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Komposisi Jenis Dan Fungsi Pekarangan Jurnal Hutan Tropis Volume 4 No. 1 Maret 2015 ISSN 2337-7771 E-ISSN 2337-7992 KOMPOSISI JENIS DAN FUNGSI PEKARANGAN (Studi kasus desa Giripurwo, Kecamatan Girimulyo, DI Yogyakarta) The Species Composition and Function Of Home Garden (The Case Study at Giripurwo Village, Girimulyo District, Yogyakarta) Junaidah1, P.Suryanto2, & Budiadi2 1Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutananan Banjarbaru 2Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta ABSTRACT. .Homegarden is one form of agroforestry complex which has a diverse structure and species composition. This research is aimed to (1) Determine the composition on 3 (three) levels development of homegarden , (2) Determine the function of crops on 3 (three) levels development of homegarden. The sample location was done purposively based on the availability of data and information obtained in the field. The number of homegarden which will be observed is 12 piece who representing 3 (three) levels development of homegarden, namely early homegarden, intermediate homegarden and advanced homegarden. Observations and measurements of vegetation used census (100%) on the entire plot. The results showed each level development of homegarden have different structure and composition of species. More advanced the level development of homegarden, the number of woody plants increased while the number of crops decreased. This condition causes changes in the environmental conditions at under the stand. The function of homegardenat Giripurwo village is as a source of food, timber, trade commodities, spices, medicine, social, craft materials and ornamental plants. Key words: homegarden, INP, function, woody plants, crops ABSTRAK.Pekarangan salah satu bentuk agroforestri komplek dimana memiliki struktur dan komposisi jenis yang sangat beragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui komposisi jenis pekarangan pada berbagai tingkat perkembangan, (2) Mengetahui fungsi pekarangan pada berbagai tingkat perkembangan. Penentuan sampel lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara purposive berdasarkan ketersediaan data dan informasi yang diperoleh di lapangan. Pekarangan yang diamati berjumlah 12 buah yang mewakili 3 tingkat perkembangan pekarangan, yaitu: pekarangan awal, pekarangan menengah dan pekarangan lanjut. Pengamatan dan pengukuran vegetasi secara sensus (100 %) pada seluruh plot ukur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur dan komposisi pada tiap tingkat perkembangan pekarangan berbeda. Semakin lanjut tingkat perkembangan pekarangan, jumlah jenis tanaman berkayu meningkat sedangkan jumlah jenis tanaman semusim menurun. Kondisi ini menyebabkan perubahan kondisi lingkungan di bawah tegakan. Fungsi pekarangan bagi masyarakat Dusun Bulu, Desa Giripurwo adalah sebagai sumber pangan, penghasil kayu, komoditi perdagangan, rempah-rempah, obat-batan, sosial, bahan baku kerajinan dan tanaman hias. Kata kunci: pekarangan, INP, fungsi, tanaman berkayu, tanaman semusim Penulis untuk korespondensi, surel: [email protected] 77 Jurnal Hutan Tropis Volume 4 No. 1, Edisi Maret 2016 PENDAHULUAN Pekarangan memiliki struktur vegetasi yang sangat kompleks. ICRAF (1996) menyebutkan Pekarangan merupakan salah satu praktik kenampakan fisik dan dinamika di dalam agroforestri dimana memiliki ciri-ciri penting yang pekarangan mirip dengan ekosistem hutan alam dimiliki system agroforestri. Pekarangan memenuhi baik hutan primer maupun hutan sekunder, prinsip-prinsip keberlanjutan secara ekologi dan sedangkan Danoesastro (1976) menyebutkan sosial dimana pohon, tanaman semusim, tanaman umumnya pekarangan di pedesaan di pulau Jawa hias dan tanaman lainnya serta ternak dapat hidup sangat rimbun dengan beraneka macam tanaman secara bersama-sama. Konsep keberlanjutan dengan memanfaatkan seluruh ruang di atas tanah sosial memiliki dua dimensi yaitu peran positif untuk sampai tinggi beberapa puluh meter. Berdasarkan memenuhi kebutuhan pada saat sekarang dan struktur dan komponen penyusun, agroforestri kemampuan untuk menanggapi perubahan sosial pekarangan dapat dibedakan menjadi: pekarangan ekonomi masyarakat (Wiersum, 2006). Walaupun awal, pekarangan menengah dan pekarangan lanjut terlihat sederhana dan konvensional, pekarangan (Suryanto, et al. 2005) menjadi salah satu “jarring pengaman petani”, penyelamat ekosistem dan system pengelolaan Sebagian besar warga Dusun Bulu, Desa lahan yang mensinergikan produksi dan konservasi Giripurwo, DI. Yogyakarta mempunyai lahan di (Suryanto et al., 2012). sekitar rumah yang cukup luas, sehingga potensi pekarangan di dusun tersebut sangat besar. Lahan pekarangan memiliki fungsi multiguna, Pekarangan di Dusun Bulu ditanami masyarakat karena dari lahan yang relative sempit dapat dengan berbagai jenis tanaman berkayu dan menghasilkan bahan pangan seperti umbi-umbian, tanaman pertanian. Informasi mengenai komposisi sayur, buah-buahan; bahan tanaman rempah dan fungsi peranan tanaman penyusun pekarangan dan obat, bahan kerajinan tangan; bahan pangan sangatlah penting sebagai data pendukung dalam hewani yang berasal dari unggas, ternak kecil upaya peningkatan produktifitas pekarangan. maupun ikan; tanaman hias, bahan bangunan, kayu bakar dan pakan ternak. Manfaat yang akan Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengetahui diperolah dari pengelolaan pekarangan antara lain komposisi jenis pekarangan pada berbagai tingkat dapat: memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi dan gizi perkembangan, dan (2) mengetahui fungsi keluarga, menghemat pengeluaran, dan juga dapat pekarangan pada berbagai tingkat perkembangan. memberikan tambahan pendapatan bagi keluarga. Selain itu,pekarangan memberikan fungsi konservasi METODOLOGI jenis yang terancam punah (Watson dan Eyzaguire, 2002). Pekarangan juga memiliki fungsi sosial penting Lokasi Penelitian melalui pemberian hadiah produk pekarangan untuk Penelitian dilakukan di Dusun Bulu, Desa silaturahmi, membantu pengobatan dan acara Giripurwo, daerah Perbukitan Menoreh yang keagamaan (Soemarwoto, 1984 dalam Wiersum, termasuk ke dalam wilayah administratif Kabupaten 2006). Pada masyarakat pedesaan, pekarangan Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. masih berkedudukan sebagai “terugval basis”, yakni Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober sampai suatu pangkalan induk yang dapat diduduki kembali dengan Desember 2015. apabila sewaktu-waktu usaha di sawah atau tegalan gagal karena tertimpa malapetaka, untuk selanjutnya AlatPenelitian dengan apa yang dapat dihasilkan di pekarangan Alat yang digunakan adalah: meteran gulung, kesulitan hidup dapat diperingan, sampai sawah atau tambang plastik dan kompas, pita meter, haga tegalan dapat menghasilkan secara normal kembali meter, alat tulis menulis, kamera dan tally sheet. (Danoesastro, 1978). 78 Junaidah, P.Suryanto, & Budiadi: Komposisi Jenis dan Fungsi …………………(3): 77-84 Prosedur Kerja Penting. Perhitungan INP dilakukan dengan Penentuan sampel penelitian dilakukan mengacu pada rumus yang dikemukakan oleh secara purposive berdasarkan ketersediaan Kusmana (1997) sebagai berikut: data dan informasi yang diperoleh di lapangan. Tingkat perkembangan pekarangan menggunakan pendekatan kondisi intensitas naungan yang mencerminkan perkembangan struktur dan komposisi penyusun pekarangan, yaitu: pekarangan awal (intensias naungan < 30 %), pekarangan menengah (intensitas naungan antara 31-60 %) dan pekarangan lanjut (intensitas naungan > 60 %). Masing-masing tingkat perkembangan pekarangan diambil 4 ulangan sampel pekarangan, sehingga jumlah total sampel adalah 12 pekarangan. Pengukuran vegetasi menggunakan Metode Garis Berpetak (Nested Sampling). Pada masing- masing sampel pekarangan dibuat petak ukur berbentuk bujur sangkar dengan ukuran luas petak 2 x 2 m² (untuk tingkat semai), 5 x 5 m² (untuk tingkat HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN sapihan), 10 x 10 m² (untuk tingkat tiang) dan 20 x 20 m² (untuk tingkat pohon) Struktur dan Komposisi Pekarangan Parameter vegetasi yang dianalisis meliputi Komposisijenis tanaman berkayu dan tanaman jenis tanaman, tinggi total, tinggi bebas cabang, semusim penyusun pekarangan pada lokasi lebar tajuk, diameter, koordinat dan fungsi tanaman. penelitian secara lengkap dapat dilihat padaTabel 1 Parameter dianalisis menggunakan Indeks Nilai dan 2. Tabel 1.Komposisi jenis tanaman berkayu pada pekarangan No Jenis (Species) Nama Latin INP (%) (Number) (Botanical name) PA PM PL 1 Kakao Theobroma cacao 11,52 40 2 Cengkeh Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Pery 10,19 37,02 17,77 3 Mahoni Swietenia macrophylla King 19,17 31,39 42,24 4 Sonokeling Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 5,51 6,16 5 Jengkol Archidendron pauiflorum 7,21 6 Jeruk Citrus sp. 3,93 7 Durian Duriao zibethinus Rumph ex. Murray 5,34 8,52 8 Melinjo Gnetum gnemon L. 25,07 32,25 9 Waru Hibiscus tiliauceus L. 8,35 10 Sungkai Peronema canescens 13,75 4,67 11 Nangka Arthocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. 24,51 11,08 24,01 12 Kelapa Cocos nucifera L. 14,46 13,5 35,66 13 Mangga Mangifera sp. 3,75 14 Petai Parkia spesiosa Hask 14,53 10,41 15 Dadap Erythrina variegeta L. 4,29 16 Randu Ceiba pentandra L. 4,8 17 kemiri Aleurites moluccana (L.) 4,77 18 Salam Syzygium polyanthum 9,3 7,71 19 Belimbing Averrhoa bilimbi 4,15 20 Jambu Anacardium sp. 4 79 Jurnal Hutan Tropis Volume 4 No. 1, Edisi Maret 2016 21 Sengon Albizia sp. 74,28 15,01 22 Sukun Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg 5,68 23 Alpukat Persea americana Mill. 4,55 24 Sirsak Annona muricata 21,04 25 Kuini Mangifera odorata 8,86 26 Bambu Bamboo sp. 107,31 18,44 27 Pakis Cycas rumphii 50,61 28 Rambutan Sesbania grandiflora 12,02 10,39 29 Turi Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg 8,78 30 Aren Arenga pinnata 16,05 31 Jati
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