“The ethical challenges of Artificial Intelligence” Karim Benchenane
ERC Consolidator PROJECT: MNEMOSYNE Brain computer interface to study and manipulate memories of aversive experience during sleep Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Main topic of research : Sleep and memory
Understand memory and its pathologies
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Understand how neurons communicate together and how experience modifies this communication
Neuronal network Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Main topic of research : Sleep and memory
The « Luke Skywalker » neuron
Neuronal network (Quian Quiroga, 2012) Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Main topic of research : Sleep and memory
(Quian Quiroga, 2012)
Neuronal network Population coding in the brain
Need to record a lot of neurons simultaneously Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Main topic of research : Sleep and memory
Wakefulness Sleep
Reactivations stabilized encoding memory
Place cell
Jung, Wiener & (O’Keefe & Dostrovsky McNaughton,1994 1971) Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Main topic of research : Sleep and memory
Wakefulness Sleep
Reactivations stabilized encoding memory
[...]
Neurons recorde d Wakefulness Sleep Encoding Reactivation - Consolidation Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Main topic of research : Sleep and memory
Wakefulness Sleep
Reactivations stabilized encoding memory
Artificial No prior encoding association ?
ARTIFICIAL LEARNING during sleep Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Brain computer interface
de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Spikes of a Place Field place cell
Reward Reward
CHANGE THE EMOTIONAL VALENCE OF A KNOWN ITEM
de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Spikes of a Place Field place cell
Reward Reward
(Gelbard et al. 2008)
de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Rewarding-learning during sleep
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de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015
Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep
- - + Learning during wake Learning during sleep Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep
Rewarding learning during sleep
PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep
Awake aversive learning
PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep
Rewarding learning during sleep
Awake aversive learning
PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep
Rewarding learning during sleep
Awake aversive learning
PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Artificial intelligence Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Place cell time
Neuronal Mouse position activity x(t), y(t)
Position
Time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Place cell time
Machine learning Deep learning
Neuronal Mouse position activity x(t), y(t)
Position
Time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Machine learning : Decode position in the entire environment in real time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Machine learning : Decode position in the entire environment in real time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Machine learning : Decode position in the entire environment in real time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Supervised machine learning
If you can see it …
Deep learning will detect it faster and better than you …
DeepLabCut - Mathis et al. Nat Neurosci 2018 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
IF YOU CAN SEE IT Long term Freely Precision Invasive monitoring moving Intracranial neuronal recordings fMRI Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
IF YOU CAN SEE IT Long term Freely Precision Invasive monitoring moving Intracranial neuronal recordings fMRI
New technique Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Ethical question : Do we want to be able to detect thoughts in your brain ?
To have a fruitful discussion about this question, it is important that experts explain exactly to non-specialists what is feasible or not
Science Science Science « Easy » Difficult Fiction
- Decode some thoughts - Decode in real time - Download your brain - Motor control (exoskeleton) into a computer - Repair sensory modality - Upload new knowledge - Choice prediction - Decoding without you noticing it Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Ethical question : Do we want to be able to detect thoughts in your brain ?
To have a fruitful discussion about this question, it is important that experts explain exactly to non-specialists what is feasible or not
Science Science Science « Easy » Difficult Fiction
- Decode some thoughts - Decode in real time - Download your brain - Motor control (exoskeleton) into a computer - Repair sensory modality - Upload new knowledge - Choice prediction - Decoding without you noticing it
Enough to decode Not enough to induce Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Ethical question : Do we want to be able to detect thoughts in your brain ?
To have a fruitful discussion about this question, it is important that experts explain exactly to non-specialists what is feasible or not
fMRI
Science Advertising
Medical Political communication Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
FUTURE
Artificial Neuronal network neuronal network
If you can see it … Is there anything to see ? Deep learning will detect it faster and better than you …
Supervised machine Unsupervised machine learning learning Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder
Thank you !