Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Sierran Steppe Mixed Forest Coniferous Forest Alpine Meadow Province Including Parts of California and NAPPC and Oregon Table of CONTENTS Why Support Pollinators? 4 Getting Started 5 Sierran Steppe – Mixed Forest 6 Meet the Pollinators 8 Plant Traits 10 Developing Plantings 12 Farms 13 Public Lands 14 Home Landscapes 15 Bloom Periods 16 Plants That Attract Pollinators 18 Habitat Hints 20 Checklist 22 This is one of several guides for different regions in the United Resources and Feedback 23 States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected] Cover: Trinity County, California mountains and meadow courtesy Marguerite Meyer 2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Ecological Region of the Sierran Steppe Mixed Forest Coniferous Forest Alpine Meadow Province Including Parts of California and Oregon a nappc and Pollinator Partnership™ Publication This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership™ (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org). Sierran Steppe – Mixed Forest – Coniferous Forest – Alpine Meadow Province 3 Why support pollinators? IN THE I R 1996 BOOK , THE FORGOTTEN POLL I NATORS , Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction “ Farming feeds of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the the world, and intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems that helps sustain our quality of life. Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set we must remember and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food sources increase. that pollinators Blueberries, strawberries, peaches, and pears are some of the crops raised in the Sierran Steppe–Mixed Forest that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately $10 are a critical billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year. Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated link in our food bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused systems.” by disease, pesticide use, insufficient nutrition, and transportation practices. -- Paul Growald, Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. Co-Founder, The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us Pollinator partnership understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world. Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them. Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership 4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started TH I S REG I ONAL GU I DE I S just one throughout large areas. This guide by pine and oak woodlands in a series of plant selection tools addresses pollinator-friendly land interspersed with scrub or designed to provide information management practices in what chaparral. Montane zones begin on how individuals can influence is known as the Sierran Steppe, at higher elevations the further pollinator populations through Mixed Forest, Coniferous Forest, along south, with pines, firs, cedars, choices they make when they farm Alpine Meadow Province. and a few stunning giant sequoia a plot of ground, manage large This 68,300 square mile province groves (on the western slope.) The tracts of public land, or plant a extends from California into subalpine zone timberline varies garden. Each of us can have a southern Oregon and is primarily from about 7,000 feet in the north positive impact by providing the composed of steep and glaciated to 10,000 feet in the south and is essential habitat requirements for mountain ranges and valleys with comprised of mountain hemlock, pollinators including food, water, distinct features varying from California red fir, and pine. There shelter, and enough space to allow west to east. The western slopes are no trees in the alpine zone. pollinators to raise their young. rise from 1,500 to over 14,000 feet Long before there were homes Pollinators travel through the and drop precipitously in the east and farms in this area, the original, landscape without regard to to around 4,000 feet. The climate natural vegetation provided property ownership or state is characterized by dry summer continuous cover and adjacent boundaries. We’ve chosen to use and wet winter seasons which feeding opportunities for wildlife, R.G. Bailey’s classification system are longer and drier in the east including pollinators. In choosing to identify the geographic focus and at lower elevations. Annual plants, aim to create habitat for of this guide and to underscore temperatures average from 35° to pollinators that allow adequate food the connections between climate 52°F, falling with rising elevation. shelter, and water sources. Most and vegetation types that affect Annual rainfall ranges from 10 to pollinators have very small home the diversity of pollinators in the 15 inches at the base of the western ranges. You can make a difference environment. slope rising to 70 inches where it is by understanding the vegetation Bailey’s Ecoregions of the United mostly snow. patterns of the farm, forest, or States, developed by the United This province is characterized neighbor’s yard adjacent to you States Forest Service, is a system by vertical vegetational zonation. and by making planting choices created as a management tool Conifers and shrubs cover the that support the pollinators’ need and is used to predict responses lower slopes and foothills to 4,000 for food and shelter as they move to land management practices feet. Higher slopes are dominated through the landscape. Sierran Steppe – Mixed Forest – Coniferous Forest – Alpine Meadow Province 5 Understanding the Sierran Steppe – Mixed Forest n This region is designated number M261 in the Baileys’ Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to: www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help. n 68,300 square miles within California and southern Oregon. n Primarily steep forested mountains and valleys. n Elevations ranging from 1,500 to over 14,000 feet. n Average annual temperature range from 35°F to 52°F but falls with increasing elevation. n Average year-round precipitation between 10-15 inches, rising to 70 inches (mostly in the form of snow) at higher elevations. n USDA Hardiness Zones 5b-9b. Characteristics n Distinguished by vertical zonation with the lower limits of each zone rising in elevation toward the south. n Common tree species include blue oak, digger pine, ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, Douglas-fir, California red fir, incense cedar, lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, and western white pine. n Sierran ecosystems are buckling under pressure from loggers, miners, ranchers, water diverters, off-road-vehicle enthusiasts, and resort developers. 6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators The Sierran Steppe, Mixed Forest, “ Adding native plantings in riparian areas Coniferous Forest, Alpine Meadow Province to improve pollinator habitat makes includes parts of: sense in advancing our family farm’s California and Oregon conservation and economic objectives, enhancing beneficial wildlife and improving pollination in our orchard and garden.” --Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President, National Association of Conservation Districts Sierran Steppe – Mixed Forest – Coniferous Forest – Alpine Meadow Province 7 Meet the Pollinators Who are the Solitary bees include carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood; pollinators? digger, or polyester bees (Colletes spp.), which nest underground; Bees leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.), Bees are well documented which prefer dead trees or branches pollinators in the natural and for their nest sites; and mason bees agricultural systems of the Sierran (Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities Steppe–Mixed Forest. A wide that they find in stems and dead range of crops including blueberries, wood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.) strawberries, peaches and pears are are also solitary ground nesters. just a few plants that benefit from bee pollinators. Butterflies Most of us are familiar with the Gardeners have been attracting colonies of honey bees that have butterflies to their gardens for some been the workhorses of agricultural time. These insects tend to be eye- Bumble bee on flower. pollination for years in the United catching, as are the flowers that States. They were imported from attract them. Position flowering Europe almost 400 years ago. plants where they have full sun and There are nearly 4000 species of are protected from the wind. Also, Anna’s hummingbird. native ground and twig nesting bees you will need to provide open areas in the U.S.