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Herrmann Bianca.Diss.Pdf Autökologische und molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella (Lepidoptera) als Referenzorganismus Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) eingereicht im Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Bianca Herrmann geboren in Berlin Berlin, Mai 2016 Angefertigt im Zeitraum von Februar 2010 bis Mai 2016 unter der Leitung von Herrn Dr. Rüdiger Plarre an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, im Fachbereich 4.1 1. Gutachter: Dr. Rüdiger Plarre 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rupert Mutzel Disputation am 26.10.2016 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Inhaltsverzeichnis _________________________________________________ 2 1 Einleitung _____________________________________________________ 4 1.1 Die Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) __________________________ 4 1.1.1 Der Lebenszyklus von Tineola bisselliella ____________________________________ 5 1.1.2 Physiologie und Verhalten von Tineola bisselliella _____________________________ 6 1.1.3 Die Systematik zu Tineola bisselliella _______________________________________ 7 1.1.4 Ursprung und Vorkommen von Tineola bisselliella _____________________________ 7 1.2 Vorrats- und Materialschutz __________________________________________ 9 1.3 Das Artkonzept ____________________________________________________ 9 1.3.1 Genetik und Speziation _________________________________________________ 10 1.3.2 Methoden der DNA-Taxonomie ___________________________________________ 11 2 Ziele der Arbeit ________________________________________________ 15 2.1 Die ökologischen Potenz und Konkurrenzfähigkeit der Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella ____________________________________________________________ 15 2.2 Das Vorkommen der Kleidermotte Tineola biselliella in natürlichen Habitaten 16 2.3 Molekularbiologische Untersuchung auf der Ebene der Spezies und Subspezies ___________________________________________________________ 16 3 Material und Methoden __________________________________________ 18 3.1 Zucht- und Freilandorganismen _____________________________________ 18 3.1.1 BAM-Zuchten _________________________________________________________ 18 3.1.2 Tineola bisselliella und Niditinea fuscipunctella aus dem Freiland ________________ 20 3.1.3 Ephestia kuehniella ____________________________________________________ 21 3.2 Versuchsplanung _________________________________________________ 21 3.2.1 Aspekte der Stichprobenwahl ____________________________________________ 22 3.2.2 Aspekte der Variabilität _________________________________________________ 22 3.2.3 Aspekte der Konstanz der Faktoren _______________________________________ 23 3.3 Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Potenz und Konkurrenzstärke von Tineola bissellliella ____________________________________________________________ 24 3.3.1 Untersuchungen zum Falterschlupf von Tineola bisselliella bei einer unterschiedlichen Anzahl eingesetzter Eier _______________________________________________________ 24 3.3.2 Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Potenz und Konkurrenzstärke der Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella gegenüber dem Polsterwarenkäfer Anthrenus flavipes _________________ 25 3.4 Faunistische Untersuchungen _______________________________________ 26 3.4.1 Fallentypen und Beprobungsrhythmus _____________________________________ 27 3.4.2 Fallenstandorte _______________________________________________________ 30 3.5 Molekularbiologische Methoden _____________________________________ 33 3.5.1 DNA-Isolierung ________________________________________________________ 33 3.5.2 DNA-Amplifikation – Die Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) ____________________ 36 3.5.3 Elektrophoresetechniken ________________________________________________ 47 3.5.4 DNA-Aufreinigung _____________________________________________________ 49 3.5.5 Überprüfung der BOX-PCR-Muster auf mitochondrialen Ursprung _______________ 50 3.5.6 Sequenzierung ________________________________________________________ 54 2 3.6 Biostatistik _______________________________________________________ 55 3.6.1 Deskriptive Statistik ____________________________________________________ 55 3.6.2 Induktive Statistik ______________________________________________________ 57 3.6.3 Analytische Statistik ____________________________________________________ 58 3.7 Material __________________________________________________________ 62 3.7.1 Arbeitsgeräte _________________________________________________________ 62 3.7.2 Verbrauchsmaterial ____________________________________________________ 64 3.7.3 Chemikalien, Enzyme und Kits ___________________________________________ 65 3.7.4 Puffer und Lösungen ___________________________________________________ 66 3.7.5 Sterilisierung von Puffern, Medien und Gebrauchsmaterial _____________________ 68 3.7.6 Oligonukleotide und Vektoren ____________________________________________ 68 3.7.7 Software/Programme/Webschnittstellen ____________________________________ 69 3.7.8 Bakterienstamm _______________________________________________________ 70 3.7.9 Kulturmedien _________________________________________________________ 70 4 Ergebnisse ___________________________________________________ 72 4.1 Charakterisierung der Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella als Ökospezies ____ 72 4.1.1 Untersuchungen zum Falterschlupf von Tineola bisselliella bei unterschiedlicher Anzahl eingesetzter Eier _____________________________________________________________ 72 4.1.2 Versuche zur ökologischen Potenz und Konkurrenzstärke ______________________ 73 4.1.3 Faunistische Untersuchungen ____________________________________________ 83 4.2 Charakterisierung der Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella als Genospezies ___ 88 4.2.1 Phylogenie auf der Ebene der Spezies _____________________________________ 88 4.2.2 Phylogenie auf der Ebene der Subspezies __________________________________ 93 4.2.3 BOX-PCR-Bandenmuster und genetische Distanzen __________________________ 96 5 Diskussion __________________________________________________ 119 5.1 Die ökologische Potenz der Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella ____________ 119 5.2 Vorkommen und Verbreitung der Kleidermotte T. bisselliella in Berlin und Umgebeung __________________________________________________________ 120 5.3 Tineola bisselliella, eine Spezialisation der Gattung Tinea? _____________ 121 5.4 Genetische Distanzen und die Herausbildung von Populationen _________ 122 5.5 Schlussfolgerungen für die Prävention eines Kleidermottenbefall ________ 123 5.6 Die BOX-PCR, ein Fingerprintsystem für Insekten? ____________________ 124 5.6.1 Qualitative Analyse der BOX-PCR _______________________________________ 124 5.6.2 Reproduzierbarkeit der BOX-PCR Bandenmuster ___________________________ 125 5.6.3 Analysen der BOX-PCR Muster auf Agarosegelen mit PyElph __________________ 126 6 Tabellenverzeichnis ___________________________________________ 127 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis ________________________________________ 128 8 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ________________________________________ 131 9 Anlagen _____________________________________________________ 133 10 Zusammenfassung __________________________________________ 136 11 Literaturverzeichnis __________________________________________ 137 12 erfolgte Publikationen ________________________________________ 150 3 1 EINLEITUNG Schädlinge sind Organismen, die dem Menschen schaden, indem sie seine Lebensmittel oder Gegenstände unbrauchbar machen oder Krankheiten übertragen. Von Schädlingskatastrophen wird schon im Alten Testament der Bibel (10. bis 6. Jahrhundert vor Christus) berichtet (Levinson & Levinson, 2001). Schädlinge sind vor allem im Zusammenhang mit der entstandenen Lebensmittellagerung und der Domestikation, dem engen Zusammenleben von Mensch und Tier, zu einem tragenden Problem geworden. Die Entstehung von Siedlungen und Kulturlandschaften verändert die Naturlandschaft und schafft neue Lebensräume, die sich durch ein reiches Nahrungsangebot und den Schutz vor Witterungs- und Klimaeinflüssen auszeichnen. Dies machen sich vor allem Insekten zu Nutze, die als Siedlungs- oder Gebäude-/Wohnungssynanthropen neue ökologische Nischen verwirklichen (Weidner, 1958; Frankie & Ehler, 1978; Engelbrecht & Reichmuth, 2005). Günstige mikroklimatische Bedingungen ermöglichen auch Arten aus wärmeren Gebieten sich zu etablieren, so stammen etwa drei Fünftel der nichteinheimischen Arten in Berlin aus eben diesen Gebieten der Erde (Sukopp, 2007). Das Gebiet der Textilschädlinge gewann während des ersten Weltkrieges an wissenschaftlichem Interesse, da Rohstoffe sowie auch Wolle knapp wurden. Die Farbenfabrik vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co, die 1863 gegründet wurde und den Ursprung der heutigen Bayer AG darstellt, machte sich den Wollschutz zur Aufgabe (Herfs, 1936). Die Kleidermotte Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) zählte schon damals zu den wirtschaftlich bedeutsamsten Materialschädlingen weltweit. Ihre Larven richten nicht nur einen finanziellen Schaden durch die Zerstörung keratinhaltiger Produkte wie Haare, Wolle, Federn und Leder in Haushalten und der Industrie an, sondern zerstören auch unwiederbringliche Kulturgüter in Museen (Kemper, 1935; Key & Common, 1959; Becker, 1960; Rajendran & Parveen, 2005; Pinniger, 2010). 1.1 DIE KLEIDERMOTTE TINEOLA BISSELLIELLA (HUMMEL) Tineola bisselliella (Abb. 1-1) ist ein Kleinschmetterling mit einer Flügelspannweite zwischen neun und fünfzehn Millimetern (Robinson & Nielsen, 1993). Die Vorderflügel sind mit glänzenden, gelblich, goldenen Schuppen besetzt,
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