Women, Business and the Law 2016

WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2016 GETTING TO EQUAL KEY FINDINGS © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 18 17 16 15 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0677-3 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0678-0 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0677-3 Cover design: Corporate Visions Women, Business and the LaW 2016 KeY FindinGs GETTING TO eQuaL 1. Key Findings Highlights from Women, Business and the to court, building credit and protecting women from violence. Law 2016 New areas covered within these indicators include legislation on issues such as nondiscrimination in access to credit, care • Legal gender differences are widespread: 155 of the 173 leave for sick relatives, the legal age of marriage and protection economies covered have at least one law impeding wom- orders for victims of domestic violence. en’s economic opportunities. This edition covers 173 economies, including 30 economies • The total number of legal gender differences across 173 that were not previously covered: Afghanistan, Antigua and economies is 943. Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, • In 100 economies, women face gender-based job Brunei Darussalam, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, restrictions. Grenada, Guyana, Iraq, Luxembourg, Maldives, Malta, Myanmar, Qatar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, South Sudan, St. Kitts • 46 of the economies covered have no laws specifically and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, protecting women from domestic violence. Swaziland, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Trinidad and Tobago. • In 18 economies, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working. The previous edition of Women, Business and the Law found that 90% of economies measured had at least one law imped- • Lower legal gender equality is associated with fewer girls ing women’s economic opportunities. This still holds true, even attending secondary school relative to boys, fewer women though this edition covers over 20% more economies. working or running businesses and a wider gender wage gap. However, over the past two years, 65 economies achieved 94 • Over the past two years, 65 economies carried out 94 re- reforms increasing women’s economic opportunities. Most of forms increasing women’s economic opportunities. these reforms took place in developing economies, with 19 in Europe and Central Asia, 18 in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 16 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Economies in the Middle East What’s new in this edition? and North Africa had 12 reforms, and those in East Asia and the Pacific had 11 reforms. The fewest reforms—3—were in Since 2009, Women, Business and the Law has collected data South Asia. about legal restrictions on women’s entrepreneurship and employment in order to inform policy discussions and promote re- Women, Business and the Law 2016 finds that lower legal search on the linkages between the law and women’s economic gender equality is associated with fewer girls attending second- opportunities. Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to ary school relative to boys, fewer women working or running Equal is the fourth in the series. businesses, and a wider gender wage gap. Where laws do not provide protection from domestic violence, women are likely to The data focus on seven indicators: accessing institutions, us- have shorter life spans. But where governments support child- ing property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, going care, women are more likely to receive wages. 2 Women, Business and the Law 2016 Key Findings How common are gender differences FIGurE 1.1 MOsT EcONOmIEs HaVE aT in laws? LEasT ONE LEGaL GENdEr dIFFErENcE Women, Business and the Law measures legal restrictions on women’s employment and entrepreneurship by identifying gender-based legal differences. The dataset has captured 21 18 30 differences in policies for unmarried women and 26 for married women that affect women’s economic opportunities, for a total of 47 differences across five indicators (box 1.1). 58 Of the 173 economies covered by Women, Business and the 33 Law, 155 maintain at least one barrier for women seeking opportunities that does not exist for men; on this simple measure 34 (figure 1.1), the majority of economies have at least one legal gender difference. Legal gender dierences 0 0 < # < 3 3 ≤ # < 5 5 ≤ # <10 ≥10 The 30 economies with ten or more legal differences are in the Middle East and North Africa (18), Sub-Saharan Africa (8), East Asia and the Pacific (2) and South Asia (2). Source: Women, Business and the Law database. The 18 economies with no legal differences between women and men in the areas measured are Armenia; Canada; the Why were these areas chosen? Dominican Republic; Estonia; Hungary; Kosovo; Malta; Mexico; Namibia; the Netherlands; New Zealand; Peru; Puerto Rico, ter- Of all the questions covered by Women, Business and the Law, ritory of the United States; Serbia; the Slovak Republic; South only 47 are included in the measure of legal gender differences. Africa; Spain and Taiwan, China (figure 1.2). Twenty-two questions contain explicit gender-based differences. Three questions pertain to constitutional rights: the absence of a nondiscrimination clause in the constitution with gender as a protected category, the validity of customary law even if it is contrary to constitutional nondiscrimination and BOX 1.1 LEGaL dIFFErENcEs for marrIEd aNd uNmarrIEd womEN Women, Business and the Law examines differences by comparing 15. Doing the same jobs men and women that have the same marital status in the following 16. Enjoying the same statutory retirement age 21 areas: 17. Enjoying the same tax deductions or credits 18. Having their testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in 1. Applying for a passport court 2. Traveling outside the home 19. Having a gender or sex nondiscrimination clause in the 3. Traveling outside the country constitution 4. Getting a job or pursuing a trade or profession without 20. Applying customary law if it violates the constitution permission 21. Applying personal law if it violates the constitution 5. Signing a contract 6. Registering a business The dataset also captures five other areas that apply only to married 7. Being “head of household” or “head of family” women: 8. Conferring citizenship to their children 9. Opening a bank account 22. Being legally required to obey their husbands 10. Choosing where to live 23. Being able to convey citizenship to a non-national husband 11. Obtaining a national identity card 24. Administering marital property 12. Having ownership rights over property 25. Having legal recognition for nonmonetary contributions to 13. Having inheritance rights over property marital property 14. Working the same night hours 26. Having inheritance rights to the property of their deceased husbands Key Findings 3 one-eighth.

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