Evaluation of Permethrin in Industrial Application on Wool Against Tinea Trans/Ucens and Anthrenus Flavipes
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.~. --,- IndianJournal of Fibre & TextileResearch Vol. 18,March 1993, pp. 25-29 Evaluation of permethrin in industrial application on wool against Tinea trans/ucens and Anthrenus flavipes VijayVeer" , RameshwarPrasad & K M Rao DefenceR & D Establishment,Gwalior 474 002,India Received15 May 1992; revised received 22 July1992; accepted 3 August1992 The effectivenessof permethrin in industrial applications on wool was studied againstthe larvae of Tinea translucensMeyrick (the tropical case-makingclothes moth) and Anthrenus flavipes Le Conte (the furniture carpet beetle). Permethrin at 0.1% (on wool weight) was applied on fabrics at the dyeing and last scouring stages,and on wool tops at the dyeing stagein two woollen mills. Per- methrin-treated fabrics were found insectproof after 10 hand Imachine washings or 10 drycleanings or 28 days of sunlight exposure. But fabrics treated at 50-55°C and 70-75°C in the last scouring stage were not found insectproof after 10 drycleanings and 20 hand washings respectively. The treatment at higher temperatures(above 60°C) showed better exhaustionand fastnessof permethrin on the fabrics. About 1.5-10.5%of applied permethrin was lost in three and a half years storage in various climatic conditions of the country. The maximum loss of permethrin occurred in hot and high humid places.The treated fabrics and garmentswere found safeto the users. Keywords: Anthrenus flavipes,Permethrin, Tinea translucens,Wool fabric 1 Introduction found it suitable for the insectproofing of carpets Certain insect species of beetle family, Dermes- which require low wet fastness. However, no such tidae (Coleoptera) and moth family, Tineidae study has been carried out for fabrics which re- (Lepidoptera) are able to feed and derive nourish- quire high wet fastness, especially in Indian condi- ment from animal polymer like keratin. Their lar- tions. It has been observed that the effectiveness val feeding on woollen textiles and fur- and feath- of an insectproofing agent depends upon various er-lined clothing have resulted in heavy losses in factors such as the application methods and army depots as well as in industrial, commercial manufacturing processes, care claims of the fa- and domestic stores in India. For instance, insects brics and garments, insect species and its popula- have damaged barrack blankets worth Rs 1.4 mil- tion level, and climatic conditions!!. lion in an army depot in Kanpur. Among these In this paper, we report the results of mill trials insect species, Tinea translucens Meyrick (the with permethrin for insectproofing of woollen fa- tropical case-making clothes moth) and Anthrenus brics which are frequently cleaned and thus re- jlavipes Le Conte (the furniture carpet beetle) are quire high wet fastness. Permethrin was applied serious pests of wool2. on wool tops at the dyeing stage and on fabrics at There was no suitable chemical for durable the dyeing and last scouring stages and its fastness protection of wool fabrics and garments from in- on fabrics was studied after several washings/ sects' attacks after the ban on dieldrin (an orga- drycleanings, sunlight exposure, storage and users' nochlorine insecticide) in the seventies in India wearing. ~d elsewhere3. Subsequently, a number of chemi- cals were evaluated in various laboratories for 2 Materials and Methods their insectproofing activity of wool fabrics. Of these chemicals, permethrin (a synthetic pyreth- 2.1 Materials. ..0 ... roid) has shown, in laboratory studies4-8,a great Wool fabnc con~g 100 YoindIan VIrgm wool promise of meeting the criteria which a candidate of 40-45~ and weIghing 700 gim2 was used.. In insectproofing agent must satisfy9. In a mill trial tops dyemg treatment, scoured, carded Menno application of permethrin on carpet Byrne et aVo wool of 64s was used. , Permethrin [3-phenoxybenzyl (IR1S)-ciS"-trans- "To whomall correspondence may be addressed. 2, 2-dimethyl-3-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)cyclopropane- -~ -. 26 INDIANJ. FIBRETEXT. RES., MARCH 1993 carboxylate] with cis/trans ratio of 40/60 was durel2 where the assessmentof fabric damage was. used in the form of a 25% (w/v) self-emulsifiable made on the basis of fabric weight loss and visible concentrate containing 7% (w/v) ionic and non- damage to the naked eyes. A fabric is considered ionic emulsifier (ethylene oxide condensate) and proofed to the larvae of textile pests if the mean .1% stabilizer in a solvent supplied by MIs Bharat w~ight loss of four test samples is less than 15 mg Pulverising Mills Ltd, Bombay. or 20 mg in anyone of the samples and/or no surface cropping and holes are visible to the 2.2 Methods 1 th . naked eyes. In control samp es, e mean welgh t 2.2.1 ApplicationofPerrnethrin to WoolFabric and loss of four samples should not be less than 35 WoolTops mg or 25 mg in a single sample. Also, not more Permethrin treatment trials were carried out at than 25% of larvae should die or pupate during two woollen mills located in Kanpur and Ludhia- the experiment of 14 days. na. Permethrin at 0.1% on wool weight was appli- ed during dyeing of wool fabric and tops and at 2.2.3 Estimationof PermethrinResidue on Wool Fabric the last scouring stage of fabric. The details of andin SpentbathLiquor permethrin treatments are given in Table 1. Be- After conditioning at 27:t 1°C and 65:t 5% RH fore adding to the treatment baths, peI:methrin for 12 h, about 10 g of permethrin-treated wool was diluted with 3 times water. This solution was material was soxhlet extracted. Extraction was added to the cold bath (40-50°C) having previ- done with 2-methoxyethanol for about 6 h at a ously wetted fabrics and tops and then circulated rate of 6 solvent exchanges/h. Permethrin was es- for 6-7 min. Lastly, dye and auxiliaries were timated using a gas chromatograph equipped with added to the dyebath and the temperature was a flame ionisation detector. The other conditions raised to boiling (90-95°C) in 30 min. Iv scouring were as follows: column-a glass column with 2% application, a permethrin premix solution was OV-17 on chromosorb W AW, DMCS, 1 metre, added to bath having previously scoured, wetted 3 rom i.d.; carrier gases flow: nitrogen -76 ml/ fabric and no detergent. The temperature of the min, hydrogen-40 ml/min, air-300 ml/min; ov- treatment bath was then raised to 70-75°C where en temp., 263°C; detector and injector temp., it was maintained for 45 min. In one set of scour- 290°C. At these conditions, the retention time for ing treatment, temperature was maintained at 50- permethrin was 250 sec and the sample analysis 55°C. The dyebath-treated material was rinsed time, 18 min. twice with water and then hydroextracted, while Permethrin from spentbath liquor was extracted the fabric treated at scouring stage was only hy- by saturating 100 ml of liquor with sodium sulph- droextracted. Dyed tops after hydroextraction ate and shaking it with 10 ml xylene fo.r 2 h. The were sun-dried for 3-4 days before spinning. organic phase was recovered and analyzed by the gas chromatograph with conditions as given 2.2.2 LarvalFeeding Test (Bioassay) above. Larval feeding tests were carried out with 10 weeks old larvae of Anthrenus flavipes and 25-27 2.2.4 Fast:nessTests days old larvae of Tin~a translucens at 27:t 1°C The hand washing and drycleaning were done and 65:t 5% RH following the standard proce- as described earlier3 and exposure to sun light TableI-Details of permethrintreatment Treatment PerrnethrinWool-to- pH of Durationof Temp.of Permethrinrecovered on stage applied liquor bath treatment treatment % oww ratio min DC Unfinished Spentliquor Finished fabric %w/v fabric % oww % oww Fabricdyeing" 0.1 1 : 20 6 45 Boil 0.094 0.0005 0.085 Topsdyeingb 0.1 1: 30 4 45 Boil 0.071 0.0008 0.051 Lastscouring 0.1 1: 20 6 45 50-55 0.05 0.0015 0.047 0.1 1: 20 6 45 70-75 0.068 0.0008 0.064 aDye-2% MIR Zadalaon(Navy blue colour); Auxiliaries-0.5% Amolan FP, 4% Ammonium sulphate, and 1%Acetic acid. bDye-Ranolan(O.G. colour); Auxiliaries-4% Glauber salt; 2% Ammonium sulphate and 1 % Acetic acid. ""- ~- VDAYVEER e~aL: EVALUAnON OF PERMErnRIN ONWOOL AS INSECI'PROOFING AGENT 27 was done as per the Indian standard specific- weaving processes. In fabric treatment, 9% of p.er- ations14.Machine washing was done with an auto- methrin was lost. In scouring treatment, 50-68% matic Saviour AX 303 using 0.2% neutral soap. of the applied amount of permethrin was re- covered on unfinished fabrics and slightly less 2.2.5 Toxicity of TreatedWool Material to Adults of Pest (about 2-3%) permethrin was estimated on fin- Species ished fabrics. At lower temperature (50-55°C), The toxicity of treated wool material to adults permethrin exhaustion on fabric was 50% which of Anthrenus flavipes and Tinea trans/ucens was is 18% less than that at slightly higher tempera- determined according to the method given by Bry ture(70-75°C). et aL6 where 2-3 days old 10 adults of test species Thus, about 26% more permethrin is exhausted were released in a 0.25 1 glass jar on a sample of on fabric at fabric dyeing stage than at scouring 5 cm roam which substantially covered the bot- stage. This is mainly due to the high temperature tom of the jar. The mouth of the jar was covered in dyebath which gives better penetration of per- with a piece of muslii1 cloth held by a rubber methrin into the wool fibres.