THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE DEFENSE VALUES TO STRENGTHEN BORDER COMMUNITY IN DEALING WITH THE THREAT OF PROXY WAR: Case Study of Sungai Limau Village, Central Sebatik Sub-District, Nunukan District, Province

1 Wahyudi Alumni Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract – Conditions of border area village of Sungai Limau, District Central Sebatik Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan province was geographically adjacent to the neighbour country Malaysia and the existence of two community groups who are different, both ethnically and religiously, have become challenges in the social life in Borderland area. From the aspect of Defense Studies, the dynamics could be potential targets of the Proxy War through the Border Region. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of Bela Negara (state defense) values to address it. This study aims to analyze the form in implementing the state defense values of the state defense in the border village of Sungai Limau in facing various challenges such as the susceptible threat of proxy war, using an analysis tool of the Bela Negara conception (State Defense) and Proxy War and Conception of Frontier Society. This study uses a qualitative method by collecting data obtains from interviews, observation, and literature. The result shows that the implementation of the state defense values among the frontier communities in Sungai Limau has the potential to be developed into power in the form of attitudes and practices of national and state awareness and place Pancasila as the state ideology and means of unifying societies that is reflected in the daily life. This can be a social capital to address the threats of proxy war in the border area.

Keywords: State Defense, Proxy War, Frontier Community

1 Alumnus of Post Graduate School for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Indonesia Defense University, email: [email protected]

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Introduction Central Sebatik Sub-district Indonesia.3 From the defense perspective, the ebatik Island is an island that has border region is an area that should be direct position against the state protected against both internal and of , Malaysia. Sebatik S external threats, since it might encounter Island is located in the border area with various threat toward the state Malaysia is not only dealing with issue of sovereignty particularly on the border defense and security but also facing the region that can be aggression, territorial complex economic, social, cultural, violations, armed insurrection, sabotage, environmental (geospatial) issues. espionage, armed terrorist acts, security Moreover, is located in the threats sea and air, and communal border regions within the two different conflict4. According to Law No. 3 of 2002 countries.2 on National Defense, stated that the land Sungai Limau Village, which is and sea borders of Indonesia has geographically located in Sebatik Island, significance in safeguarding the national Indonesia and is one of the frontier sovereignty, territorial integrity and village within the sovereign territory of security of the entire nation from the Republic of Indonesia (Homeland) is threats, both from within and from administratively part of the Central outside. This is reinforced by the Sebatik Sub-District, Nunukan District, Indonesian Defense White Paper of 2008 North Kalimantan Province. The village is which states that some form of threat at made up of two immigrants ethnic, the border may be aggression and namely Bugis ethnic and ethnic communal conflict.5 with Islam and Catholicism embraced by The community (Frontier both society respectively. On the other Community of Sebatik) has a high hand, the community of Sungai Limau dependency with outer area another has establish a direct interaction with the state (Malaysia) could eliminate their Malaysian community in the mainland sense of nationalism Malaysia may at any area which directly cross border with the

3 Mardin, Profile of Sungai Limau Village, (Sebatik: Village Government of Sungai Limau, 2 Sobar Sutisna, Study on Border Defense, The 2014). Development Plan to Establish Self Sufficient City 4 Ministry of Defense RI, White Paper of Defense, of Sebatik to Maintain the Homeland Integration, (Jakarta: Ministry of Defense RI, 2008). (Jakarta: University of Defense 2011). 5 Ibid.

60 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 time manipulate them to infiltrate their nation, including those in border own country, or affecting the boundary communities, the outermost small by shifting the state boundary markers, islands, and rural areas. The border areas or performing acts of terror, and others.6 of both land and sea area cannot be The situation of Sebatik Island, maintained optimally by the military due which is one of OBP (Outstanding to limited personnel and equipment Boundary Problems) is also a potential Border communities are in daily contact source of conflict in the future, where with foreigners from countries bordering the island's east coast line is the starting with Indonesia must increase their point of delineation for national vigilance considering the border region is sovereignty at sea. The other strategic used as a gateway for people activities value related to the renowned within the jurisdiction of Indonesia. High for its rich natural resources which is vigilance of border communities would located near Sebatik Island. Moreover, be different than the people in urban in this region there are also Indonesian areas and in other rural areas. The border Archipelagic Sea Lines (ALKI), that is ALKI communities are highly vulnerable to I and II flanking the eastern tip of the foreign penetration and infiltration Island and use as crossings for because it has direct contact trade, logistics, fuel and gas in the geographically with other countries and surrounding area. Other strategic value is may incurred economic interaction and the close location of Tawau town with economic transaction as well as close Sebatik Island. Tawau is the 3rd largest social and cultural relationship. The city in the State of Sabah and at the complexity of societal issues at the center of the business district in east border area is prone to infiltration by Malaysia region.7 various foreign interests that could Indonesian people precautions threaten the unity and endanger the against the various parties should be integrity of the Republic, so that the enhanced by all components of the dynamics of border communities is certainly very important, should be

6 Ariwibowo, dkk, Academic Study on the prioritized and built in order to become a Proposal for New Autonomy Region of Sebatik City , (Surabaya: Universitas powerful deterrent in maintaining the Airlangga, 2012). 7 Sobar Sutisna, op.cit. sovereignty of the Republic on the

The Implementation of State Defense Values to Strengthen Border Community ... | Wahyudi | 61 border with comprehensive state could come either from outside or from defense education and training8. within the state. The national defense It is important to underline this program as an effort for state defense issue considering the current threat of should be based on awareness about the proxy war in form of soft power that rights and obligations of citizens, as well might destroy the opponents with as confidence in our own strength.10 precise effects without the use of The Concept of State Defense and Proxy conventional weapons pose a threat to a War country particularly in the border region According to the 1945 Constitution in that as the frontier of a country. Proxy article 30 stated that "every citizen shall war is defined as a confrontation have the right and the duty to participate between two great powers by using a in the defense of state. Meanwhile, substitute actors to avoid direct according to the Law of the Republic of confrontation for the purpose of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002, article 9, reducing the risk of direct conflict that paragraph 1, on National Defense, the 9 might lead to the fatal risk destruction. State Defense effort is the attitude and The efforts of the Indonesian behavior of citizens imbued with love people, especially in the border region in toward the Unitary Republic of Indonesia the defending the country should be based on Pancasila and the 1945 triggered by the awareness and sense of Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia responsibility to participate in defending in ensuring the survival of the nation. the country in order to achieve the ideals Based on the Fundamental of State of independence under the National Defense by Ministry of Defense, that the Constitution of 1945, making it values in defending the country is a soft mandatory to participate in the state power in the form of character and defense activity from all kinds of threats, identity that should be owned by a disruption, challenges and obstacles that citizen of Indonesia consisting of

patriotism, a sense of awareness toward 8 Agus Subagyo, Bela Negara, Challenge and the nation and state, faith to Pancasila as Opportunity in the Globalization Era, (Yogyakarta: PT Graha Ilmu, 2015). 9 Gatot Nurmantyo, Background Changes and 10 Budi Mardjoko, Program Implementation the Regional Conflicts: Challenges and Threats to the Border Frontier in Defending the Country in System of National Defense and State Defense, Sebatik Island, (Jakarta: University of Defense (Jakarta: Mabes TNI, 2015). Indonesia, 2013).

62 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 the state ideology, using Pancasila as the development at the border area, require state ideology, willing to sacrifice for the a defense approach that has been nation and the basic ability to defend the agreed as a multidisciplinary science and state.11 also based on the life reality within Construction of state defense border communities and the future awareness is based on patriotism, predictions forward in increasing the consciousness of the state and nation, capacity of human resources. It was the belief in Pancasila as the state stated to ensure that "national defense" ideology and willing to sacrifice for the is an "intrinsic value" that is required nation. Patriotism means to know, various discipline to analyze the human understand and to love the national resources for defense purpose in the territory, safeguarding the land and and border region, which is one that needs to space of Indonesia. State defense is be initiated in the border areas of based on the sense of awareness toward defense, is a defense anthropology the nation that is by building harmony, envisaging defense from anthropological maintaining unity and integrity, love for perspective. However, in one society, it the local culture and the accentuating has its own cultural values with typical the nation’s interest above personal defense mechanism align with the family and groups’ interest. The state culture.13 defense based on the belief toward Subagyo14 stated that Pancasila as the state ideology is to strengthening the awareness of national understand the nature or value of the defense, especially in the border region is Pancasila and practice it in daily life. highly crucial given the border State defense is willingness to sacrifice community function as the front line of for the nation, which is willing to sacrifice defense against different threats, such as time, energy and mind and soul for the foreign infiltration and penetration into nation and the state.12 Indonesian territory that threatens The framework for human resource national sovereignty. Border communities must continue to develop 11 Ditjenpothan Ministry of Defense, Fundamental of State Defense (Jakarta: Ministry of Defense RI, 2014). 13 Budi Mardjoko, op.cit. 12 TB. Hasanuddin, State Defense and 14 Agus Subagyo, Bela Negara, Challenge and Contradictory Discourse Indonesia Conscription, Opportunity in the Globalization Era, (Jakarta: PT Semesta Rakyat Merdeka, 2014). (Yogyakarta: PT Graha Ilmu, 2015).

The Implementation of State Defense Values to Strengthen Border Community ... | Wahyudi | 63 and cultivate the spirit of defending the awareness on the nation, faith in country thus it is not easily shaken by Pancasila as the state ideology, willing to provocation, incitement and the lure of sacrifice and have the basic ability to power from foreign parties who want to defend the country. The strength of overthrow the dignity of the Indonesian value implementation in defending the nation. country as soft power will become the Meanwhile, proxy war15 is defined capital in addressing various types of soft as a confrontation between two great power Proxy War threats that is currently powers by using a substitute actors to taking place in Indonesia. Among them is avoid direct confrontation for the the threat of separatism, mass purpose of reducing the risk of direct demonstrations, the application of conflict that might lead to the fatal risk harmful regulation, drug trafficking and destruction. Usually the third party clashes between groups.17 acting as a substitute is a small country, The Concept of Border Community but sometimes also non-state actors which can be either NGOs, CSOs, Society is a large number of people who community groups or individuals. In live in the same area, are relatively short, a proxy war is a continuation of a independent and the people outside the state in an effort to achieve its strategic region, who share a relatively similar 18 interests but avoiding direct involvement culture. meanwhile, there is another in a costly and bloody war. opinion stated that society are people In this study, the concept of who interact in a particular region and 19 national defense is viewed from the have a shared culture. Meanwhile, Selo implementation of the values in Sumardjan defines society as people who 20 defending the country that has the live together and generate civilization. potential to become power to be 17 Gatot Nurmantyo, op.cit. developed in the society based on the 18 Schaefer and Lamm, 1998, in Syahrial Syarbani, conception of the Directorate General Basic Concepts of Sociology and Anthropology Theory and Applications, (Jakarta : PT Hartomo Defense Potential of the Ministry of Media Pustaka, 2012). 19 Macionis, 1997 in Syahrial Syarbani, Basic 16 Defense consisting of patriotism, Concepts of Sociology and Anthropology Theory and Applications, (Jakarta: PT Hartomo Media Pustaka, 2012). 15 Gatot Nurmantyo, op.cit. 20 Setiadi dan Kolip, 2010 in Syahrial Syarbani, 16 Ditjenpothan Ministry of Defense, op.cit. Basic Concepts of Sociology and Anthropology

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According to Syarbaini,21 area (either city or region) which community is a group of people who live intervenes between the two different within the same territory, where they are jurisdictions.23 The border in general is bound by certain values to direct its demarcation line between two sovereign members to act according to these states. At the beginning, the state’s values and the interaction in the society border is formed with the birth of the as a whole is capable of producing a nation. Previously, people living in a particular culture. In this study, the particular area does not feel the definition of the border refer to the difference, in fact they often come from above explanation that is a group of the same ethnic group. But with the people who inhabit a country that advent of the state, they have been borders geographically with other separated and with their country's claim countries that already have a boundary they now have different nationality.24 agreement. Furthermore, according to Arifin25, in the Meanwhile, the word borders is formation of a national border, there is a defined as a demarcation of political area difference between the sea border and and territorial movement. While, the the land border. On the sea border, border region as an area is define as an scientists are developing a theory based area that play an important role in the on the Convention on the Law of the Sea political competition between the two in 1982. The Law of the Sea Convention different countries.22 So according to outlining the basic legal framework for Guo, the border region is not only limited addressing the baselines, the area of the to two or more different countries, but territorial sea and the deep sea. can also be found within a country, such However, on the land border, a major as a town or village that located under contribution was made by geographers two different jurisdictions. like Ratzel from Germany who built the Essentially, the border region is an foundation of of "space conception”

Theory and Applications (Jakarta: PT Hartomo 23 Saru Arifin, Land Border Law between Countries, Media Pustaka, 2012). (Jakarta: PT Sinar Grafika, 2014). 21 Syahrial Syarbani, Basic Concepts of Sociology 24 Irma Sariama,“The Army role in Enforcing and Anthropology Theory and Applications Sovereignty and Security in Border Region of (Jakarta: PT Hartomo Media Pustaka, 2012). Sebatik Island”, Ejournal International Relation 22 Guo in Saru Arifin, Land Border Law Between Program 2014, Vol. 2, No.1, page. 71-82. countries, (Jakarta: PT Sinar Grafika, 2014). 25 Saru Arifin, op.cit.

The Implementation of State Defense Values to Strengthen Border Community ... | Wahyudi | 65 theory. The theory was explaining that a production forests, protected forests, state is a living organisms that grow and forest reserves, areas with high minerals become extinct. resources, copper, gold and other The border region is an area metals, as well as the island that has located geographically against the good potential of marine resources as neighboring states, where people living fisheries resources, conservation areas in the region bounded through socio- and marine tourism area. Third, the economic and socio-cultural relation uneven population distribution. following an agreement between Generally, the livelihoods for border bordering countries that border.26 community is farming, gardening and Furthermore, according to Mahendra fishing. Fourth, the level of education and Putra Kurnia, the border region is an area health levels are generally low. With which borders with other countries, as these conditions, the people in the has been previously established borders border region are conducting most of through an agreement/treaty between their social and economic activities in the two or more neighboring countries, more sustainable territory of neighboring where the border region marked the end countries. of sovereignty of a state against the The border between Indonesia and territory under their control.27 Malaysia views from the socio-cultural Generally, the border has certain aspects, is closely related to the idea of characteristics,28 first, the location is community life that is full of dynamics. relatively remote and isolated with low State border communities currently do accessibility. Second, it has significant not have good accessibility and is still potential of natural resources. The influenced by the socio-economic potential of natural resources in the conditions of neighboring countries. The border region have the an undeveloped social and economic life of society are economic value. The potential are generally referring to the neighboring countries, as happened in the Kalimantan

26 Suryo Sakti Hadiwijoyo, State Border of province. This is due to better condition Indonesia: Dimensions, Problems and Coping Strategies, (Yogyakarta: PT Gava Media, 2008). or stronger social and economic 27 Mahendra Putra Kurnia, Indonesian Border Regions: Infinite Patience Waiting for False influence from the neighboring Promises, (Malang: PT. Intrans Institute, 2011). 28 Nuraesnaini, Poppy Setiawati, op.cit.

66 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 countries.29 a. Actively participate in the society The border community refer in this organization, professionally or study are the people who live and settle political; in Village of Sungai Limau, Sebatik b. Exercise the rights and obligations Tengan Sub-district, Nunukan District, as citizens in accordance with the North Kalimantan province bordering laws and regulations; directly with the neighboring country of c. Participate in the elections; Malaysia. d. Think, behave and do what is best for the nation and state; Strengthening the Implementation of e. Participate in maintaining the the State Defense Values in Form of Nation and State Awareness in Sungai nation sovereignty. Limau In the implementation, the people

Based on the study results, it found that in border village of Sungai Limau there are several strengths possessed by demonstrates a form of implementation the people in the border village of Sungai on state defense through the nation Limau that can be developed in relation awareness in the following forms: to the implementation of the state Active Participation in Community defense program, which is the nation Organizations awareness among the community Sungai Limau community are actively demonstrated with the active participating in various social activities. involvement in community organizations, This is proven by the active community participation in elections and community participation of Sungai Limau in following participation in maintaining national and organizing various local community sovereignty. This is in line with the organizations which aims to assist the conception of state defense of government in ensuring the successful directorate general of defense implementation of national agendas such potential30 Stating that the indicator of as youth organizations of OM JOKO nation awareness value can be (Young People Berjoko) which focus on demonstrated through the following religious activities and inter-religion manner: harmony. The youth organization is the

29 Ibid. organization set up by the Young 30 Ditjenpothan Ministry of Defense, op.cit.

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Mosque Youth and the Catholic Youth community through various activities Association in the village of Sungai promoting the nationalism. Sungai Limau Limau. The name Berjoko was taken village become the main target of FBN from the name of the sub-village in Sebatik, through the action of planting a Sungai Limau which become their base thousand trees were planted along the camp in planning their activities border line in the village of Sungai Limau. together. The activity was successfully Another youth organization is accomplished every year by involving PEPSIL youth organizations (Youth officials, civil society and the youth of Association of Sungai Limau), established Sungai Limau. by youth of Sungai Limau which was In addition, there is also local originally intended to name their football women organization (PKK) actively group. In a way, these organizations play involved in implementing various village a role like Karang Taruna and actively development and empowerment engaged in the successful activities for rural women. The implementation of the village agendas information on successful events is particularly the youth and sport, such as based on data obtained from the office organizing sports events, community of Sungai Limau, among others are; in works, hoisting flag ceremony on August 2013 the village government in 17 (commemoration of days of cooperation with the sub-district PKK, Ar- independence), which also involves the Rashid Foundation of Sungai Limau carry villagers from Sungai Pukul (Malaysia) as out illiteracy eradication activity through invited guests. Besides OM JOKO and education titled as "functional literacy" PEPSIL, there is also National Defense (Primary and Advanced). Forum (FBN) Sebatik, an organization led In addition to that, they also by the residents of Central Sebatik sub- initiated small and medium industries in district, which is the district where the Sungai Limau which began to be village of Sungai Limau is located. promoted since 2013. Various products Many youth from Sungai Limau village of the local SMEs assisted by Ar Rashid are also member of this organization. Foundation of Sungai Limau has been FBN Sebatik has concern on increasing marketed, which currently distributed the national defense awareness in the around the Central Sebatik sub-district

68 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 and is now entering the Nunukan region relationship between the government through the cooperative of Department and the community as demonstrated of Industry and Trade. through citizen participation in general elections. Participation in General Election The majority of villagers in Sungai Limau Participate in Maintaining the Nation has participated in exercising their right Sovereignty to vote in the legislative and executive The majority community of people living election. Based on the data collected, it at the border village of Sungai Limau said that in 2014 the number of citizens Sebatik are working as farmer, where who have the right to vote are 2,010 they usually cultivate their land with people and number of citizens who use various crops such as palm oil, cocoa, 31 their voting rights are 1,332 people. banana and other crops as their daily While the number of people eligible to livelihood. Farmers who inhabit the area vote in the gubernatorial election in 2013 of land border, especially in Sungai Limau was 1,687 people and there are 834 have been actively involved in 32 people using their voting rights. maintaining the Indonesia national land Furthermore, according to the data, the borders with Malaysia. The 18 stakes number of people who have the voting were planted on the Sebatik Island which right on regent election in 2011 were 1,527 is marked as the state border has been people and exercise their voting right are part of their estates area planted with 1,088 people. So is the case of people various agricultural crops like banan, who have the voting right on village chief palm oil and cocoa. The farmers has a election are 1,041 people and 759 people vital role in the border area, because the 33 are using their voting rights. land border region of Sebatik is known as Based on the data it shows that the the "short cut” of entry for illegal majority of people are taking part in the activities by foreign nationals. elections, although it is still necessary to One of a public Figure in Sebatik increase the voter participation. These named Roga said that he even had an data also show that there is a positive experience where he had to chase away illegal logging activities of Malaysian 31 Mardin, op.cit. 32 Ibid. company who try to cut down the trees 33 Ibid.

The Implementation of State Defense Values to Strengthen Border Community ... | Wahyudi | 69 which actually grow within the Forum (FBN) of Sebatik and the local Indonesian territory located around the authorities. In this activity it shows that 11 demarcation stakes near his cocoa the residents are very enthusiastic to farm. Roga was unsheathing a machete participate in these activities, various he used for cocoa farming activity, to youth organizations and representatives scare away the company workers so that of the government and the military are they step out from the territorial of also attending the planting of thousand Indonesia. In contrast to Roga, a palm trees in this border stakes. The event was oil farmer named Nardi used to have a intended to assert the stakes of unclear dispute with the chief village in the nation's borders in Sebatik, and with the Sebatik area of Malaysian territory. The tree planting activity it is expected that Village chief of Malaysian Sebatik was the Indonesian sovereignty can be claiming that the area being cultivated by uphold in the Borderline. Nardi has entered the territory of the At the same time with the planting Malaysian government. Nardi refuse to of thousand trees, the government has be outdone, armed himself with a map issued a routine border expedition and the state boundary markers are in 4 activities which take place once in a year '10 Minutes NL, he insists to continue by excursion to the stake 1 to stake 18 cultivating the land that clearly part of which is the number of border markers the Indonesian territory although he along the Sebatik Island. The border often being threatens and terrorized by expedition undertaken by the Scout of the opponent party. Central Sebatik sub-district in order to On 27 December 2015, the introduce and recognize the area of the government and the community were state border. The two main events with planting thousand trees at the border the theme of national sovereignty was stakes 6-7 in Sungai Limau area which well supported and directly attended by directly adjacent to the village of Sungai government officials from the village Pukul (Malaysia), in order to assert the level, sub-district level and district level border crossing points where last year as well as by military personnel who they have been successfully planting a served in Sebatik. thousand trees in stakes 5-6. This activity Community action of Sungai Limau was initiated by the National Defense village in safeguarding the state border

70 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 and defending the state-owned property principles in defending their ownership has been traditionally implemented and rights as it deemed to be their personal very heroic. This is because they have dignity. The term of siri’ among the Bugis been working for generations as palm oil community, are often interpreted as and cocoa farmers whose lands shame or pride, and they will not hesitate happened to be located right at the to shed blood and wielding daggers or border, including in the buffer zone area tappi’ (special weapons of ethnic Bugis) as demilitarized zone that has been in defending their property rights and handed over to residents to be cultivated their dignity. as plantation. The state border that The active participation of the supposed to be regulated by community in various activities through international rules has become very PKK organization, religious organization traditional and countrified in the village. OM JOKO and youth organizations The local peasant’s community living in PEPSIL as well as the participation of Sebatik area of Indonesia located in the villagers in the National Defense Forum state border also neighboring with the organization indicates that rural peasant community from the Sebatik of communities are active in community Malaysia. Thus made any boundary issues organizations. This is in line with the over plantation and land owners disputes conception of Directorate General of coming from two different countries Defense Potential Ministry of Defense could be a private affairs that might be (2014) concerning the nation awareness escalated into state issues. This is a with the indicator of state defense value potential state defense advocate for the through active participation in civil village community because the society organization, both professionally ownership feeling toward Indonesian and politically. The community active territory (sense of belonging Indonesia) participation in community organizations in defending the sovereignty of the will have an impact on the progress of Homeland boundaries reinforced by their Sungai Limau as a border village, where private property rights of land as their the citizen support for the government daily source of livelihood. Moreover, the by contributing their ideas, as well as villagers of Sungai Limau are majority contributing their energy through coming from Bugis ethnic, who have high various community activities in various

The Implementation of State Defense Values to Strengthen Border Community ... | Wahyudi | 71 organizations, will provide power for the Forum of Sebatik by planting a thousand construction of Sungai Limau as the trees starting from the stakes 5-6, and frontier area for Indonesia. then in the following year continue with So is the case with data showing stakes 6-7 which is located in Sungai that the level of political participation Limau area which directly adjacent to among border communities in Sungai Malaysia, where this activity is meant to Limau is quite high both in the election of emphasize the border crossing points members of Parliament, the Senate, the that began to blur and prone annexation Parliament level at provincial and district of neighboring states. Likewise with the level which took place in 2014. Similarly border expedition activities conducted with the gubernatorial election, regent once a year as the routine activities of and village chief election that indicate a excursions on stakes 1 to 18, the number convincing statistical result though it still of boundary stakes located in Sebatik necessary to increase voter participation. Indonesia by the Scout Movement of It is also in line with the conception of Sebatik sub-district in order to introduce Directorate General of Defense Potential and recognize the demarcation of the (2014) concerning the nation awareness state border. The two activities uphold with the value indicator of defending the the theme of maintaining the state country is to participate in the elections. sovereignty in line with the basic The significant community participation conception of the Ministry of Defense in politics become an indicator that that is state defense values with villagers of Sungai Limau have the high indicators of participating in level of support and high expectations safeguarding the sovereignty of the for the government and still have a sense nation. Community action to reinforce of belonging toward Indonesia as part of the stakes border of Sebatik is highly their identity, despite their very remote relevant concerning the OBP status location from the central government of (Outstanding Boundary Problems) on the Indonesia. Their position at the border state border stakes which in claim has area is not a reason for them not to been shifted from the 4 '10 "NL as per participate in the democratic process. the agreement between Britain and the Moreover, the action of Sungai Netherlands in 1891, thereby potentially Limau villagers led by National Defense harming Indonesia which is bordered

72 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 only by 18 demarcation stakes straightly believe that the border region has been positioned along Sebatik island and treated as the lesser favorite by the splitting it into two countries. The central government, thus made them thousands of trees that has been planted being provoked to disintegrate from the stretching along the border stakes are state by the enemy or a form of proxy expected to be an alternative in war through drugs influx in the border maintaining the national sovereignty area which can be a strategic entrance from the potential shift of border that for drugs trafficking from abroad. could disserve the Homeland. Strengthening the Implementation of The implementation of state State Defense Values with Faith toward defense values through nation Pancasila as National Ideology and awareness and community active Uniting the Nation in Sungai Limau Village participation in the organizations and social activities, participation in the According to the study, the writer also elections and participation in found that the implementation of the safeguarding national sovereignty would state defense values could be further ultimately resulting in strong loyalty of developed into strength, among others, border residents to the government and the positive interaction that takes place the state. As was stated by Hasanuddin34 between people of different ethnic and that the nation awareness will be religious groups, between the Muslim- established by putting the national Bugis ethnic communities with Timor- interests above personal, family, and Catholic ethnic communities in Sungai class interest. The power of community Limau. The positive interactions are able loyalty to this country will narrow down to demonstrate unity amid their the potential threat of a proxy war, as differences ethnic and religious identity. can be seen in proxy indication that Based on the conception of the Ministry 36 currently developing in Indonesia35. In of Defense in the elaboration of state this case, an example of a proxy war in defense values indicators, regarding the the community is through the faith toward Pancasila as the state development of separatism issues which ideology, shall be shown with following

attitude: 34 TB Hasanuddin, op.cit. 35 Gatot Nurmantyo, op.cit. 36 Ditjenpothan Ministry of Defense, op.cit.

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a. Understanding the values of principle of lakum dii nukum wa liyadin Pancasila; (for you your religion and to me my b. Practicing the values of Pancasila religion), which is the essence of in everyday life; tolerance in Islam. Therefore, there is no c. Making Pancasila as the nation issue that might cause potential and state unifier; disintegration because of these d. Developing the values of differences. In fact, the community has Pancasila; been practicing and demonstrating the e. Have confident toward Pancasila culture of mutual respect and a good as the state foundation. cooperation between fellow believers In this study it was found that the without sharpening the difference with practice of state defense values such as other groups. In addition, the community having faith toward Pancasila as the has shared a common principles among state ideology by making it as a means of them that is both Bugis ethnic and Timor unifying the nation has been significantly ethnic are immigrants in Kalimantan so put into practice in Sungai Limau. Ethnic that they must promote togetherness. and religious differences between Good relationships are groups of immigrants originating from demonstrated by this two different South Sulawesi and new immigrant ethnic and religious groups in their groups from NTT who are former everyday interactions, with a mutual migrant workers in Malaysia were living commitment that if any small friction in harmony and showing unity. The Timor emerge between the two groups in the ethnic communities who are mostly community, then the community will try Catholic, said that the spirit of unity in to settle the dispute as family and diversity has been leading them to live in avoiding any legal dispute settlement at peace and to promote tolerance. court, thus any small frictions will be Similarly with the Bugis community who resolved through community kinship. are mostly Islam through the The unity such as inter-religious implementation of Pancasila’s point of tolerance between the two groups has Faith to the Almighty God, they believe in been strengthened by the existence of the principle of Hablum minan nas (Good Catholic youth and Muslim youth who relationships among humans) and the are helping each other during religious

74 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 celebration events. OM JOKO (Young toward Pancasila as the state ideology People Berjoko), a youth organization has been actualized through that was formed to be a unifying forum implementing religious tolerance in for Catholic youth and Muslim youth is Sungai Limau which become their unique only exist in Sungai Limau village, and not characteristic when people of different in other village in Sebatik island. OM ethnic and religious groups are able to JOKO was inaugurated on October 28, generating new local tradition among 2015 on youth pledge commemoration to Muslim Bugis ethnic and Timorese strengthen the relationship between Catholic ethnic where they actually young Muslims and Christians. This is also mingled well by serving different local supported by the cooperative attitude delicacies. If the ethnic Timor are for instance when the Muslims are celebrating wedding ceremonies, we can celebrating the Maulid of Prophet pound the Bugis ethnic dish specialties Muhammad, the Catholic youth will help such as "deep-fried", "tumpi- tumpi" and to decorate and attending the event. "nasu bale" besides other ethnic dishesof While during the Christmas celebration, Timor served to the wedding guests, the Muslim youth would returned the likewise when the Bugis are celebrating favor by securing the events outside the something, the guest may found churches together with the authorities. different vegetables dishes of Timor In fact, the development process of being served. Not only in weddings, Border Islamic School managed by other celebration of regional traditions Islamic Foundation in the village of of Bugis and Timor has demonstrated Sungai Limau has been helped by the similar practice. This is happens because Christian Lourdes community, and some these two ethnic groups cooperate with of their children are also learning and each other and often take turns in taking the C Package program in that cooking for each other in a celebration, Islamic Foundation. The harmonious when the Timorese have a celebration relationship between the two banquet then a group of women from communities of Bugis and Timor has ethnic Bugis will come to help the host of demonstrated a proper implementation ethnic Timor by cooking their typical of Pancasila value in that area. dishes for the celebration and vice versa. In addition, in practicing their faith Even further, there are already 5 ethnic

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Timor and Bugis who marry each other Limau will indirectly strengthen the state (Amalgamation) and produce their sovereignty on the border, because the offspring, while inter-religion marriage people living in the state border has the between the Catholic Timorese with power of the unity amid differences that Bugis ethnic who are Muslims would be have often triggered discord in other rarely found in other areas, the regions of Indonesia. The growing differences in beliefs and traditions are strength of the unity will complicate the often a major obstacle. This has spawned movement of proxy war which might a shared commitment to unite as a occur as conflict between groups that is border community and avoid any indicated as part of modern proxy war to frictions among the youths despite the divide and weaken the citizen.38 Maturity difference of ethnic and religion. in implementing the nation values was Faith toward Pancasila as the state demonstrated by the residents of border ideology, by understanding the nature or villages and become an interesting value of the Pancasila and practice it in example from the border in the middle of daily life, as stated by Hasanuddin37 has recent discord issues sparked by racial been developed well in the border village issues in the country. of Sungai Limau. The strong integration Conclusion that have developed between two Implementation of the state defense groups of people with different religions values inthe border village of Sungai and ethnic groups is the embodiment of Limau Central Sebatik sub-district, Pancasila. The community integration is a Nunukan district of North Kalimantan has potential factors to maintain state been demonstrated through following sustainability at the border, in the middle attitudes and practices of the of a fairly difficult life challenges at the community: border due to the remote accessibility 1. Nation awareness demonstrated while the proximity and access to the through active participation and neighboring country become a necessity community support in civil society to make ends meet. organizations and community- The unity that has been established oriented activities on the among community groups in Sungai

37 TB. Hasanuddin, op.cit. 38 Gatot Nurmantyo, op.cit

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development of the nation and the Between Countries. Jakarta: PT Sinar Grafika. state, participation in elections and Department of Defense Republic helped in maintaining the country's Indonesia. 2008. White Paper of sovereignty through the routine Defense Indonesia. Jakarta: Department of Defense. activity held by the community. This Directorate General of Defense. 2014. indicates the border community full Basic Foundation of State support and loyalty for the states Defense.Jakarta:Ministry of Defense Ditjen Pothan. and governments. Hasanuddin, TB. 2014. State Defense and 2. The faith on Pancasila as ideology is Contradictory Discourse Indonesia shown by the attitude of unity and Conscription. Jakarta: PT Semesta Rakyat Merdeka. tolerance between the community Hadiwijoyo, Suryo Sakti. 2008. group amid ethnic and religious Indonesian State Border: differences. This shows the attitude Dimension, Problems and Coping Strategy. Yogyakarta: PT. Gava of the public unity in the middle of Media. their different identity. Kurnia, Mahendra Putra. 2011. Border Region of RI: Infinite Patience The attitudes and practices become a Waiting for False Promises. force that can be further developed in Malang: PT. Intrans Institute. border communities to become a Mardjoko, Budi. 2013. Implementation of State Border Guard Program for deterrent against the threat of a proxy State Defense in Sebatik Island. war taken form as soft power, either Jakarta: Indonesia Defense University. temptation of separatism to secede from Mardin. 2014. Profile of Sungai Limau the Homeland, the drugs trafficking Village, Central Sebatik Sub-district, across the border and conflicts between Nunukan district Central Sebatik: Sungai Limau village. community groups in the border that Nurmantyo, Gatot. 2015. Background could damage the unity and integrity of Changes and Conflicts Area: the nation. Challenges and Threats to the System of National Defense and State Defense. Jakarta: Mabes TNI. Bibliography Nuraesnaini, Poppy Setiawati. 2013. Ariwibowo, dkk. 2012. Academic Study Adaptation of Border Region’s Proposing New Autonomous City of Fishermen in Sei Pancang Village, Sebatik in East Kalimantan. North Sebatik Subdistrict, Nunukan Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga. District, North Kalimantan Province. Bandung: Universitas Arifin, Saru. 2014. Land Border Law Padjajaran.

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Syarbani, Syahrial. 2012. Basic Concepts of Sociology and Anthropology, Theoretical and Applications. Jakarta: PT Hartomo Media Pustaka. Sutisna, Sobar. 2011. Study on Border Defense, the Development Plan to Establish Self Sufficient City of Sebatik to Maintain the Homeland Integration. Jakarta: University of Defense. Subagyo, Agus. 2015. State Defense, Challenge and Opportunity in the Globalization Era. Yogyakarta: PT. Graha Ilmu.

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