“The ethical challenges of Artificial Intelligence” Karim Benchenane ERC Consolidator PROJECT: MNEMOSYNE Brain computer interface to study and manipulate memories of aversive experience during sleep Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Main topic of research : Sleep and memory Understand memory and its pathologies = Understand how neurons communicate together and how experience modifies this communication Neuronal network Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Main topic of research : Sleep and memory The « Luke Skywalker » neuron Neuronal network (Quian Quiroga, 2012) Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Main topic of research : Sleep and memory (Quian Quiroga, 2012) Neuronal network Population coding in the brain Need to record a lot of neurons simultaneously Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Main topic of research : Sleep and memory Wakefulness Sleep Reactivations stabilized encoding memory Place cell Jung, Wiener & (O’Keefe & Dostrovsky McNaughton,1994 1971) Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Main topic of research : Sleep and memory Wakefulness Sleep Reactivations stabilized encoding memory [...] Neurons recorde d Wakefulness Sleep Encoding Reactivation - Consolidation Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Main topic of research : Sleep and memory Wakefulness Sleep Reactivations stabilized encoding memory Artificial No prior encoding association ? ARTIFICIAL LEARNING during sleep Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Brain computer interface de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Spikes of a Place Field place cell Reward Reward CHANGE THE EMOTIONAL VALENCE OF A KNOWN ITEM de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Spikes of a Place Field place cell Reward Reward (Gelbard et al. 2008) de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Rewarding-learning during sleep + de Lavilléon G, Lacroix M, Rondi-Reig L, Benchenane K. Nature Neuroscience 2015 Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep - - + Learning during wake Learning during sleep Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep Rewarding learning during sleep PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep Awake aversive learning PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep Rewarding learning during sleep Awake aversive learning PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Reverse an aversive experience during wakefulness (trauma) by a rewarding-learning during sleep Rewarding learning during sleep Awake aversive learning PAG aversive MFB rewarding Brain-computer interface stimulations stimulations Artificial intelligence Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Place cell time Neuronal Mouse position activity x(t), y(t) Position Time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Place cell time Machine learning Deep learning Neuronal Mouse position activity x(t), y(t) Position Time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Machine learning : Decode position in the entire environment in real time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Machine learning : Decode position in the entire environment in real time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Machine learning : Decode position in the entire environment in real time Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Supervised machine learning If you can see it … Deep learning will detect it faster and better than you … DeepLabCut - Mathis et al. Nat Neurosci 2018 Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder IF YOU CAN SEE IT Long term Freely Precision Invasive monitoring moving Intracranial neuronal recordings fMRI Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder IF YOU CAN SEE IT Long term Freely Precision Invasive monitoring moving Intracranial neuronal recordings fMRI New technique Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Ethical question : Do we want to be able to detect thoughts in your brain ? To have a fruitful discussion about this question, it is important that experts explain exactly to non-specialists what is feasible or not Science Science Science « Easy » Difficult Fiction - Decode some thoughts - Decode in real time - Download your brain - Motor control (exoskeleton) into a computer - Repair sensory modality - Upload new knowledge - Choice prediction - Decoding without you noticing it Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Ethical question : Do we want to be able to detect thoughts in your brain ? To have a fruitful discussion about this question, it is important that experts explain exactly to non-specialists what is feasible or not Science Science Science « Easy » Difficult Fiction - Decode some thoughts - Decode in real time - Download your brain - Motor control (exoskeleton) into a computer - Repair sensory modality - Upload new knowledge - Choice prediction - Decoding without you noticing it Enough to decode Not enough to induce Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Ethical question : Do we want to be able to detect thoughts in your brain ? To have a fruitful discussion about this question, it is important that experts explain exactly to non-specialists what is feasible or not fMRI Science Advertising Medical Political communication Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder FUTURE Artificial Neuronal network neuronal network If you can see it … Is there anything to see ? Deep learning will detect it faster and better than you … Supervised machine Unsupervised machine learning learning Karim Benchenane - MNEMOSYNE project Brain-computer interface during sleep to reverse post-traumatic stress disorder Thank you ! [email protected] .