, wooden supports were erected to prevent the roof from collapsing.
Rock debris was also used to build pack walls about 4 feet thick to assist in the wooden support system (W. Anderson 1998:257-259; Olin 1965:82; Stolp and DeLuca 1974:23;
Figure 11). Other supports, called cribs, were placed where tunnels intersected each 44
Shale (7 ft.)
Limestone (3 ft.) (caprock) Shale (2 ft.) (slate, bat)
Cool (3 ft.)
Firecloy (3½ ft.) (bottom)
Limestone (4½ ft.) (bottom rock)
- . $-
shaft .,
Figure 11. Mining Techniques. Top: Longwall technique of mining coal (from Schwieder and Kraemer 1973:19). Bottom: Room and pillar mine, map view (from Schwieder and Kraemer 1973:21). 45 other. Cribs were square-shaped wooden structures that were packed with rock debris
(W. Anderson 1998:257-258; Olin 1965:82). In the room-and-pillar method two parallel entries were sunk into the coal layer at the base of the mineshaft or slope (Figure 11 ).
Cross entries were then placed off the main entries at 300 feet intervals, and the coal was extracted in areas 30 feet wide and 200 feet long, known as rooms. An 8-10 foot pillar of coal remained to provide support of the roof between the rooms. The room-and-pillar method of coal extraction was the common practice within Iowa. However, the room- and-pillar method of coal extraction was not as efficient as the longwall method. 85-95% of coal was extracted using the longwall method; whereas only 40-60% of the coal was extracted using the room-and pillar method (W. Anderson 1998:257-259; Olin 1965:80;
Stolp and DeLuca 1974:23).
The coal miners were paid by daily tonnage and were paid every two weeks.
The miners were encouraged to bring their male children to assist them for greater productivity. The coal miners had several individual dangerous responsibilities on a daily basis. These responsibilities included the extraction of coal within their own room, setting props up to shore the ceiling, laying tracks to the room, preparing the blasting charges, loading the coal cars, and cleaning the mining area (Berry 1990a, 1990b; Burke, personal communication 2002).
The extracted coal was loaded into coal cars, hauled by mules through tunnels called, side-entries. The side-entries were connected to main-entries where small electric trolleys, called motors (440 volt D.C. trolley line that ran along the top of the main entry), would pull the collected cars in large trains to the main shaft for hoisting to the surface
(Berry 1990a; Burke, personal communication 2002). 46 After the coal was hoisted to a high tower above the ground, called a tipple, the coal was dumped into a chute where young boys picked out foreign material. Later screens were added along the chutes to automatically sift and screen coal dust, various grades, and sizes of extracted coal. The screened material was then weighed on scales to determine daily tonnage (Berry 1990a; Burke, personal communication 2002).
In August of 1881, mine inspections began within the Madrid area. The discovery of large amounts of coal in the Madrid area in 1906 prompted the establishment of several large and smaller mining companies to prospect within this area.
The first mineshaft was placed near the Chestnut Ford Bridge, and became known as the
Chestnut Valley Mine, where a drill discovered a coal vein four feet thick at a depth of
171 feet. However, the coal was never extracted. In 1906, the Scandia Coal Company sank a shaft at this spot and also acquired the mineral rights for 1,400 acres of land, adjoining land. The first shaft, known as Scandia No. 1, or Mine #1 in Dallas County, was at a depth of 171 feet. The Scandia Coal Company was owned by members of the
Carney family (Hastie 1938:384). H. Zook was the superintendent at Scandia Mine #1.
The room and pillar method was employed for the extraction of coal within this particular mine. Steam energy provided the power to pull the coal out of the mine and also operated ventilation fans. The extracted coal was not used for local consumption; but was shipped via a spur track to the Milwaukee Railroad, approximately a half mile north of the mine. Scandia Mine #1 was abandoned in 1921 (Johnson 1974:55-6; Wilcox
1983:121-122, 128).
In 1911, operations began at Scandia Coal Mine #2, or Zook Spur, located 1.5 miles south of Madrid, Dallas County (Hastie 1938:384). The mine superintendent was 47 H. Zook. Zook Spur was named after Mr. Zook and located at the spur of the Milwaukee
Railroad. Scandia Coal Mine #2 implemented the room and pillar method of coal extraction and was electrically operated. The coal was shipped to various parts of Iowa on the Milwaukee Railroad. Operations ceased in 1927 (Johnson 1974:55; Wilcox
1983:131).
Scandia Coal Mine #3, Dallas County, was operational from 1916-1917.
Operations ceased at the mine as a result of the flooding of the Des Moines River.
During its short existence, H. Zook was superintendent (Hastie 1938:384; Johnson
1974:55; Wilcox 1983:123).
In 1918, large-scale mining operations began near the city of Madrid with the opening of Scandia Coal Mine #4 (13BN417) shaft (Figures 12-14). In 1926, Scandia
Coal Mine #4 employed 320 miners and mined 1,100 tons of coal per day and the annual output was more than 250,000 short tons (Webber 1926; Wilcox 1983: 123). Scandia
Coal Mine #4 was the only coal mine operational the entire year (Burke, personal communication 2003). The mine continued to play a leading role in coal mining until
1940 when the mine closed due to labor difficulties and increased hauling distances in the mine made operations unprofitable (Madsen 1974: 17).
In 1907, The High Bridge Coal Company located three miles south of Madrid, in Dallas
County, sank a shaft 220 feet in depth. The coal vein was four feet in thickness. The room and pillar method was implemented for the extraction of coal. A steam engine provided power for the hoisting of coal and for ventilation. The first mine superintendent was R. Heaps. In 1910, H. Price became the superintendent. In ca. 1913, a second shaft was sunk and became known as High Bridge No. 2. H. Price became superintendent as 48
"
1 0 1 2 Kilometers
Figure 12. Location of 13BN417 taken from the Granger 1976 7.5' Quadrangle. 49
SCANDIA I 4 MINE
Scandia Coal Company
Scandia Coal Co. I 4 near Madrid. In the photo is WiDial Ihle, folelllllll of the mine, father of Mn. Atle Petenon.
Figure 12. Historic Scandia Coal Mine #4 Photographs. Top: Copy of photograph of Scandia #4 Mine and mining crew (from Madsen 1974:60). Middle: Copy of photograph of Scandia Coal Company (from Wilcox 1983:130). Bottom: Copy of photograph of Scandia Coal Mine #4 (from Madsen 1974:59). 50
. - - - ' , '
.-'. C ~• -S:::-' :-- __:_ - ••
Figure 13. Photographs of 13BN417 in 2002. Top: Foundation remains facing west. Bottom: Location of the entrance of the slope shaft facing east. Photographs taken by the author. Photographs on file at ISUAL. 51
Figure 14. Photographs of 13BN417 in 2002. Top: Photograph facing north. Bottom: Photograph facing south. Photographs taken by the author. Photographs on file at IS UAL. 52 John Lindbloom replaced him as superintendent at High Bridge No. 1. High Bridge No.
2 ceased operations after 1914. Before 1926, the Scandia Coal Company acquired the
High Bridge Coal Company, and the High Bridge No. 1 later became Scandia Coal Mine
#5. Operations at Scandia Coal Mine #5 ceased in 1932 (Hastie 1938:384; Johnson
1974:55; Wilcox 1983:123).
In 1926, Scandia Coal Mine #6, or the Eagle Mine, was operational. Scandia
Coal Mine #6 was located six miles directly east of Madrid. The superintendent of the mine was Owen Reese. The room and pillar method was implanted at Scandia Coal Mine
#4 and also used electrical power for the extraction of coal. Annual tonnage was approximately 50,000 tons of coal. The coal was shipped to various parts of Iowa on the
Milwaukee Railroad, which was located approximately 200 yards south of the mine
(Johnson 1974:55-56; Wilcox 1983:123).
Iowa's coal-mining industry drew thousands of immigrants and migrants to Iowa in the late 1800's and early 1900's. The coal camps and mines in the south-central part of the state where largely filled with European immigrants (Belgian, Croatians, French,
German, and Italians) and African Americans from the south (see Gradwohl and Osborn
1990) for a report on archaeological investigations at a large African-American coal mining community at Buxton { 13MO41]). Coal production in Iowa peaked in 1917 when the total extracted coal tonnage reached just less than 9 million tons. Coal production steadily declined after 1917. Strikes, the economic cleaning of Iowa's bituminous coal, seasonal employment, and eventual unemployment instigated the decline and economical need for the coal industry of Iowa (W. Anderson 1998:256;
Fasold 1931; Iowa Coal Committee 1939; and Sendlein and Johnson 1976). 53 In the 1940's, railroads switched from coal-fueled engines to diesel powered electric engines. Additionally, private homes were making the adjustment to oil and gas for heat. The last operating coal mine in Iowa closed in 1994 (W. Anderson 1998:256).
HISTORY OF THE IOWA 4-H CENTER, BOONE COUNTY, IOWA
The start of the Iowa 4-H Center, Boone County, Iowa began shortly after World
War II when Iowa 4-H members wanted land for camps, recreation, education, and religious retreats. Prior to the land acquisition of the Iowa 4-H Center, 4-H members were restricted to holding events and retreats at sites owned by other organizations, such as Boy Scouts, Campfire Girls, and at state parks. As there was little money to purchase land for a potential camping center, each 4-H club was invited to contribute $5.00 for a camp located in central Iowa. Originally, the ideal camp site location would contain approximately 200 acres of land, be located near a body of water, be accessible by good roads, be located within areas of timber for a nature studies, and be located on bluff tops for playing fields. As a result of the need for a central Iowa 4-H Center, 81 % of the clubs contributed a total of $13,000 toward the purchase of a potential campsite. Ten proposed campsites were visited and graded to the needs of the Iowa 4-H campers (Anonymous, no date).
On July 22, 1950, the Iowa 4-H Foundation purchased 557 .2 acres of land between the Des Moines River and Richardson's Creek from four different landowners for $24,279.25 (Anonymous, no date; Figure 16). Possession of this land was given on
March 1, 1951. In 1951, a graded road was constructed, moving 18,000 cubic yards of earth to level and drain the central campus area. During that same year, water and sewer 54 systems were in place for the Elm and Hickory Villages. In 1952, the first campers were invited to engage in activities at the Iowa 4-H Center. These early campers were encouraged to bring their own camping gear and equipment (Figure 17). In 1954, an
Olympic-size swimming pool was constructed, measuring 40 feet wide and 120 feet long.
An associated shower house was constructed in 1959 (Anonymous, no date).
The Iowa 4-H Center encompasses most of Section 10, the northern 1/3 of Section
15, and most of the NW¼ of Section 11, Township 82 North, Range 26 West, Douglas
Township, Boone County, Iowa. The Iowa 4-H Center is located approximately 6.43 km
(4 miles) northwest of the City of Madrid, Iowa (Parrish 1998:3).
The Iowa 4-H Center was developed and constructed to engage in and host a different variety of activities and camps at the same time. Five villages were established along the ridges where different camps could simultaneously conduct separate programs with additional land purchases. Each village includes the following: a lodge, cabins, a campfire pit, an outdoor chapel or inspiration point, a cookout area, and a flagpole. The villages are named for the various trees that grow within the Iowa 4-H Center. These villages are Elm, Birch, Hickory, Maple, and Oak (Figure 18). The villages vary in capacity between 48-120 persons, with a potential total camp population of four hundred individuals. Linden Lodge is the hub of all activities, serves as the administration building, and was built in 1962. Elm Lodge was built in 1958 and the Village was completed in 1968. Hickory Village, including Hickory Lodge and five cabins were constructed in 1953. Maple Lodge, the largest within the Iowa 4-H Center, was built in
1955 and twelve cabins were constructed in 1969 to comprise Maple Village. Oak
Village composed of Oak Lodge, Bur Oak Cabin, and Twin Oaks Cabin was 55
..- • -~· •· • .p- : •.:"~.-:-~.._;::::~:~-;~.:;::.:.~o:.::..~.· .. ··--~ ... .;_,,,,:;,_-!-:.. -.:.~- .•. .. . . ·• ... ~?;-~t.)?:
Figure 16. Aerial photograph of the Iowa 4-H Center ca. 1958. Original photo caption reads, "Aerial view of the 617 acre virgin timbered site. Every tree that is native to Iowa can be found on this site. It also serves as a field laboratory for the Iowa State College Forestry Department. This site is centrally located about nine miles south of Boone". Photograph courtesy of Iowa State University Library/Special Collections Department. 56
1 9 5 0
Purchased first tract for camp site which now totals 1,208 acres.
ll 1 9 s 2
The first campers in 1952 were asked to bring work equipment and be willing to pioneer in campsite development.
Figure 17. Milestones at the Iowa4-H Center (from The Iowa4-H Foundation 1975:2). 57 developed between 1958-1964. Oak Lodge was destroyed by fire in February 1976.
Birch Lodge was built in 1963 and the village was built between 1963-1967, in a tee-pee style fashion (Anonymous, no date).
Since 1957, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts signed a
Memorandum of Understanding to own, develop, and maintain the Iowa 4-H Center and would operate the camp on a non-profit basis (Anonymous, no date). Today, the Iowa 4-
H Center includes approximately 1,100 acres of land between the Des Moines River and
Richardson's Creek. Various camps and programs are conducted throughout the year, including, "Archaeological Wonders."
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WITHIN THE DES MOINES VALLEY
Modem scientific archaeological investigations of the Des Moines Valley started in 1962. The first archaeological survey was conducted by personnel from the
University of Iowa within the proposed Saylorville Reservoir at the request of the
National Park Service. This survey resulted in the recording of archaeological site
13BN17, a burial mound group within the Iowa 4-H Center (Ashworth and McKusick
1964:7). In the initial survey, sixty-one archaeological sites were recorded: thirty-nine in
Boone County, fifteen in Dallas County, and seven in Polk County (Gradwohl 1975:9).
In the summer of 1966, personnel from the Smithsonian Institution River Basin
Surveys engaged in further archaeological site reconnaissance and survey within the Des
Moines Valley (Brown 1966). In this second reconnaissance survey, Brown recorded five previously unrecorded sites: four in Boone County and one in Polk County
(Gradwohl 1975:9). 58
The Iowa4-H ?~-. ..._.- Iowa 4-H •I·••• I Camping Education and ·-\.:;. .~~±-==- =.. Center -:,,: - _, --_-.. C.\I• - '":••:":•:~~\-:'{",;, •.._.·.:::! Natural Resource Center :-."I./¥,;;..f:;:-':·:~--f-!.;J:· :_• _):~~q::: ...... - "' ·:/:---·:. ·.--~...: NC ..... Northwest Campsite . --~ .... .i:- ...... _ --~- - . EL .•... Elm Lodge r-;:., . WB .•.. Wtldlife Viewing Blind ... - ... ' . ...~---~:• ;. !? PA ...... Pinecone Amphitheater : _.! •••• ~- m...... Hielc:ory Lodge __ · -~. --~-: LL..... Linden Lodge (Office) -~~j~'°-...:;1.- OL..... Oak Lodge "-:;s-~"-i- SP ...... Swimrning Pool ML.... Maple Lodge . ~-~i\ i BL ..•.. Bireh Lodge EC .... .Easl Campsite \.r NAEL ...•. Native American r· Earth Lodge g= CM ...• Cen1er Manager's House fit ] IA .••••• Iowa Arboretum ~:;; '\) ·, \~\ Ii .· !_:~
-<.'\~.... _.'Ii.
P,,:pwdby: rMmO-.IIIICm.ffld...... _,_ ..HYOU1hC.mapn, ..1Speciali ;;,;;,,- For inionnation. wriic or call: Iowa 4-H Education and Natural Resoun:es Ccnicr R.R. I Box 46 Madrid. Iowa 501S6 (SIS) 795-3338 or 294-1017
Figure 18. Map of the Iowa 4-H Education and Natural Resource Center. Map courtesy of the Iowa 4-H Center. 59
In 1966, an agreement was made between the Iowa State University
Archaeological Laboratory (ISUAL) and the National Park Service (NPS) to undertake archaeological reconnaissance operations in the region to be impacted by the Saylorville
Dam Reservoir. In joint survey expeditions, ISUAL and the NPS started working within the Saylorville Reservoir in 1967 and sixty-six recorded archaeological sites were recorded (Gradwohl 1969a, 1969b). Fieldwork continued until the fall of 1970 with over three hundred fifty sites recorded within the Saylorville Reservoir (Gradwohl 1974,
1975:1). The work oflSUAL focused primarily in areas that would be directly impacted by the inundation of the pending Saylorville Reservoir. All recorded prehistoric and historic sites were designated and all artifacts were cleaned, inventoried, accessioned, and curated at ISUAL, a designated federal repository.
In 1973, ISUAL assistance was once again requested under the auspices of the
Iowa State Historic Preservation Program, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the
NPS for mitigating impacts of the reservoir on archaeological sites in the Saylorville
Reservoir (Gradwohl 1975:1).
In 1974, ISUAL conducted salvage operations at DeArmond/Barrier Dam
(13PK154). After 1977, ISUAL monitored all lake erosion effects of Saylorville Lake on archaeological sites and conducted a post-inundation study at Bennett Bend Site
(13PK183). Seventeen professional reports and ISU Anthropology Master's theses were written from ISUAL efforts during this time (Benn 1985:17; Gradwohl 1973, 1974, 1975;
Gradwohl and Osborn 1973a, 1973b, 1974, 1975a, 1975b, 1976, 1977; Osborn and
Gradwohl 1980, 1981, 1982; Reynolds 1970; Schroeder 1975; and Schulte 1974). 60 In the 1980s, ISUAL was no longer the primary archaeological contractor operating within the Des Moines Valley. Further archaeological investigations were performed by Luther College Archaeological Research Center, Decorah, Iowa, (Benn and
Bettis 1981), Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri (Benn and
Rogers 1985), Impact Services, Inc., Mankato, Minnesota (Emmerson 1983; Emmerson and Finney 1984 ), and the Office of the State Archaeologist of Iowa ( OSA).
Archaeological sites have also been investigated on a site-by-site basis (Benn 1991; Louis
Berger 1985; Stanley and Benn 1985; and Titus et al. 1995). However, ISUAL personnel continued to undertake research on previously recorded sites and twelve professional reports and ISU Anthropology Master's theses were written based upon ISUAL's previous activity at this time (Bettis and Benn 1984; Broihahn 1985; De Vore 1990;
Gradwohl 1982; Mead 1981; Osborn 1982; Osborn and Gradwohl 1980, 1981, 1984;
Osborn, Gradwohl, and Thies 1989; Nepstad-Thornberry 1997; Parrish 1998; Thies 1989;
Timberlake 1981; and Wirth 1999).
ISUAL personnel once again became an active participant in the archaeology of the Des Moines Valley in 1995, when archaeological sites The Martelli Site (13BN343) and 13BN344 were first recorded by ISUAL Research Assistant Kimberly J. Adams on
April 30, 1995. Under the auspices of a Memorandum of Understanding between the
Iowa State University Department of Anthropology and the Youth and 4-H Program, during the summer of 1995, ISUAL personnel assisted the Youth and 4-H Program,
University Extension at Iowa State, in the development of a pilot project for middle grade school students at the Iowa 4-H Center, entitled, "Archaeological Wonders."
Additionally, in the fall of 1995 these newly recorded sites were used as the field 61 component of Anthropology 308, the undergraduate core course in archaeology at Iowa
State University.
After the completion of the inaugural "Archaeological Wonders" field school and survey, Department of Anthropology graduate student Stephen W. Parrish published his
Master's Thesis, "Middle/Late Woodland Settlement Systems: An Analysis of Prehistoric
Locational Behavior in the Central Des Moines Valley" in 1998 (Parrish 1998). His thesis highlighted site-catchment analysis and distribution of prehistoric sites and site potential of the Iowa 4-H Center. During these investigations, five new archaeological sites were reported. These sites include 13BN372, 13BN373, 13BN374, 13BN375, and
13BN376 (Parrish 1998).
Since 1996, ISUAL has remained an integral and leading partner in archaeological education at the Iowa 4-H Center. Dr. Joseph A. Tiffany has had the opportunity to take his Anthropology 308 students out to the Iowa 4-H Center to learn about local and regional geomorphology, history of Boone County, Iowa, different archaeological methodologies of investigation, archaeological remote sensing and map interpretation, and students had the opportunity to excavate an early 20th century Euro-
American homestead at Rabid Coon (13BN392) (Parrish et al. 2002). ISUAL personnel have had the opportunity to work at the 4-H Education and Natural Resource Center in conjunction with the Office of the State Archaeologist for an archaeological field school intended for middle school students from Iowa for the last six years. The program was last conducted in 2001 with middle grade students (grades 4-6) participating in the two 3- day field schools. They had the opportunity to participate in a field activity at 13BN343, 62 to learn about Iowa prehistory, and other different archaeological investigative techniques
(Greiner 2002; Nepstad-Thornberry and Meseke 2001; Figures 19-21). 63
Figure 19. Photographs of the archaeological field school for youth at the Iowa 4-H Center in 2000. Top: ISUAL Research Assistant Jason Titcomb instructing students on how to undertake a pedestrian surface survey. Bottom: ISU graduate student Alex Millen instructing students on how to read and interpret maps and atlases. Photos courtesy of ISUAL. 64
Figure 20. Photographs of the archaeological field school for youth at the Iowa 4-H Center in 1996. Top: Students screening soil and looking for artifacts from 13BN343. Bottom: Students excavating TP4-1 at 13BN343. Photos courtesy of ISUAL. 65
Figure 21. Photographs of 13BN343 in September 2001. Top: Open excavation units. Bottom: The author and 4-H'ers are excavating the units. Photos taken by Aaron M. Greiner. Photos courtesy of the Office of the State Archaeologist (OSA) and ISUAL. 66 CHAPTER 5. HISTORICAL RESULTS AND ANECDOTES
HISTORIC PLATS AND ATLASES
Historic and archaeological records searches were conducted at the Boone County
Abstract Company, the Boone County Courthouse, the Boone County Historical
Museum, the Iowa Department of Transportation in Ames, the Iowa 4-H Center, IS UAL,
Parks Library at Iowa State University, the Madrid Historical Society, OSA, and SHSI.
Records searches were conducted for the investigation of abandoned roads, the identification of homesteads, land ownership of lots within the study area on plats and atlases, land and deed transfers.
Several sources were used to investigate the active dates of secondary roads, the location of homesteads, dates of inhabited homesteads, and land ownership of lots within the project area. These plats and atlases include: American Lithographing and Printing
(1938, 1939), G. Anderson (1918), Andreas (1875), Booth (1959, 1965, 1969, 1969-
1970, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1985-1986, 1987-1988, 1992),
Directory Service (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970,
1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985), Hawkeye Farm Plat Book
(1969, 1983), Hovey and Frame (1902), Huebinger (1912, 1913, 1917, 1918, 1924), Iowa
State Highway Commission (1936, 1938, 1940, 1948, 1952, 1958), Johnson Map (1942,
1946, 1949), Merchants Messenger (1935), Northwest (1896), Rockford (1979), and
U.S.G.S. quadrangles for Luther (1965, 1976), and Madrid (1911).
Historic structures were observed on only one plat and atlas for the project area.
Historic structures, designated as archaeological sites 13BN343 and 13BN392, were identified on the 1911 U.S.G.S. Madrid Quadrangle (Figure 22). The Madrid 67 Quadrangle also revealed the presence of another historic structure south of 13BN343; the possible location of Molly Moore's homestead (Figure 22). Surficial field investigations by ISUAL personnel in 1997 and again by the author in 2002 and 2003 produced negative results for the identification of this structure.
There are a variety of reasons for the absence of historic structures within many of the plats and atlases. Homesteads located in Andreas (1875) were based upon a subscription basis only and as a result, many possible late nineteenth century historic buildings are not identified (Figure 23). Another reason for the general absence of identified building structures within the plats and atlases may be due to the short-lived nature of the buildings built by the original recorded landowners that were soon abandoned.
Many plats and atlases were also produced for transportation purposes only and did not include the location of buildings. These maps include American Lithographing and Printing (1938, 1939) and Huebinger (1912, 1913, 1917, 1918, 1924). All of the plat and atlas materials were used to identify the active date of later abandoned roads and trails within the project area and adjacent to the Iowa 4-H Center and to determine what type of roads they may have been, and to determine if the roads or trails were ever formally recognized by or built by the Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT). A records search at the IDOT produced mixed results.
Recognized IDOT wagon or stagecoach trails, which may include maintenance roads or dirt roads were identified within the study area. These sources include G.
Anderson (1918), Andreas (1875), Hovey and Frame (1902), Huebinger (1912, 1913, 68
Figure 22. Adapted historic Madrid 7.5' Quadrangle (1911) showing the location of 13BN343 and 13BN392. 69
I -·· --===
'I ------••[; ,,13 '/,mter 18 1.7
Ill -ir.,,~, Vllnilon 30 ZfJ il -~ • ----,, :16 .J
30
Figure 23. Copy of earliest observed historic plat (from Andreas 1875: 100) showing standing structures within the area. 70 1917, 1918, 1924), Iowa State Highway Commission (1936, 1938), Merchants
Messenger (1935), Northwest (1896) (Figures 24-25). The former roads were no longer identified on plats and atlases as early as 1940 (Iowa State Highway Commission 1940).
However, the IDOT does not possess any other information regarding these roads/trails due to the fact that they were never maintained by the IDOT (Zaletel, personal communication 2002). What can be observed from the plat and atlas research is that several wagon trails and roads were formally active as early 1875 and were abandoned as late as 1940 (Iowa State Highway Commission 1940). However, both archaeological sites 13BN343 and 13BN392 lie adjacent to abandoned roads.
LOCAL FOLKLORE AND ANECDOTES
Historical records and interviews were conducted to learn about historic past lifeways of the people living along Richardson's Creek ("Coal Creek" or "Richardson's
Branch") and within the area. The Daniel Boone family of Section 2, Douglas Township, told this author an interesting anecdote about the James-Younger Gang in Section 10 of
Douglas Township (Boone, personal communication 2001). The following is a version of the story found in written format given to this author from Donna MacNeir, former
Manager of the Iowa 4-H Center. The following is a written account, with oral additions, of the presence of Jessie James within the area of the Iowa 4-H Center and by E.G.
Ritland (n.d.); additional comments made by the Boone (2001) and Peterson (2001a) interviews are in italics (all misspellings were found in the original typed version). 71
Figure 24. Copy of historic map (from Hovey and Frame 1902: 17) showing the location of the former roads within the area. 72 • I / • • 35 ,_,.a,• I I 34 .. - .., ' • • • ..1 • ··-
• 8 • • "' • • • I • ·, ' \ • ' .. • • l) l ,A 14 • ~.11 • • J-3 •· ! .,,·. I (.Q • ... • • • ..• I \ \ • • • •' •
Figure 25. Copy of historic map (from Iowa State Highway Commission 1940:8) showing the existing roads within the area. 73
Jesse James and his gang spent some time along Richardson's Creek. One night they stayed with Molly Moore Hollow (a lady of ill-reputed fame).
Early one morning in August of 1876 Mrs. Mary Riley Moody, then a young bride living with her husband on a farm near McGregor, was accosted by five riders. The asked if they might have breakfast there. In those days travelers were given hospitality and Mrs.· Riley obliged by giving them breakfast. While four ate, one remained on the porch, apparently on guard. When the first stranger finished breakfast he replaced the man on the porch who then went in to eat.
The spokesman for the party paid Mrs. Moody well for the meals and commented that when they were well treated they always reciprocated.
Before they left, Jesse buried gold under a tree somewhere along Richardson's Creek. To this day, people occasionally try and look for the gold.
There is an old story that some outlaws buried some loot under a tree on the property we bought [the Peterson property]from Leo Burke (north of the house between us and Kokemillers). There have actually been people go back and try to find it.
It was not until several weeks later that Mrs. Moody learned that she had entertained some of the notorious Jaines - Younger bank bandits that morning. These bandits and three others had left their native Missouri to look for more fertile fields. The area in and around Northern Missouri had been pretty well worked over. The enraged citizens had developed far better defenses than the gang had encountered in their early days.
Southern Minnesota offered the gang new territory. They looked over Austin, Rochester, Mankato, Owatonna and Northfield. Northfield was selected as the town to be raided.
On the morning of September 7, 1876, eight riders all dressed in linen dusters as fashionable horseman of the time were accustomed to do, arrived in Dundas, a small town several miles Southwest of Northfield. The group was made up of Jesse and Frank James; Cole James and Bob Younger; Clell Miller, Charlie Pitts and Williain Stiles.
The raiders decided it would look suspicious for eight strangers to ride into town together so the split into three groups. They agreed to rendezvous in the city triangle shortly after dinner, converging upon the city from three directions.
When they met in front of the Northfield Bank they greeted each other as long, lost friends. They spoke loud enough to be overheard. Thus, they attempted by guile to mislead the loafers who were nearby. However, across the street a young 74 medical student home from his studies became suspicious. To him some of the talk was too obvious an effort to mislead. Furthermore, he thought he detected the outline of huge revolvers showing through the linen dusters.
The group with whom he sat was in front of a hardware store. The storekeeper was standing in the door. The medical student expressed his suspicion and asked the merchant if he had any guns in stock. The group withdrew into the store and loaded a motley array of firearms.
The James boys soon left Section Ten and returned to Missouri. Five and one- half years later Jesse was killed by Bob Ferd (Robert Ford'), a ransom-conscious accomplice. Frank turned up in the governor's office one day, checked in his guns and was pardoned. He died of natural causes after the tum of the century (Ritland n.d.).
Holthaus ( 1968) reports similar sentiments and historical data. Holthaus says:
Probably the most popular places along the stagecoach trail are the abandoned coal mines and the site of Molly Moore's cabin and well. Molly Moore's cabin stood just above the high water mark where the Des Moines River and Richardson's Creek come together is the earliest known resident of Section Ten, Boone County. It was at this place that Frank and Jesse James hid from the law during the winter of 1876. The cabin long ago vanished, but remnants of the foundation can still be seen. Molly's well, located a few paces south of the cabin site, is still visible with the original rocks still lining the narrow shaft (Holthaus 1968:9-10) (Figures 26-27).
Ritland (n.d.) tells a story of residents living along Richardson's Branch (a.k.a.,
Creek). Ritland reports:
As the settlers poured into Boone County the demand for coal which had been found to exist in the hills adjacent to the Des Moines River became greater. Many of these mined were opened in and around Section Ten. Four residences, first a log cabin and then three frame houses, were built in the hollow through which Richardson's Branch runs. Among the early residents was a family named Barrick and another by the name of Cromwell. The latter claimed with great pride to have descended from the great Oliver Cromwell of British history. For one reason or another the residents of the hollow did not stay long. Eventually the houses were vacated. For a time they were occupied by migrants and vagrants rent-free. Most of these people were lawless. 75
Hikers edge their way dou•n a steep hill. Campers may ex- plore the r.emains of coal mines, inspect Indian trails and burial giro11nds or i-isit the hide-0111 of Frank and Jeue James.
Figure 26. 4-H hikers creeping down a steep hill (from Holthaus 1968:6). 76
Tlt'o ,a111per1 explore rt:!11111,m:1 oj ,\Joi/)' .Hoorc-·.c :n?!!. :\!ol!J ,\foor,· .mppou,IIJ J:,11·,· rejuge 10 Fra11k r.m/ Jo.r,· J,1111,·s tl11ri11g 1h,· u·i11:er oj 1876 t1jt,·r rh,•j• rohh,·,I th:! hank a: ,'\·or1hj :cl ti. 1\Ji1111
Figure 27. On-lookers at Molly Moore's well (from Holthaus 1968:7). 77
Among these was a woman, who tiring of her husband, in his absence occasionally entertained a gentleman friend from Boone. After a time the husband began to suspect that something was wrong. One occasion he came home unexpectedly. This person is known as Molly Moore Hollow. Although his wife was not in the house, it was obvious that it had been vacated hurriedly and in a disorderly manner. As he approached the barn door he saw his wife and paramour leaving by the back door. A quick shot sent a load of buckshot at the errant pair who made good their escape in spite of superficial wounds. It was rumored that both had difficulty in sitting comfortable for some time (Ritland n.d).
Ritland (n.d.) also tells another interesting story of mining in Section 10 and past lifeways along Richardson's Creek. Ritland states:
Most of the mining in Section Ten was small scale. In most cases the small mines were operated in the winter time by farmers in the vicinity. The terrain and the fact that the veins of coal were thin (from 12 to 13 inches) precluded large operations.
The mining operations were slow and tedious. The miner lying on his side dug with a small spade into the "fire clay" underlying the coal. When a sufficient area had been undermined, the weight of the earth crumbled the coal. The coal, which was of fair quality, was removed and then timbers were set up to prevent cave-ins. When the miner had worked his way into the hillside a ways, it became impractical to continue. The opening was sealed and the miner looked for a new location.
During prohibition days it was rumored that one or two of the larger mine shafts were reopened and used for making and storing liquor.
A hunter one day near the confluence of the Des Moines river and Richardson's Branch kicked into a gooseberry bush hoping to scare out a rabbit. Instead the kick revealed the presence of two two-gallon containers of liquor cached under leaves and debris. He reported this fact to Jack Stoneburner who was picking corn in Molly Moore Hollow. Jack suggested that he go back to the spot and destroy the contents of the containers but when he got back they had been removed.
Several mounds are located on the 4-H Camping Center site and in the immediate vicinity. The mounds usually are located on a promontory which affords a good view of the river valley. A number of years ago a group of boys dug into one of the mounds a half mile northwest of the camp site. They came upon crude stone implements and human bones in a bad state of decay. The position of the 78 skeletons indicated that burial had been in a sitting position. The boys quickly abandoned the excavation at this point (Ritland n.d.).
THE MARTELLI FAMILY
Several people were interviewed to determine the occupants of archaeological sites 13BN343 and 13BN392 and to learn about life along Richardson's Creek. These people include Tanisinia Holderness, Daniel and Patricia Boone, Donna MacNeir,
Mildred Peterson, and former ISUAL personnel including Joseph A. Tiffany and Curtis
Nepstad-Thornberry. An interview by Tina Nepstad-Thornberry with Tanisinia
Holderness in 1999 was also consulted. Historic sources were also consulted to determine if the interviews and historic sources complimented one another. All variations of recorded names, including former last names are shown in parentheses.
Mrs. Tanisinia "Tennessee" Sude "Sue" (Martelli) Holderness (b. 01/05/48) was interviewed three times regarding life along Richardson's Creek (Holderness, personal communication 1999, 2001, 2003) and archaeological sites 13BN343 and 13BN392.
Mrs. Holderness reported that her parents and at least two older brothers and a sister lived at and occupied archaeological site 13BN343. Mrs. Holderness did not know the date when the family abandoned 13BN343 (Holderness, personal communication 1999). Mrs.
Holderness is the daughter of Dominicko (Dominick, Dominio, Dominicho, Dominic,
Domenicho) Antonio (Tony, Altonia) Leonard (Lenorda) Martelli ( l 1/02/05-05/25/95) and Carrie Elnora (Elnore, Elvera) R. Walker (02/22/09-12/21/90) (Boone County Birth
Records, Boone County Death Records) (Figure 28).
Mrs. Holderness reported that her father immigrated to the United States from
Italy with his parents, Jim Martelli and Maria Rodi, and settled in Illinois in 1918. When 79
Figure 28. Photographs of the Martelli family. Top: Dominicko and Carrie Martelli (Date unknown). Bottom: Martelli family reunion (Date unknown). Photos courtesy of Tanisinia Holderness. Photos on file at ISUAL. 80
Mr. Martelli was 25, he migrated to the Madrid area to begin work as a coal miner in
Boone County's largest coalmine, Scandia Coal Mine #4 (13BN417; See CHAPTER 4) and worked as a miner till its closure in 1940. Mr. Martelli met Carrie E. Walker, a resident of Madrid, and daughter of James Walker and Hulda Pebble. Mrs. Holderness indicated that she did not know what year her parents were married and there is no record of their marriage at the Boone County Courthouse (Holderness, personal communication
1999; Boone County Death Records). It is possible that the couple had a common law marriage.
Mrs. Holderness stated that there are a total of fourteen children in the family; eight boys and six girls. The birth records at the Boone County Courthouse document the following children of Dominick and Carrie: Hulda Mary (Martelli) Marlin (b. 07 /06/31 ),
Dominicko Vicezzo Martelli (b. 04/30/33), Joe Franceses Martelli (Q6/04/35), Katarina
Kingetta Martelli (b. 07/27/37), Carrie Angeline Martelli (b. 06/15/40), Violan DaMarie
Martelli (b. 04/08/44), Louise Georgio (Georgia) (Martelli, Lochmiller) Lachmiller (b.
02/22/46), and Tanisinia Sude (Martelli, McCormick) Holderness (b. 12/02/48). Tony
Lenar Martelli (b. 12/05/49) was a son between Eva Mae Regennitter and Dominicko
Martelli (Boone County Birth Records) (Figures 28-29). Other children include Yolanda
Stamper and Floyd Yates (no dates). Mrs. Holderness also noted that she had two sons from her mother's previous marriage. Mrs. Holderness did not specify if her mother was divorced or widowed and no marriage or divorce record was located at the Boone County
Courthouse (Holderness, personal communication 1999).
Mrs. Holderness indicated that her parents moved from 13BN343 and purchased 81
Figure 29. The Martelli Family. Top: from left to right: Louise Lachmiller, Tanisinia Holderness, Yolanda Stamper, Carrie Martelli, Floyd Yates, and Hulda Mary Marlin (Date unknown). Bottom: from left to right (back): Floyd Yates, Dominicko Martelli II, Tony Martelli, (front): Jesse Martelli, Joe Martelli, Dominicko Martelli (Date unknown). Photos courtesy of Tanisinia Holderness. Photos on file at ISUAL. 82 land on the ridge on the east side of Richardson's Creek ca. 1940 (Holderness, personal communication 2001). Courthouse records indicate that Mr. Martelli purchased ten acres of land in 1937 (Lot 1 of 1) and built a house upon this property (Boone County Land
Transfer Records; Figures 30-32). Mrs. Holderness was born at this house in 1948
(Holderness, personal communication 1999). The date of instrument of the current
Holderness property (Lot 2 of 1; five acres) was on April 12, 1948 and was purchased by
Mr. Martelli in Mrs. Holderness' name (Boone County Land Transfer Records "K").
In addition to working for Scandia Coal Mine #4, Mr. Martelli had a private mineshaft along Richardson's Creek (13BN418). The Martelli mineshaft was operated in the 1940s and Mr. Martelli had assistance from Mrs. Martelli' s two oldest sons. The mineshaft was gas-powered and the transportation of the coal to 13BN343 and to the
Martelli property on the east side of Richardson' Creek was provided by the two oldest boys. The mineshaft was closed due to frequent flooding and the ubiquitous appearance of bats. Mr. Martelli dynamited the mineshaft and did not open another mineshaft along
Richardson's Creek (Holderness, personal communication 1999, 2001). As late as 1999, archaeological investigations revealed the presence of cables, a wheel pulley, and spoil heaps upon the surface along an abandoned trail and near Richardson's Creek (Nepstad-
Thornberry, personal communication 2003; Tiffany, personal communication 2003).
However, several field investigations in 2002 and 2003 by ISUAL personnel failed to locate the exact location of Mr. Martelli' s mineshaft. However, the location of the spoil heaps and trail was identified and based upon Curtis Nepstad-Thornberry's recollections, this spot was designated as archaeological site 13BN418 (Nepstad-Thornberry, personal 83
-::_~:-,.1~\'::;cc,-- '\. ', .- '--. ,/ v....-- , -~' ~-~·~:l
0.6 0 0.6 1.2 Kilometers
Figure 30. Historic sites within the Iowa 4-H Center for this study taken from Luther 1965, photorevised 1976 7.5' Quadrangle. 84
.. .. . _, -.. --.~-·. •.: ...... :.. . - -:. ;.·.,i;··~._~•·. ·...• \ • • . ,. .. . -· .._,. ·. ':"-
I ' I I ,_ '!. ' •,,-:-,-, 'I. .~ I ... . '. \::.~-- ,-~ A~'.-- . \ .. :.·~--..'--· :-~- . • • • . i·-...... • -C-:_-:_::;,· r ..:\· \·: ~.j_, -r - ~\.~ .. -· --- __ ..,.... , ·: ,..•. ~: -" , - ' '
Figure 31. The present Martelli house. Top: Facing west. Bottom: Facing north. Photographs taken by the author (2001). Photographs on file at ISUAL. 85
Figure 32. The present Martelli house. Top: Facing south. Bottom: Facing southeast. Photographs taken by the author (2001). Photographs on file at ISUAL. 86 communication 2003).
The information provided to Tina Nepstad-Thornberry is consistent with the material culture recovered from 13BN343 (See CHAPTER 6). After the closure of
Scandia Coal Mine #4, Mr. Martelli worked periodic seasonal jobs and was an avid gardener and a skilled mason. Mr. Martelli assisted in the brick layering of Friley Hall on the Iowa State University campus, under the supervision of Charlie Atkins, and also built several outbuildings near the current Martelli property, including a pump house
(Holderness, personal communication 1999, 2003). Mr. Martelli built the house where
Mrs. Holderness was born from lumber found within his property, which was milled at a local mill. For a time, the walls of the house were covered with paper and cardboard
(Boone, personal communication 2001; Holderness, personal communication 1999).
Interviews with Mrs. Holderness revealed that Mr. Martelli took advantage of the local flora and fauna along Richardson's Creek. Mr. Martelli was a gardener, farmer, and hunter. Mr. Martelli grew corn, potatoes, green beans, tomatoes, carrots, and grapes.
He raised chickens, ducks, goats, pigs, and rabbits. Mr. Martelli also hunted deer, ground hog, beaver, raccoon, and possum. He sometimes sold excess vegetables to people within the Madrid area (although the Boone interviews reveal that the vegetables may have been purchased in Des Moines and sold to residents within the Madrid area [Boone, personal communication 2001]) and during the Great Depression he was known to give his vegetables and wine to local residents. Mrs. Martelli was a skilled canner and apparently canned 32-36 jars of vegetables at a time. Mrs. Holderness recounts, "You never seen a lady can so much" (Holderness, personal communication 1999). Tina
Nepstad-Thornberry states, "Mrs. Holderness reported that when she divorced her first 87 husband, the judge in Boone County told her that he remembered Mr. Martelli bringing
vegetables and wine to his family when he was growing up, and that they would have
gone hungry without the items" (Holderness, personal communication 1999).
Mr. Martelli also grew his own grapes and made his own wine along terraces
behind the house he built and the vineyards are supposedly still visible (M. Peterson,
personal communication 2001a) and the wine was kept in five, fifty-five gallon barrels.
However, an incident nearly occurred with a government representative. Mr. Martelli
was nearly cited for possessing an amount of wine that was over the limit of personal
wine consumption. During the incident, the government representatives tasted the wine,
recorded the amount of wine in each barrel and put into writing that the wine was to be
used for personal consumption only. Mrs. Holderness still retains the documentation of
this incident (Holderness, personal communication 1999).
Mrs. Holderness also reported that there was a cistern and a privy near the
location of 13BN343. The locations of the well and privy are unknown. Mrs. Holderness
believes that her father used to provide a cup for drinking purposes from Richardson's
Creek upon a tree limb for people hiking within the area, "so they could take a drink if
they were thirsty" (Holderness, personal communication 2003). The location of this is
supposedly along Richardson's Creek near 13BN343.
Mrs. Holderness also reports that they did not have any electricity and
refrigeration at the Martelli house and had to keep many materials within the
Richardson's Creek from spoiling. Mr. Martelli used to put wieners and other meat in jars, which were tied to wires within a four foot well along Richardson's Creek to prevent
them from spoiling (Holderness, personal communication 2003). 88 As oral history may be biased towards the anthropologist and their subject matter, the following are anecdotes and personal memories from people living around
Richardson's Creek. The following is an account by Mildred M. "Judy" Peterson, a former Luther school teacher and former instructor of Carrie (Catherine, Katarina) and
Tony Martelli. Mrs. Peterson recalls the Martelli's in an email:
I remember them quite well. Some things I most remember was his continual battle with the Van Cannon's, especially Bill. As I recall, gun shots were sometimes heard when they got together. Dominic was either Italian or Sicilian and spoke very broken English. His wife Carrie, who was from the Walker family that has lived in the Madrid area forever, would call the law on him frequently ... ! can't recall his working anywhere. He must have had connections with some vendors in Des Moines as he would sometimes bring fruits or vegetables buy for resale. He had this old black pickup that refused to die. He had built this high camper on it and painted it blue and would live in it those times when Carrie would kick him out. He always wore bib overalls with a suit jacket and one of those flat hats with a bill which I associated with older men (Peterson, personal communication 2001a).
Daniel and Patricia Boone expressed similar sentiments and thoughts concerning the Martelli Family (Boone, personal communication 2001). During this interview, the
Boone's informed the author that Mr. Martelli was from Italy and spoke very broken
English and could not read or write (Boone, personal communication 2001). The
Boone's also recall Mr. Martelli's truck. They remember that Mr. Martelli drove an old pick-up truck, which contained a screen door on the back and looked like a pseudo- camper/gypsy wagon. Mr. Martelli was often seen within the Madrid area on Saturdays when he drove his children to the local movie theater for serials while he would go to the local tavern (Boone, personal communication 2001 ). The Boone's also mentioned the
Martelli family had many cats and dogs and had numerous animal traps for hunting.
They also recall that Mr. Martelli had a mineshaft from which he would have his children 89 transport the coal for him. They also remember Mr. Martelli growing his grapes for wine and divorcing his wife (Boone, personal communication 2001).
During an interview with Mrs. Peterson in 2001 by this author, she noted that Mr.
Martelli was illiterate and spoke very broken English, was a bootlegger, shot his guns at the house (aiming for Carrie), had a common law marriage with Carrie, and drove a mid-
1940s bluish-green pick-up truck with a screen door attached to the back with a makeshift top (Peterson, personal communication 2001b).
As Richardson's Creek was Mr. Boone's former stomping-grounds while growing up, he recalls archaeological site 13BN343. He remembers that there was once a stone foundation with paper insulation and a metal roof; a privy was also located nearby. He too recalls the former roads within the area and believes that when the Iowa Department of Transportation stopped maintaining them, they were soon abandoned (Boone, personal communication 2001 ).
A records search was conducted at the Boone County Courthouse to ascertain the dates and causes of death of the Martelli parents. Carrie E. Martelli passed away on Dec.
21, 1990 from "Cardiopulmonary arrest due to complicated chronic interstitial lung disease = Idiopathic pulmona fibrosis" (Boone County Death Records Dec. 90). At the time of her death, her marital status was listed as divorced, her address was listed as RR
1, Madrid, her birthplace was listed as Madrid, Iowa, and her occupation was listed as homemaker. She is interred at the Mt. Hope Cemetery, a non-denominational cemetery located directly south of Madrid (Boone County Death Records Dec. 90). Domenicho
Martelli passed away on April 25, 1995 from "Cardiac arrest due to Athersclerotic coronary artery disease due to severe aoritic stenosis due to acute renal failure" (Boone 90 County Death Records April '95). At the time of his death, his marital status was listed as divorced, his address was 1116 Story, Boone, Iowa, his birthplace was Italy, and his occupation was listed as farmer. Mr. Martelli is interred at the Mt. Hope Cemetery with his former wife, Carrie (Boone County Death Records April '95; Figure 33). Their graves are marked by a single monument bearing the family name Martelli.
To date, several Martelli inhabitants still live within the Madrid area. Daughters
Tanisinia Holderness, a custodian at the Iowa State University Veterinarian College,
Yolanda Stamper, granddaughter Sherry Free, a hairdresser at Hair Design Inc., and grandson Scott Allen (son of Tony Lenar and Linda Ann Hellger) still live within the
Madrid area.
HISTORIC RECORDS SEARCH FOR THE OCCUPANTS OF 13BN392
Historic and archaeological records searches were conducted at the Boone County
Abstract Company, the Boone County Courthouse, the Boone County Historical
Museum, the Iowa Department of Transportation in Ames, the Iowa 4-H Center, IS UAL,
Parks Library at Iowa State University, the Madrid Historical Society, OSA, and SHSI.
The historic and archival record searches produced inconclusive results as to who may have lived at and occupied archaeological site 13BN392.
There was great difficulty in attempting to determine the habitants of archaeological site 13BN392. There are several reasons for this difficulty. First, land parcels were not originally divided into square, rectangle, or in quarter sections (in some 91
-~- •~1i..&:r~.);) ·- a • ~· ; . ' . . . . - ; . ' ..
-] 1
IISI LL &.~~~-r..~ .= - ' .,.,~------.-: ...... ,,_-.s=_.._._ .•. ::..---=•,,...... _...._~ -~•:~ ------·, . .•:~ ·.:-·..._ r ·-···• rn ..... zsettr
Figure 33. The Martelli monument. Top: Gravemarker of Dominicko and Carrie Martelli. Bottom: Mt. Hope Cemetery. Photographs taken by the author in 2002. Photographs on file at ISUAL. 92 cases, land was divided into polygons). Second, land was sold sometimes into 3/8 sections. Third, the historic records only contain two quarter sections per listing (unless otherwise noted). Fourth, missing records and omissions within the land transfer books and entries listed as "To Whom It May Concern" at the Boone County Abstract Company and the Boone County Courthouse. Fifth, dual ownership of land~ in many cases, parcels of land may have two owners one owning the surface land and a second owning the subsurface land for mineral rights (e.g., coal). Finally, many legal description entries were written as "Parts of SW¼, NW¼".
Legal description entries at the Boone County Abstract Company and the Boone
County Courthouse are recorded within quarter, quarter sections encompassing forty acres with many people owning parcels of land (and sometimes dual ownership of the same parcel or parts of a parcel). Interviews conducted revealed that possible occupants may have been the Barrick, Cromwell, Van Cannon, or the Williams families (Boone, personal communication 2001). However, this cannot be proven at this time. As a result, the occupants of archaeological site 13BN392 are still unknown. 93 CHAPTER 6. 13BN343: THE MARTELLI SITE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ISUAL personnel once again became an active participant in the archaeology of the Des Moines Valley in 1995, when archaeological site 13BN343 (The Martelli Site) was first recorded by ISUAL Research Assistant Kimberly J. Adams on April 30, 1995.
Under the auspices of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Iowa State
University Department of Anthropology and the Youth and 4-H Program, during the summer of 1995, ISUAL personnel assisted the Youth and 4-H Program, University
Extension at Iowa State, in the development of a pilot project for middle grade school students at the Iowa 4-H Center, entitled, "Archaeological Wonders." Additionally, in the fall of 1995 13BN343 was used as part of the field component of Anthropology 308, the undergraduate core course in archaeology at Iowa State University (Figures 34-35).
ISUAL personnel have had the opportunity to work at the 4-H Education and
Natural Resource Center in conjunction with the Office of the State Archaeologist at the
University of Iowa, Iowa City for an archaeological field school intended for middle school students from Iowa for the last six years. To date, the program was last conducted in 2001 with middle grade students participating in two 3-day field schools. The participants had the opportunity to participate in excavation at 13BN343, to learn about
Iowa prehistory, and other different archaeological investigative techniques (Greiner
2002; Nepstad-Thornberry and Meseke 2001).
Archaeological site 13BN343 is located in Douglas Township, Boone County,
Iowa (Figure 30). Site 13BN343 is located on a toeslope hillslope or concave slope and 94
Figure 34. Excavations at 13BN343 in 1997. Top: photo facing south. Bottom: photo facing west. Photos courtesy of ISUAL. 95
~~f:~~£.,_:.:,;~2~~~~:
"·'1--:1:,,~·,1
Figure 35. Photographs of 13BN343. Top: Photo facing west. Bottom: Photo facing southeast. Photos courtesy of the author (2002). Photos on file at ISUAL. 96 scatter of artifacts, archaeological site is approximately 22 m x 22 m and encompasses
0.005 acres (0.002 ha) in size. A small foundation constructed of limestone flagstones and bricks lies next to the base of a hiking trail that was built between the 1980s and
1990s by Americorp and CCC Youth (MacNeir, personal communication 2003). The length of the foundation measures 3.1 m upon the west side, 6 m upon the south side, and
3.1 m upon the east side (Figure 37). The width of the walled foundation is 0-35 cm.
The maximum height of the existing structure is 87 cm. The foundation is built with locally derived geological material and brick. The building materials are stacked with little evidence of mortar, except on a few of the excavated brick material. Further, the foundation is located south of a wagon trail. A large limestone flagstone is located to the east of the foundation, possibly used as a front step. The wagon trail was a dirt trail and was never maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation. The site was heavily impacted due to the flood of 1993 with depositional material, approximately 10 cm thick
(Figure 38). Further, flooding, colluvium, erosion, and future off-trail hiking threaten the existence of the site.
Since 1995, a total of thirty-six 1 m x 1 m test units utilizing shovels and trowels; and four subsurface bucket auger tests have been excavated at 13BN343 on two grid 1 m x 1 m grid systems (Figure 37). Four subsurface tests were conducted in 1995 to determine site boundaries based on surface artifact distribution. The subsurface tests were placed in a northwestern direction. The first grid system was implemented in 1996 using magnetic north as a datum and nine 1 m x 1 m test units were excavated. A second grid system was implemented for the fieldwork in 1997. The new grid was based upon a 97
Su- summit Sh- shoulder Bs-backslope Fs- footslope Al-alluvium Ts- toes lope
Figure 4.52 ~-fajor components of slope profiles. CC = concave segment. S = straight segment, CF= cliff race, CV = convex segment.
Figure 36. Hillslope profiles. Top: Hillslope units (from Ruhe 1969: 132). Bottom: Slope profile segments (from Ritter, Kochel, and Miller 2002: 126). 98 \ i\ L t• f H'k' T 'I TP5.m.vam UnitNWn9-N16m,W11m : oca IOn O I mg rai TP6 NW Quadrant oio NE Quadrant -··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··---··-··-··-Impacted By Hiking Trail . ~1. - 2 meters : i ( Flagstone
T4 lTP7 :l . . ·-·· : • . ' ... ·• :•• .. ·- ... -- -,.- -:-· ---.--······'i' ------..
20[
SW Quadrant
13BN343 Legend - .. - Baseline ----- 1997-2001 Excavation Units ~; Cinder Fill \ --- 1996-1997 Excavation Units : • AugerUnit :. T"·.,L., 1 meter u- ..:. 33___ · -.. 2 meters;··r3
Figure 37. Site Map of 13BN343 (from Parrish et al. 2001:45). 99
Figure 38. Aerial photographs of the Iowa 4-H Center during the flood of 1993. Top: Photograph facing southeast. Bottom: Photograph facing west showing the Des Moines River. Photographs courtesy of the Iowa 4-H Center. 100 datum located at the intersection of the hiking trail upon the hill slope and the hiking trail upon the floodplain heading south. All units were excavated in arbitrary ten cm level units with trowels. All excavated material was screened using a¼" mesh hardwire screen over plastic or vinyl tarps on the hiking trail to avoid further site destruction and contamination. All recovered artifacts, photographs, and documentation are curated at
ISUAL. As late as the spring of 2003 artifacts observed but not collected, upon the surface include aqua bottle glass, aqua flat glass, bricks, a clear Hazel-Atlas perfume/cosmetic bottle, clear bottle glass, green bottle glass, green glass bottle neck, a metal stove door, slag, stoneware, and unidentified metal. Observed artifacts are primarily located in non-excavated areas in the southwest and southeast quadrants of the current grid system (Figure 37).
The average depth of the subsurface test units was 29 cm (Table 6). Not all units were excavated to the same depth due to time constraints, the excavation by students, and presence of features. All measurements were taken from a datum located in the northwest corner of every unit.
Laboratory artifact analyses were conducted at ISUAL to re-inventory systematically all recovered artifacts from 13BN343. The purpose of this re-inventory was to provide a concise and thorough presentation in a consistent manner of all the recovered artifacts. Due to previous curational practices, different cataloging methodologies, the vast number of undergraduate assistance from the Anthropology 308 students, and the number of ISUAL Research Assistants supervising the projects, a revision and a re-examination of the artifact inventory recovered from 13BN343 was necessary to present the portable material culture in a concise and consistent manner. 101 Tabulations were required to ascertain if the hand-written inventory sheets corresponded to and reflect what was actually curated at ISUAL.
Re-examination of IS UAL' s archival records were necessary to determine what was actually recovered during archaeological investigations at 13BN343, and to ascertain if the recovered material corresponded with and reflected the hand-written archival records. Many artifacts reflected within the original inventory sheets were not present within the ISUAL repository or in the teaching lab in Room 309, Curtiss Hall when the author conducted the artifact re-analyses. As a result, the artifacts are listed on the updated inventory lists and on file at ISUAL. Unfortunately, 112 artifacts are considered to be missing from their proper locations due to failure to update the catalog while de- accessioning the materials (Table 7). Catalog numbers remained the same and all artifacts were put in specimen boxes according to their unit and the specific levels from where the artifacts were recovered. Many specimen boxes were condensed to provide more room within the repository.
MATERIAL CULTURE
The quality of the recovered artifacts from an archaeological site can be affected by environmental, manufactured, and depositional factors. Local climatic conditions, chemical make-up of soil, and soil moisture all affect the preservation and destruction of archaeological materials. Organic materials such as bone, leather, wood, paper, textiles, etc., are not often preserved at archaeological sites in Iowa. However, inorganic materials, such as, ceramics and glass are better preserved (Gradwohl and Osborn
1990:123-124). Due to it's corrosive nature, metal is often difficult to identify. As a 102 result, ceramic and glass artifacts often predominate the recovered historic archaeological assemblage.
A total of 10,917 reported artifacts have been recovered and curated at ISU AL from archaeological site 13BN343 (Tables 8-9). An additional 3,818 objects were recovered and were eventually discarded. Objects discarded include brick, coal, rocks, and slag. As a result, the discarded objects were not curated at ISUAL (Table 10).
Objects were discarded for the following reasons: items not archaeological in nature, non-diagnostic materials (such as slag, coal, and charcoal), and to reserve repository space at ISUAL. Information containing the weight and number of discarded objects was kept for archival purposes. Selected inorganic artifacts will be discussed in the following manner: glass, ceramics, plastic, and metal. Organic artifacts, such as leather and bone will also be discussed.
GLASS ARTIFACTS
A total of 2,766 glass artifacts were sherds recovered from site 13BN343 between
1995-2001 (Table 8). Glass artifacts were identified and classified according to color and when applicable, vessel type. Several different types of glass and colors of small glass sherds were excavated from this site and include: amber bottle, amethyst bottle, aqua bottle, blue bottle, clear bottle, frosted bottle, green bottle, green bowl, milk glass, and violet glass (Table 8). Partial glass vessel types include: ink wells, pharmacy/drugstore bottles, patenUproprietary (medicine) bottles, cosmetic/perfume bottles, and canning jars
(Figures 39-40). All maker's marks were recorded to determine manufacturer dates of 103 production and to ascertain better dates of site occupation (Table 11). Aqua flat glass
(window pane glass) and mirror glass was also recovered.
A wide variety of glass bearing embossed maker's marks was recovered from
13BN343 (Table 11 ). Reconstructions of bottle sherds were possible for many of the bottles. However, in most instances the bottle sherds were too fragmentary to determine bottle type and what the bottles may have contained. Identified glass bottle fragments bearing maker's marks include the following companies: Obear-Nester Glass Co., Kansas
City, Missouri, (Figure 41; Table 11 ), Schram Glass Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Missouri
(Figure 42; Table 11), Illinois Glass, Co., Alton, Illinois (Table 11), Medtech Labs Inc.,
Cody, Wyoming (Figure 43; Table 11), Fairmount Glass Works, Indianapolis, Indiana
(Figure 44; Table 11), Whitall-Tatum and Co., Millville, New Jersey (Figure 45; Table
11), Vicks Chemical Co., Greensboro, North Carolina (Figure 45; Table 11), The Pinex
Co., Fort Wayne, Indiana (Figure 46; Table 11), Owens Illinois Glass Co., Toledo, Ohio
(Figures 46-47; Table 11), Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Wheeling, West Virginia (Figure 44,
48; Table 11), Van Duzer, New York, New York (Figure 49; Table 11), and Owen's
Bottle Co., Toledo, Ohio (Figure 41; Table 11 ). Several glass items also contained maker's marks unidentified by this author (Figure 50; Table 11). One complete glass bottle does not contain any maker's mark (Figure 51 ).
Fruit jars, canning jars, or aqua bottle glass, commonly known as mason jars or fruit jars made their introduction in the early nineteenth century. By 1859 fruit jars with embossed lettering made their first appearance (Toulouse 1969:399; Peterson 1996: 19). 104
472.6 ILLUSTRATIO:SS OF TYPES OF MEDICAL/CHEMICAL BOTILES (from Fike 1987)
Shoe Polish
Patent /Proprietary -:· Medicine_.
.:j ' f:1 Pharmacy /Drugstore :•u·. ,.~1 >
( .... . : . -~ -.
2" ,..
0
. V. Cosmetic Chemical Poison /Perfume
IMACS USER'S GUIDE/ June 1992
Figure 39. Illustrations of types of medicine/chemical bottles (from IMACS 2001). 105
. - 7
.•·
._;.,,,;._·;_,.,;...... :;-,..... - Fruit/Canning Jars Milk Bottle
! < ,.: l ' \ --s" ;..• -1 \,. J; \,._ -l. . -( ! ' .... 1 . ;1--:-. l ;• __ .,, . . -· ·? .; ~ l' . --:·· U t.• ..' .1 7•· i ·.. -~. -- Preserve Pepper sauce Mustard Cat sup /Pickle:
Figure 40. Illustrations of household bottles (from IMACS 2001). 106
cm
Figure 41. Recovered glass bottles from 13BN343. Left: Clear glass bottle and base with maker's mark from Obear-Nester Glass Co. Right: Clear glass bottle and base with maker's mark from Owens Bottle Co. Actual sizes. 107 Fruit jars are ubiquitous at many historic archaeological sites in North America as they can be used for multiple uses besides canning purposes. The biggest improvement and invention for the shoulder-seal fruit jar was the development of the zinc cap for easy opening and closing. However, the zinc screw cap provided a "metallic taste" because of the corrosive nature of the metal with the contents of the jar (Toulouse 1969:350-351).
As a result, various types of glass inserts were developed. "To remedy this defect in metallic caps ... a glass plate or partial lining, so arranged that the said glass be the only portion of the cap which any time comes into contact with the jar" (Toulouse 1969:350-
351 ). Sometimes referred to as "porcelain" opal glass, milk glass was used as inserts between the zinc lids and the contents of the jars. After a while, the word "porcelain" upon the milk glass inserts was refused due to its untrue nature by the Hazel-Atlas
Company and new milk glass inserts were later developed (Toulouse 1969:351-352).
Toulouse also states, "The name 'Boyd' was finally placed on a fruit jar, even though he never seems to have had that honor while living, by the Illinois Glass Company of Alton,
Ill., and its Pacific Coast subsidiary. It is to this effort that the liners bearing the name
'Genuine Boyd Mason Cap' were made, not during the earlier years, which dates them about 1900" (Toulouse 1969:352; Figure 52).
Three fragments of aqua bottle glass were recovered from 13BN343 with a maker's mark bearing a "V" in appearance upon the base of the vessel (Table 11). The embossed "V" is from the manufacturing process of the glass vessel from gob feeder machines (IMACS 1992:472). Kendrick describes the devices as follows: 108
cm
PERFECTiJfl MASON
Figure 42. Mason jar fragment from 13BN343. Top: Clear bottle glass with maker's mark from Schram Glass Mfg., Co. Bottom: Copy of maker's marks (from Toulouse 1969:99). Actual size. 109
f I
cm
Figure 43. Selected glass artifacts with maker's marks from 13BN343. Top: Clear glass base with unidentifiable maker's mark. Bottom: Aqua bottle glass with maker's mark. According to Fike ( 1987: 177), the full maker's mark reads, "DR PIERCES/FAVORITE/PRESCRIPTION//R.V PIERCE, M.D.//BUFFALO, N.Y. Actual sizes. 110
0
cc
cm
Figure 44. Recovered bottles from 13BN343. Left: Clear glass medicine bottle with maker's mark "F" from Fairmount Glass Works. Right: Clear glass medicine bottle with maker's mark "H-over-A" from Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. Actual sizes. 111
cm
Figure 45. Recovered bottles from 13BN343. Left: Cobalt blue bottle with maker's mark from Vick's Chemical Co. Right: Amber perfume bottle with maker's mark from Whitall-Tatum Co. Actual sizes. 112
- .. i
. /./l :.c 2 .. . . - . t: . --= - ... ~. .
cm
Figure 46. Reconstructed glass bottles from 13BN343. Left: Clear glass medicine bottle with maker's mark from the Pinex Co. Right: Clear glass medicine bottle with maker's mark from Owen's Illinois Glass Co. Actual sizes. 113
®
4
100 3
2 60
l 20 cc
cm
Figure 47. Recovered glass bottle from 13BN343. Clear glass medicine bottle with maker's mark from Owen's Illinois Bottle Co. Actual sizes. 114
cm
Figure 48. Recovered glass bottle from 13BN343. Clear glass medicine bottle with maker's mark "H-over-A" from Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. Actual sizes. 115
j:
r- r \::x m )a (ll JC rn
cm
Figure 49. Partially reconstructed clear glass medicine bottle from 13BN343. Left: Side panel with maker's mark. Center: partially reconstructed body. Right: Opposite panel with maker's mark. Glass bottle is from Van Duzer. Actual sizes. 116
cm
Figure 50. Glass artifacts from 13BN343. Top: Partially reconstructed clear glass base with unidentifiable maker's mark. Bottom: Partially reconstructed clear glass with unidentifiable maker's mark. Actual sizes. 117
cm Figure 51. Recovered glass bottle from 13BN343. No maker's mark. Actual sizes. 118
In 1917 an important invention of mechanized bottle production (not used by the Owens machine) was a way of forming a measured amount of molten glass from which a bottle could be blown. It is called a "gob feeder". In this process, a gob of glass is drawn from the tank and cut off by shears. Bottles which have been formed from such a gob, may show a design in the center of its base like a "V" with straight lines radiating out at right angles from the "V" (IMACS 1992:472; Kendrick 1966:83).
Several milk glass fragments (mason jar lid glass inserts) were recovered from
13BN343 bearing maker's marks that include the following two companies: Illinois Glass
Co., Alton, Illinois (Table 11) and Diamond Glass Co., Royersford, Pennsylvania (Table
11).
The remaining glass sherds are all from utilitarian vessels including bottles that do not contain any diagnostic maker's marks. Many of the glass sherds are bottle or container glass sherds, bowls, and unidentified etched decorated glass. Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the glass artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927
[1970]).
A total of 1,580 sherds of aqua flat glass (window pane glass) was recovered from
13BN343. All recovered glass sherds are very small, fragile, and very sharp. 100 glass sherds of aqua glass were measured for their thickness. Schoen's (1990) window glass formula for the Midwest was applied to the flat glass assemblage to ascertain an approximate date of manufacture. Schoen's formula is Y=17.25.664 + 1713.008 (X), where X is mean glass thickness in inches and Y is the estimated date of initial construction (Schoen 1990). The estimated date of initial manufacture is 1883 ± 6.2 years (Table 12). 119
Figure 52. Selected artifacts from 13BN343. Top: Zinc mason jar canning lid with milk glass insert. Bottom: Electrical porcelain insulator split knob with maker's mark. Actual sizes. 120 CERAMICS
The recovered ceramics are identified and classified according to ware types and are differentiated by paste color, paste texture, glaze, and decoration. Paste refers to the clay fabric, which forms the vessel and is composed of clay and added natural materials, which are formed when the clay is still wet. Paste determines if the vessels are earthenware, redware, stoneware, whiteware, yellowware, or porcelain (IMACS 2001).
Slip is clay that is mixed with water and applied in liquid form to the ceramic vessel to reduce vessel destruction (IMACS 2001 ). Glaze is defined as the glassy vitreous coating on the exterior of a ceramic vessel and is composed of fused silicate compounds, which are bonded to the surface of the ceramic vessel (IMACS 2001). Decorative techniques are defined as the methods of pattern application to the ceramic vessels. Decoration can be applied either under or over the glaze by brush, decal, or other means (IMACS 2001).
According to Lehner, earthenware is defined as "all ware made of clay and fired except porcelain, china, or stoneware" (Lehner 1988:533). All ceramic sherds not positively identified as redware, stoneware, whiteware, yellowware, and porcelain are identified as earthenware as a default description.
Redware is defined as "a coarse, porous, lightly fired, pottery similar to common brick" (Lehner 1988:533) and is manufactured from red-burning surface clays (Carr
1998:84; Ketchum 1971:3). Redware is extremely fragile and is the softest and the crudest of the earthenwares (Carr 1998:84; Ketchum 1983:10). Redware vessels were hand-thrown, are fired at low temperatures, and are typically lead-glazed (Ketchum
1983:10, 18). Typically, redware is used for utilitarian items such as flowerpots and 121 drainage tile. However; many other redware vessels were utilitarian in nature, i.e., crocks, jars, jugs, mugs, plates, and platters (Ketchum 1983: 10-11).
Stoneware is defined as "a more refined clay burned at a high temperature to make a water resistant non-porous vessel. Sometimes various glazes were added or salt could be thrown into the kiln" (Lehner 1988:534). Early stoneware vessels were hand- thrown. However by the 1880s large factories produced mechanical molding machines that could produce stoneware at a fraction of the time it would normally take for a potter to produce one vessel (Ketchum 1983: 19). The texture of a salt glazed stoneware vessel is similar to that of an orange peel and is typically yellowish-brown or white in color and may often have cobalt-blue or Albany slip painted or trailed before firing (Ketchum
1971:50; 1983: 11; Schultle 1974:62). Albany slip is an earth glaze prepared from the naturally occurring clays with the addition of cementing agents which bind to the ceramic surface during the firing process. Albany slip is develops a dark glossy brown when fired at l l 70°C, brownish-black glaze at 1210°C, and a yellowish-brown glaze at 1290°C
(Schultle 1974:63-64).
Whiteware is a white-pasted earthenware that is fired at a lower temperature, is non-vitreous, and is slightly porous (Ketchum 1983:21). Whiteware can be differed from other ceramics as it contains a more-porous paste, which can stick to the tongue and will powder when scratched (IMA CS 2001 ). Whiteware includes all pottery from cream- colored ware to porcelain and is typically associated with dinnerware. However, whiteware includes anything from spittoons to hair receivers and are almost always molded (DeBolt 1988: 1; Ketchum 1983:21). Ironstone differs from whiteware, as it has a highly vitrified non-porous texture, is typically harder, and is denser than whiteware 122 (Ketchum 1983:21). Whiteware decoration began in the nineteenth century as transfer decoration with colors either being monochrome (usually cobalt blue) or polychrome
(usually blue, green, or red) (IMACS 2001; Ketchum 1983:21). During transfer decoration, an impression is lifted from an engraved copper plate onto a thin piece of tissue paper. The tissue paper is then laid over the pottery and the ink is transferred onto the ceramic vessel during the firing process; the tissue paper is burned away during the firing process. Later whiteware vessels were hand decorated or were decorated with gilding or stenciling (Ketchum 1983:21).
Yellowware is characterized as being finer than pottery or redware, but coarser than earthenware or stoneware, and are light to deep yellow in appearance (Ketchum
1983:20;Lehner 1988:534). The earliest examples of yellowware were wheel-thrown.
However, later examples are made with casts from molds and then fired in ovens.
Yellowware vessels are utilitarian vessels, i.e., bowls, coffeepots, molds, pie plates, pitchers, rolling pins, and teapots (Ketchum 1983: 11-12, 20).
A total of 722 ceramic sherds were recovered from 13BN343 (Table 7). Ceramic sherds were identified and classified as to the type of ceramic and shape. A total of 1 redware sherd, 343 stoneware sherds, 343 whiteware sherds, 9 yellowware sherds, and 1 earthenware sherd were recovered from 13BN343 (Table 8). Different rim profiles were also noted and are illustrated. The identified rim styles include normal milk bowl rim profiles and flared whiteware mug profiles (Figure 53).
Maker's marks were found on stoneware and whiteware fragments. Identified ceramic sherds bearing maker's marks are limited to whiteware and include the following: Colonial Pottery Co., East Liverpool, Ohio (Figure 54; Table 11), Potter's 123 Cooperative Co., East Liverpool, Ohio (Figure 54; Table 11), and Homer Laughlin, East
Liverpool, Ohio (Figure 55; Table 11). One recovered stoneware base sherd contains a maker's mark unidentified to this author (Figure 56; Table 11 ). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the ceramic artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]).
Porcelain is a ware that is white, fine-grained, non-porous, hard, thin, and translucent (IMACS 2001; Lehner 1988:533). Porcelain is highly vitrified and is made from hard-paste or soft-paste and is often difficult to distinguish from glass. Hard-paste porcelain is made from kaolin and other ingredients. Soft-paste porcelain is made from bone ash with other materials (Lehner 1988:533). Porcelain is difficult and expensive to produce and early manufacturing attempts in the United States were usually unsuccessful.
After 1890, porcelain came into wide usage when the American industry began to produce it less expensively, making porcelain more marketable for bath fixtures, china, statuaries, and vases (IMACS 2001; Ketchum 1983:12-13).
A total of 32 porcelain artifacts were recovered from 13BN343. The porcelain sherds h~ve been identified as an electrical porcelain insulator split knob with a maker's mark, bearing "BULL DOG" from the Illinois Electric Porcelain Co., Macomb, Illinois
(Figure 52; Table 11) and various unidentifiable doll figurine and possible vase fragments
(Figure 57). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the porcelain artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co.
1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). 124
cm
Figure 53. Rim profiles from 13BN343. Left: Stoneware rim cross-section. Right: Whiteware flared rim cross-section. Actual sizes. 125
OLONIAL STff<.LlNG CHIN-'
PATENTED 1915
cm
Figure 54. Selected ceramics from 13BN343. Top: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Middle: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Lehner 1988:100). Bottom Left: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Bottom Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from DeBolt 1988:28). Actual sizes. 126
cm
Figure 55. Selected ceramics from 13BN343. Top: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Bottom: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Lehner 1988:248). Actual size. 127
cm
Figure 56. Recovered stoneware base from 13BN343. Stoneware base with salt glaze and unidentifiable maker's mark. Actual size. 128 PLASTIC (CELLULOID)
A total of 18 plastic (celluloid) artifacts were recovered from 13BN343. The plastic artifacts have been identified as hair pin fragments, 2-way sew-through buttons, 4- way sew-through buttons, colored beads, and comb fragments (Figure 58; Table 11).
Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the plastic artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909,
1930, 1927 [1970]).
RUBBER
A total of 14 rubber artifacts were recovered from 13BN343 (Table 11). All rubber fragments are unidentifiable. Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the rubber artifacts
(Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]).
METAL
A total of 2,842 metal artifacts were recovered from 13BN343 (Table 11).
Recovered metal artifacts include shell casings, one buuon, clock fragments, barbed wire, wire, one 1929 U.S. Copper Lincoln Wheat Head Reverse Penny, animal trap fragments, an oil lamp wick dispenser, bottle caps, silverware, one horseshoe, screws, nails, bolts, one door hinge, buckles, rivets, one zipper fragment, one stove door, spikes, hooks, C- clips, D-rings, nails, and many more items as well (Figures 59-60; Table 11 ). 1,415 metal artifacts are unidentifiable due to their corrosive state (Table 11 ). 129
cm
Figure 57. Porcelain artifacts from 13BN343. Top: Porcelain doll head fragment. Bottom: Porcelain arm fragment. Actual sizes. 130
•
• •
•-==••==--cm
Figure 58. Selected plastic artifacts from 13BN343. Top: Folding comb. Middle: Beads. Bottom: Buttons. Actual sizes. 131 A total of 42 brass rim shell casings and one complete bullet were recovered containing maker's marks. The following maker's marks were identified .22 caliber shell casings: Western Cartridge Co., East Alton, Illinois (Figure 61; Table 11), Remington
Arms Company, Inc., Bridgeport, Connecticut (Table 11), United States Cartridge Co.,
Lowell, Massachusetts (Figure 61; Table 11), and Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New
Haven, Connecticut (Figure 61; Table 11 ). One .32 caliber bullet was recovered with a maker's mark from Smith and Wesson, Springfield, Massachusetts (Table 11). One 10 gauge shell casing was recovered and bears a maker's mark from United States Cartridge
Co., Lowell, Massachusetts (Figure 61; Table 11). The following maker's marks were identified on three 12 gauge shell casings Federal Cartridge Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota
(Table 11) and Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Connecticut (Figure 61;
Table 11). One 410 gauge shell casing was recovered with a maker's mark from
Remington Arms Company and Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport,
Connecticut (Figure 61; Table 11). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted producing negative results for the positive identification of the shell casings
(Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]).
Two types of barbed wire were recovered from 13BN343. The two types of recovered barbed wire are Glidden's Barb, Common Variation and Brink's Buckle, Saber
Variation. Glidden' s Barb, Common Variation is a two-strand wire with a two-point wire barb (Clifton 1970:99; Figure 62). Brink's Buckle, Saber Variation is a flat sheet metal strip with a two-point, clip-on sheet metal barb (Clifton 1970:280; Figure 62). Sears,
Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted producing negative results for the 132
• cm
Figure 59. Selected metal artifacts from 13BN343. Top Left: Clock balance wheel fragments. Top Middle: Clock escapement. Top Right: Safety pin. Middle Left: Buckle. Middle: Fastener. Middle Right: Decorative metal artifact. Bottom Left: Horseshoe fragment. Bottom Middle: Military button. Bottom Right: Thimble. Actual sizes. 133
,.,2 3
1929.1954
1929.1954
cm
Figure 60. Selected metal artifacts from 13BN343. Top Left: Bottle cap (exterior). Top Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Toulouse 1971:403). Middle Left: Bottle cap (interior). Middle Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Toulouse 1971 :403). Bottom: Oil lamp wick adjuster. Actual sizes. 134
•
• cm Figure 61. Selected shell casings from 13BN343. Top Row Left: 10 Gauge shotshell. Top Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Stadt 1984: 18). Second Row Left: 12 Gauge shotshell. Second Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Stadt 1984:32). Third Row Left: .22 Caliber shotshell. Third Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from White and Munhall 1963:37). Fourth Row Left: .22 Caliber shotshell. Fourth Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from White and Munhall 1963:26). Bottom Row Left: .22 Caliber shotshell. Bottom Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from White and Munhall 1963:36). Actual sizes. 135
positive identification of the barbed wire (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930,
1927 [ 1970]).
A total of 1,171 nails were recovered from this site (Table 11 ). Due to extensive corrosion and the fragmentary state of the recovered nails, penny-weights, and nail typesrecovered nails are modem wire nails (Figure 63). Modem wire nails were manufactured from ca. 1850 to present (IMACS 2001). There are four types of wire nails: flooring brads, finish nails, common nails, and roofing nails. Modern wire nails typically have a 4-facet point, which is caused by the cutter die near the head of the nail
(Figure 63 ).
BRICK
A total of 476 brick fragments were recovered from 13BN343 (Table 11). A total of 445 (1,622.1 g) of brick were discarded. Using the weight of from a previously recovered soft mud brick weighing approximately 2,300 g, an estimated total of 1.42 bricks were discarded from 13BN343. The recovered brick material is machine-made, soft mud brick, probably from locally excavated alluvial or glacial clays, and typically has a pale-orange color. Soft bricks are also named "salmon, samel, sammy, sandal, or pale" bricks (Gurcke 1987:36). Soft mud brick is machine molded, contains a water content between 20-30%, is relatively cheap to manufacture, and is considered to be a very low quality of brick (Gurcke 1987: 13, 35-36). Soft mud bricks are under-fired and come from the exterior portions of a brick kiln. As a result of the lack of heat in the 136
291 Glidden's Barb, Common Variation Two-strand wire with two-point wire barb. Variation of patent 157124.
Brink's Buckle, Saber Variation 809 Flat sheet metal strip with two-point, clip-on sheet metal barb. Variation of patent 214095.
Figure 62. Barbed wire recovered from 13BN343. Scanned images copied (from Clifton 1970:99, 280). Actual sizes. 137
.!70- NAIL S"rYU. HKEAKOOWN EARLY MACHINE CUT EARLY MACHINE HEADED HAND WROUGHT NAIL..~ with handma Shanks often hawt a beveled facet on one side caused by pressure from die MODERN MACHINE CUT NAILS Late 1830$ - present MODERN WIRE NAILS Ca. 1850 - present 0 Flooring brads FinlSh Common Roonrig or 0 n ,II l Usually have a ~-facet point caused by a cutter die l"tgurc 11. a·l, ,qu-cat nails, 1:1 ,cak:; a. 8 d. finislanc; b. l Ir!" llam:1: c:, 3 d. One l>Jued; d, 7/8" cobacco: c. 12 or.. Hur.prian sboc: r. 6/1" lluepriafl sboc:; g. 10 d. 3 • clincla; h• .CO d, ~n cue i. 9 d. commc:n cut; j, I d. !meing: k, 8 d. c:#ing; I, 8 d. brad. m-r, no scale.. m. 111·,ought iion nail, llboul 1800; n. c111 nail with wrought head, :lbout l800-ll2S; o. cut nail wath crudely-Slampcd head, abot,t 1825 1830; p. cut nail 111•ith 'L" head.about 1300. IISO: q. - ~ion of cut nail slt;mk, about 1790,1110; r. c:oss sec1ion or ;u1 nail shank. about 1110-p,csait. !MACS USER'S Gl:IDE / JUIIC 1992 Figure 63. Illustration of nail style breakdown (from IMACS 2001). 138 firing process, soft mud bricks are soft on the inside and on the outside. Soft mud brick is intended for interior walls and other areas not exposed to weather (Gurcke 1987:36). The recovered brick fragments are from 9" straight rectangular bricks (Figure 64 ).LEATHER A total of 6 leather fragments were recovered from archaeological site 13BN343 (Table 11). A portion of a leather shoe was recovered (Figure 65). The shoe fragment is the upper half, front portion of a shoe. This upper portion of the shoe is sewn onto the bottom portion and the needle marks are still visible. The remaining leather fragments are from a leather harness for human use (Figure 66). The leather fragments are very damaged due to soil acidity. FAUNAL REMAINS A total of 245 bone and teeth fragments were recovered from 13BN343 (Tables 7, 13). The bone and teeth artifacts are typically very small, fragmented, and except for being able to determine if they are mammalian or avian, many of the bones are completely unidentifiable. However, the identified mammalian bone and teeth fragments include eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), pig (Sus scrofa), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) estimate was also calculated to determine how many different individuals of a particular species were identified within the recovered archaeological material by counting the minimal identified faunal remains (Sutton and Arkush 1998:255). The MNI for the pig remains is one. The MNI for the eastern cottontail is five. The MNI for the gray squirrel is one. The MNI for the white- tailed deer is one. The MNI for the raccoon is one. Based upon the avian bone analysis, 139 9" Straight N o. 1 Key Jamb Brick Soap Edge Skew Bullnose Stretcher 6ullnose Header Checker Feather Edge Tongue and Groove Split Brick No. 1 Neck Cove Stretcher No. 3 Arch End Skew No. 2 Wedge Side Skew Ornamental Figure 64. Brick shapes (from Gurcke 1987:121). 140 , -: .. ,.- ~;::- ,.~ cm Figure 65. Illustration of leather shoe fragment from 13BN343. Actual size. 141 two species were identified, which include chicken or rooster (Gallus domesticus) and domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The MNI for the chicken or rooster is one. The MNI for the domestic turkey is two. One exoskeleton of an unidentified invertebrate was also recovered. Eleven mammalian bone fragments showed evidence of saw cut bone (Tables 7, 11 ). All butchered bone fragments are unidentified. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF 13BN343 The recovered material during the archaeological field investigations indicated that site 13BN343 represents an historic rural residence. Site 13BN343 may have been occupied during the late nineteenth century. However the primary dates of site occupation includes the first three decades of the twentieth century. The available historical documentation is consistent with the archaeological material. The Martelli family is the last known occupants of 13BN343 prior to abandoning the site for a new location upon the uplands of the east side of Richardson's Creek in 1939 (See CHAPTER 5). The limestone and brick foundation is believed to be inhabited by the Martelli family and may have been insulated with paper and cardboard. However, paper and cardboard are not well represented at any archaeological site. The recovered brick material does not bear evidence that the foundation was primarily made of brick; rather, brick may have been used in conjunction of the geological building material as secondary building materials. It is possible that the homestead may have had a flat sheet-metal roof based upon the large amount of recovered flat sheets of unidentifiable metal. 142 Figure 66. Recovered leather harness from 13BN343. Actual size. 143 Unfortunately, the exact foundation size cannot be determined due to the construction of the hiking trail impacting the foundation. The date of the initial construction of the residence was calculated from the aqua flat glass thickness. The calculations suggest that the date of the residence was constructed between 1877-1889. This date is consistent of the recovered material culture (Table 14). However, the first and only appearance of site, 13BN343 within an historic plat or atlas is from the 1911 Madrid Quadrangle (Figure 22). Two features were identified during subsurface testing. A large cinder fill was located in test units SW32 and SW33. The depositional material consisted primarily of slag and coal clinkers from burned bituminous coal. The homestead did not have electricity so the excavation of coal along Richardson's Creek was necessary for heating purposes. Mr. Martelli was a known coal miner who worked for Scandia Coal Mine #4 (13BN417) and knew how to identify coal streams and how to excavate coal. Mr. Martelli extracted coal at 13BN418 with the assistance of the older male children and transported the coal across the various landforms for the usage at 13BN343. The trail from 13BN418 can still be observed south of 13BN343. Rock and earthen mounds of extracted subsurface materials can still be identified near and around 13BN418. The coal may have been used in a stove located at 13BN343 and the coal clinkers or slag were discarded away from the limestone foundation. A dirt wagon trail is located to the north of the existing foundation. It is believed that this is the primary trail for the movement up and down the steep hillslope. The trail was never operated and maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation and it is 144 believed that the trail was soon abandoned after site 13BN343 was abandoned based upon the over-growth of trees and grasses. The recovered artifacts suggest that the site was occupied between 1871-1935 with terminal occupation dates between 1900-1935. The artifact assemblage recovered during the archaeological excavations is consistent with a residence that was occupied by a family. Personal items support the personal interviews conducted with Tanisinia Holderness that her family once occupied site 13BN343. A number of artifacts may determine gender and age-associated materials. A number of toys were recovered from the site. Porcelain doll fragments, toy dishes, and beads may be associated with female children (T. Nepstad-Thornberry, C. Nepstad-Thornberry, and Carr 1999:23). In fact, Mrs. Holderness reported remembering the porcelain doll fragments as a young girl (Tiffany, personal communication 2003). Similarly, marbles may be associated with male children. Personal items are also indicative of male and female co-habitation. Metal blades, pocketknife fragments, plastic comb fragments, pipe fragments, bullet fragments including shell casings, bone handles for tool implements, and large leather shoe fragments are items typically associated with male occupation. Similarly, a thimble, a high percentage of plastic buttons, and plastic (bakelite) hair pin fragments are items typically associated with female occupation (T. Nepstad-Thornberry, C. Nepstad- Thornberry, and Carr 1999:23). The Martelli family adapted to the local environment and adopted subsistence strategies in order to accommodate the harsh Iowa climate. Mr. Martelli was known as an avid gardener and hunter. A number of shotgun shell casings and .22 caliber shotshells were recovered during archaeological investigations. Based upon the MNI of 145 recovered fauna! remains, Mr. Martelli may have hunted local avian and mammalian species including beaver, deer, raccoon, possum, turkey, and perhaps other fauna such as raccoon, squirrel, and turkey. Mr. Martelli was also reported to have raised chickens (0.6 kg of useable meat; Theler 1987:22), ducks (0.5 kg of useable meat; Theler 1987:22), pigs, and rabbits (0.7 kg of useable meat; Theler 1987:23). Recovered artifacts also include animal trap fragments, a horseshoe, wire, mesh, chain link fence fragments, and a variety of leather and metal material associated with raising animals, including, a harness, belts, buckles, fasteners, clasps, metal C-clips, D-rings, hooks, handles, latches, lids, and straps to further support the trapping and raising of animals. Mrs. Martelli was known to have been an avid canner of local fruits and vegetables (See CHAPTER 5). The recovered aqua bottle glass from mason jars, reflect the past evidence of the preservation of vegetal material. The use of canned fruits and vegetables may have provided a substantial food source for the harsh winter months when traversing up and down the steep hillslope would have been nearly impossible. Furthermore, the use of the mason jars may have also been used for the storage of wine from personally grown grapes for the purpose of wine consumption. During the time of the Great Depression, adapting to local subsistence strategies and obtaining an over-abundance of foodstuffs may have provided a source of barter-ship or trade for neighboring peoples. The desire for wine, jarred foodstuff, fresh meat, and coal for heating purposes may have been desirable materials to obtain. Mr. Martelli may have traded foodstuff for utilitarian housewares including dishware, glassware, and silverware. 146 However, the majority of the ceramic assemblage consists of undecorated whiteware and utilitarian stoneware. These ware types would have been the cheapest and were the most available wares available during the early twentieth century (T. Nepstad- Thomberry, C. Nepstad-Thronberry, and Carr 1999:24). Furthermore, the ceramics with maker's marks do not contain many matching pieces, illustrating that the family may not have had a matching set; rather an almost complete ceramic set containing pieces of different stylistic patterns and designs (T. Nepstad-Thornberry, C. Nepstad-Thronberry, and Carr 1999:24). The recovered coal clinkers, slag, chimney lamp glass, and oil lamp wicker dispenser fragments suggest no heating or electricity existed at 13BN343. As stated earlier, Mr. Martelli mined his personal coal for heating purposes and oil lamps were used for lighting purposes. SUMMARY The recovered material during the archaeological field investigations indicated that site 13BN343 represents an historic rural residence. Site 13BN343 may have been occupied during the late nineteenth century, however the primary dates of site occupation include the first three decades of the twentieth century. The available historical documentation is consistent with the archaeological material. The Martelli family are the last known occupants of 13BN343. Based upon the recovered archaeological material, this site is typical of other archaeological excavated rural homesteads dating to this period. Related late nineteenth-early twentieth century rural homesteads include: 13DA162, 13DA163, 13JHI 10, 13JH743, 13JH910, 13JH911, 13JH923, 13MK420, 147 13MK433, and 13PK679 (Nepstad-Thomberry, Nepstad-Thomberry, and Carr 1999; Peterson 1997, 1999; Peterson and Wendt 1999; and Snow 1992, 2000). Thirty-six 1 m x I m test units were excavated at site 13BN343. Full-scale archaeological work is no longer recommended. Continued excavation for the field- school for youth would yield good excavation experience for students and artifacts may still be in situ. However, it is believed that no major significant archaeological information may be produced with further excavation. 148 CHAPTER 7. 13BN392: RABID COON ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS Archaeological site 13BN392 is located in Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa (Figure 8). Site 13BN392 lies on a middle Holocene terrace along the western side of Richardson's Creek (Figure 67). Site 13BN392 was located by Curtis Nepstad- Thornberry and was recorded by Joseph A. Tiffany in 1998 during an Iowa State University summer archaeological field school. Since 1998, site 13BN392 has been used as part of the field component of Anthropology 308, the undergraduate core course in archaeology at Iowa State University (Figures 68-69). Site 13BN392 consists of the remains of a burned down homestead. A large dugout feature cut into the terrace scarp can be found just south of the house foundation, an iris patch lies east of the foundation, and a large midden is present on the slope and low terrace below the house site. Based upon the artifact debris field, site 13BN392 measures approximately 45 m x 45 m in size and encompasses 0.01 acres (0.004 ha). The foundation is believed to have been constructed of flagstones and rock with a brick chimney. The homestead burned down ca. 1930 while the site was occupied or was abandoned with cultural material left behind. This hypothesis exists as the result of the high concentration of burnt materials (e.g., glass and ceramics), exploded brick fragments, and the high concentration of utilitarian and prestige cultural remains, including two twin bed springs, pocketwatch fragments, a rare Knights of Pythias crest, a rare Boone County Dairy Bowl, and imported whiteware found at the site. As late as the spring of 2003, observed, but not collected artifacts include melted aqua flat glass, melted clear bottle glass, aqua bottle glass, milk glass, crockery, whiteware, and unidentified 149 13BN392 Rabid Coon Site Site Map I 0-0 ffE Quadnl\t ,:-····-·•-..-.... -y-•·- : swou~ 1 I ouactnrt : --.. . .• 7 2' : .• m < Dugout Feature 138N392 legend -- -··· ·-----, Basel:ne l$58 &.a·a:i-:n U::-.:.s Cor~r Tertatr10 Sbud:J.~ Bounda.-; caib --7 l.lmG1!CflO S'~b - - r-cvnd.31.!cn -·-· __ ., - - --•--•---· Figure 67. Site map of 13BN392 adapted (from Parrish et al 2001:48). 150 --.- .;-:-__ f-"· - ~-·?, ,. -. ~- ..... •". ' .., ' .--r.,;::·,'.'1.,7· 'rt· J.,.,... .. -~-';/,-·1\ ;~ ;;· . ... : ·_·.., ....,,T.. t . ":-""'1: (.. ·: -.~:"'!- •' ·,... t • ~,,~,-11 ~,_-. f'-_·_: .- '". .,i \ ., - . -~- ~- -•l,"=•-~ ,.; . ' ---: "'•: . ~~.~.>i.~·.. S."l!::; '-- Figure 68. Excavation at 13BN392 in 1999. Top: Anthropology 308 Teaching Assistant Jake Fox instructing students with Charles K. Benton, Curtis P. Nepstad- Thomberry assisting. Bottom: ISU Graduate Student Leslie Saele (center) excavating a test unit. 151 metal. A large dugout feature is believed the remains of a possible root cellar (Figure 67). As of the spring of 2003, canning materials can still be observed upon the surface and area of the dugout feature. A large midden is located upon the slope and the low Holocene terrace below the house site (Figure 67). Based upon surficial scatter of artifacts, it is believed that area measures 20 m x 20 m. As late as the spring of 2003, observed but not collected artifacts include (all items are non-burnt or melted) amber bottle glass, aqua flat glass, clear bottle glass, cobalt blue bottle glass, green bottle glass, purple bottle glass, decorated porcelain, crockery jug, stoneware sherds with yellowish-green salt glaze, whiteware, white plastic 2-way sew-through button, rubber, coffee pot percolator, metal baking powder lid, metal enameled pans, metal cans, metal fence, metal gas can, metal pans, metal springs, metal wire mesh, wire nails, and zinc canning lid with milk glass insert. Since 1998, a total of nine 1 m x 1 m test units have been excavated at 13BN392 (Figure 67). All units were excavated in arbitrary ten cm level units with trowels. All excavated material was screened using a ¼" mesh hardwire screen placed over plastic tarps to avoid further site destruction and contamination. All recovered artifacts, photographs, and documentation are curated at ISUAL. The average depth of the subsurface test units was 9.5 cm (Table 15). Not all units were excavated evenly due to time constraints, the excavation by students, and presence of features. All measurements were taken from a datum located in the northwest comer of every unit. 152 Similar to 13BN343, laboratory artifact analyses were conducted at ISUAL to systematically re-inventory all artifacts curated at ISUAL from 13BN392. The purpose of this was to provide a concise, thorough, and consistent manner of catalog and presentation of all the recovered artifacts. Tabulations were required to determine if the hand-written inventory sheets corresponded to and reflect what was actually curated at ISUAL. Re-examinations of ISUAL's archival records were consulted to confirm what was recovered during archaeological investigations at 13BN392, and to determine if the recovered material corresponded with and reflected the hand-written archival records. As with 13BN343 a revision and a re-examination of the artifact inventory recovered from 13BN392 was necessary to present the portable material culture in a concise and consistent manner. Many artifacts reflected within the original inventory sheets were not present within the ISUAL repository or in the teaching lab in Room 309, Curtiss Hall when the author conducted the artifact re-analyses. As a result, the artifacts are listed on the updated inventory lists and on file at ISUAL. Unfortunately, 534 artifacts are considered to be missing from their proper locations due to failure to update the catalog while de-accessioning the materials (Tables 12). Catalog numbers remained the same and all artifacts were put in specimen boxes according to their unit and the specific levels from where the artifacts were recovered. Many specimen boxes were condensed to provide more room within the repository. 153 MATERIAL CULTURE Like 13BN343, the quality of the recovered artifacts from an archaeological site can be affected by environmental, manufactured, and depositional factors. Local climatic conditions, chemical make-up of soil, and soil moisture all affect the preservation and destruction of archaeological materials. Organic materials such as bone, leather, wood, paper, textiles, etc., are not often preserved at archaeological sites in Iowa. However, inorganic materials, such as, ceramics and glass are better preserved (Gradwohl and Osborn 1990:123-124). Due to the corrosive nature of metal, it is often difficult to identify. As a result, ceramic and glass artifacts often predominate the recovered historic archaeological assemblage. A total of 14,654 reported artifacts have been recovered and curated at ISUAL from archaeological site 13BN392 (Tables 17-18). An additional 27,187 objects were recovered and were eventually discarded (Table 19). Objects were discarded and not curated at ISUAL for the following reasons: items were not archaeological in nature, such as rocks and to reserve repository space at ISUAL. All discarded objects were weighed, counted by appropriate provenience and include brick fragments, coal, melted objects, rocks, slag, and unidentifiable nails. Information containing the weight and number of discarded objects was catalogued for archival purposes. Selected inorganic artifacts will be discussed in the following manner: glass, ceramics, plastic, and metal. Organic artifacts, such as leather and bone will also be discussed. 154 GLASS ARTIFACTS A total of 4,153 sherds glass sherds were recovered from site 13BN392 between 1998-2001 (Table 17). Glass artifacts were identified and classified according to color and when applicable, vessel type. Several different types of glass and colors of small glass sherds were excavated from this site and include: amber bottle, amethyst bottle, aqua bottle, blue bottle, clear bottle, frosted bottle, green bottle, green bowl, milk glass, mirror glass, and violet glass (Table 17). Partial glass vessel types include: ink wells, pharmacy/drugstore bottles, patent/proprietary (medicine) bottles, cosmetic/perfume bottles, and canning jars (Figures 39-40). All maker's marks were recorded to determine manufacturer dates of production and to ascertain better dates of site occupation (Table 20). Aqua flat glass (window pane glass) was also recovered. A wide variety of glass bearing embossed maker's marks were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 15). Reconstructions of bottle sherds were possible for some of the bottles. However, in most instances the bottle sherds were too fragmentary to determine bottle type and what the bottles may have contained. Identified glass bottle fragments bearing maker's marks include Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Wheeling, West Virginia (Figure 70; Table 20), Whitall-Tatum and Co., Millville, New Jersey (Table 20), Root Glass Co., Terra Haute, Indiana (Figure 71; Table 20), Capstan Glass Co., Connellsville, Pennsylvania (Table 20), Atlas Glass Co., Washington, Pennsylvania (Figure 72; Table 20), Buck Glass Co., Baltimore, Maryland (Table 20), and Ball Bros. Co., Muncie, Indiana or Schram Glass Manufactoring Co., St. Louis, Missouri (Table 20). Several milk glass fragments (mason jar lid glass inserts) were recovered from 13BN392 bearing maker's marks from the following companies: Illinois Glass Co., 155 cm Figure 70. Selected glass artifacts with maker's marks from 13BN392. Top: Clear glass bottle base with "PATENT APPLIED FOR" mark. Bottom: Reconstructed melted clear glass bottle base with Hazel-Atlas maker's mark. Actual sizes. 156 cm Figure 71. Selected glass artifacts with maker's marks from 13BN392. Top: Clear bottle base with unidentifiable maker's mark. Bottom: Partially reconstructed amber glass bottle base with maker's mark from Root Glass Co .. Actual sizes. 157 Alton, Illinois (Table 20) and Diamond Glass Co., Royersford, Pennsylvania (Table 20), and Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Wheeling, West Virginia (Figure 73; Table 20). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the glass artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). The remaining glass sherds are all from utilitarian vessels including bottles that do not contain any diagnostic maker's marks. Many of the glass sherds are bottle or container glass sherds, bowls, and etched decorated glass Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the glass artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). A total of 726 sherds of aqua flat glass ( window pane glass) were recovered from 13BN392. All recovered glass sherds were small, fragile, and very sharp. 100 glass sherds of aqua glass were measured for their thickness from SW4-1. Schoen' s ( 1990) window glass formula for the Midwest was applied to the flat glass assemblage to ascertain an approximate date of manufacture. The estimated date of initial manufacture is 1898 ± 6.2 years (Table 21). CERAMICS Similar to 13BN343, the recovered ceramics are identified and classified according to ware types and are differentiated by paste color, paste texture, glaze, and decoration. A total of 1,659 ceramic sherds were recovered from l 3BN392 (Table 17). Ceramic sherds were identified and classified as to the type of ceramic and shape. A total 158 cm -ATLAS- STRONC SHOULDER MA SON Figure 72. Reconstructed mason jar fragments from 13BN392. Top: Aqua bottle glass with maker's mark from Atlas Glass Co. Bottom: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Toulouse 1971:26). Actual size. 159 Figure 73. Milk glass from 13BN392. Top: Reconstructed milk glass insert with maker's mark from Hazel-Atlas Glass Co .. Bottom: Milk glass insert. Actual sizes. 160 of 414 stoneware sherds, 933 whiteware sherds, 19 spongeware sherds, and 293 earthenware sherds were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 17). The earthenware artifacts were classified accordingly, due to the poor condition of the recovered artifacts. In essence, earthenware was a default category for burnt, non-stoneware or porcelain artifacts. The identified rim styles include normal milk bowl rims and normal bowl profiles. Spongeware vessels are characterized by their decoration from paint-filled brushes or sponges with various colors that include blue, green, red, reddish-brown, and white (Carr 1998:82-83; Siebert 1997:5; Ketchum 1983:213). Spongeware vessels were manufactured from ca. 1890-1930 and were very popular in California, New Jersey, and Ohio (Ketchum 1983:213). Maker's marks were found on spongeware and whiteware fragments. Identified ceramic sherds bearing maker's marks were identified from the following companies: Pope Gosser China Co., Coshocton, Ohio (Figure 74; Table 20), Homer Laughlin, East Liverpool, Ohio (Figure 75; Table 20), Alfred Meakin Ltd., Tunstall, Staffordshire, England (Figure 74; Table 20), and Red Wing Union Stoneware Company, Red Wing, Minnesota (Figure 76; Table 20). The partially reconstructed spongeware bowl from Red Wing is an unusual artifact (Figures 76-77; Table 20). The complete maker's mark reads, "MIX BETTERffHINGS TO EAT/BOONE DAIRY/PRODUCTS/FOURTH ANNIVERSARY". The fourth anniversary for the Boone Dairy is 1926 (Irwin, personal communication 2002). This mixing bowl was used in 1926 as a promotional item by the 161 -~.. < , •• :. i: .,. ·. t '~ -~ '-··· - •• i ,~-- ... ~-?:' - cm Figure 74. Selected whiteware from 13BN392. Top Left: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Top Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from DeBolt 1988:62). Bottom Left: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Bottom Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Kowalsky 1999:277). Actual sizes. 162 HmtrnjAuGHUN HOMERjAUGHUN cm Figure 75. Selected ceramics from 13BN392. Top Left: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Top Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from DeBolt 1988:88). Middle Left: Whiteware base with maker's mark. Middle Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from DeBolt 1988:88). Bottom Left: Partially reconstructed whiteware base with maker's mark. Bottom Right: Scanned image of maker's mark (from Lehner 1988:248). Actual sizes. 163 Boone Dairy and was not intended for practical usage. According to Ketchum, tall bowls like this would have been "impractical for mixing and catalogues indicated they were designed primarily as serving pieces" (Ketchum 1983:213). Furthermore, messages on the bottom interior of the bowl are rare and are highly prized and sought after collectible. The bowl may have held butter or cheese and may have been covered with waxed cardboard or paper for promotional purposes (Ketchum 1983:213). A total of 51 porcelain artifacts were recovered from 13BN392. The porcelain sherds have been identified as china and figurine fragments (Table 17). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the porcelain artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). PLASTIC (CELLULOID) A total of 42 plastic (celluloid) artifacts were recovered from 13BN392. The plastic artifacts have been identified as beads, buttons, and comb fragments (Figure 78; Table 17). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the plastic artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). RUBBER A total of 13 rubber artifacts were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 17). All rubber fragments are unidentifiable. Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also 164 t '· .; ,i . ,,. . , ..., . -....;: ..,_ ·.,;-- .... Figure 76. Spongeware bowl from 13BN392. Left: Complete vessel courtesy of the Boone County Historical Museum. Right: Partially reconstructed vessel from 13BN392. 165 Figure 77. Boone County Dairy Bowl. Top: 1926 and 1925 Boone County Dairy Bowl (Front). Bottom: 1926 and 1925 Boone County Dairy Bowl (Back). Bowls courtesy of the Boone County Historical Museum. 166 • cm Figure 78. Selected plastic artifacts from 13BN392. Top: Mirror wrap. Second Row Left: Black bead. Second Row Left-Center: Yellow bead. Second Row Right-Center: Blue beads. Second Row Right: Red beads. Third Row Left: White round bead. Third Row Right: White bead. Bottom Left: Brown button. Bottom Left: Black pipestem. Actual sizes. 167 consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the rubber artifacts (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). METAL A total of 4,015 metal artifacts were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 17). Recovered metal artifacts include fine wire, prongs, ribbons, clock fragments, mesh, bolts, bottle caps, C-clips, coils, D-rings, eyelids, garter clips, hooks, nuts, screws, spikes, staples, safety pin fragments, and many others (Figure 79). 364 metal artifacts are unidentifiable due to their corrosive state (Table 17). Three United States copper Lincoln Wheat Head Reverse pennies were recovered from 13BN392. The dates of the three pennies are 1909, 1914, and 1919. A total of 21 brass rim shell casings and one complete bullet were recovered containing maker's marks. The following maker's marks were identified on .22 caliber shell casings: Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Connecticut (Figure 80; Table 20), United States Cartridge Co., Lowell, Massachusetts (Figure 80; Table 20) and Western Cartridge Co., East Alton, Illinois (Figure 80; Table 20). Three .32 caliber shell casings were recovered and include the following maker's marks: Remington Arms Company and Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Connecticut (Table 20). The following maker's marks were identified on 12 gauge shell casings: Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Connecticut (Figure 80; Table 20) and Remington Arms Company and Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Connecticut (Table 20). Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the shell casings (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 168 X 0. cm Figure 79. Selected metal artifacts from 13BN392. Top Row Left: Harmonica reed board. Top Row Center: Iron clock gears. Top Row Right: Wrench fragment. Second Row Left: Garter clip fragments. Second Row Center: Staple. Second Row Right: Knights of Pythias crest. Third Row Left: "X" pendent. Third Row Center: Bra/Garter clips. Third Row Right: Eyelids. Bottom Row Left: Button. Bottom Row Right: Safety pin. Actual sizes. 169 cm Figure 80. Selected shell casings from 13BN392. Top Row Left: 12 Gauge shotshell. Top Right: Scanned image of maker's mark from Stadt (1984:32). Second Row Left: 12 Gauge shotshell. Second Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark from Stadt (1984:76). Third Row Left: .22 Caliber shell casing. Third Row Right: Scanned image of maker's mark from White and Munhall (1963). Fourth Row Left: .22 Caliber shell casing. Fourth Row Right: Scanned maker's mark from White and Munhall (1963:26). Bottom Row Left: .22 Caliber shell casing. Bottom Row Right: Scanned maker's mark from White and Munhall (1963:77). Actual sizes. 170 1930, 1927 [ 1970]). An unusual artifact, a Knights of Pythias crest, was recovered from 13BN392 (Figure 79; Table 20). The positive identification of the crest was made by an IS UAL volunteer, Jonathan Melchert in the fall of 2001 when consulting historic Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues. The catalogues did not illustrate the exact crest, but many different types of Knights of Pythias crests were observed (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [ 1970]). The following excerpt is from an email from the Supreme Secretary of the Knights of Pythias, Alfred A Saltzman, which was sent to this author regarding the front scene of the crest and the Order of the Knights of Pythias: The Order Knights of Pythias was founded in Washington DC on February 19, 1864 by Justus H. Rathbone. It is based upon the story of Damon and Pythias, two very close friends during the time of ancient Greek history. Damon was sentenced to death by the tyrant king. Dionysius, and his friend, Pythias, offered to stay as a hostage for four hours so that Damon could visit his family one last time. No one expected Damon to return and face his fate, but at the very last moment, Damon, true to his word and his friend, appeared at the place of execution. The king was so amazed at this show of loyalty and trust that he freed both men. In those days, most men wore helmets, shields, swords, and a variety of weapons. That is why there are so predominant on the swords ... "FCB" stands for FRIENDSHIP, CHARITY, AND BENEVOLENCE-the three cardinal principles of the ORDER to which we adhere very strongly, even today. You will see it wherever Pythianism is mentioned (Saltzman, personal communication 2002). The back of the crest bears an inscribed locational maker's mark reading, "Compliments/Star of the West Lodge #4". West Lodge #4 is now called, "Star of the West Lodge # 1" and is located near Cedar Rapids, Iowa (Saltzman, personal communication 2002). The lodge located near Cedar Rapids has been in operation since 1869 (Hammond, personal communication 2002. It was believed that this was the best 171 opportunity to determine who the occupants of 13BN392 may have been. However, information regarding past members of the West Lodge #4 produced negative results as email and telephone messages were not returned by individuals to this author. Three metal buttons or snap covers were recovered bearing the maker's mark of "Fort Brand" from 13BN392 (Table 20). Attempts were made to ascertain if "Fort Brand" was a military installation or a brand of garments. Several works were consulted, without success, to determine what "Fort Brand" may represent (Adams and Albert 1965; Cragg 2000; Emerson 1996; Evinger 1991; Luscomb 1967; Roberts 1988; and Sullivan 1942). One possibility is that "Fort Brand" is not a military installation, but rather a garment maker's mark. Sears, Roebuck, and Co. catalogues were also consulted, producing negative results for the positive identification of the maker's mark (Sears, Roebuck, and Co. 1900, 1909, 1930, 1927 [1970]). A total of 3,308 nails were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 17). Due to extensive corrosion and the fragmentary state of the recovered nails, penny-weights, and nail types were not obtained for this investigation. However, what can be determined is that the recovered nails are modem wire nails (Figure 63). BRICK A total of 3,650 soft mud brick fragments were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 17). An additional of 20,088 (67,202.9 g) soft mud brick fragments were counted, weighed, and were discarded from this site at ISUAL (Table 14). Using the weight of from a previously recovered soft mud brick weighing approximately 2,300 g, an estimated total of 29.2 bricks were discarded from 13BN392. Many of the brick 172 fragments contained a limestone mortar and it is believed that the brick is from a collapsed "short stack" chimney located at the eastern side of the foundation. FAUNAL REMAINS A total of 30 bone and teeth fragments were recovered from 13BN392 (Table 21). The bone and teeth artifacts are typically very small, fragmented, and except for being able to determine if they are mammalian or avian, many of the bones are completely unidentifiable. However, one identified mammalian tooth fragment is from a Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). No avian bones were recovered from this site. One large butchered mammalian bone was recovered. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF l 3BN392 The recovered material during the archaeological field investigations indicated that site 13BN392 represents an historic rural residence. Site 13BN392 may have been occupied during the late nineteenth century. However the primary dates of site occupation includes the first three decades of the twentieth century. Unfortunately, it is not known who may have occupied and lived at 13BN392. The homestead was of flagstone and brick construction and may have had a half- brick chimney on the east side of the residence. The recovered brick material does not bear evidence that the foundation was primarily made of brick; rather, brick may have augmented a flagstone foundation. It is possible that the homestead may have had a flat sheet-metal roof based upon the large amount of recovered flat sheets of unidentifiable metal. A large flagstone was have been used as an entry way near Unit SW9 (Figure 67). 173 The size of the residence is approximately 10 m x 8 m. The date of the initial construction of the residence was calculated from the aqua flat glass thickness. The calculations suggest that the date of the residence was constructed between 1892-1904. This date is consistent of the recovered material culture. However, the first and only appearance of site 13BN392 within an historic plat or atlas is from the 1911 U.S.G.S. Madrid Quadrangle (Figure 22). A large dugout feature is located to the south of the residence (Figure 67). The dugout feature is approximately 8 m x 5 m. This feature is believed to be the remains of a root cellar, once storing a variety of foodstuff from canning efforts. A large midden is located southeast of the house foundation (Figure 67). The midden is located on upon a low Holocene terrace north of Richardson's Creek. Based upon the distribution of artifacts upon the surface, the midden measures 20 m X 20 m. The artifacts present within the midden are not melted and were discarded after use. The artifact assemblage includes store-bought utilitarian kitchen items. An abandoned road lies west of the foundation and switches back up the steep slope to the uplands. It is believed that this is the primary road for the movement up and down the steep hillslope. The road was never operated and maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation and it is believed that it was soon abandoned after site 13BN392 was abandoned based upon the over-growth of trees and understory. The recovered artifacts suggest that the site was occupied between 1871-1935 with terminal occupation dates between 1900-1930. The recovered artifact assemblage is consistent with other rural homesteads occupied at this time. A number of artifacts may determine gender and age-associated materials. A number of toys were recovered from 174 the site. Porcelain doll fragments, glass doll eye, and beads may be associated with female children (T. Nepstad-Thomberry, C. Nepstad-Thomberry, and Carr 1999:23). Similarly, marbles and a toy car fragment may be associated with male children. Personal items are also indicative of male and female co-habitation. A harmonica reed board, a Knights of Pythias crest, pocketwatch fragments, metal blades, pocketknife fragments, plastic comb fragments, pipe fragments, bullet fragments including shell casings, and bone handles for tool implements are items typically associated with male occupation. Similarly, a metal garter and bra clips, a number of plastic buttons, and plastic (bakelite) hair pin fragments are items typically associated with female occupation (T. Nepstad-Thomberry, C. Nepstad-Thomberry, and Carr 1999:23). However, site 13BN392 also contains some status items, including two twin bed springs, pocketwatch fragments, a rare Knights of Pythias crest, a rare Boone County Dairy Bowl, and imported whiteware. The dugout feature and the high number of canning artifacts suggest that the occupants of 13BN392 produced and stored a variety of vegetal foodstuffs. However, it is unknown what the occupants canned. Similarly, the lack of fauna! remains suggests that the family did not raise animals or may have been discarded in a manner differing from items recovered at 13BN343. SUMMARY The recovered material during the archaeological field investigations indicated that site 13BN392 represents an historic rural residence with a limestone foundation with a brick short-stack chimney, which collapsed during a fire that ultimately destroyed the 175 homestead. Site 13BN392 may have been occupied by a small nuclear family during the late nineteenth century. However the primary dates of site occupation include the first three decades of the twentieth century. The available historical documentation, including plats and atlases is consistent with the dated archaeological material. This site is typical of other rural homesteads dating to this period. Related late nineteenth-early twentieth century rural homesteads include: 13DA162, 13DA163, 13JH110, 13JH743, 13JH910, 13JH911, 13JH923, 13JN190, 13MK420, 13MK433, and 13PK679 (Fishel and Peterson 2001; T. Nepstad-Thornberry, C. Nepstad-Thornberry, and Carr 1999; Peterson 1997, 1999; Peterson and Wendt 1999; and Snow 1992, 2000). Unfortunately, the inhabitants of site 13BN392 were not determined. Nine 1 m x 1 m test units were excavated at site 13BN392. This site has not been fully excavated. Full-scale archaeological work is still recommended. If future archaeological investigations at 13BN343 produces little or limited information, it is recommended that future archaeological field school for youth patrons conduct archaeological investigations at 13BN392. 176 CHAPTER 8. SillJI\.1ARY AND CONCLUSIONS This study has been based upon inf01mation gathered through historical and archaeological investigative techniques for archaeological sites 13BN343 and 13BN392 located within the Iowa 4-H Center property. The data presented were obtained from various archaeological field schools and Anthropology 308 fieldwork from 1995-2001. Recovered artifacts, photographs, inventory sheets, and all other paperwork are curated at ISUAL. The primary objectives of this study with regard to the historic archaeological settlements at the Iowa 4-H Center included: 1) to systematically re-inventory all artifacts curated at ISUAL from 13BN343 and 13BN392; 2) to attempt to date all artifacts that may contain a company's maker's marks; 3) to determine past lifeways, site inhabitants, folklore and anecdotes of the residents living along Richardson's Creek, and to record related coal mining activities within Boone County; 4) to determine if the Martelli family lived at l3BN343 or 13BN392, to locate the Dominic Martelli mine shaft. to document the current Martelli/Holderness property, and to locate the former location of Scandia Coal Mine #4 (former employer of Dominic Martelli). The examination of the historic archaeological sites within the Iowa 4-H Center was deemed necessary because: 1) there did not exist any detailed written account of the people living within the property now maintained by the Iowa 4-H Center; 2) there was no interpretative analysis of the recovered artifacts from the Iowa 4-H Center; 3) it was believed that people now living around the vicinity of the Iowa 4-H Center could provide vital information (a valuable resource that is becoming rare) of the activities and names of the people who once lived within the Iowa 4-H Center; and 4) this work completed 177 another chapter of the Iowa State University Department of Anthropology's involvement with the on-going education and participation in public archaeology at the Iowa 4-H Center. Currently, however, the future ofISUAL's involvement in archaeological activities at the Iowa 4-H Center is uncertain. A'S a result, this may have been the last opportunity to summarize archaeological investigations at the Iowa 4-H Center by ISUAL personnel. Based upon the information collected, Euro-American settlement in Boone County, Iowa began as early as 1846. However, the historical and folkloric information collected was sketchy at best. Archaeological site 13BN343 is positively identified on the 1911 U.S.G.S Madrid Quadrangle (Figure 30). Other consulted atlases and plats produced negative results; American Lithographing and Printing (1938, 1939), G. Anderson (1918), Andreas (1875),Booth(1959, 1965, 1969, 1969-1970, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1985-1986, 1987-1988, 1992), Directory Service (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985), Hawkeye Farm Plat Book (1969, 1983), Hovey and Frame (1902), Huebinger (1912, 1913, 1917, 1918, 1924), Iowa State Highway Commission (1936, 1938, 1940, 1948, 1952, 1958), Johnson Map (1942, 1946, 1949), Luther (1965, 1976), Merchants Messenger (1935), Northwest (1896), and Rockford (1979). However, based upon dated maker's marks found on the recovered artifacts, the site may have been occupied between 1850-1972 with the primary occupation dating between 1900-1936 (Table 9). Furthermore, 100 aqua flat glass sherds were measured for their thickness and yielded an initial date of manufacture of 1883 ± 6.2 years. The last occupants of archaeological site 178 13BN343 was the Dominic Martelli family who may have inhabited the site between 1930-1937 before purchasing ten acres ofland on the east side of Richardson's Creek in 1937. Mr. Martelli and family never owned land where 13BN343 is located. Mr. Martelli and family subsisted and took advantage of the wide variety of local flora, fauna. and coal found within the Iowa 4-H Center to provide food and heat for his family. Mr. Martelli was a coal miner, a hunter, a gardener, and raised animals for food, which is documented through the recovered archaeological assemblage and through interviews. Archaeological artifacts can still be observed on the surface at and near 13BN343, including: a stove door, aqua flat glass, stoneware, misc. unidentified metal, bricks, and petrified wood. Archaeological site 13BN392 is positively identified on the 1911 U.S.G.S Madrid Quadrangle (Figure 30). Other consulted atlases and plats produced negative results; American Lithographing and Printing (1938, 1939), G. Anderson (1918), Andreas (1875),Booth(1959, 1965, 1969, 1969-1970, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1985-1986, 1987-1988, 1992), Directory Service (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985), Hawkeye Farm Plat Book (1969, 1983), Hovey and Frame (1902), Huebinger (1912, 1913, 1917, 1918, 1924), Iowa State Highway Commission (1936, 1938, 1940, 1948, 1952, 1958), Johnson Map (1942, 1946, 1949), Luther (1965, 1976), Merchants Messenger (1935), Northwest (1896), and Rockford (1979). However, based upon the primary dated maker's marks found on the recovered artifacts, the site may have been occupied between 1897-1938 (Table 15). Furthermore, 100 aqua flat glass sherds were measured for their thickness and yielded an initial date of manufacture of 1898 ± 6.2 179 years. Unfortunately, the occupants of 13BN392 remain unknown. However, the archaeological assemblage may reveal that the people were a little higher in status than the occupants of 13BN343. Higher status artifacts recovered include imported whiteware, pocketwatch fragments, Boone Dairy spongeware bowl, and a Knights of Pythias crest. Furthermore, evidence of children's toys and play-things, and two twin bed springs reveal the presence of family occupation Artifacts can still be observed on the surface at and near 13BN392, including: aqua bottle glass, aqua flat glass, bed frames, clear bottle glass, coffee percolator fragments, metal baking powder can fragments, milk glass, porcelain, stoneware, whiteware, and unidentifiable metal. Archaeological investigations and artifact analyses reveal that the house located at 13BN392 burned down ca. 1930 from the dated cultural material. Past lifeways along Richardson's Creek must have been difficult. Transportation up and down the steep hillslopes must have been very difficult during the winter months. Subsistence of local flora, fauna, and geological materials must have played a significant role in the lives of the occupants of 13BN343 and 13BN392. The area now maintained by the Iowa 4-H Center would have provided enough food during the winter months through local hunting and gardening strategies. Coal and wood would have provided enough resources for heating and cooking purposes. This project is also intended as an introduction for ISUAL personnel and other archaeological investigators interested in Boone County, Iowa and the coal mining industries of Iowa. As coal mining was an important industry in Iowa during the late 19th century and early 20th century, further research is recommended to docmnent further coal 180 mining industries, to document the coal miner's families, and to document lifeways of the coal miners. 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Common Name Species Habitat Reference American bugleweed Lycopus americanus Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv American elm Ulmus americana Dry oak woodland; Black 1992:xiii-xix; Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:47 Rich forest American hazelnut Cory/us americana Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:47-48 American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Rich forest Thompson 1992:49 American lotus Nuphar lutea Open water Black 1992:xxiv American pasque flower Pulsatilla patens T allgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Aromatic aster Aster oblongifolius Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Arrowhead Sagittaria spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Basswood Tilia americana Rich forest Thompson 1992:48 Bedstraw Galium concinnum Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:48 Begger-ticks Bidens comosa Marsh; Thompson 1992:52, 81 Open water Big bluestem Andropogon gerardii Tallgrass prairie; Black 1992:xvii; Wet prairie Thompson 1992:16, 18 Big shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii Big-tooth aspen Populus granditdentata Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46-47 Bishop's cap Mite/la nuda Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:49-50 Rich forest Black ash Fraxinus nigra Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:49-50 Rich forest 205 Black cherry Prunus serotina Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:46, 49 Rich forest Black maple Acernigrum Rich forest Thompson 1992:48 Black oak Quercus ve/utina Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx; Thompson 1992:46 Black walnut Jug/ans nigra Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:49-50 Rich forest Black willow Salix nigra Floodplain forest; Black 1992:xxiii; Open water Thompson 1992:50-51 Blackberry Rubis allegheniensis Rich forest Thompson 1992:49 Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46 Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia Rich forest Thompson 1992:49 Bladdeworts Utricularia spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:83 Blazing star Liatris punctata Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis Rich forest Black 1992:xix; Thompson 1992:50 Blue cohosh Caulophyllum tha/ictroides Rich forest Black 1992:xix Blue grama grass Bouteloua gracilis Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Box elder Acer negundo Open water Thompson 1992:51 Bristly buttercup Ranunculus pensylvanius Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50-51 Broadleaf arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia Marsh Black 1992:xvii Buroak Quercus macrocarpa Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx; Thompson 1992:46 Bur reeds Sparganium spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Butternut Jug/ans cinerea Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:49-50 Rich forest 206 Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis Wet prairie Thompson 1992:17 Carolina grass-of-pamassus Parnassia glauca Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Cattail gay-feather Liatris pycnostachya Tallgrass prairie; Black 1992:xviii-xxiv Wet prairie Cattails Typha angustifolia; Marsh Black 1992:xvii; Typha latifolia Thompson 1992:83 Chinapin oak Quercus muehlenbergii Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46 Chokecherry Prunus virginiana Dry oak woodland; Black 1992:xx; Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:46, 50-51 Open water Common hackberry Ce/tis occidentalis Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii Common homwort Ceratophyllum demersum Open water Black 1992:xxiv Common reed Phragmites australis Marsh Black 1992:xvii; Thompson 1992:81 Common water-flaxseed Spirodela po/y"hiza Open water Black 1992:xxiv Compass plant Silphium laciniatum Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xxiii Coontails Ceratophyllum spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Cottonwood Populus deltoides Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:50-51 Open water Cream wild-indigo Baptisia bracteata T allgrass prairie Black 1992:xxiii Cup fungi Urnula craterium; Rich forest Black 1992:xix Peziza badia; Sarcoscypha coccinea Downy indigobush Amorpha canescens Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Duckweeds Lemmaspp. Marsh; Black 1992:xxii, xxiv; Open water Thompson 1992:81 Dutchman's breeches Dicentra cucullaria Rich forest Black 1992:xix; Thompson 1992:50 207 Eastern cottonwood Popu/us deltoides Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii Elderberry Sambucus spp. Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:50-51 Open water Erect dayflower Commelina erecta T allgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Evening primrose Oenothera biennis Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Fall panicum Panicum dichotomiflorum Marsh Thompson 1992:81 False solomon's seal Smilacina racemosa; Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Smilacina stellata False spikenard Smilacina racemosa Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 False sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides T allgrass prairie Thompson 1992:17 Fameflower Talinum rugospermum Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Field horsetail Equisetum arvense Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Fleabane Conyza canadensis Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Fragile fem Cystopteris fragilis Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Fresh water cordgrass Spartina pectinata Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Fringe-top bottle gentian Gentiana andrewsii Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Giant bur reed Sparganium eurycarpum Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Goldenrods Solidago flexicaulis; Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:48, 51 Solidago u/mifolia Floodplain forest Gooseberry Ribesspp. Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Grapes Vitus riparia; Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:48, 50 Vitus vulpina Floodplain forest Gray dogwood Cornus foemina Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:48 Gray-head prairie coneflower Ratibida pinnata Tallgrass prairie; Black 1992:xviii; Wet prairie Thompson 1992:16-17 Greater bladderwort Utricularia vulgaris Marsh Black 1992:xxii 208 Green ash Fraxinus pennsy/vanica Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii; Thompson 1992:50 Hackberry Ce/tis occidentalis Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:47, 50 Floodplain forest Hairy grama grass Boutleloua hirsuta Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Hairy groovebur Agrmonia gryposepala Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Heath aster Aster ericoides Tallgrass prairie; Thompson 1992:17-18 Wet prairie Hepatica Hepatica acutifolia Rich forest Thompson 1992:49-50 Hog peanut Amphicarpaea bracteata Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:48 Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Horywillow Salix candida Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Impatiens Impatiens capensis; Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:51 Impatiens pa/Iida lndiangrass Sorghastrum nutans Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xvii; Thompson 1992:17-18 Indigo bush Amorpha fruticosa Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Ironwood Ostrya virginiana Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:47, 49 Rich forest Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Kentucky coffee-tree Gymnocladus dioica Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Kidneyleaf buttercup Ranuncu/us arbortivus Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Knotgrass Paspalua setaceum Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Large bur reed Sparganium eurycarpum Marsh Black 1992:xxii Large-flowered bellwort Uvularia grandiflora Rich forest Black 1992:xix Large yellow lady's-slipper Cypripedium pubescens Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Leadplant Amorpha canescens T allgrass prairie Thompson 1992:17-19 209 Lesser fringed gentian Gentianopsis procera Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium Tallgrass prairie; Black 1992:xvii; Wet prairie Thompson 1992:16, 18-19 Manna grass Glyceria spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Marsh muhly Muhlenbergia glomerata Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Meadow bedstraw Galium obtusum Wet prairie Thompson 1992:17 Mints Menthe spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Morels Morchella spp. Rich forest Black 1992:xix Nannyberry Viburnum lentago Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:47 Narrow-leaved puccoon Lithospermum incisum Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Needlegrass Stipa spartea Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:18-19 Nettle Urtica dioica Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:51 New England aster Aster novae-ang/iae Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Northern bedstraw Galium boreale Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Northern pin oad Quercus ellipsoidalis Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46 Old-field cinquefoil Potentilla simplex Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Old-field goldenrod Solidago nemoralis T allgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Pacific wormwood Artemesia campestris T allgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Pale leaf sunflower Helianthus strumosus Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Panicled aster Aster lanceolatus Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiii-xxiv Pawpaw Asimina triloba Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Peach-leaved willow Salix amygdaloides Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii; Open water Thompson 1992:50-51 Pin oak Quercus palustris Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii; Thompson 1992:50 210 Pink milkwort Po/ygala incarnata Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Plains muhlygrass Muh/enbergia cuspidata Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:18-19 Plum Prunus americana Open water Thompson 1992:51 Poison ivy Thus radicanus Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Pondweeds Potamogetan spp. Marsh; Black 1992:xxiv; Open water Thompson 1992:81 Porcupine needlegrass Stipa spartea Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xvii Post oak Quercus stellata Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46 Prairie cordgrass Spartina pectinata Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Prairie coreopsis Coreopsis Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:18 Prairie dropseed Sporobolus heterolepis Tallgrass prairie; Thompson 1992:16, 18 Wet prairie Prairie goldenrod Solidago missouriensis Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:18-19 Prairie wild rose Rosa arkansana Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:18 Prairie willow Salix humilis Open water Thompson 1992:51 Prickly ash Zanthoxylum americanum Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:47 Prickly gooseberry Ribes cyonosbati Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:47 Purple meadowrue Thalictrum dasycarpum Wet prairie Black 1992 xxiv Purple milkwort Polygala polygama Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Quacking aspen Populus tremuloides Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46 Ragweed Ambrosia spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Raspberries Rubesspp. Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Rattlesnake-master Eryngium yuccifolium T allgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Red mulberry Morusrubra Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:47 211 Red oak Quercus rubra Dry oak woodland; Black 1992:xix-xx; Rich forest Thompson 1992:48 Red osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:48-49 Rich forest Reed canary grass Pha/aris arundinacea Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Rigid willow Salix lutea Open water Thompson 1992:51 River birch Betula nigra Floodplain forest; Black 1992:xxiii; Open water Thompson 1992:51 Rock elm Ulmus thomasii Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Rough blazing star Liatris aspera Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Rushes Juncus spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Sandbar willow Salix exigua Open water Thompson 1992:51 Sand dropseed Sparobolus crytandrus Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Sawtooth sunflower Helianthus grasseserratus Wet prairie Thompson 1992:16 Scribner's panic grass Dichanthelium oligosanthes Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:17-18 Sedges Scirpus spp.; Dry oak woodland; Black 1992:xxii, xxiv; Carexspp. Marsh; Thompson 1992:16, 48, Open water; 52,81 Wet prairie Serviceberry Ame/anchier arborea Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:47, 49 Rich forest Shagbark hickory Carya ouata Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:46, 49 Rich forest Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Shingle oak Quercus imbricaria Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:46 Shooting-star Dodecatheon meadia T allgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Showy sunflower Helianthus laetiflorus Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:17-18 Shrubby cinquefoil Potentilla fruticosa Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv 212 Side-oats grama Bouteloua curtipendula Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii; Thompson 1992:18 Silky willow Salix sericea Open water Thompson 1992:51 Silver maple Acer saccharinum Floodplain forest; Black 1992:xxiii; Open water Thompson 1992:50-51 Sky-blue aster Aster oolentangiensis Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:17 Slender naiad Naias flexilis Open water Black 1992:xxiv Slippery elm Ulmus americana Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:47, 49 Rich forest Smartweed Polygonum spp. Marsh; Black 1992:xxii, xxiv Open water Thompson 1992:52, 81 Smooth herbaceous greenbrier Smilax herbacea Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Smooth sumac Rhus glabra Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:48 Solomon's seal Polygonatum canaliculatum Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:48 Spikerushes Eleocharis spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Spotted joe-pye weed Eupatorium maculatum Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Stiff dogwood Cornus foemina Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Stiff goldenrod Solidago rigida Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:19 Sugar maple Acer saccharum Rich forest Black 1992:xix; Thompson 1992:48 Sulrushes Scirpus spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Swamp birch Betula pumi/a Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Swamp lousewort Pedicularis lanceolata Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiii Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii Switch grass Panicum virgatum Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii 213 Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Floodplain forest Black 1992:xxiii; Thompson 1992:50 Tall blue lettuce Lactuca biennis Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Thoroughwort brickellbush Brickellia eupatoriodes Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Toothwort Dentaria spp. Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Trout lily Erythronium albidum Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Tuberous water-lily Nymphaea tuberosa Open water Black 1992:xxiv Tussock sedge Carex stricta Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Vervain Verbena spp. Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:51 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Dry oak woodland; Black 1992:xx; Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:50 Virginia mountain-mint Pycnanthemum virginianum Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Virginia waterleaf Hydrophyl/um virginianum Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:51 Wahoo Euonymous atropurpureus Floodplain forest; Thompson 1992:49-51 Open water; Rich forest Water milfoils Myriophyllum spp. Marsh; Black 1992:xxiv; Open water Thompson 1992:81 Waterlilies Nymphaea spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Watermeals Wolffia spp. Marsh Thompson 1992:83 Western silvery aster Aster sericeus Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Whiteash Fraxinus americana Dry oak woodland; Thompson 1992:46, 49 Rich forest White oak Quercus alba Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Wild millet Echinoch/oa muricata Marsh Thompson 1992:81 Wild sarsparilla Aralia nudicau/is Rich forest Thompson 1992:50 Wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana Wet prairie Thompson 1992:16 214 Witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana Rich forest Thompson 1992:49 Wood anemone Anemone quinquefolia Dry oak woodland Thompson 1992:48 Wood nettle Lapartea canadensis Floodplain forest Thompson 1992:51 Yellow puccoon Lithospermum incisum Tallgrass prairie Thompson 1992:18 Yellow stargrass Hypoxis birsuta Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv 215 Table 2. Commonly found regional amphibians within the project area. Common Name Species Habitat Reference American toad Bufo americana Marsh; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:32 Open water Blanchard's cricket frog Acris crepitans Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:32 Marsh; Rich forest Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:33 Eastern tiger-salamander Ambystoma tigrenum Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:32 Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:32 Treefrog Hy/a versico/or Floodplain forest Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:32 Western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata Tallgrass prairie; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:32 Wet prairie 216 Table 3. Commonly found regional reptiles within the project area. Common Name Species Habitat Reference Bullsnake Pituophis melanoleucus Tallgrass prairie; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:36 Wet prairie Common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:34 Dekay's snake Storeria dekayi Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Open water; Wet prairie Eastern hognose snake Heterodon p/atyrhinos Dry oak woodland Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Eastern yellow-bellied racer Coluber constrictor Dry oak woodland; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Fox snake E/aphe vulpina Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:36 Rich forest; Wet prairie Northern water snake Natrix sipedon Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Plains garter snake Thamnophis radix Wet prairie Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Prairie kingsnake Lampropeltis calligastor Tallgrass prairie; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:36 Wet prairie Prairie ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus Dry oak woodland Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Red milk snake Lampropeltis triangu/um Dry oak woodland; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:36 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Red-side garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Smooth green snake Opheodrys vemalis Wet prairie Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:35 217 Smooth softshell turtle Trionyx muticus Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:34 Spiny softshell turtle Trionyx spiniferus Open water Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:34 Western painted turtle Chrysemys picta Marsh; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:34 Open water 218 Table 4. Commonly found birds identified within the project area. Common Name Species Habitat Reference Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens Floodplain Forest; Black 1992:xix, xxiii Rich Forest American bittern Botaurus /entiginosus Marsh; Black 1992:xxii, xxiv Wet prairie American coot Fulica americana Marsh Black 1992:xxii American redstart Setophaga ruticilla Rich Forest Black 1992:xix American white pelican Pe/ecanus erythrorhynchos Open water Black 1992:xxv Barred owl Strix varia Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Belted kingfisher Ceryle a/cyon Open water Black 1992:xxiv Black-capped chickadee Parus atricapi/lus Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx-xxi Blue-winged teal Anas discors Marsh Black 1992:xxii Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Bufflehead Bucephala albeola Open water Black 1992:xxv Canada goose Branta canadensis Marsh Black 1992:xxii Canvasback Aythya valisineria Open water Black 1992:xxv Cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea Floodplain Forest; Black 1992:xix, xxiii Rich Forest Common goldeneye Bucephala clangula Open water Black 1992:xxiv Common loon Gavia immer Open water Black 1992:xxv Common merganser Mergus merganser Open water Black 1992:xxv Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Dickcissel Spiza americana Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii 219 Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Open water Black 1992:xxiv Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Great blue heron Ardea herodias Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Rich Forest Black 1992:xix Great egret Casmerodius a/bus Open water Black 1992:xxiv Green-backed heron Butorides striatus Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus Rich Forest Black 1992:xix Henslow's sparrow Ammodramus benslowii Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Horned grebe Podiceps auritus Open water Black 1992:xxv Least bittern lxobrychus exi/is Marsh Black 1992:xxii Lesserscaup Aythya affinis Open water Black 1992:xxiv-xxv Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Marsh Black 1992:xxii Marsh wren Cistothorus palustris Marsh Black 1992:xxii Meadowlark Sturnella spp. Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Northern cardinal Cardina/is cardinalis Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Northern oriole lcterus galbu/a Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xxi Northern parula Paruta americana Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Northern shoveler Anas clypeata Marsh Black 1992:xxii Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus Rich Forest Black 1992:xix Pied-billed grebe Podilymbuspodiceps Marsh Black 1992:xxii Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Floodplain Forest; Black 1992:xix, xxiii Rich Forest Prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii 220 Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus Rich Forest Black 1992:xix Red-eyed vireo Vireo o/ivaceus Dry oak woodland; Black 1992:xix, xxi Rich Forest Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Red-winged blackbird Age/aius phoeniceus Marsh Black 1992:xxii Redhead Aythya americana Open water Black 1992:xxv Rufous-sided towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xxi Rose-breasted grosbeak Pheuticus /udovicianus Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Savanna sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Tallgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xx Sedge wren Cistithorus p/atensis Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Sora Porzana carolina Wet prairie Black 1992:xxiv Swamp sparrow Melospiza georgiana Marsh Black 1992:xxii Tufted titmouse Parus bicolor Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Tundra swan Cygnus co/umbianus Open water Black 1992:xxv Upland sandpiper Barttamia longicaua T allgrass prairie Black 1992:xviii Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Dry oak woodland Black 1992:xxi Wood duck Aix sponsa Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Yellow-bellied sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Floodplain Forest Black 1992:xxiii Yellow-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Marsh Black 1992:xxii 221 Table 5. Commonly found regional mammals within the project area. Common Name Species Habitat Reference Badger Taxidea taxus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998: 125 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Beaver Castor canadensis Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998: 124 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, etal 1998:124 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Coyote Canis latrans Dry oak woodland; Bowles, etal 1998:125 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Tallgrass prairie Bowles, et al 1998:125; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998: 124; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Eastern cottontail Sy/vi/agus floridanus Tallgrass prairie; Bowles, et al 1998:124; Wet prairie Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Eastern mole Sea/opus aquaticus Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998: 124 Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis Rich forest Bowles, etal 1998:124 222 Fox squirrel Sciurus niger Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:124; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Rich forest Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998: 124 Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, etal 1998:124 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie House mouse Mus muscu/us Tallgrass prairie; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Wet prairie Indian bat Myotis soda/is Rich forest Bowles, etal 1998:124 Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, etal 1998:124 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Masked shrew Sorex cinereus Tallgrass prairie; Bowles, et al 1998:124; Wet prairie Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998:124 Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Rich forest; Bowles, et al 1998:125; Tallgrass prairie; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Wet prairie Mink Mustela vison Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:125 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:125 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Northern myotis Myotis Septentrionalis Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998:124 Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998: 124 223 Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius Tallgrass prairie; Bowles, etal 1998:124; Wet prairie Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster Tallgrass prairie Bowles, et al 1998:125; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Raccoon Procyon lotor Dry oak woodland; Bowles, etal 1998:125; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Red bat Lasiurus borea/is Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998:124 Red fox Vu/pes fu/va Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:125; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998:124 Short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicaula Tallgrass prairie; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Rich forest Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagons Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:124 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:125; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecem/ineatus Tallgrass prairie; Bowles, et al 1998:124; Wet prairie Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Virginia Opposum Didelphis marssupialis Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998:124; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:4 Rich forest Western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis Tallgrass prairie Bowles, et al 1998:124; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 224 White-footed mouse Peromyscus /eucopus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, etal 1998:124; Floodplain forest; Glenn-Lewis and Voight 1976:5 Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Dry oak woodland; Bowles, et al 1998: 125 Floodplain forest; Rich forest; Tallgrass prairie; Wet prairie Woodchuck Marmota momas Rich forest Bowles, et al 1998: 124 225 Table 6. The last recorded depths of the excavation units at 13BN343. Unit Level Average Depth (in cm) Minimum Depth (in cm) Maximum Depth (in cm) NW229 3 30 30 30 SE9 3 25 25 25 SE16 4 38 36 40 SE17 4 37 37 38 SE24 4 40 40 40 SE25 4 40 40 40 SE32 3 30 30 30 SW1 1 10 10 10 SW7 5 50 50 50 SW8 3 12 11 13 SW9 4 35 33 36 SW10 3 25 22 29 SW14 3 30 30 30 SW15 1 10 10 10 SW16 1 10 10 10 SW17 4 40 40 40 SW18 4 31 31 31 SW19 4 40 40 40 SW20 6 53 50 57 SW21 4 35 35 35 SW22 4 36 32 40 SW24 2 20 20 20 SW25 5 50 50 50 SW26 3 30 30 30 SW27 3 30 30 30 SW32 3 23 20 25 SW33 3 24 20 27 TP-1 5 50 50 50 TP-2 5 50 50 50 TP-3 6 52 50 55 TP-4 1 10 10 10 TP-5 1 10 10 10 TP-6 1 10 10 10 TP-7 1 10 10 10 TP-8 3 30 30 30 TP-9 3 30 30 30 226 Table 7. Table of recorded artifacts from 13BN343 that were not located in ISUAL's repository in the fall of 2002. CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION COUNT LOCATION LEVEUDEPTH DATE TP2-2 Spoon Handle 1 TP2 2 (10-20 cm) 1997 TP2-5 Brick Fragments (16.0 g) 4 TP2 5 (40-50 cm) 1997 TP2-5 Glass 2 TP2 5 (40-50 cm) 1997 TP2-5 Metal Fragments 2 TP2 5 (40-50 cm) 1997 TP2-5 Mortar (2.0 g) 2 TP2 5 (40-50 cm) 1997 TP2-WT Bone 2 TP2 Wall Trimming 1997 TP3-6 Mortar (3.1 g) 3 TP3 6 (50-60 cm) 1997 TP8-1,2 Music Key? 1 TP8 1,2 (0-20 cm) 1997 TP9-WT Glass 1 TP9 Wall Trimming 1997 17-2 Rubber 2 Unit 17 2 (10-20 cm) 1997 18-3 Rubber 1 Unit 18 3 (20-30 cm) 1997 20-5 Rubber 5 Unit20 5 (40-50 cm) 1997 SE16-2 Aqua Glass Body Sherds 16 SE16 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 SE16-2 Clear Glass Body Sherd 2 SE16 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 SE16-2 Embossed Clear Bottle Glass 1 SE16 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 SE9-1 Rubber 1 SE9 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 SW8-1 Clear Glass Bottle 1 SW8 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 SW24-2 Unident. Metal Fragment 1 SW24 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 SW25-4 Shell 21 SW25 4 (30-40 cm) 1999 SW33-1 Aqua Bottle 1 SW33 1 (0-10 cm) 2000 SW33-2 Animal Trap Fragments 5 SW33 2 (10-20 cm) 2001 SW33-3 Clear Glass Medicine Bottle with 1 SW33 3 (20-30 cm) 2001 Black Cap 227 Table 8. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN343. Recovered Artifacts 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Glass Amber Bottle Glass 4 6 4 8 22 Amethyst Bottle Glass 1 1 Aqua Bottle Glass 35 219 125 9 13 29 430 Aqua Flat Glass 8 66 347 840 28 267 24 1580 Blue Bottle Glass 1 1 Clear Bottle Glass 5 68 130 204 71 95 75 648 Frosted Bottle Glass 1 1 Green Bottle Glass 32 32 Green Bowl Glass 2 1 1 4 Marbles 1 3 4 Milk Glass 1 12 6 13 4 1 1 38 Mirror Glass 1 3 4 Violet Glass 4 5 Unident. Glass Piece 1 1 Ceramics Earthenware 3 1 4 Electrical Porcelain Insulator Split Knob 1 1 Porcelain 1 8 13 6 3 31 Redware 1 1 Stoneware 22 12 35 222 69 6 366 Whiteware 12 67 51 174 21 16 2 343 Yellowware 6 1 2 9 Plastic Beads 2 5 7 Buttons 14 37 1 1 53 Hair Pin Fragments 10 10 Plastic Comb Fragments 3 3 Unident. Plastic Fragments 7 3 1 11 Rubber Unident. Rubber Fragments 1 9 4 14 Metal Animal Trap Fragments 2 5 7 Barbed Wire 11 3 14 Battery Rod Cores 4 1 2 2 2 11 Belt Fragments 2 2 Bolt Fastener 1 1 Brass Buckles 4 4 Brass Fastener 1 1 Brass Shell Casings 3 5 16 4 7 7 42 Bullet Tip Fragment 1 Casters 2 2 Copper Fragments 1 1 Copper Oil Lamp Wick Dispenser 1 1 Copper Rivets 2 2 Electric Wire Clip 1 1 Flat Iron 3 3 Horseshoe 1 1 Iron Clock Balance Wheels 2 2 Iron Clock Escapement 3 3 Iron Dial 1 1 Iron Half-Circle 1 1 Lead Fragments 8 8 Lead Wire 2 2 228 Table 8. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN343. Recovered Artifacts 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Metal Blades 5 5 Metal Bolts 1 1 Metal Bottle Caps 1 7 9 Metal Bracket 1 1 Metal Buckles 3 1 4 Metal C-Clip 1 1 Metal Can Fragments 2 9 11 Metal Chain-Link Fragments 2 2 Metal Clasps 2 2 Metal Containers 9 9 Metal 0-Rings 1 1 1 3 Metal Eyelets 6 6 Metal Handles 1 1 2 Metal Hinge 1 1 Metal Hook 2 2 Metal Latch 1 1 Metal Lids 3 3 Metal Oil Lamp Wick Adjuster 1 1 Metal Rod 1 Metal Screws 1 1 Metal Spikes 1 1 Metal Springs 2 2 Metal Staples 2 2 Metal Strap 2 2 Metal Wire 10 6 16 Music Key? 1 1 Nails 171 345 491 64 69 31 1171 Pocket Knife Fragments 17 17 Ribbed Carbon Rod 1 1 Rivets 1 1 2 Safety Pin Fragments 2 1 3 Silverware 3 2 5 Stove Door 1 1 Tacks 2 2 Tin Pendant Back 1 1 Tin Thimble 1 1 Tin Wire 1 1 U.S. Copper Penny 1 1 Unident. Metal Fragments 2 189 337 558 24 269 38 1417 Unident. Tin Fragments 1 4 12 17 Zinc Canning Fruit Jar Lids 1 1 2 Zipper Fragment 1 1 Brick Soft Mud Brick 2n 36 95 18 50 476 Leather Leather Fragments 2 3 1 6 Fauna! Remains Bone/Teeth 9 38 149 44 3 2 245 Bone Handle 1 1 Other Charcoal 3 1 4 Chert Shatter 1 1 2 Chert Waste Flake 1 1 229 Table 8. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN343. Recovered Artifacts 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Cinder 42 42 Circular Plaster Fragments 4 4 Coal 61 1 697 2065 2824 Hematite 5 5 Limestone 164 304 468 Mortar 63 4 4 7 78 Pipe Fittings 2 2 Rocks/Gravel 4 5 9 Round Tile-like Discoid 1 1 Shale 37 37 Shell 2 16 18 63 26 2 127 Slag 10 10 Sadder 1 1 Wood 1 28 72 101 Writing Utensils 2 2 Unknown 1 2 3 Recovered Artifacts Per Year 64 1125 1733 4088 375 861 2671 10917 230 Table 9. Number of recovered artifacts by excavation unit from 13BN343. Unit Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 Level5 Level6 WT/P Total Surface 194 NW229 1 0 7 8 SE9 259 351 30 640 SE16 189 220 21 430 SE17 21 22 50 32 125 SE24 43 49 77 60 229 SE25 23 17 57 160 257 SE32 19 9 32 16 30 106 SW1 2 0 0 0 0 2 SW7 31 12 3 2 2 7 57 SW8 117 27 144 SW9 40 64 22 90 SW10 143 353 283 779 SW14 1 6 6 13 SW15 28 28 SW16 25 25 SW17 60 61 43 2 166 SW18 33 42 23 4 102 SW19 20 2 22 36 30 110 SW20 6 22 6 34 57 4 129 SW21 12 69 25 2 108 SW22 42 27 9 3 81 SW24 60 13 73 SW25 289 1,511 34 52 1,886 SW26 38 224 183 77 522 SW27 68 7 8 83 SW32 59 1,055 281 1,395 SW33 321 219 397 937 T1 2 2 1 5 T2 1 2 3 T4 1 1 TP-1 355 62 21 12 9 20 479 TP-2 56 213 82 17 10 30 367 TP-3 81 22 38 56 3 200 TP-4 179 179 TP-5 123 123 TP-6 191 191 TP-7 16 16 TP-8 28 28 TP-9 191 196 104 1 492 231 Table 10. Discarded objects from 13BN343. Description 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 Total Brick 277 (988.4 g) 15 (143.4 g) 292(1,131.89) Charcoal 1 (.1 g) 1 (.1 g) Cinder 42 (254.9 g) 42 (254.9 g) Coal 50 (42.9 g) 1 (7.3 g) 695 (465.5 g) 2,029 (3,581.2 g) 2,775 (4,096.9 g) Gravel 2 (139.6 g) 2 (139.6 g) Limestone/Flagstone 164 (681.8 g) 296 (1,158.5 g) 460 (1,840.3 g) Mortar 49 (251.5 g) 7 (38.6 g) 56 (290.1 g) Mud Brick 2 (1.6 g) 2 (1.6 g) Nails 3 (7.6 g) 3 (7.6 g) Rocks 2 (2.0 g) 2 (2.0 g) Shale 32 (22.9 g) 32 (22.9 g) Soft Mud Brick 8 (22.0 g) 76 (268.9 g) 17 (22.5 g) 50 (175.3 g) 151 (488.7 g) Totals 405 {1,450.1 sl 79 {433.5 g} 935 {1,41s.2 sl 17 {22.5 g} 2,382 {4,953.6 sl 3,818 {8,276.5 9} Table 11. Table of maker's marks on artifacts from 13BN343. CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SC Milk Glass GE ... FOR Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 SC Stoneware Base Shard w/ White Salt Glaze ... POTTERY CO ----- pre 1910 Peterson 1996:3 Surface Clear Bottle Glass Base N (Square) 3 Obear-Nester Glass, Co. post 1915 Toulouse 1971:374 Surface A3 Milk Glass GENUINE PORCELAIN/4 Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 T2-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing (Diamond shape) Western Cartridge Co. post 1908 White and Munhall 1963:18 TP1-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing Super-X Western Cartridge Co. ca. 1932 Suydam 1960:52; Barnes 1967:407 TP1-2 Whiteware (Plate) OLONIAUSTERLING/ Colonial Pottery Co. 1915 Lehner 1988: 100 N CHINA/PATENTED 1915 w N TP1-2 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing Federal Power 12 Federal Cartridge Co. 1922-1972 David Frederickson (Personal Communication, 2002) TP2-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing U- Hi Speed Remington Arms Company, Inc. post 1871 Suydam 1960:53; White and Munhall 1963:37 TP2-3 Brass U.S. Army Military Button (Embossed Eagle) United States Army 1850-1900s Luscomb 1967:11 TP3-1 Whlteware (Plate) DRESD .. ./CHINA Potter's Cooperative Co. ca. 1910-1915 DeBolt 1988:28 TP5-1 MIik Glass ... CELA ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 TP5-1 Milk Glass ... CELA ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 TP4-1 Milk Glass (Inverted) K3 GEN Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE TP4-1 Milk Glass K3GE Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 TP4-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing Super-X Western Cartridge Co. ca. 1932 Suydam 1960:52; Barnes 1967:407 TP9-2 Aqua Bottle Glass Base V ...... post 1917 IMACS 2001 16-1 Milk Glass (Diamond shape) Diamond Glass Co. post 1924 Toulouse 1971 :550 16-1 Milk Glass (Diamond shape) Diamond Glass Co. post 1924 Toulouse 1971 :550 17-2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing (Diamond shape) Western Cartridge Co. post1908 White and Munhall 1963:18 18-1 Clear Bottle Glass ... ray (Cursive)/ ... ECT Schram Glass Mfg. Co. ca. 1910 Toulouse 1969:99 18-1 Clear Bottle Glass Base I (Diamond) Illinois Glass Co. Illinois Glass Co. 1916-1929 Toulouse 1971 :264 N l..,J l..,J 18-2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing (Diamond shape) Western Cartridge Co. post 1908 White and Munhall 1963:18 20-5 Aqua Bottle Glass (Medicine) Dr./FAV .. ./PRESCR .. ./ Medtech Labs Inc. 1888 Fike 1987:177 SE9-2 Clear Bottle Glass (Pharmacy) F 3- (bottom); 31i (Front) Fairmount Glass Works 1905-1945 Toulouse 1971 :201 SE9-2 Whiteware Base Shard (Teacup) ... ND ...... 1830-1969 Peterson 1996:10 SE9-2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing U- Hi Speed Remington Arms Company, Inc. post 1871 Suydam 1960:53; White and Munhall 1963:37 SE9-2 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing Redhead 12 G MW Federal Cartridge Co. post 1926 David Frederickson (Personal Communication, 2002) CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SE9-3 Brass Fastener RUSSELUMFG./CO. Russell Manufacturing Co. SE16·1 Zinc Mason Jar Canning Lid GENUINE BOYD CAP Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 FOR MASON JARS SE16·1 Milk Glass (Diamond shape) Diamond Glass Co. post 1924 Toulouse 1971 :550 SE16·1 Milk Glass (Diamond shape) Diamond Glass Co. post 1924 Toulouse 1971 :550 SE16·2 Amber Glass Bottle (Cosmetic/Perfume) W.T. CO./U.S.A Whitall-Tatum & Co. pre 1935 Toulouse 1971 :544 SE16-2 Aqua Bottle Glass Base 10 ----- post 1859 Peterson 1996: 19 SE16-2 Aqua Bottle Glass Base V ----- post 1917 IMACS 2001 SE16-2 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casing United States Cartridge Co. 1896-1936 Barnes 1967:407 u N w SE17-4 .32 Caliber Bullet US32S& W Smith and Wesson post 1880 Neal and Jinks 1966:63-95 SE24·1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing H Winchester Repeating ca. 1904 Houze 1994:19; Arms Company White and Munhall 1963:26 SE24·1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing U- Hi Speed Remington Arms Company, Inc. post 1871 Suydam 1960:53; White and Munhall 1963:37 SE25-1 Metal Bottle Cap (Owens-Illinois symbol) Owens-Illinois Bottle Co. 1924-1954 Toulouse 1971 :403 SE32-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing Super-X Western Cartridge Co. ca. 1932 Suydam 1960:52; Barnes 1967:407 SE32-3 Aqua Bottle Glass Base G ...... post 1859 Peterson 1996: 19 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW7-1 Cobalt Blue Glass Bottle VICKS VAPORUB/ (TRIANGLE) Vicks Chemical Co. 1905-1960 Dianne Brown (Personal Communication, 2002) SW7-1 Clear Bottle Glass ... IVERSAU4 ...... post 1875 Peterson 1996: 19 SW8-1 4 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casings U-Hi Speed Remington Arms Company, Inc. post 1871 Suydam 1960:53; White and Munhall 1963:37 SW8-1 Whiteware (Plate) Homer Laughlin/The Angelus Homer Laughlin 1907 Jasper 1993:8 SWB-2 Milk Glass ONJ ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW9-2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing u-Hi Speed Remington Arms Company, Inc. post 1871 Suydam 1960:53; White and Munhall 1963:37 N uJ VI SW10-3 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casing H Winchester Repeating ca. 1904 Houze 1994:19; Arms Company White and Munhall 1963:26 SW25-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing Super-X Western Cartridge Co. ca. 1932 Suydam 1960:52; Barnes 1967:407 SW25-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing u United States Cartridge Co. 1896-1936 Barnes 1967:407 SW25-2 Clear Bottle Glass Base M CAP SLIGHTLY ... UNSEAU ----- 1905 PA/PA/OCT/1905 post 1875 Peterson 1996: 19 SW25-2 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casing us United States Cartridge Co. 1869-1936 White and Munhall 1963:37 SW26-2 Clear Bottle Glass co ...... post 1875 Peterson 1996:19 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW26-2 Clear Bottle Glass T/J ...... post 1875 Peterson 1996: 19 SW26-2 Clear Bottle Glass VORS .. 1 FL. OZ/BINGHAM .. ./ ----- post 1875 Peterson 1996:19 NY SW27-1 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing Winchester No. 12 New Rival Winchester Repeating 1897-1929 Stadt 1984:31-33 Arms Company SW27-3 1O Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing W.R.A. Co. 10 Rival Winchester Repeating 1894-1897 Stadt 1984:18 Arms Company SW32-1 Aqua Bottle Glass (Medcine) Piney TRADEMARK The Plnex Co. 1906 Fike 1987:240 SW32-1 Clear Bottle Glass Base N (Square) 3 Obear-Nester Glass, Co. post 1915 Toulouse 1971:374 SW32-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing (Diamond shape) Western Cartridge Co. post 1908 White and Munhall 1963:18 N w SW32-2 Porcelain Electrical Insulator Split Knob BULLDOG Illinois Electric Porcelain Co. post 1880 Lehner 1988:582 °' SW32·2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing (Diamond shape) Western Cartridge Co. post 1908 White and Munhall 1963:18 SW32-3 Milk Glass GENUINE Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 SW33-1 Clear Bottle Glass (Owens-Illinois symbol) Owens-Illinois Bottle Co. 1924-1957 Toulouse 1971:407 SW33-1 MilkGlass (Diamond shape) Diamond Glass Co. post 1924 Toulouse 1971:550 SW33-1 410 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing REM-UMC 410 Made in USA Remington Arms Company and post 1911 White and Munhall Union Metallic Cartridge Co. 1963:169 SW33-2 Aqua Bottle Glass L ----- post 1859 Peterson 1996:19 SW33-2 Clear Bottle Glass 9K H-over-A Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1971:239 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW33-2 Clear Bottle Glass (Medicine) ... N DUZER (side); Van Duzer ca. 1900 Fike 1987: 184 ... ULL MEASURE (opposite side) SW33-2 Clear Bottle Glass 0 (Square) Owens Bottle Co. 1911-1929 Toulouse 1971:393 SW33-2 Clear Bottle Glass w/ Metal Cap lllinols/c/1 Owens - Illinois Bottle Co. 1924-1954 Toulouse 1971:403 SW33-2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing Super-X Western Cartridge Co. ca. 1932 Suydam 1960:52; Barnes 1967:407 SW33-2 4 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casings U- Hi Speed Remington Arms Company, Inc. post 1871 Suydam 1960:53; White and Munhall 1963:37 SW33-3 Clear Bottle Glass H-over-A Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1969:239 N w -...J 238 Table 12. Aqua flat glass thickness from 13BN343. Unit Level Depth Thickness (in mm) SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.5 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 239 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.5 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.5 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.5 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.9 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 240 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.8 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.6 SE16 1 0-10 cm 1.7 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SE16 1 0-10 cm 2.2 241 Table 13. Table of recovered faunal remains from 13BN343. CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION/COMMENTS COUNT LOCATION LEVEUDEPTH DATE Surface Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Left Femur Surface 1995 Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Left Tibia Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Right Tibiotarsus 1 Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Right Radius and Ulna Unident. Avian Bone Fragment 13BN343/TP1-2 Pig ( Sus scrota) Metatarsal and Fragment 2 TP1 2 (10-20 cm) 1997 Unident. Avian Femur Fragment 1 Unident. Avian Long Bone Fragments 2 Unident. Mammalian Bone Handle Fragment 13BN343/TP1-3 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Humerus 1 TP1 3 (20-30 cm) 1997 Unident. Butchered Large Mammalian Left Ulna 1 Unident. Large Mammalian Vertebrae Fragment 1 Unident. Large Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 13BN343/TP1-4 Unident. Avian Bone Fragments 2 TP1 4 (30-40 cm) 1997 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 3 13BN343/TP1-5 Unident. Avian Bone Fragments 2 TP1 5 (40-50 cm) 1997 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 13BN343/TP2-2 Unident. Mammalian Humerus Fragments 3 TP2 2 (10-20 cm) 1997 Unident. Mammalian Long Bone Fragment Unident. Mammalian Vertebrae Fragments 2 13BN343/TP2-3 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Femur TP2 3 (20-30 cm) 1997 Unident. Butchered Large Mammalian Bone 1 Unident. Mammalian Left Astragalus (Talus) Fragment 1 Unident. Mammalian Left Calcaneous Fragment 1 13BN343/TP2-4 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 3 TP2 4 (30-40 cm) 1997 13BN343/TP4-1 Eastern Cottontail (Sy/vilagus floridanus) Right Femur Fragment TP4 1 (0-10 cm) 1996 13BN343/TP5-1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Humerus 1 TP5 1 (0-10 cm) 1996 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 13BN343/17-3 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Femur Unit 17 3 (20-30 cm) 1997 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Fibula Fragment 1 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Humerus Fragment 1 Unident. Calcined Bone Fragments 2 Unident. Large Mammalian Bone Fragments 2 Unident. Large Mammalian Talus Fragment 1 13BN343/19-4 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 1 Unit 19 4 (30-40 cm) 1997 13BN343/20-1 Pig (Sus scrota) Tooth Fragment 1 Unit20 1 (0-10 cm) 1997 242 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION/COMMENTS COUNT LOCATION LEVEUDEPTH DATE 13BN343/SE9-1 Unident. Avian Femur Fragment SE9 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 13BN343/SE9-2 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Humerus 1 SE9 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Metatarsal 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sy/vilagus floridanus) Right Scapula Fragment 1 Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Right Radius Fragment 1 Unident. Avian Left Ulna 1 Unident. Butchered Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 Unident. Mammalian Long Bone Fragments 2 Unident. Mammalian Skull Fragment 1 13BN343/SE9-3 Unident. Juvenile Mammalian Left Tibia SE9 3 (20-30 cm) 1998 13BN343/SE16-1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus f/oridanus) Right Femur Fragment SE16 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 13BN343/SE16-2 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Femur Fragments 2 SE16 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left lnnominate Fragment 1 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Mandible 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Scapula Fragments 4 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Femur Fragment 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sy/vilagus floridanus) Right Humerus Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Mandible 1 Eastern Cottontail (Sy/vi/agus f/oridanus) Right Maxilla Fragment 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Radius 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus f/oridanus) Right Scapula Fragments 3 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvi/agus floridanus) Right Ulna Fragments 2 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Maxilla Fragment 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sy/vilagus floridanus) Metacarpals 3 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Ribs 34 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Tooth Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Vertebrae 13 Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis) Right Mandible Fragment 1 Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis) Tooth 1 Unident. Butchered Large Mammalian Ribs 2 Unident. Mammalian Phalange Fragment 1 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 25 13BN343/SE16-3 Domestic Turkey (Me/eagris gal/opavo) Left Femur Fragment 1 SE16 3 (20-30 cm) 1998 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 2 13BN343/SE17-2 White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Phalange 1 SE17 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 13BN343/SE17-3 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Femur Fragment 1 SE17 3 (20-30 cm) 1998 13BN343/SE24-2 Eastern Cottontail ( Sy/vilagus floridanus) Left Ulna 1 SE24 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Mandible 1 13BN343/SE24-2 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Right lnnominate Fragment 1 SE24 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 Unident. Butchered Large Mammalian Left lllium 1 Unident. Juvenile Mammalian Femur Fragment 1 Unident. Mammalian Vertebrae 1 243 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION/COMMENTS COUNT LOCATION LEVEUDEPTH DATE 13BN343/SE24-3 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvi/agus f/oridanus) Left Fibula SE24 3 (20-30 cm) 1998 Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Left lnnominate Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Mandible Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Right Fibula Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Calcaneus Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Cervical Vertebrae Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvi/agus floridanus) Metatarsal 1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Ribs 2 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) Sacrum Unident. Mammalian Right Femur Fragment 13BN343/SE24-4 Pig ( Sus scrofa) Cervical Vertebrae SE24 4 (30-40 cm) 1998 13BN343/SE25-4 Pig ( Sus scrofa) Metacarpal Fragment SE25 4 (30-40 cm) 1998 Unident. Large Mammalian Maxilla 13BN343/SE32-1 Unident. Calcined Mammalian Bone Fragment SE32 1 (0-10 cm) 1999 13BN343/SE32-3 Unident. Butchered Mammalian Long Bone Fragment 1 SE32 3 (20-30 cm) 1999 13BN343/SE32-5 Pig ( Sus scrota) Metacarpal Fragment SE32 5 (40-50 cm) 1999 Unident. Avian Left Femur Fragment 1 Unident. Large Mammalian Scapula Fragment 13BN343/SW7-1 Chicken/Rooster (Gallus domesticus) Furculum SW7 1 (0-10 cm) 1999 Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Right Humerus 1 Unident. Mammalian Rib Fragment 13BN343/SW8-1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvi/agus floridanus) Left Femur 1 SW8 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 13BN343/SW9-2 Exoskeleton of Unident. Invertebrate SW9 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 Unident. Butchered Mammalian Long Bone 1 Unident. Juvenile Mammalian Metacarpal 1 13BN343/SW24-1 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left lnnominate Fragment SW24 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 13BN343/SW25-2 Pig ( Sus scrofa) Mandible/Teeth Fragments 2 SW25 2 (10-20 cm) 1998 Unident. Butchered Large Mammalian Long Bones 3 Unident. Large Mammalian Pelvic Bone Fragment Unident. Large Mammalian Bone 13BN343/SW25-2 Eastern Cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus) Left Ulna Fragment 1 SW25 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 Unident. Avian Long Bone Fragments 14 Unident. Small Mammalian Right Tibia 1 13BN343/SW25-2 Unident. Small Mammalian Vertebrae 18 SW25 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 13BN343/SW25-3 Unident. Small Mammalian Cranium Fragment 1 SW25 3 (20-30 cm) 1999 13BN343/SW25-4 Pig ( Sus scrota ) Metacarpal SW25 4 (30-40 cm) 1999 244 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION/COMMENTS COUNT LOCATION LEVEUDEPTH DATE 13BN343/SW26-2 Pig (Sus scrota) Tooth SW26 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 13BN343/SW26-3 Unident. Large Mammalian Vertebrae Fragments 2 SW26 3 (20-30 cm) 1999 13BN343/SW32-1 Unident. Small Avian Ulna and Radius SW32 1 (0-10 cm) 1999 13BN343/SW33-2 Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis) Left Maxilla Fragment 1 SW33 2 (10-20 cm) 2000 13BN343/SW33-2 Unident. Mammalian Thorasic Vertebrae Fragment SW33 2 (10-20 cm) 2001 245 Table 14. Suggested range of dates for artifacts found at 13BN343 and 13BN392. DESCRIPTION DATE REFERENCE Amethyst Glass ca. 1880-1917 IMACS 2001 Aqua Canning Jar Fragment with Embossing post 1859 Peterson 1996:19 Aqua Window Glass ca. 1800-1910 Peterson 1996:19 Brown Glass post 1860 Peterson 1996:19 Clear Bottle Glass post 1875 Peterson 1996:19 Clear Lamp Chimney Glass pre 1890-98 Peterson 1996:19 Cobalt Blue Glass post 1875 IMACS 2001 Conical Inkwell 1858-ca. 1920 Peterson 1996:21 Green Glass post 1860 Peterson 1996:19 Milk Glass 1869-1930's Peterson 1996:20 White-pasted, Embossed Porcelain 1880-1969 Peterson 1996:16 Redware post 1800 Peterson 1996:15 Spongeware 1860-1935 Peterson 1996:14 Stoneware with Brown Slip post 1820s Peterson 1996:3 Stoneware with Salt Glaze pre 1910 Peterson 1996:4 Whiteware 1830-1969 Peterson 1996:10 Molded/Embossed Whiteware post 1840 Peterson 1996:10 Molded Whiteware with Flow Blue 1890-1920 Peterson 1996:10 Yellowware 1830s-1940s Peterson 1996:16; Bone Buttons 1770-1920 Peterson 1996:31 Brass Buttons post 1802 IMACS2001 Plastic Buttons post 1930 IMACS2001 Porcelain Buttons 1850-1920 IMACS2001 Shell Buttons post 1855 !MACS 2001 Saw Cut Bone post 1840 Peterson 1996:33 U.S. Copper Lincoln Type, Wheat Head Reverse Penny 1909-1958 Yeoman:2001 :96 Safety Pins post 1857 Peterson 1996:27 Hand Wrought Nail pre 1850; Peterson 1996:26 17th-19th c. IMACS2001 Modern Wire Nails post 1890; Peterson 1996:26 ca. 1850-present !MACS 2001 Barbed Wire post 1875 IMACS2001 Wire Rope/Metal Wire post 1880s IMACS2001 246 Table 15. The last recorded depths of the excavation units at 13BN392. Unit Level Average Depth (in cm) Minimum Depth (in cm) Maximum Depth (in cm) SE4 1 4 0 7 SW2 2 20 19 21 SW3 3 27 26 29 SW4 2 12 10 15 SW5 2 20 18 22 SW? 1 5 0 17 swa 1 8 0 15 SW9 1 9 0 16 247 Table 16. Table of recorded artifacts from 13BN392 that were not located in ISUAL's repository in the fall of 2002. CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION COUNT LOCATION LEVEL/DEPTH DATE SW2-2 Melted Glass 181 SW2 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 SW2-2 Turquoise Glass 30 SW2 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 SW3-3 Melted Glass 294 SW3 3 (20-30 cm) 1999 SW4-2 Melted Glass 8 SW4 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 SW5-1 Melted Glass 12 SW5 1 (0-10 cm) 1999 SW5-1 Metal Staple 1 SW5 1 (0-10 cm) 1999 SW5-2 Porcelain Cow Fragments 3 SW5 2 (10-20 cm) 2001 SW5-2 Unident. Metal Objects 5 SW5 2 (10-20 cm) 2001 248 Table 17. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN392. Recovered Artifacts 1998 1999 2001 Unknown Total Glass Amber Bottle Glass 73 33 44 150 Amethyst Bottle Glass 7 12 19 Aqua Bottle Glass 99 60 569 728 Aqua Flat Glass 311 233 182 726 Blue Bottle Glass 1 3 4 Clear Bottle Glass 403 626 1300 2329 Glass Doll Eye 1 1 Green Bottle Glass 26 2 35 63 Marbles 6 11 2 19 Milk Glass 16 5 51 72 Pink Bottle Glass 27 27 Rose Bottle Glass 5 5 Turquoise Glass 30 30 Ceramics Porcelain 19 4 28 51 Earthenware 201 19 73 293 Spongeware 19 19 Stoneware 306 7 101 414 Whiteware 120 56 757 933 Plastic Beads 5 14 19 Buttons 10 5 3 1 19 Plastic Comb Fragment 1 1 Plastic Fragments 2 4 6 Rubber Rubber 12 1 13 Metal Brass Shell Casings 6 7 8 21 Casters 1 4 4 9 Copper Fine Wire 1 1 Copper Fragments 1 1 2 Copper Prong 1 1 Copper Ribbon 1 1 Copper Tubing 1 1 Electric Wire Clip 1 1 Fine Wire 1 1 Harmonica Reed Board 1 1 Iron Clock Balance Wheels 2 2 Iron Knob 1 1 Iron Molds 3 3 Iron Wheel 1 1 Knights of Pythias Crest 1 1 Lightbulb Fragments 2 2 249 Table 17. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN392. Recovered Artifacts 1998 1999 2001 Unknown Total Mesh 4 4 Metal Bolts 6 1 1 8 Metal Bottle Caps 1 7 13 21 Metal Brackets 3 3 Metal C-Clip 1 1 2 Metal Coil 6 6 Metal Conglomerates 3 3 Metal Disk 1 1 Metal D-Ring 1 2 3 Metal Eyelets 2 2 4 Metal Fasteners 2 2 Metal Fragments 1 81 82 Metal Garter Clips Fragments 2 2 Metal Handles 5 1 2 8 Metal Hardware 2 2 Metal Hinges 3 1 4 Metal Hitch Attachment 1 1 Metal Hooks 3 2 5 Metal Nuts 4 1 5 Metal Plate 1 1 Metal Rims 2 2 Metal Rods 2 2 Metal Screws 27 1 28 Metal Spikes 1 1 Metal Springs 4 1 4 9 Metal Staples 13 4 9 26 Metal Wire 13 5 18 Metal Wrench Fragment 1 1 Nails 2325 385 598 3308 Nickel Eye Hooks 2 2 Pipe Fittings 1 1 P.O. Box Key Tag 1 1 Pocket Watch Fragments 1 4 5 Rivets 1 2 3 Safety Pin Fragments 1 1 2 Screen 5 5 Silverware 6 6 12 Textile 1 1 Tin 4 4 Tin Pendant Back 1 1 Tin Wire 1 1 Toy Car Parts 1 1 U.S. Copper Pennies 1 1 1 3 Washers 8 1 9 Writing Utensil Fragments 5 1 6 Zinc Canning Lid Fragments 6 1 7 Unident. Metal 261 63 40 364 250 Table 17. Table of recovered artifact totals from 13BN392. Recovered Artifacts 1998 1999 2001 Unknown Total Brick Brick 15 3635 3650 Faunal Remains Bone/Teeth 28 1 1 30 Other Charcoal 470 470 Chert 3 1 4 Chert Waste Flakes 2 1 3 Coal 157 157 Limestone 11 11 Mortar 1 19 20 Rocks/Gravel 111 111 Seed 1 1 Shell 2 3 5 Slag 77 37 114 Sodder 3 1 5 9 Wood 75 5 9 89 Recovered Artifacts Per Year 4977 1647 7940 1 14565 251 Table 18. Number of recovered artifacts by excavation unit from 13BN392. Unit Level 1 Level2 Level3 Total Surface 2 SE4 SW2 1,422 1,558 2,980 SW3 855 651 545 2,051 SW4 1,706 367 2,073 SW5 160 618 778 SW? 3,653 3,653 SW8 130 2,929 3,059 SW9 58 58 Unknown 1 252 Table 19. Table of discarded objects from 13BN392. Description 1998* 1999** 2001 Total Brick 16455 (28257.3 g) 16595 g 3633 (22350.6 g) 20088 (67202.9 g) Broken Mortar & Flagstone 300g 300g Coal 123 (366.6 g) 123 (366.6 g) Concrete 15 (194.4 g) 15 (194.4 g) Melted Glass 5985 (22822.95 g) 693 (2117.84 g) 6678 (24940. 79 g) Metal Fragments 52 ( 421.25 g) 52 (421.25 g) Metal Handle 1 (Unknown) 1 (Unknown) Misc. Charred Material & Charcoal 1678 g 1678 g Mortar 19 (110.5 g) 19(110.59) Rocks 117 (1962.6 g) 94 (1122.3 g) 211 (3084.9 g) Rocks & Mortar 1605 g 1605 g Totals 22512 (53237.25 sl Unknown (20178 sl 4615 (26489.09 sl 21181 (99904.34 sl *Discarded objects information obtained from Anthropology 308 Manual. ** No other information has been saved for the discarded objects from 1999. Table 20. Table of maker's marks on artifacts from 13BN392. CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE Surface Whlteware Base Shard (Plate) POPE GOSSER/CHINA Pope Gosser China Co. ca. 1910 DeBolt 1988:62 SW2-1 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing Wine ... Repeater 12 Winchester Repeating 1900-1938 Stadt 1984:51 Arms Company SW2-1 Knights of Pythias Crest F/C/B/ (front); COMPLIMENTS/ STAR OF Knights of Pythias post 1869 Chris Hammond THE WEST LODGE/NO. 4 (back) (Personal Communication, 2002) SW2-1 Sponeware Bowl Fragments MIX BETTER/THINGS TO EAT/BOONE Red Wing Union 1926 Charles Irwin DAIRY/PRODUCTS/FOURTH Stoneware Company (Personal ANNIVERSARY Communication, 2002); McConnell 1990: 114 SW2-1 P.O. Box Key Tag For Prompt Return/One Dollar Reward/ United States Postal post 1880? Wilcox 1983:104 N VI or/Drop in Any Letter Box (Front) Service? w 276807 (Back) SW2-2 Clear Bottle Glass ... OMPANY (side); BAY (opposite side) ----- post 1875 Peterson 1996: 19 SW2-2 Melted Milk Glass GENUIN ... Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 SW2-2 Whlteware Base Shard U./13L ----- 1830-1969 Peterson 1996:10 SW2-2 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casing u Winchester Repeating post 1925 Stadt 1984:76 Arms Company SW3-1 Clear Bottle Glass Base PATENT APPLIED FOR ----- post 1902 Peterson 1996:9 SW3-1 Melted Clear Bottle Glass Base H-over-A 7 (5882 on side) Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1971 :239 SW3-1 Melted Clear Bottle Glass Base H-over-A 7 Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1969:239 SW3-1 Melted Clear Bottle Glass Base H-over-A 8 Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1969:239 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW3-1 Melted Clear Bottle Glass Base 68 Buck Glass Co. 1908-1961 Toulouse 1971:57 SW3-1 Melted Clear Bottle Glass Base (symbol) Capstan Glass Co. ca. 1918-1938 Toulouse 1971:579 SW3-1 Melted Milk Glass ED CAP BOYD'S GEN Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW3-1 Melted Milk Glass ... D Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW3-1 Brass Button/Snap Cover FORT BRAND SW3-2 Brass Button/Snap Cover FORT BRAND SW3-2 Milk Glass ... NUINE Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 SW3-3 Brass Button/Snap Cover FORT BRAND N SW3-3 Melted Milk Glass ... ORCELAIN LIN ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 UI 4:- SW3-3 .32 Caliber Brass Rim Shell Casing REM-UMC 32 S & W Remington Arms Company & post 1911 White and Munhall Union Metallic Cartridge Co. 1963:169 SW4-1 Amber Bottle Glass Base ROOT/0 Root Glass Co. 1901-1932 Toulouse 1971:445 SW4-1 Amber Glass Bottle (Cosmetic/Perfume) W.T. CO./U.S.A. Whitall-Tatum & Co. pre 1935 Toulouse 1971:544 SW4-1 Milk Glass GENUINE BOYD CAP ... F... Illinois Glass Co. ca. 1900 Toulouse 1969:352 SW4-1 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing u United States Cartridge Co . 1869-1936 Barnes 1967:407 SW4-1 2 .22 Callber Short Brass Rim Shell Casings (Diamond Shape) Western Cartridge Co. post 1905 Suydam 1960: 164 SW4-1 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing WINCHESTER No. 12 RANGER Winchester Repeating post 1925 Stadt 1984:76 Arms Company SW4-2 Aqua Bottle Glass ... SON ----- post 1859 Peterson 1996:19 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW4-2 2 .32 Caliber Brass Rim Shell Casings REM-UMC 32 S & W Remington Arms Company & post 1911 White and Munhall Union Metallic Cartridge Co. 1963:169 SW4-2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casing u United States Cartridge Co. 1869-1936 Barnes 1967:407 SW4-2 2 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casings u United States Cartridge Co. 1869-1936 Barnes 1967:407 SW4-2 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casing H Winchester Repeating ca. 1904 Houze 1994:19; Arms Company White and Munhall 1963:26 SW5-2 Clear Bottle Glass ... RF ...... - ..... post 1875 Peterson 1996:19 SW5-2 Milk Glass JARS Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW5-2 MIik Glass FO ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 N SW5-2 2 .22 Caliber Long Brass Rim Shell Casings United States Cartridge Co. 1869-1936 Barnes 1967:407 Ul u Ul SW5-2 2 .22 Caliber Short Brass Rim Shell Casings u United States Cartridge Co. 1869-1936 Barnes 1967:407 SW5-2 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing REM-UMC No. 12 NITRO CLUB (Bottom) Remington Arms Company & post 1911 White and Munhall REMINGTON-UMC (Side) Union Metallic Cartridge Co. 1963:169 SWS-2 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing WINCHESTER No. 12 NEW RIVAL Winchester Repeating 1897-1929 Stadt 1984:31-35 Arms Company SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass ATLAS/STRONG SHOULDER/MASON Atlas Glass Co. ca. 1915 Toulouse 1969:26 SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass ... ER MA ... Ball Bros. Co. or ca. 1910-1915 Toulouse 1969:37, 99 Schram Glass MFG. Co SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass ... PER MA ... Ball Bros. Co. or ca. 1910-1915 Toulouse 1969:37, 99 Schram Glass MFG. Co SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass RO Atlas Glass Co. ca. 1915 Toulouse 1969:26 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass Base 1 ----- post 1859 Peterson 1996: 19 SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass Base 1 ----- post 1859 Peterson 1996:19 SW7-1 Aqua Bottle Glass Base G ----- post 1859 Peterson 1996:19 SW7-1 Clear Bottle Glass H-over-A Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1969:239 SW7-1 Clear Bottle Glass ... IVERSAU4 ...... post 1875 Peterson 1996: 19 SW7-1 Clear Bottle Glass Base 6 H-over-A 5662 Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1964 Toulouse 1969:239 SW7-1 Melted Clear Bottle Glass Base F/12/1020 Fairmount Glass Works 1905-1945 Toulouse 1971:201 SW7-1 Melted Milk Glass ... INED CAP BOYD'S G Illinois Glass Co . 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 N SW7-1 Melted MIik Glass GENUIN ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 VI 0'I SW7-1 Milk Glass (Diamond Shape) Diamond Glass Co. 1924-present Toulouse 1971 :550 SW7-1 Milk Glass FO ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 SW7-1 Milk Glass GE ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 SW7-1 Milk Glass GENUINE BOYD CAP FOR MASON JAR 2' Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. 1920-1969 Toulouse 1971 :239 SW7-1 Milk Glass ... INCCA ... Illinois Glass Co . 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW7-1 Milk Glass MASONJAR Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 SW7-1 Milk Glass MASON JARS Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 SW7-1 Milk Glass PORCELAIN Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW7-1 Milk Glass ... SGEN ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION MAKER'S MARK COMPANY DATE REFERENCE SW7-1 Milk Glass ... YD'S GEN ... Illinois Glass Co. 1873-1929 Toulouse 1971:92 SW7-1 Milk Glass IN JARS Illinois Glass Co. 1929 Toulouse 1971 :92 SW7-1 Whiteware HOM .. ./HUDSON/72N Homer Laughlin 1912 Jasper 1993:8 SW7-1 Whiteware HOMER LAUGHLIN/HUDSON/8 21N Homer Laughlin 1912-1921 Cunningham 1998:49; Jasper 1993:8 SW7-1 Whiteware L --...... 1830-1969 Peterson 1996:10 SW7-1 Whiteware ROYALIRONSTONE/ALFR ... MEAKIN Ltd/ Alfred Meakin Ltd. ca. 1897 Kovel 1986: 12 ENGLAND SW8-2 Clear Bottle Glass ... AS ... ----- post 1875 Peterson 1996: 19 SW8-2 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing REM-UMC No. 12 NITRO CLUB (Bottom) Remington Arms Company & post 1911 White and Munhall N REMINGTON-UMC (Side) Union Metallic Cartridge Co. 1963:169 Vi -...l SW8-2 12 Gauge Brass Rim Shotgun Shell Casing WINCHESTER No. 12 RANGER Winchester Repeating post 1925 Stadt 1984:169 Arms Company Unknown Whlteware HOME LAUGHLIN/MADE IN US Homer Laughlin 1900-1960 Nossaman and Cunningham 2002:08:00 258 Table 21. Aqua flat glass thickness from 13BN392. Unit Level Depth Thickness (in mm) SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.5 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.5 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 259 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.5 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.5 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.0 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 260 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.3 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.4 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.1 SW4 1 0-10 cm 2.2 261 Table 22. Table of recovered fauna! remains from 13BN392. CATALOGUE# DESCRIPTION/COMMENTS COUNT LOCATION LEVEUDEPTH DATE 13BN392/SW3-1 Unident. Small Mammalian Vertebrae 1 SW3 1 (0-10 cm) 1999 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 6 13BN392/SW3-2 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 SW3 2 (10-20 cm) 1999 13BN392/SW3-3 Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Tooth SW3 3 (20-30 cm) 1999 13BN392/SW4-1 Unident. Mammalian Epicondyle Head SW4 1 (0-10 cm) 1998 Unident. Burnt Mammalian Bone Fragments 17 13BN392/SW5-2 Unident. Butchered Large Mammalian Bone Fragment 1 SW5 2 (10-20 cm) 2001 13BN392/SW8-2 Unident. Mammalian Bone Fragments 2 SW8 2 (10-20 cm) 2001 13BN392/SW9-1 Unident. Small Mammalian Right Mandible 1 SW9 1 (0-10 cm) 2001 262 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are numerous individuals who have contributed to this project in a variety of ways between 1995-2003 and throughout the course ofmy graduate education. I would like to express my appreciation towards the faculty, graduate and undergraduate student involvement in Anthropology 308, and the personnel from the Anthropology 428/528 archaeological field school in 1997. This year is a period of transition with the Department of Anthropology and for the Iowa State University Archaeological Laboratory (ISUAL) and I would like to express my appreciation and admiration of the previous Research Assistants and Project Archaeologists under the direction of Dr. Joseph A. Tiffany. I cannot overestimate the importance of Kim Adams, Stephen Parrish, Curtis Nepstad-Thomberry, Tina Nepstad- Thomberry, Jeff Carr, Jason Titcomb, and Edward Brush for their combined efforts at ISUAL. Thanks must also be extended to Jason Thompson, Leslie Saele, and Alex Millen. My special thanks goes to Aaron Greiner who has been my partner at IS UAL for the last two years. This work would not be possible without all of your combined efforts! Thank you, Charles Benton, for all of your support and friendship for many years and many more years to come. This project would not have been possible without your advice, assistance, and support. Thank you. There are many other individuals who have contributed to this work in many ways. I would like to thank the Secretary of the Department of Anthropology Linda Haglund. Thank you for being so patient with me regarding the policies and procedures ofISUAL and for being my ''unofficial academic advisor". It is my sincere wish that I wasn't too much a thorn in your side. 263 Many other individuals have assisted with this project and have been key supporters of this project and ISUAL. I would like to thank: Lynn Alex, Joe Artz, Collen Eck, and Beth Pauls at the Office of the State Archaeologist; Doug Jones and Dan Higginbottom at the State Historic Preservation Office; Matt Donovan at the Iowa Department of Transportation; Charles Irwin at the Boone County Historical Museum; Leah Rogers at Tallgrass Historians; Wendy Holtz-Leith at the Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center; and Donna MacNeir and Traci Stephens at the Iowa 4-H Center. My thanks go out to Wolfgang Webber at the Iowa State University Veterinary School and Matt Hill for their assistance in the fauna! analyses and Hank Zaletel at the Iowa Department of Transportation for his assistance in archival maps and atlas searches. There are several academic supporters and fascinating professors, whom without, I would never have undertaken this difficult journey at Iowa State University. Thank you Gary Comstock, Sarafina Cuomo, Neal Delmonico, Hsain Ilhiane, Richard Martin, Margaret Mook, Jonathan Sandor, Whitney Sanford, and Michael Warren. I would like to express my gratitude to my graduate committee. Hector Avalos has been a great mentor and supporter of all my academic endeavors. Thank you for seeing potential, pushing me to my limits, and never giving up on me. Nancy Coinman has offered valued support and advice for all of my interests. David Gradwohl has offered invaluable support and assistance regarding my thesis and ISUAL. Thank you. Special thanks go to my academic advisor, mentor, and friend, Joseph Tiffany. I would not be engaged in the pursuit of cultural resource management and anthropological archaeology without your encouragement and never ending support. Thank you. 264 Several people must be mentioned for their continued love, friendship, support, and respect. Thank you Barb and Bill Brunkan, Zac Meseke, Christopher Meseke-Wren, Linda and Dennis Paulsen, Jeremy, Melanie, Emma, and Jacob Osborne, Charles, Nicole, and Jacob Benton, Corey O'Kelley, Janine Putnam, Sarah Shimek, and Shana Wilson. Thank you for everything. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Jennifer. Words cannot explain my love and respect for you. You have been my best friend since high school and you have always been there for me. Thank you for your assistance with the tables and the illustrations; they look great. I cannot thank you enough for your assistance, opinions, criticisms, support, and your love. I love you.