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Improving Electoral Practices: Case Studies and Practical Approaches © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2014 International IDEA Community of Democracies Strömsborg, SE-103 34, Stockholm, Permanent Secretariat Sweden Aleje Ujazdowskie 41; 00-540 Warsaw, Poland Tel: +46 8 698 37 00 Tel: +48-22-3195620 Fax: +46 8 20 24 22 Fax: +48-22-3195628 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.idea.int Website: http://www.community-democracies.org/ This publication is independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members, or those of the Community of Democracies or the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Korea. The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Licence (CCl) – Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information on this CCl, see: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. Graphic design by: Turbo Design, Ramallah Cover Photo: FutUndBeidl/Flickr Printed in Sweden ISBN: 978-91-87729-67-6 This publications was produced with support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea Improving Electoral Practices: Case Studies and Practical Approaches Contributors: Paloma Biglino Kehinde Bolaji Amor Boubakri Alberto Guevara Castro Raul Cordenillo Norm Kelly Firman Noor Byoung Kwon Sohn Slawomir Szyszka Editor: Raul Cordenillo Foreword “Elections are the essential root of democracy. They are now almost universal.” As Kofi Annan indicates in Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving the Integrity of Election Worldwide, nowadays, electoral processes are a reality in almost all the countries of the world. The development of an equitable, transparent and fair electoral process is the foundation for the strengthening of a healthy democracy. Given the multiplication of democratic electoral processes around the world, however, new challenges and needs have emerged. To meet these needs, the electoral process must be undergirded by two fundamental standards: credibility and integrity. In order to ensure that these two crucial elements are present and visible, other features, such as respect for the rule of law, political plurality, transparency, accountability and the professionalization of electoral management bodies, among others, are necessary. Obviously though, theory is easier than practice, and, in that light, the publication Improving Electoral Practices: Case Studies and Practical Approaches provides practical direction through eight case studies, in accordance with three recommendations made by the Report of the Global Commission on Election, Democracy and Security. The text was developed within the framework of the Working Group on Elections of the Community of Democracies, together with International IDEA, and supported by the Republic of Korea. The Community of Democracies is a global intergovernmental coalition of states committed to the development of democracy around the world. Its members pledge to uphold the democratic values expressed in the Warsaw Declaration and to support them through a variety of initiatives. One of these initiatives is the Working Group on Elections. The Working Group on Elections supports one of the main tenets of the Community of Democracies: promoting democratic rules and strengthening democratic norms and institutions around the world. The Group urges the protection of human rights and the reinforcement of democratic institutions 4 in order to respond to new societal challenges. Members of the Group identify not only elections, but also the rightful exercise of power as essential elements to strengthen democracy. Both of them are sources of democratic legitimacy. Recognizing the imperatives of democratic elections throughout the world, the Working Group defines its mission as encouraging democratic and electoral practices through the promotion of international horizontal exchange and cooperation. The Group’s mandate addresses three principal areas: 1) Reinforcement of capacities of the EMB and strategic electoral stakeholders; 2) Promotion of electoral accessibility and participation; and 3) Improvement of electoral processes. In order to achieve its mandate, the Group organizes capacity reinforcement programmes, democratic reflection forums and comparative research and publications. All of these are instruments that promote thinking and debate on the current state of world democracy. The Working Group recognizes the importance of learning through the exchange of experiences. Improving Electoral Practices: Case Studies and Practical Approaches promotes knowledge through the realities and lessons learned from different countries, and allows us to recognize the challenges and their solutions to strengthen democratic institutions. It is a study that falls within the mandate of the Group, highlighting best practices in these areas of electoral reform. Moreover, the three issues within this document, the professionalization of electoral management bodies, political financing and plural participation, are integral to an electoral process that is based on credibility and integrity. When these items are instituted, the election’s authority is strengthened by providing transparency and legitimacy. This publication is a platform for reflection on the current state of the democratic system. The lessons and experiences expressed within it show where new challenges have emerged and how they are overcome. It is a vision that reveals eight particular cases, yet illustrates the reality of many others. Finally, I want to finish with Kofi Annan’s reflection, ‘I believe the time is ripe to underscore the rule of law, democratic governance and citizen empowerment as integral elements to achieving sustainable development, security and a durable peace’. We, the Working Group, fully agree. Manuel Carrillo Co-Chair of the Working Group on Elections for the Community of Democracies 5 Preface Introducing reforms to improve the conduct of democratic elections is not a straightforward process. First, we need to assess the soundness and effectiveness of existing policy. We need to determine the gaps and shortcomings, and evaluate whether policy reforms are the best way of addressing them. Furthermore, we have to consult with all relevant stakeholders, particularly women and marginalized groups. The outcomes of the assessment and consultations will indicate the direction of the reforms. They can also inform a plan that will guide the reform process. Second, and crucially, there must be political will to reform. A dedicated group of stakeholders can help ensure this by actively lobbying for reforms, engaging policymakers and civil servants, and contending with those who oppose reforms because it will impact their vested interests. Ideally, a political champion who can watch over the reform process will come forward. This publication, Improving Electoral Practices: Case Studies and Practical Approaches, follows up on the recommendations put forward by the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security to promote the integrity of elections. In particular, it shares experiences and lessons learned from eight countries that have undertaken electoral reforms to improve the professionalism and independence of action of their electoral management bodies, the regulation of political finance and the removal of barriers to universal and equal participation. The publication presents real-life accounts of how the recommendations are implemented, and allows for a pragmatic perspective on reform and its impact on electoral life in the eight countries. Moreover, it highlights ideas and lessons that are relevant to policymakers and implementers, including those from countries in transition that are considering these electoral reforms. 6 Made possible by the support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea, this publication is the first joint project of the Community of Democracies and International IDEA. It is our hope that this publication will help inform, as well as inspire, policymakers and advocates interested in successful electoral reform. Yves Leterme Maria Leissner Secretary-General Secretary-General International IDEA Community of Democracies 7 Acknowledgements The production of this book would not have been possible without the kind support and contributions of a number of individuals, organizations and states. First, we would like to acknowledge the administrative oversight and contributions of the Permanent Secretariat of the Community of Democracies, particularly Francesco Lembo, as well as the financial support provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea. We also would like to express our gratitude to the Community of Democracies Working Group on Elections, which supported the realization of this book and validated its country cases and findings. The Working Group is co- chaired by Mexico and the Philippines and its members include the Republic of Korea, the elections management bodies of Romania, India and Mexico, International IDEA, the Open Society Foundation, the National Democratic Institute, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s
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