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Contemporary Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia

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Contemporary Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia CONTEMPORARY MARITIME PIRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA XU KE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006 CONTEMPORARY MARITIME PIRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA XU KE Master of Economics, Xiamen University A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people deserve my thanks for making this dissertation possible. I should like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Natasha Hamilton- Hart, for her brilliant advice and encouragement from start to finish of this study. I would also like to express my thanks to my thesis committee at NUS, Anthony Reid and Liu Hong, who have given valuable suggestions during my thesis writing. I am grateful for other professors in NUS, Reynaldo C. Ileto, Goh Ben Lan, Robert Beckman and K. Raguraman for their helpful comments, and I would like to thank the maritime security experts in IDSS, NTU, Sam Bateman, Joshua Ho and Gerard Graham Ong, for generously sharing their views with me. I would particularly like to thank the following scholars and maritime experts who I have learned very much from during my fieldwork in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and China: James F. Warren, Hasjim Djalal, Mak Jun Num and Iskandar Sazlan of the Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA); Zou Keyuan of the East Asian Institute (EAI); Li Jinmin, Nie Deling of the Research School of Southeast Asian Studies, Xiamen University; Wang Yizhou of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Philips J. Vermonte, Begi Hersulanto and Edy Prasetyono of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Indonesia (CSIS); and Jayant Abhyankar and Noel Choong of the ICC International Maritime Bureau Piracy Reporting Centre. - i - My fieldwork in China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore was greatly facilitated by research institutions in each country. I am grateful to the following institutions: the Research School of Southeast Asian Studies, Xiamen University; the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Public Security Ministry of PRC, the Maritime Safety Administration of PRC; the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Indonesia (CSIS), the University of Indonesia, the Indonesian National Shipowners’ Association (INSA), the Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA), the East Asian Institute (EAI), the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies at NTU (IDSS), Singapore. I should like to thanks all informants I have interviewed. Besides this, I would like to express my thanks to Liu Zhiyong and Wang Jiling, whose hospitality made my stay in Jakarta much easier. Finally, I must thank my wife, Qinqin, my mother and my in-laws, who have been taking good care of my daughter, Yo-Yo, during my studies at the National University of Singapore. When I left home, Yo-Yo was just born and now she can call me Papa very sweetly over the phone. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................iii LIST OF ABBREVIATONS.......................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS....................................................................................................viii LIST OF MAPS........................................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................viii SUMMARY................................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions.................................................................................................................. 3 Analytic Framework and Arguments....................................................................................... 4 Pirates and the Shipping Industry ........................................................................................ 5 Pirates and States ................................................................................................................. 6 Interstate Relations on Anti-piracy Cooperation.................................................................. 8 Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 10 Piracy in Southeast Asian history ...................................................................................... 10 Piracy in Contemporary Southeast Asia ............................................................................ 12 Contribution of this dissertation to the literature ................................................................... 15 The Definition of Piracy ........................................................................................................ 17 Data Sources on Contemporary Piracy.................................................................................. 20 Statistics............................................................................................................................. 20 Witness Accounts............................................................................................................... 21 Author’s Interviews ........................................................................................................... 22 Outline of the dissertation...................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2.............................................................................................................................. 25 PIRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A HISTORICAL REVIEW................................................ 25 Chapter Preview .................................................................................................................... 25 Part I. Piracy and Seaborne Trade before the Colonial Period.............................................. 26 Nanhai Trade and the Chinese Tributary System .............................................................. 26 Piracy in the Early History of Southeast Asia.................................................................... 28 Part II. The Advent of European Colonisers in Southeast Asia ............................................ 32 Portuguese ......................................................................................................................... 32 The Spaniards .................................................................................................................... 33 The Dutch .......................................................................................................................... 33 The British ......................................................................................................................... 35 The Relations between European Colonisers and Chinese Empires.................................. 36 Part III. Chinese Pirates in the South China Sea.................................................................... 40 Illicit Seaborne Trade and Chinese Pirate merchants ........................................................ 40 Part IV. Piracy in Colonial Southeast Asia............................................................................ 50 The Iranun and the Balangingi........................................................................................... 51 The Suppression of Malay Pirates ..................................................................................... 54 Part V Lessons Learned from the Past................................................................................... 57 The Rise and Fall of Piracy in Southeast Asian History.................................................... 57 The Evolution of Piracy..................................................................................................... 58 iii Anti-piracy Operations ...................................................................................................... 60 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 3.............................................................................................................................. 64 THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY AND PIRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.................................... 64 Chapter Preview .................................................................................................................... 64 Part I. Shipping Industry and Piracy in Colonial Southeast Asia.......................................... 65 The Shipping Industry in the Colonial Era ........................................................................ 65 The Shipping Industry and Piracy ..................................................................................... 70 Part II.
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