Clothes- of the pellionella complex : a revision of the world’s ( : ) Gaden S. Robinson Department of Entomology, British hluseum (Satura1 History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 TBD Contents Synopsis . 57 Introduction . 57 Preparatory techniques . . 59 Abbreviations . 60 Acknowledgemenrs . 60 Check-list of the species of the Titiea peliioneila group 60 Geographical distribution , 61 hlorphology . 61 Tinea Linnaeus . 62 The peiiioneila-group . , 62 Key to males. . 67 Key to females . 67 Descriptions of species . 68 References . 95 Index 128

S ynopsis This paper gives an account of the eleven species of the Enea peliioneila complex, the case-making clothes-moths. One speciej is described as new. Nine new specific synonyms are established. Keys and figures for the identification of male and female specimens are given and special reference is made to intraspecific variation. The biology and distribution of each species is discussed in detail with special reference to damage, pest status and the factors iimiting distribution. An extensive review of al1 literature including literature on control is providcd : thz bibliography contains 360 references. Records of out- breaks of introduced species and records of quarantine interceptions are given: distribution maps are provided.

Introduc tion ‘The Motte bredethe amonge clothes till that they have byten it asonder; it is a maniable worm yet it hydeth hirn in Y clothe that it can scantly be sene; it bredeth gladiy in clothes that have ben i[nl an evyU ayre or in a rayn or myst & so layde up without hanging in the sonne or other swete ayre after. The Ihlerbes that be bitter and well smeili[n]ge is good to be layde amo[n]ge suche clothes, [suchl as the baielevis [or] cipreswode.’ i 1 (Anonymous, 1521) Five Biblical references in which the clothes- appears in the context of simile or metaphor attest to the antiquity of man’s awareness of - and opposition to - a ubiquitous group of pest species. Apart from appearances as a literary device (Job 14: 2, Isaiah 50: 9, 51: 8, Matthew ! 6: 19, James 5:2) the clothes-moth was described in some detail by Plinius Secundus (Historia Naturalis 11: 41) in about A.D. 77 and, in one of the first printed books, Joannes de Cuba (1491) describes ‘Tynea’ and provides a woodcut (republished by Hartnack, 1939) of a woman brushing

Bidl. Br. Mus. naf. Hisr. (Ent.) 35 (3): 57-128 Issued 29 March, 1979 57 71 --- ......

58 GADEN S. ROBiSSON larvae and frass frorn moth-eaten garments. A pirated version of Cuba’s woodcut accornpanies the earliest printed English account of the clothes-rnoth, quoted above. Recognition of different ‘Tynea’ was not slow in evolving. Réaumur (1737) differentiated between the tapestry-moths ( spp.) - which have free-living larvae - and the case- making species. Linnaeus (1 758) described the cornrnon European tapestry-moth as (Tinea) tapetzella and the case-maker as Phalaena (Tinea) pellionelia - his Phalaena (Tjnea) vestianella is not a clothes-rnoth as was shown recently by Sattler & Tremewan (1978). Linnaeus apparently did not recognize the webbing ciothes-rnoth (also with a free-living ) and it was not for a further eighty years, until the publication of a detailed review of the problem by Zeller (1838), drawing heavily on Réaumur’s observations, that the separation of tapestry-moths (Trichophaga), webbing clothes-moths () and the case-making clothes-moths (Tinea) was unequivocaliy established. The realization that ‘’, the case-rnaking clothes- moth, was really a cornplex of severa1 species was gradual rather than sudden. Haworth recognized flavescentella as distinct from pellionelia in 1828 and by 1860 murariella and dubiella had also been described. However, close similarities between the species of thepellionella-group had already caused a good deal of confusion and were to cause much more. Stainton (1874) reneged on his recognition of dubiella in precisely the same way as Müller-Rutz did some fifty-eight years later in deciding there [vas no genitalic difference between ruricensis and pellionella; as it transpired, both were wrong. Irnproved optical equiprnent and dissection techniques permitted Pierce & Metcalfe (1 934) to separate the tangle of specific identities known as ‘flacescenrelin’ and (earlier) ‘merdella’. A review of the Palaearctic Tineidae by Petersen (1957) was ciosely foliowed by a volume of Fauna SSSR on the (Zagulajev, 1960). However, even these last two works contained enough misidentifications to harnper seriously anyone using them (Petersen corrected many of these in a subsequent series of papers) and: being regional rnonographs, they were incomplete. Until a translation of Zagulajev’s (1960) work \vas published (197S), no modern taxonornic work dealing with the species of the pellionella-group !vas available in English. Regrettably, the degree of accuracy of this translation is not high and large parts of the descrip- tions of at leas: tivo pelfionelia-group species have been omitted. This paper is a revision of the case-rnaking (or ‘case-bearing’) clothes-rnoths of the Tinea pellionelia group. It does not include Stainton nor Wocke for althoggh both of these species have case-making larva: (pallescenteila only niakes a case when it is about to moulr and ieaves it when its new integurnent is hardened) they are not rnembers of the peliionella-group. Tima pallescentella was not collected in until after 1810 and is noiv known frorn Patagonia, the U.S.A., Europe and Xew Zealand. Its appearance in western Europe coincided with the peak of the trade in salted sheepskins imported frorn Patagonia and 1 consider it to be a Patasonian species which has become established in Europe during the last 140 years. The taxonornic affinities of pallescentella are nith Neotropical rather than Palaearctic species. Descriptions of pallescentella and colunibariella (a species usually associated ivith birds’ nests and rarely a pest) are given by Petersen (1969) and Zagulajev (1960) (the latter author misidentified pa[lescentella as coacricella Zagulajev). Only a few other species of Tineidae with case-rnaking iarvae are occasionally found associated with ivoolien or feather products - these are free-living species and their larval ‘cases’ are not true cases but irnrnovable sections of tunnel, the walis of which consist predominantly of frass and food particles. The eleven species of the pellionella-group described here correspond to the subgenus Tinea (as defined by Zagulajev - 1960 - in his classificarion of the Tineinae of the U.S.S.R.).However, several more species are included here and Tinea pallescentella (included by Zaguiajev as coacti- cellu) is escluded. The pellionella-group as here defined should not be interpreted as a subgenus although 1 consider it to be a monophyletic group. Sis of the constituent species are knoivn to be pests but the other fi1.e are rare and are not kno\vn to cause ‘domestic’ damage. The identification of members of the pellioriella-group is not possible without carefui dissection of the genitalia of either ses. Although sterteri rnay be recognized by its hyaline spot at the base of the fore iving. the rernaining species are rernarkably similar in appearance. The separarion of fernales of rranslucem and niiuariell~7is diiñcult and one cannot espect to identify al1 specimens ivith certainty. A good stersoscopic microscope nith a linear magnification range to at least TILVEA PELLIOiVELLA COSIPLEX 59 x 50 is required for dissection and a good single-objective rnicroscope with a magnification of up to x500 is required for the subsequent examination of preparations. The use of phase-contrast in the exarnination of certain specimens may be heipful. In preparing this revision 1 have relied heavily upon specimens in the BMNH coiiection and, unless otherwise stated, al1 material esamined is frorn that institution. In addition to approxi- mateiy 950 specimens in BAíNH, al1 peilionellu-group specimens in KMNH, Washington (about 60 specimens) have been exarnined. Palaearctic material from many European institutions has been exarnined and published upon by Dr G. Petersen in a series of papers from 1959 to 1973. Specimens from the Ethiopian region have been asjiduously searched out and published upon by Dr L. A. Gozmány (see Gozmány & Vári, 1973). Ir has therefore been posible to be unusually selective in choosing material for examination or re-esamination. The bibliography is intended to provide a practicaily complete listing of citations for al1 species. Titzeu pellioneliu, however, is recorded in practically every local list ever published in Europe and it has also been misidentified by rnany workers. Locai check-iists which, of the pellionellu- group species, list only pellioneilu and are of iittle or no interest have been omitted from the bibliography in order to keep it to a manageable length. Each reference is followed by square brackets containing details of the contents of the cited work: absence of these details indicates that the item is of minirnal interest. Where a geographical record is provided, the region invoived is given, e.g. [Dalmatia]. Beneath each species heading, the valid narne and its synonyms are given in chronological order of description \$ith dates, reference to the original description and with the data and depository of the primary type or syntype series. This is followed by listings of subsequent literature citations of the vaiid name and of synonyms, again in the order of date of the original descriptions. híisidentifications are then listed (in square brackets) in sequence of date of their first occurrence. Size rneasurernents given are the wing span of a specimen set in conventional fashion. The terminoiogy used in descriptions of rnale and fernale genitalia follows Klots (1956) (see also ‘Preparatory Techniques’). Low-poner drawings \vere made using a camera lucida on a ii’ild M5 microscope. The scale lines on al1 these drawings are of 1 rnm. High-power drawings of the apex of the aedeagus (Figs 14-27) and anellus spines (Figs 2S4) i+ere rnade \vith a drawinp attachment on a Wild M20 microscope and these drawings have scale lines of 0.1 rnn. The number given in a smaller type- face on each drawing is the number of the uing or genitalia slide frorn which the drawing was made. Preparatory techniques Methods used for the preparation of genitalia slides are described elsewhere (Robinson, 19766) and little modification of the techniques described in that paper is necessary in dealing with species of the pellionelfu-group. It is necessary, in the case of males, to protrude the aedeagus by holding it at the base and pushing it towards the uncus. This manoeuvre everts the anellus and exposes the anellus spines without entangling them with the tip of the aedeagus. The aedeagus may then be removed by holding it just below the apex and gently and carefully puiling it posteriorly. Removal of the aedeagus in an anterior direction results in damage to the anelius and the obscur- ing of details at the tip of the aedeagus by the anellus spines (see ‘Morphology’): preparations made in this way are extrerneiy difficuit to examine satisfactoriiy or to identify without the use of phase-contrast rnicroscopy. The rnaie genital armature is laterally cornpressed and difficult to mount in a dorsoventral position. The uncus, gnathos and anellus spines are best examined in lateral view and the preparations for this work were therefore rnounted with the left valve folded down towards the saccus, the genital arrnature in lateral (Fig. 13) or three-quarter view with the aedeagus removed and mounted separately. The female genitalia must be removed from the abdomen and the contents of the Corpus and ductus bursae removed before adequate exarnination can be carried out. Chlorazol Black E or mercurochrorne was used for staining preparations and Euparal was ernplo’ed as a niounting mediurn. 60 GADEN S. ROBINSON Abbreí.iatlons BMNH Bntish Museurn (Natural History), London, U.K. IP Institut für Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde, East Gerrnany. MAK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museurn Alexander Koenig, BOM, West Germany. MARC Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, Kew Zealand. MNHN MusSurn National d’Histoire h’aturelle, Paris, France. MNHU Museum für Katurkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, East Germany. hf RAC Musée Roya1 de 1’Afrique Centrale, Tenuren, Belgium. MZU Museum of Zoology of the Univenity, Ouiu, Finland. N M h’aturhistorisches Museum, Basle, Switterland and Vienna, Austria. NMNH Xarional Museum of h’atural History, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. P. Slide nurnber pre& for Pierce slide collection, BMNH. . Slide nurnber prefix for preparation by G. Petersen. TM Terrnészettudornányi Miizeum, Budapest, Hungary. UM Univenity Museum, Oxford, U.K. UOP University of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan. UZI ljniversitetets Zoologiska Institution, Lund, Sweden. ZI Zoological Institute, Acaderny of Sciences, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. ZMU Zoological Museum of the University, Hclsinki, Finiand.

Acknowledgements 1 am most grateful for information given, and for the loan or donation of specimens by Dr H.-E. Back, MAJL Bonn, Mr J. H. Bowles, Sandbach, Dr G. Chauvin, University of Rennes, Mr U. Dail’Asta. MRAC, Tervuren, Mr R. Danielsson, UZI, Lund, Dr D. R. Davis, NMNH, Washington, hlr J. S. Dugdale, MARC, Auckland, Dr L. A. Gozrnány, TM, Budapest, Dr H.-J. Hannemann, MNHU, Berlin, Mr J. W. Ismay, UM, Oxford, Mr J. Jalava, ZMU, Hel- sinki, Dr F. Kasy, NM, Vienna, Mr E. S. Kielsen, Copenhagen, Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Edinburgh, Dr H. Steuer, Bad Blankenburg, hlr 1. Svensson, Kristianstad, Dr P. E. L. Viette, MNHN,Paris, Dr W. Wittrner, NM, Basle, Dr N. L. Wolff, Copenhagen and Dr T. Yasuda, UOP, Osaka. 1 am also indebted to my colleagues at the British Museum (Natural History), particularly Dr Z. BouEek, hlr D. J. Carter, Dr M.G. Fitton, Miss P. Gilbert, Mr T. Huddleston, Miss A. Lum, Dr J. S. Noyes, hfrj H. Sabo, Dr K. Sattler and Mr K. R. C. Tuck. The photographs of moths, larva1 cases and pupae (Figs 82-103) wcre produced by the Photo- graphic Unit, BMNH.

Check-list of the species of the Tineapellionella group Enea Linnaeus, 1758 Auroses Hübner, [183] Dysritiea Borner, 1975 jiacescenfelía Haworth. 1878 *rrirripmrellu Costa, [ 18363 roesleri Gozrnany, 1969 peilioneila Linnaeus, 1758 *zoolegella (Scopoli), 1763 *albella Costa, [i836]. norn. praeocc. detniurga ivleyrick, 1920, syn. n. perasimoi.i Zagulajev. 1976, syn. n. translucens hleyrick, 19 1 7 rmrotit.llu Picrce EC hletcaLfk, 1931, syn. n. *ieonhurdi Peterscn. 1957, syn. n. nmguriructu Gozrnany. 1967, syn. n. forrificutu Gozrniny, 1968, syn. n. rnurnriella Staudinger. 1859 brprrticrslla (Ragonot). 1874 TISEA PELLIOaVELLA COMPLEX 61 Iunellu Pierce ¿Q Metcalfe, 1934 messalinu sp. n. dubiella Stainton, 1859 ruricensis Müller-Rutz, 1920, syn. n. bispinci!a Zagulajev, 1960, syn. n. fenerifi Zagulajev, 1966, syn. n. steueri Pétersen, 1966 bothniellu Svensson, 1953 sibiriella Zaguiajev, 1960 rinidenreiia Zaguiajev, 1960 hongorella Zagulajev, 1975 * primary type or syntype not esamined.

Geographical distribution 1 consider the Tineupeilioneliu group to be of Old World origin, its present-day species originating in the northern hernisphere uith the exception of roesleri which is an endemic Ethiopian species closely related to-flucescenteilu. The distribution of many of the rnernbers of the pellioneilu-group has been and is being rnodified. not only by the transport of specirnens by rnan (e.g. dubieilu and peilionellu to Australia and New Zealand, niurariellu to the neotropics) but also by alteration of their environment. The spread of central heating in buildings in temperate western Europe has apparently resulted in the decline of pellioneilu as a pest while a species less resistant to cold (trunsfucens) has been able to colonize this new 'tropical' environrnent, albeit in sporadic out- breaks as a result of importation (see below). Distribution maps are given for the cornmoner species of the pelfionellu-group (Figs 76-81) and it \vil1 be seen that distributions range from Palaearctic-Subarctic (boihnieíla) and Palaearctic- European-Mediterranean (flucescentel!n) to practically cosmopoiitan (dubiellu, trunslucens, peliioneilu). Maps are not given for species known only frorn one or two localities. Geographic variation of a rninor nature has been noted in trunslucens (rninor differences between Japanese specirnens and those from other localities) and influcesceriteliu (rninor differences in two male specimens from Spain and Iiorch Africa) - see the descriptions for these species. In trunsiucens variation is restricted to the maie. A paucity of records of thr peflionelln-group from the New World and the Indo-Pacific region may be attributable to under-collection. The Neotropical region has, however, a rich tineine fauna and niches for -feeders may already be filled by species other than those of the peiiionella-group. Tinea puilescentelln, considered to be originally a Neotropical species which has recently colonized other resions and fills a peilionellu-group niche, has a nurnber of relatives which, with pulfesceriieflu, niay form the h'eotropical equivalent of the pellionellu-group; a small group of endemic Tineu species with Xeotropic affinities is also present in the Nearctic region and this too may block the spread of pellionelfu-group colonizers.

Morphol o g y The morphology of the structures used in identification of the peliioneliu-group is unremarkable with the exception of that of the aedeagus which has rnisled a number of authors. The aedeagus lies, after macerarion, in an invaginated membranous tube - the anellus. Manoeuvring the tip of the aedeagus towards the uncus, the anellus rnay be evaginated to expose the pair of lateral bands of anellus spines (Fig. 13) which, ivhen the aedeagus is retracted, overlie the tip of the aedeagus. The aedeagus is tubular and sclerotized to the tip but the sclerotization rnay continue in a short 'tongue' which rnay be invaginated with the vesica (this is shown in Fig. 17). The apical or subapical sclerotized wall of the aedeagus rnay have thorn-like projections (e.g. pellionella), spines (e.-. fiacescenteflu) or comb-shaped projections (luneílu). These sclerotized projections, continuous ivith the scierotized wall of the aedeagus, are carinae (see Klots, 1956) and are not 62 GADEN S. ROBIXSOS to be confused with sclerotized attachments to the unsclerotized rnembrane of the vesica which are cornuti. Cornuti are either inside or projecting from the tip of the aedeapus - unless the vesica is partially or wholiy everted. Examination of copulas has shown that in the pelfionellu-group the vesica is only slightly everted to the degree shown in Figs 19, 24 and 25. Several authors (e.g. Petersen, 1966; Gozmány & Vari, 1973) have confused anellus spines, carinae and cornuti and subsequent identification from their drawings or descriptions is extrernely difficult. In the case of Tinea rranslucens, the group of needle-like apical cornuti may arise from a membranous surround (Fig. 18) or from a sclerotized extension of the aedeagus wall (Figs 19,20) and this individual variation makes it impossible to label unequivocally the apical spines as either cornuti or carinae in this species. They are here referred to as the forrner but no significance should be attached to this choice of term. In the figures of the aedeagus given here (Figs 1427) the membrane of the vesica is not shown within the aedeagus and the figures should be interpreted with the description of the male genitalia. Variation in venation, valva shape, iength oí‘ aedeagus and saccus and in the nurnber of signa is discussed in some detail below (see ‘Remarks’ for the Titzea pellionella group).

TINEA Linnaeus Titrea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. hat. (edn 10) 1 : 496. Type-species: Plraiaetia (Tima) peliionella L., 1758, ibidetti 1 : 536, by subsequent designation by ICZN, 1957, Opiri. Deci. inr. Conirn. 2001. iVoni. 15: 254. Autoses Hübner, [1825], Ven. bekannret Schmerr. : 401. Type-species: Plialaena (Tinea) peliionella L., 1758, Syst. Nat. (edn 10) 1 : 536, by subsequent designation by Fletcher, 1929, Metti. Dep. Agric. India, Ent. Ser. 11 : 29. Dysrinea Borner, 1925. in Brohmer, Falona Dtl. (edn 3) : 372. Type-species: Plialaena (Tinea) peliionella L., 1758, Syst. Ara!. (edn 10) 1 : 536, by original designation. As currently constituted, the cosmopolitan Titzea contains over 400 nominal species, many of ivhich are not Sineinae. It is therefore impracticable to give a generic diagnosis which defines the limits of the genus.

The pellionella-group 3,9. 8-17 mrn. Head with conspicuous pair of large tufts of elongate scales forming rosettes behind eyes and extending fonvard to vertex; frons with more diffuse pair of similar tufts; scale insertions extending anteriorly frorn base of antenna to a third pair of tufts just posterior to tentorial pits. Pilifers short, stout, clothed u3h elongate dark bristles. blaxillary palpus five-se-mented, clothed with closely appressed pale scales, reaching to betiveen middle of second segment of labial palpus and rniddle of third segment. Fourth segment of maxillary paipus elongate, at least ttvice length of any other segment; fifth segrnent shortest, one-quarter or less length of fourth se-ment. Labial palpus three-segrnented, length of first, second and third segments approsimately in proportion 3 : 5 :4. Second segment of labial palpus with line of rough, protuberant scales on ventral surface and nith ventral row of about ten elongate dark bristles; ouier side of second se-ment tvith similar but more sparse row of six or seven bristles; apex of second segment ivith half-rosette of eight to ten bristles on outer side. Gaiea short, not reaching tip of first segment of labial palpus (.fiar.escenrelia and perhaps roesferi)or t\vice that length, reaching middle of second segment. Antenna filiforrn. scape with pecten of eight to ten deciduous bristles, pedicrl slightly swollen. Segrnents of fiagellurn short, cylindrical or barrel-shaped. finely ciiiate, cilia not as long as segrnent diarneter; each segrnent clothed uith ciosely appressed elongate scales. Fore \vine. elongate, ovate (Figs 3-7) ivith complete venation (Fig. 3) or venation modified by stalking (Figs 4-7) or develop- ment of Af4 (Fig. 7 - see also hongorefía). Venation variable (especially in position of branching of veins from cell - compare Fig. 5 with 61, both \vithin and benveen species. Fore wing yellobvish or brownish \vith characteristic patrern of three dark dots. oiscocelluiar, discal and plica1 (absent or ill-defined in botliniella and honyorelín). Hind n3ng venation complete but variable within and betsveen species particulnrly vith respect to conñguration at end of cell (Figs 8-12). Female Lvith two frenulum bristles. Hind \ving glosju, pale greyish or ochreous. GENITALIAU (Fig. 13). Sacas narrotv, elongate. Valva trian-mlar to rectangular. apes rounded or trun- cated at costal margin. shape variable \vithin and ber\veen species : valva ivithout protruding lobes or processes oiany kind (Figj 4-3-49). Juvta roughly hesagonal. usually only lightly sclerotized, sclerotization continuous ivith vinculum. Gnathos tapcred, directed postero-ventrad, tips more or less upturned towards

a TI.VEA PELL1O;SELLA COMPLES 63 uncus, shape of dorsal margin varying frorn straight to concave both \vithin and between species. Uncus stout, tapered. turned slightly ventrad íniarkediy hooked ventrad in srciieri and borlitiiella) and Lvith a distinctive small notch in the tip. Aneiluj nith band of heaviiy sclerotized spines at either side ofaedeagus, spines strongly developea closest to vinculurn and becoming sniaiier and iess heaviiy sclerotized towards tip ofanellus; dista1 to snaliest spines. band usuaily stiil visible as row of progressively weaker scierotized plaques. Aneilus spines. ujuaily numbering about 20, arranged in a band three or four spines wide but spines sparse in latieiia and very large and arranged in singie line in boriitriella and sreueri. Aedeagus cylindricai. straight or slightly curved. \i.ith minute thorn-iike carinae just below apex (pellioneila, /ion- gorda), tvith spine-like carinae at apes (’acescetzrelia, roesleri), with a serrated, comb-shaped pair of carinae below apes (iai:clia~or tvithout carinae. Vesisa with a single small íflarescenrella) or large (bofh- tzieila) cornutus, n itnout cornuti (Iiot:gorei/a. sreireri), or nith a pair of elongate biade-shaped cornuti which rnay be subs~anriaiiyreduced tcliibirilu) and may bt accompanied by smailer cornuti (rrunslucenx, rtiessaiitia). GESITALIA2. Eighth sternite \vith dsep medial emargination accommodating ostium. Antrurn swolien posterioriy, inner \val1 \vith or uithout transverse folds or dish-shaped protuberances (hhiefla). Anterior region oiantrum \r.ith or without (srcuerij pair of more or iess heaviiy sclerotized lateral longitudinal folds uhich may be tranjversely divided into ttvo sections with differing degrees of sclerotization and rnembrane thickness and hence diferent staining properties. Sorne species ith pattern of annular sclerotization at posterior end of ductus bursae, adjacent to antrum, appearing as rhe, dark transverse stripes. Inception of ductus seminalis dorsal, immediarely anterior to antmm and to any annular sclerotization. Corpus bursae with one to sis signa. Signa nsrciie-iike, each set in nodular, pyramidal or short and blade-shaped sclerotized base which may, in turn, iie in large circular sclerotized field hereafter referred to as the ‘signum base-plate’. Signa in equatorial or an:erior position on wall of corpus bursae.

REhIARIS. A number of characters have, during this study, been found to be subject to marked intraspecific variation. Zagulajev (1960) has laid rnuch stress upon venational characteristics and has used these extensively in his keg to the species of Tinea occurring in the U.S.S.R. As in the Tinissinae (Robinson. 1976a), the venation of the pelíionelia-group \vas found to be markedly unstable. The fore tving shows particular instability (Figs 3-7) \vith respect to the separation or otherv;ise of R, and R5,the comparative distance between the bases of R1and R- and R, and RI, the configuration of the discocellular cross-vein and the bases of the veins which arise from it. The drgree of development of the discal chorda, Al in the ceil and of CuF are also variable. In the hind uing (Figs S-12) the configuration of the discoceliular cross-vein and attached vein- bases is variable as is the degree of deveiopment of and CuP. The position of the tip of MI in relation to the wing apes is nor of significance at species leve1 as suggested by Zagulajev (1960). The developinent of ‘estra’ veins ij by no means rare: a supernumerary vein may be present as a result of forking oi Rs (Fig. 11) or by the addition of a medial branch (M,) in the fore wing as in the holotype of Tineu hongorella (q.v.) or the specimen of Tinea tronslucens in Fig. 11. 1 have been unable to find Yenational characteristics nhich serve to differentiate between the species of the peliiorieila-group recognized here. It is noteworthy that Zagulajev’s key (based on esternal characteristics and placing heavy reliance on venation) for the separation of the species of Tinea found in the U.S.S.R.(1960 : 141) contains two pairs of misidentifications, each pair reprejenting the opposite seses of one species. These pairs are leoriharrii+turicensis (= trans- lucens) and unident~ílaisibirieila ( = bothnieilu). The first pair is separated by venational charac- teristics, the second pair by the length of the maxillary palpi; the second pair is later (p. 172) differentiated by venation. Within the pellionelia-group the length of the maxillary palpi does not differ consistently between species. In steueri and bothnielfu, however, the palpi ~Q-Vbe longer than in the other species but more material is needed before this can be verified. There appears to be no difierence in the length of the mcisillary palpi of the opposite seses of the same species. Zagulajev (1960 : 146) has used the rlitio of aedeasus length to S~CCUSlensth and also the ratio of ths length of the aedeagus to that of the valva as key characters. The shape of the valva varies considerably both \vithin and betneen species of the peilionella-group (Figs 4339) and does not appear to oKer any greater stability in length thnn the saccuj; in addition it is diflicult to measure the length of the valva with any depree of accuracy. 1 have taken graticule rneasurements of the aedeagus and S~CCUSlength of each undamaged maie genital armature esamined, a total of 160 pairs of rneasurements. A scatter diagram (Fig. 1) of the measurements shows there to be much __._.--.. __ - - -.

GADEN S. ROBINSON

/messalina O Panslucens

O o 85 1.0 1*5 Saccus length (mm) Fig. 1 Outiines of scatter diagrams of aedea-eus length plotted against saccus length for nine spwies of Tinea. Number of points plotted for each species -Jaaescentelia, 15; roesleri, 1 ; pellionella, 59; transiucens, 35; murariella, 12; lanella, 3;niessalina, 1 ; dubiella, 2s; bothniella, 4. (Original data are available from the author on request.) overlap of al1 species jmeasurements from steueri and hongorella are not included - but see the description of the male genitalia of these species! with the exception of jiavescentella (short saccus) and messalina (long aedeagus). Tima dubiella and bothniella fill the gap in saccus size betweenpavescentella and the rest of the species here considered. The means and 95 % confidence limits for aedeagus and sacas length and the ratio of the two are given in the description of the genitalia of each species. Intraspecific variation occurs also in the shape of the valva, notably in its size, the degree of concavity of the costa and the degree of truncation at the costal side of the apex (Figs 4349). In the female genitalia, the most pronounced variation occurs in the number of signa (Fig. 2). Variation may be extreme and common (pelliotzella has from two to five signa) or may never occur (al1 specimens of translucenr examined were found to have two signa) or may be of an inter- mediate nature (flacescentella usually has four signa but may very occasionally have two or three). TI.VEA PELLIOh’ñLLA COhíPLEX 65 Some slight variation may occur in the size and location of signa in al1 species but the greatest range of variation occurs in pelliorrella in which a ‘basic complernent’ of two signa is augmented by up to three further signa which may be considerably smaller than the ‘basic’ pair and may not be set in sclerotized base-plates. Minor variation also occurs in the configuration of the antrum (Figs 58-66).

pellionella n- 26 niurariella n-10 f lavescentella 11.16

.r(E- 1 translucens 11-29 lanella n.3 dubiella 11.14

12345 12345 12 345 Number of signa Fig. 2 Histograrns of number of signa found in females of six species of Tineu. n = nurnber in sarnple. (Original data are available from the author on request.)

BIOLOGY.The Ti,zeu pcllionellu group includes al1 the species currently recognized as case-making clothes-moths (with the exception of T.pullescenrellu - see above) and these species are capable of utilizing most forms of keratin as a foodstuff. The list of domestic and industrial materials fed upon by the pellioncllu-group includes wool, fur, feathers, leather, silk, fish-meal and hooves and probably also horn (of which Cerutophaga spp. are the major pests). Where not associated with man, larvae of case-making clothes-moths are found feeding in keratin sources such as corpses, birds’ nests, bird-pellets, mammal burrows and weathered carnivore faeces. Case-making clothes-moths occupy climatic zones from subarctic (bothniellu) to sub-desert (murariellu) and humid tropical (trunsíucerts). The life-cycle and its timing is dependent upon temperature. Species drveloping in cold localities Lvith a prolonged winter are univoltine (both- niella) while others in warrner environments are bivoltine (dubiella at low latitudes) or continuous- brooded (trunslncem in centrally heated houses or in the tropics). The timing of the life-cycles of different species at abnormally high temperatures (see pellionella, murariellu and trarzslucens) is very similar and the factors limiting distribution are, 1 believe, coldness and dryness. Curiously, no investigations have been made of the tolerance to low temperatures of members of the pel- lionella-group. The upper temperature limits of niurariellu, pellionella and translucens have been investigated (Cheema, 1956; Chauvin, 1977) and they seem to be similar and not to account for 66 GADEN S. ROBISSON distribution. Further details of the biology and a bibliography of biological literature are given below for each species. The larvae of the species of the pel/ionella-group are al! (where known) case-makers, using particles of the food substrate and quantities of silk to produce a flattened case (Figs 102, 103) in which the larva lives. The shape and method of construction of the case is similar in al1 the species examined. Larvae pass through a minirnum of five instars and when fuliy groivn climb away from the food source and suspend themselves and their case from a (usually) horizontal surface; pupation occurs within the larval case and, shortly before ernergence, the pupa protrudes itself from the case using the backward-pointed abdominal spines to work the head and thorax clear of the larval case (Figs 102, 103). Several mernbers of thepellioizella-group, notably the pest species, haie been recorded as having been transported by man as a result of trade, notably trade in wool, fur and hides. The popula- tions of pellionella-group species in Australia and New Zealand are the result of irnportation and it is likely that the recent ‘bongo-drum’ outbreaks of franslucetzs (q.v.) in Britain have their origins in individual infestations beginning in East or southern Africa. At irast four species have been successfuily reared in the laboratory - dubiella, mirrariella, transliicens and pellionella. Wakely (1967‘)reared dubiella: the other three species have been reared by me and by Chauvin (many papers - see bibliography). Chauvin rears his material on the skins of small mammals, keeping his cultures at 20-25 “C.hly cultures are maintained at sirnilar temperatures but are fed kvith wool (strips of old ivoollen clothing‘i sprinkled with fish-meal mixed with 10 % dried yeast powder. Both tratisliicetis and titiirariella thrive under these conditions but the culturing ofpellionella has so far proved to be very difficult: Chauvin (pers. conii~.)also reports pellionella to be difficult to rear under artificial conditions. Few papers deal ivith the rearing of Tineidae but that by Billings (1936) is helpful. PARASITES.Hymenopterous parasites of ‘Tineapellioneliu’ are recorded by Riley (1 890-1), Marlatt (1915). Brethes (1920), h’agarnori (1925)? Bruneteau (1930), Morley (1930), Voukassovitch & Voukassovitch (1931), M’atanabe (19331, Morley & Rait-Smith (1933), Ferriere (19411, Burks (1943), Thompson (1947), Mason (1948), Richards (1949), Woodrofie 8: Southgate (195la) and Xxon (1976). 1 consider that the host recorded as ‘pellionella’ by Brtthes (1920) is nturariella as this is the only species of the pellioizella-group known from the eastern Neotropical region. Similariy, the ‘pellionella’ of Nagamori (1925) and Watanabe (1932j is considered to be trans- Iucens. The renainder of the literature records are considered to refer correctly to pellionella. Of the parasite names used by rhe above authors: Metacoelics niansiietor Gravenhorst and Hjperacmus ibzeae Riley are now considered to be junior synonyms of Hjpicera cicrcator (F.)(), Terrastichiis carparus Burks is a junior synonyrn of T. tineicorus Ferriere íchalcidae), Apantefes igae ivatanabe is a junior synonyrn of A. carpatirs (Say) (Braconidae) and Parainesocriiia rineacora Kagamori is a junior synonyrn of Chret?t.vlits rirbigiizosics (hees) íBraconidae). According to Dr 2. Bourek (pers. corntti.), the species of Hahroc.utes which in the experirnents of Voukassovitch 6: Voukassovitch (1931) \vas found to attack pellioticlla is not sasesetiii but very likely H. setnotus (Ii‘aIker) (Pterornalidae). During this study. H.yicera cirrmtor (F.) (Ichneumonidae) has been reared from Titiea transiiicens and Latvian specimens of pellionella and their associated parasites (coliected by Lienig) have been found; the parasites were identified by Dr M. G. Fitton as Gelis cincfics (L.) (Ichneumonidae). Prrdators of larvae include Sceizopiiiirr jenestralis (L.) (Diptera : Scenopidae) (Rothschild 8: Clay, 1952j and a spider (Key 6: Common. 1959). The recorded parasites of the species of tne pellioiiella-group are. in many cases, cosmopolitan and not restricted to feeding on larvae of case-rnaking clothes-moths but are recorded from a number of species of Lepidoptera uirh small. case-rnaking larvae. Ir ij likely that parasites have been and are transported by rnan along tvith their hostj. There is no suggejtion. from the lists of parasites given belon., that any host-specificity is to be found arnong the parasites of thepellionella- group. Lijtj of parasites are given below for each species for ivhich records are available -peliionellu, rratzsiucetis and niirrariella. TIJVEA PELLIONELLA COSIPLEX 67 Key to males 1 Tip of aedeaw with 4-S spine-like carinae at apex (Figs 26, 27); saccus usuaily iess than 0.60 mrn long . 2 - Tip of aedeagus without carinae or. if present, carinae not apical and spine-iike; saccus usualiy more than 0.60 mrn iong , 3 2 Aedeagus u.ith two distorted blade-shaped cornuti (Fig. 27) . . roesleri (p. 71) - Aedeagus with one srnzll. slender cornutus (Fig. 26) . , jlarescentella íp. 68) 3 Anellus spines large, arranged singly in a row (Figs 68, 69) . .4 - Anellus spines small. arranged in a rou‘ at least three spines uide (Figs 28-42) . 5 4 Spots in fore tving tveil-dcfined: base of costa with elongate hyaline spot; aedeagus without cornutus . sieueri (p. 91) - Spots in fore wing absent or ill-defined; base of costa tvithout elongate hyaline spot; aedeagus with single strong cornutus (Fig. 67) . bothnielh (p. 92) 5 Vesica uithout cornuti ; carinae thorn-like, arranged longitudinally down sclerotized bars on either side of aedeagus . hongorella (p. 94) - Vesica Lvith pair of large blade-shaped cornuti or pair of reduced apical or subapical cornuti. 6 6 Aedeagus with only tbvo reauced apical or subapical cornuti which are not as long as aedeagus is wide . . dubielia (p. 88) - Aedeagus \vith pair of strongly-developed blade-shaped cornuti ivhich are longer than aedeagus is wide . .7 7 Aedeagus \vith pair of large serrated carinae below apex (Fig. 25) . lanella íp. 85) - Carinae, if present, numerous, mal1 and thorn-like . 8 8 Vesica with at least four srnail cornuti usualiy protruding frorn tip of aedeagus (Figs 18-20) rranslucens (p. 79) - Ko small comuti protmding from tip of aedeagus; small comuti, if present, are stout and situated at three-quarters length of aedeagus (as in Fig. 24) . .9 9 Vesica with three small, stout cornuti at about three-quaners length of aedeagd (Fig: 24) messalina íp. 87) - Vesica with pair of elongate, blade-shaped cornuti . . 10 10 Aedeagus with patch of small, thorn-like carinae either side of apex (Figs 14-16)’ pelkonella (p. 72) - Aedeagus without carinae (Figs 21-23) murariella (p. 83)

Key to females [Femaies of hongordla are unknown] 1 Sima set in large, flat, circular sclerotized base-plates (Figs 5C-52, 53) . .2 - Signa set in unsclerotized membrane of corpus bursae (Figs 53, 55-57, 72, 75) . .6 2 Anterior longitudinal folds of antmwithout transverse division (Fig. 63) . messalina (P. 87) - Anterior longitudinal folds of antmwith transverse division (Figs 55-60) . .3 3 Corpus bursae with four or five signa . . pellionella (part) (p. 72) - Corpus bursae with tbee or fewer signa . .4 4 Anterior region of antrum more than halfas uide a; posterior (bulbohs) region (Figs 50, 5s); no annular sclerotization at anterior end of ductus bursae . . pellionella (part) (p. 72) - Anterior region of anmless than half as wide as posterior (bulbous) region (Figs 59, 60); with annular sclérotization at anterior end of ductus bursae . .5 5 Longitudinal folds of antrum divided transversely in posterior half (Fig. 59); corpus bursae with two signa . rranslucens (p. 79) - Longitudinal folds of antrum divided transversely in anterior half (Fig. 60); corpus bursae with two or thee sima . murariella (p. 83) 6 Corpus bursne with more than five signa , .7 - Corpus bursae with les than five signa . . .8 7 Antrum long and narrow (Fig. 65); fore wing uith three dark dots . . roesleri (p. 71) - Antrum short and broad (Figs 73, 74); fore wing uithout dots. . bothniella (p. 92) 8 Antrum wider than iong (Fig. 66) . . steueri (p. 91) - Antrum longer than wide . .9 9 Corpus bursae with one or two signa . . Ianella (p. 85) - Corpus bursae with three or four signa . . . 10 10 Signa smail (Fig. 55); antrum short (Fig. 62) . . dubiella (p. 88) - Signa large (Fig. 56); antrum long (Fig. 61) . . ficescentella (p. 68) 68 GADEN S. ROBIKSON Descriptions of species Tinea Juvescenrellu Haworth íFigs 1, 2, 6, 8, 26, 37-39, 46, 56, 61, 76, 82, 83, 103) Titiea jÍ'ucescentel1a Haworth, 1828, Lepid. Britantiica : 561. Lectotype 0, [BR~AXX](abdomen missing; UM, Oxford) designated by Bradley (19666 : 130) [examined]. Tinea tristigniatella O. G. Costa, (18361. Fautia Regrio iVapo!i, Lepidotteri: [232], (3121, pl. (Lep. Nott.) 4, fip. 8A. Yype(s), ITALY:Naples [not found; not examined]. [Synonymized by Walsingham, 1907 : 268.1 Titiea jlarescetitelía Haworth; Stephens, 1832: 51 [catalogue]; Stephens 18296 : 224 [catalogue]; Curtis, 1831 : 187 [listl; Stephens, 1833: 346 [description]; Curtis, 1837: 214 [list]; Wood, 1839: 225, pl. fig. 1558 [description; figure of adultl; Stainton, 1819a: 8: Stainton, 1852: 11, 39 [date of appearance of imago]; Stainton, 18536: 15 [parritti- catalogue]; Doubleday, 1859 : 27 [list]; Wocke, 1861 : 107 [catalogue]: Walker, 1863 : 469 [catalogue]; Li'ocke, 1S71 : 270 [distribution; bibliography; catalogue]; Merrin, 1875 : 242 [no life-history data]: Hartmann, 1879, 3 : 199; Lafaury, 1886: 410 [lanal descrip- tion; biology - determination not verified]; Meyrick, 1895 : 791 [ of pelliunelía]; Rebel, 1901 : 238 [synonym of peliiutiel1al; Dyar, [19031: 527 [synonym of peliionellu]; Crombrugghe de Picquendaele, 1906 : 124 [synonym of peliiutiella]: Walsingham, 1907 : 268 [purritti - bibliography, biology]; Waters, 1928 : 176 [bred frorn dead pigeon, Osford]; Waters, 1929 : 58 [bred from dead pigeon, Oxford]; Pierce 8: Metcalfe, 1933 : 266 [genitalia]; Pierce & Metcaife, 1935 : 95, pl. 5S (genitalia]; Walker & Hobby, 1939: 105 [bred from dead pigeon, Oxford]; Corbet & Tams, 1943b: 111, 143, figs 231, 258, 286, pl. 5, figs 31, 32 [identiñcation; distribution; biology]; Ford, 1919: 184 [biologyl; Bradley, 1953 : 18 (pariitpi - 1 0" only) [Ireland]: Petersen. 1957 : 150, fig. 116 [S penitalia; Germany (West)]; Zagulajev, 1960: 159 [description]; Petersen, 1962 : 208 [Dalmatia]; Petersen, 1963b: 414 [from birds' nests - doubtful record]; Lhomme, 1963 : 1101 [France - not verified]; Gozmány & SzÓcs, 1965 : 142, figs 36C [poor]. 37c [key; genitalia figures]; Capuse, 1968 : 331, figs 171A, 173A (partim - 8 only) [Rumania]; Petersen, 1965 : 98 [Germany (West)]; Petersen, 1969 : 374, figs 153, 162, 170 [genitalia: biology; distribution; Germany (East)]: Hicks, 1971 : 178 [doubtful bird's nejt record]; Bradley er al., 1972 : 8 [checklist]: Hulme, 1972 : IS4 [locality of P. B. Mason specimens probably Staffordshire]; Pallesen 6: Palm, 1973 : 104 [Denmark]; Hannemann, 1977 : 222, pl. 14, ñg. 6, figs 122a-b [distribution (E. Germany); genitalia]. Tirica irisrigtmmíín Costa; Zeller, 1817: SOS; Heydenreich, 1851 : 79 nist]; Stainton. 1869: 267 rT. pe//iutieíla ?']; Curb R: Turati, 1883 : 1 1 [consider of doubtful status and refer to Zeller]; Walsingham, 1907: 268 [synonym ofjlacescetrte!ía]; Corbet Br Tams, 19136 : 11 1 [probable synonym ofj7acescetitella]; Petersen, 1957 : 150 [synonym of flarescetirrlla]: Petersen, 1969 : 374 [synonym of jlarescentelia]; Hanneniann, 1977 : 222 [synonym of fiacescenteliri]: Tremewan, 1977 : 227 [synonym of peíiionella]. [Tima tticrdd/c Zel!er; Stainton, 18596: 293, 466; Honon, 1859: 109 [lama]; Doubleday, 1859: 27; hforris, 1870 : 24, pl. 99. fig. 14 [description; figure]: Stainton, 1874 : 3: hlerrin, 1875 : pp. nife-cycle]; Barrett, 187s : 269 [Pernbrokeshire]: Kax, 1900: 177 [Ireland]; Pyett, 1902: 3 [Suffolk]; Bioodeld, 1902 : 7 [Suffolk - as 'rtierdclla Zett.' (sic)]: M'alsinghani, 1907 : 265 (parririi). Misidentifications.] [Tima ttieroticlla Pierce 6: hfetcalfe; Pierce C% hletcalfe, 1934 : 266 (partitti - 1 $ only). hlisidentification.] [Titiea peliiuticlia L.; Bradley, 1952 : 185 [Ireland]. hlisidentification.]

j (Fig. 83). 8-12 mm. Head light faun to cream. hlasillary palpus whitish. extendinp to just beyond second segment of labial palpus. Labial palpus cr23x. terminal segment with light brownish scales above and at sides. Galea very short. not reaching tip of first segment of labial palpus. Antenna brotvnijh cream, almost reaching apex of fore tving. Thoras and tegula light falvn, speckled anteriorly \vith li$Tt broun scalcs. Fore Ming light faw. fringes concoloroisj.scales 3t base, posterior to fold and at temen slightiy darker and more brownish. Discocellular. aiscal and pkal spots pale creamy brown, large. Hind ivins very light greyish brotvn, fringes paler. Legs cream, forelegs dusted above with pale brotvn. Abdomen light preyish brobvn. Q (Fig. 83). 11-17 mrn. Coloration as 3' but in sorne esampies seen, vestiture of head darker and more reddish than in and pound colour of iore ning darker, light Feyish brobvn. GESITALIA0. Snccus very short. 0.51 t0.12 mm long. \.alva (Fig. 46) witn apex more or lejs sliphtly truncated at costal margin. Dorsal margin oi gnathos straight, tips curved inbvards totvards tip of uncus. Anellus spinej (Figs 30, 37-39) luce and protuoerant but not numerous [specimens irom Spain and Algcria (Figs 30. 3s) have broader band ofslightly smaller spines than in specimens from Britain (Figs 37, 39)]. Aedeagus (Fig. 36) I.2jIO.19 mm ioq: tip uith seven or eight stout carinae [iour in AIgcrian, five in Spanish specimenl: vesica uith single cornutus of sinulx size and shapt: to carinae, usuaUy located leve1 uith them. Aedeacus/jaccu ratio 24s = 04. TIISEA PELLIOSELLA COSIPLES 69 GESITALIAG. Eighth sternite with broad U-shaped emargination íFig 61) with a more or less pronounced anterior nick. Antrum (Fig. 61 j elongate. broadened posteriorly, u.ith large lateral scierotized patches : transverse folds pronouncea: longitudinai iolds sceierotized and conspicuous, not trarisverseiy divided. Corpus bursaz i Fig. 56) with t\vo to four densely scierotized thorn-shaped signa grouped touards anterior end of corpus bursae: signa not set in sclerotized circular base-plates. REMARIS.Tijien .ffacescetirella is a distinctiy pale-coloured species with larger and better-defined 1 fore wing spots than in the other species here described. The rnale genitalia are remarkable in that the tlvo blade-shaped cornuti present in mojt other rnembers of the pellionellu-group are lost in flacesceritellu and the saccus is very short. The shape, size and position of the siga in the female genitalia is diagnostic as ij the characteristic broad and elongate antrum. The specimens from Spin and Xlgeria inciuded hzre differ slightly frorn other specimens exarnined in having feuer carinae on the aedeasus and a broader band of anellus spinej. Iri addi- tion, the Spanish specimen has a longer saccus and aedeagur (0.70 and 1-50 mm respectively) than other specimens of -ffacescenrella esamined. No significance can be attached to these dif- ferences without the detailed esarnination of further material of flnresceiitellu frorn Spain and North Africa. This is the ‘Tiuea nzerciclla’ of nineteenth-century (notably British) authors (see Walsingharn, 1907) but not of Cooke (1856) nor of Stainton (1557) (see below). Stainton’s redescription of ‘t>zerdelia’has been generally assumed to be a rnisidentification of flucescentella (Walsingham, 1907, et alii including Petersen, 1957 : 150). Stainton described Cooke’s specimens in this work and Cooke’s specirnens include the lectotype of Tinea meronelfa Pierce 8: Metcalfe, a species here considered to be a junior subjective synonyrn of Meyrick. Thus ‘Tirieu nierciellu’ sensu Stainton, 1857 [1856 auctorum - see below] is a misidentification and referable to trunslucens and not to ~7avescenreila. Tineo merdeila Zeller has, as pointed out by Walsingham (1907), nothing to do nith the case- making clothes-moths and was referred to the genus Pnratinea by Petersen (1957 : 159). Despite this, Zagulajev (1960 : 159) erroneously placed merdella Zeller as a synonym of j?ar:escenrellu Hawonh along with dubiellu Stainton sensu Walsingham, 1907; no reasons are given for this. Walsingham (1907 : 268) considered dubiella to be a good species. As far as can be ascertained from surviving specirnens, al1 specimens of ‘nierdella’ referred to by British authors subsequent to Stainton (1857) and prior to ii’alsingham (1907) arej’ar*escenrella Haworth. Stainton‘s misidentification of certain specirnens of hrditirzeafirscipwzctella (Haworth) as f7ncescenfellu (see Walsingham, 1907) further cornplicates rnatters, citations of Jacescentellu including Stainton’s records thus being parriin only. Several authors folloived Meyrick (1 895) in erroneously consideringflucescentella to be a synonyrn of pellionella. It cannot be accepted that the illustration of Tinea tristigmntella Costa is susgestive of affinity with Paratinea rnerdella (Zeller) as Zeller (1847 : SO8) suggested, nor can it be accepted that Stainton (1869 : 267) synonymized tristigmatella with pelfionella as stated by Tremewan (1977 : 227). Zeller (1847 : 808) referred Costa’s ruriety of tristigmateíla to pellionella. In the absence of type-material of tristigmateflu (Hartig, 1939), the synonyrny of Walsingharn (1907 : 268) - that tristigmatelia is a junior subjective synonym officlcescentella Haworth - should be accepted under the ‘first reviser principle’ and on the grounds that the illustration by Costa rnatches fluuescenrellu and his description of the biology is compatible with what is known of the biology offlacescentellu. This synonymy does not stretch credibility on geographic grounds. Al1 published genitalia figures of males of this species are sadly inadequate and rnisinterpret the structure of the aedeagus. Stainton’s redescription of ‘nierdeflu’ (see above) has been dated 1856 by authors following Walsingharn (1907). 1 can find no published evidence that the Eniomdogist’s Anniial for 1557 was published in 1856 and 1 therefore take the date of publication to be that cited on wrappers and title-page - 1S57.

BIOLOGY. 1 have examined specimens carrying accurate label data saying how they were reared (see below) and these refer flacescenreh to the status of a feather-feeder; Fletcher’s specirnens may provide evidence that it is also capable of feeding on rernains and Barretr’s record 70 GADEN S. ROBIKSON (1878 : 269) that it may also feed on fur. It has been recorded frorn inside dwellings and Jacobs’ specimens from Smith’s Wharf are from inside a warehouse (pers. comtu.). Distribution records of flavescentellu suggest that it is restricted to ternperate ivestern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It has not, apparently, been collected outdoors in temperate western Europe and may be incapable of a perrnanent outdoor existence in ternperate regions. Barrett’s record of this species breeding in a muff (1878 : 269) can now be confirrned by only a single specimen : muffs were traditionally of fur but could contain other materials. Other published records of the biology offiaoesceniella should be treated with caution as the specimens may well have been misidentified and cannot now be traced and checked: they refer to larvae attacking baize (Pyett, 1903), a woollen pen-wiper (Horton, iS59) and a dead pigeon (Waters, 1928; 1929; Walker & Hobby, 1939). Lafaury (1886 : 410) described the larva ofjucescenrelía and pointed out that, in contrast with pellionella, it passed the winter without feeding: his identification of flauescentefla cannot now be verified. Examined specimens in BMNH are reliably labelled as being bred from ‘feathers’ and ‘feathers and dead bluebottles’ (ifetcher)and ‘feathers’ (Jacobs). Dates ofcollection of adults are February to August inclusive and November: specimens examined include individuals reared under domestic (warm) conditions. Zagulajev (1960 : 160) gives a detailed account of the biology of$uoescentella (a species which he states to be unknown to him), stating that it lives in birds‘ nests, old buildinps and bat roosts, that the larvae hibernate, that larvae sornetimes develop in houses and infest both coarse and finished felt. The sources he cites for this information are Barrett (1S7S - Iarvae in a house in a muff), Kane (1900 - adults in houses), Bloornfield, Pyett (1902 - larvae on baize) and Corbet & Tarns (19436 - larvae on furs and woollen material). Larval hibernarion is recorded by Lafaury (see above) but this source is not quoted by Zagulajev. There thus appears to be no factual basis for his suggestions that fracescenrelia is nidicolous and associated ivith bat roosts. Zagulajev’s assertion that .ffacescerrtella is nidisolous has been quoted \vithout comment by Petersen (1963b: 414) and Hicks (1971 : 178). DISTRIBUTIOS.(Fig. 70.) Great Britain, Ireland, Spain, Algeria. The follotving additional locality records frorn the literature are here accepted as reliable: Denrnark (Paliesen ¿2 Palm, 1973), Gerrnany (\Vejt and East) (Petersen, 1957; 1969; Hannemann, 1977)’ Yugoslavia (Petersen, 1962), Rumaniz (Cepu~e,1968)’ ltal? (Costa, [ 18363. Walsingharn’s (1907) records of Jurescentella frorn France and Spain (the record frorn Italy is based on rristignmatella) cannot be accepted: Walsingharn’s Spanish specirnen has not been found and tne record for France (based on Lafaurr., 1S86) cannot be confirrned. To these records of Walsinghani’s, Zagulajev (1960 : 159) adds Algeria and Turkey. Both records are erroneous. Zaguhjev (1950 : 83) gives Walsingharn‘s paper onfrurescentella the title of an eariier and entirely unrelated paptr on Algerian hlicrolepidoptera in the same journal and thus may have assurned finL~escptire/Ícita be an Algerian speciej. His Turkish record refers. of course, to true Parurinea n:erde/lo (Zelleí) from Constatxinople. rhe point of U’alsingharn’s 1907 paper separating tnerdefla and .fiacescetrre!in having been missed. Lhonime (1963 : 1101) records .fi’ai.escentella from four localities in France but thesr records require veriiicarion. hl ATERIAL EXASIISED 92 es. (18 j. 20 1 genitaiia preparations), O larvae, 2 cases, 2 pupas. Great Britain: 9 es., Gloucestershire, Stroud, bred from feathers or froni feathers and bluebottles. various dares 13.iv.1935 to 9.vii.1936 (,%rc/m) : 2 3. iViltshire, hlarloorougli, 26.vi.1890 (.Ueyrick): t. es.. Grsater London. E.C., Smith’s li‘harf. es featksrs, various dates Ij.ii.19lj to 2S.v.1915 (Jacobs);1 j. Greater London. E.C., 30.vi.1934 (Jncob.~):2 :. Greater London, GreenLvich. no date. es Sich col!.: 3 j, 1 1, Dorset. Corfe Castie, various dates i.viii.iS91 to j,\ii¡.I89S (Barikcs): 1 1. Dorset. Chick[ereiI]. 3.vii.1891 íBankc~):3 2, Dorset, Wey- moiith, ii. iS95 í fiic/1~7rison): 1 2. hterseuside. Liverpool. no da:: (Picrcc) tparalectot~peof tmronellg Pierce & híetcalfe): 4 es.. no data. es hícyrick coll.: 2 1. no data. es l’ine coll.; .1 es., no data, es Hodg- kinson mil.: 11 es.. no data. es ’A’alsincham COK:6 es.. no dx3. es Douglas coll.; 4 es., no data, ex Steveris coll.: 13 es.. no data [? Stafordshirt - ser Hulnie. 19Y2j. es Líason coll.; 2 es., no data, es Tyerniancoli.: i 5. no dotz. [email protected]~i.iSS~(Tíiii);-1es..nodata.9.si.lC.S3 (Satig): 11. no data. 1S77 (Barrerr). TIiVE.4 PELLIOSELLA COhlPLEX 71 Ircland: 1 0, Co. Clare, Burren, 3-S.vi.1951 (Brndk~~);1 3, Co. Cork, Bantry, 4-15.vi.1957 (Bradíey). Spain: 1 o', Prov. Avila, Sierra de Gredos. Garganta de Iaj Pozas, iS00 rn, il.vii.1970 (Suriler B Kirby). Algeria: 1 5, Prov. Oran, Sidi-bel-Xbbéc. 7.ix.1917 (Rorrnn).

Tinea roesleri Gozrnány (Figj 1, 77, 40, 57, 65, 76, 84) Titiea roesleri Gozrnány, 1969, Erit. Z., Fratikf. a. ,lf. 79 : 69. figs 1, 3. Holotype 3, SOCTHWEST AFRICA: hlariental, Galtsabis Farrn, bred from oivl peilets, 9.iv. 1965 (Schwirrcij (genitalia siide no. 2244 [Petersen]; hlAK, Bonn) [not examined]. Titiea roesleri Gozrnány; Gozrniny 8; Vári, 1973 : 50, figj 107, 10s [rsdescription]. 0.9-10 rnrn. Head light greyish cream. hhxillary palpus u hitish. Labial palpus whitish, terminal segrnent with light brownish scaies on outer surface at one-half. [Head preparation not rnade owing to lack of material]. Galea apparenrly short as in /lacescetirella. Antenna brownish wnite, almost reaching apex of fore iving. Thorax and tegula greyish cream, regula speckled anteriorly \vith a few light brown scales. Fore wing dull greyish cream speckled al1 over \virh light broLvnish grey scales; fringes light brownish grey. Discocellular spot present. smali. ill-defined, greykh bio\vn; discal and plica1 spots absent. Hind wing greyish bvhite speckled uith light brownish grey scales, fringes pale brownish grey. Legs whitish, fore leg greyish broun above. Abdomen greyish bro\vn. $ (Fig. 83). 14 mrn. Coloration as d. GESITALIA0. [One genitalia slide examined.] Saccu very short, 0.55 rnrn long. Costa of valva concave to three-quarters, rounded to apex uithout noticeable truncation. Dorsal rnargin of gnathos angled at one- third, otherwise straight, tip curved inwards totvards tip ofuncus. Anellus spines (Fig. 40) short and broad, arranged in fairly narrow band with about 16 spines prorninent. Aedeagus (Fig. 27) short, 1.03 mm iong; tip with seven prominent carinae; vesica xith pair of distorted blade-shaped cornuti. Aedeagus/saccm ratio 1.86. GENTALIAf. [One genitalia slide examined.] Eishth sternite with deep and narrow U-shaped emargina- tion. Antrurn (Fig. 65) elongate, swollen posterior region narrow; transverse folds present but ili-defined; longitudinal folds conspicuous, not divided transversely. Corpus bursae (Fig. 57) with six minute, thorn- like signa arising frorn very srnall, circular sclerotized base-piates. RESIARKS.Tinea roesleri is a darker and mort dull-coloured species thanflavescentella and, under low magnification, has a distinctly speckled appexance. The configuration of carinae at the tip of thr aedeagus is similar to that offla~escetirellubut roesleri possesses large blade-shaped cornuti similar to those of most other rnernbers of the pellionellu-,oroup. These are, however, distinctly contorted to a shape not observed in other rnenibers of the pellionella-group. The fernale genitalia of roesleri resemble those of niurariellu and trutisliicetis but in roesleri the longitudinal folds of the antrurn are not transversely divided; the signa of roesleri are srnaller and more numerous than those of trutisliicens or miirariella. In his descriptions of this species, Gozrnany (1969 : 69; Gozniiny 6¿ Vári, 1973 : 50) clairns that the fernale has ttvo large signa 'resernbling those oi'pcliioriella'. His figure shows four very srnall signa. In the case of the male he interprets the carinae as cornuti. He states that the aedeagus is as broad as the valva (Gozmány ¿k Yári, 1973 : 50) but in the specimen exarnined, the aedeagus is less than two-thirds the nidth of the valva and even if compressed flrtt beneath the coverslip would not be as \vide. This species is known only from the type-series which consists either of holotype and 74 paratypes (Gozmány, 1969 : 71) or holotype and 70 paratypes (Gozrnány & Vári, 1973 : 50).

BIOLOGY. Titiea roesleri ir knolvn only from híariental, near the edge of the hTamib Desert: larvae \vere found feeding in owl pellets which nould probably have contained fur and insect rernains. Exact details of the type-locality are not available but there is enormous diurna1 variation in both ternperature and humidiry in this area. Thij species mriy be adapted to scrub desert conditions or it may have been breeding in less extreme conditions in farrn buildings. Adults ernerged in April. DISTRIBUTION.(Fig. 76.) South West Africa. 72 GADEP; S. ROBIWSOW MATERIAL EXAhUNED 3 ex. (1 d, 1 9 genitalia preparation), O larvae, 3 cases, O pupae. South ii'est Africa: 2 8,1 O, Manental, Galtsabis Farm, bred from owl pellets, 9.iv.1965 (Schwind) (genitalia slide nos G-01, 1328; TM, Budapest and BMNH,London) (paratypes).

Tinea pellionella Linnaeus (Figs 1, 2, 4, 14-16, 28, 29, 43, 50, 58, 77, 85, 86) Phalaena (Titzeu)peiiioneila Linnaeus, 1758, Sysr. Nat. (edn 10) 1 : 536. Neotype 8, [BRITAIS]: abdomen and genitalia (the extreme right specimen with gnathos and uncus in dorsoventral view) on F. N. Pierce Slide NO. 3222 (BMNH, London) designated by Rasmussen (1964 : 336, pl. 2, fig. 5) [examined]. Phn!aenu zoolege~iaScopoli, 1763, Enr. carniolica : 255. Type[sl, [YUGOSLAVLA] (assumed to be destroyed - see Hom & Kahle, 1936 : 252). [Synonymized by Zeller, 1839 : 184.1 Tinea albella O. G. Costa, [1836], Fu'aicna Regno Rupoli, Lepidotteri: [231], [234], [312], pl. (Lep. Nott.) 4, fig. 9A (nom.praeocc.). Types, ITALY:Naples [not found; not examined]. [Synonymized by Stainton, 1869 : 267.1 Tinea demiurga Meynck, 1920, Exot. Microlepidopt. 2 : 353. LECTOTYPE o", INDIA: Assam, Shillong, vi.1920 (Fletcher) (genitalia slide no. 13301 ; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Syn. n. Tinea gerasinzuci Zagulajev, 1978, Ent. 0ba:r. 57 : 622, figs 10, 11. Holotype d, U.S.S.R.: Central Asia [?] (Gerasimov) (genitalia prep. no. 8627; ZI, Leningrad) [examined]. Syn. n. [Tinea pellionella L.]; Cuba, 1491 : Animalibus cxlv, woodcut [description; herbal remedies; woodcut of woman brushing moth-damaged garrnents]; Anonymous, 1521 : 73 [damage; control; woodcut from Cuba, 1491 ; see quotation in 'Introduction']; Moffett, 1634 : 97 [descnption; figure]; Réaumur, 1737 : 41, pls 5, 6 (excluding pl. 6, figs 9, 10) [damage; biology; case-building and lan'al behaviour; control]; Rosel von Rosenhof, 1736 : 46, pl. 17, figs 1-6 [description; biology; excellent colour figs of life history]; Anonymous, 1759 : 365 [biology; control]; Kalm, 1771 : 8 [first North American record]; Ebert, 1775 : 95 [description; damage]. Tima pellionella L.; Linnaeus, 1761 : 3ó4 [description]: Poda, 1761 : 94, pl. 2, fig. 12 [adult and case figured]; Müller, 1764 : 57 [descriprion]: Fabricius, 1775 : 659; Fuessli, 1775 : 42 [Switzerland]: Müller, 1776 : 134 [description]; Mader, 1777 : 119 [dates of appearance]; Fischer, 1778 : 155 [Livonia]; Leske, 1779 : 464 [descriptionl; Fabricius, 1751 : 295; Goeze, 1783 : 92 [bibliography]; Strmn, 1786: 340 Ihorway]; Fabricius, 1787: 246; de ViUers, 1789: 466 [bibliography]; Rossi, 1790: 205; Fabricius, 1794 : 301; Hübner, 1796: 61, pl. 3, fig. 15; Fabricius, 1798: 490; Cederhielm, 1798: 256 [description; bibliography]; Geoffroy, 1800: 1S-í [aescription; damage-see also p. 173); Stewart, 1802: 198; de Tigny, 1802 : 92, pl. facing 94, figs 3-6 [description; fi-ares]; Walckenaer, 1802 : 318 [as 'pelionella F.']; Schrank, 1802: 106 [description]; Haworth, 1802: 37; Latreille, 1805 : 249 [descnption]; Kirby & Spence, 1S18 : 233 [damage]: Samouelle, 1819: 249, 370 [description; dates of appearance; as 'Physis peliorielia']; Schmid, 1812 : 129, pl. 19, fig. 4 [description; figure]; Hübner, 1825 : 401 : Hübner, 1826 : 70; Haworth, 187s : 563: Stark, 1828 : 369; Stephens, 18290 : 51 ; Stephens, 18296 : 223; Curtis, 1831 : 187; Rennie, 1832 : 222 [description; bioiogy]: Kollar, 1832 : 87 [Austria];Treitschke, 1S32 : (1)15 [lifz history; description of case and lana]: Eversmann, 1834: 21 [central U.S.S.R.]; Stephens, 1833: 345 [description]; Costa, [1836] : [21-í] [descnption: Italy]: Kollar, 1837 : 392 [description: damagel; Curtis. 1837 : 215; Duponchel, 1835 : 92, pl. 289, fig. 1 [biology; descnption]; Zeller. 1S3S : 705 [dzscription; diirerentiation of bissc.líieílo]: LVood, 1S39 : 223, pl. 49, fig. 1555 [descnption; figure of adult]: Zeller, 1539: 181: Doring er alii. 184046: (1)6, (2112, (3)16; (4)16, (5)16, (7)16: Zetterstedt, 1840: 992 [description: Scania, Lapgonia]: Harris, lS1l : 360; Eversmann, 1844: 533 [lana and case; damage: Volga - Urals region of U.S.S.R.]:Treitschke, ]SU:390; Humphreys E: IVestwood, 1815: 246, pl. 118, fig. 10; von Tiedemann, 1845: 5.43 [Pmsia]; Duponchel, 1836: 364: Lienig & Zeller, 1846 : 272 [parasites; description of larva and adult]: Kolenati, 1836: 109 [Transcaucasia]; Koch, 184s : 950 [Gerniany]; Stainton. 1849~:8; Stainton, 18496: 2630; Stainton, 1851 : 17 [Vienna]; Heydenreich, 3851 : 73: Zeilrr, 1852 : 157 [description: variation; bibliogaphy]; Stainton, 1857: 11 rr seq. [dates of generations]: Ghilizni. 1852 : 79 [Italy]: Herrich-Schaffer, 1853 : 72, fig. 278: Stainton, 1851u: 33: Stainton, 18515: 13 [bibiiogaphy]: Koch, 1856: 378; Frey, 1856: 75 [Sir.itzerland]; Freyer. 1856: 59, pl. 11, fig. 77 [aescription: damage]: de Fré, 1858 : 111 [dates of appearance of adult; larva1 damagr: B:lgium]: Praa. 185s-1870: Tineacea, pl. 1, fig. 18 and facing p. [figure; description]: Stainton. lS59b: 792 [description: localitirs in Britain]; Doubleday, 1859 : 17: Tiowicki, 1860: 16s; Wocke, 1861 : 107: Walkrr, 1S63 : 468 [Bntnin; Europe;parritti - not Ceylon]: N.erneburg, 1861: (1)18, 37, 165, 232. 79S, 312, 4ó9, 479, (7)753 [bibiiogaphy]: Rossler, 1866: 316: Constant, 1S66 : 308 [Frrnch vsrnacular narnsj: f~~dstuffs]Stainton, 18676 : 265 [description; bioiogy]: Speye:, TIiVEA PELLI0,f’ELLA COMPLEX 73 1868 : 255, pl. 34, fig. 9 [description: figure]; Corneliu, 1869 : 410 [birds’ nests]; Stainton, 1869 : 56, 116, 126, 266, 284, 307, 322 [S. Europe]; Heinemann, 1870: 54; hforris, 1S70: 22, pl. 99, fig. 7; de Graaf, 1570: 146, pl. 3,figs 1-12 [biology; evcellent colour plate of lifz-hijto~];M’ocke, 1871 : 270; Peyerimhoff, 1872 : 142 [Alsace]; Haas, 1874-5 : 5 [bioiow; Denrnark]; Hofrnann, 1875 : 70 [biologyl; blerrin, 1875 : pp. [annual c)cle]; SIillikre, (1876) : 308; Chambers, 1878 ; 161; Hartrnann, 1879 : 199; Seebold, 1879 : 125 [Spain]; Frey, 1880 : 337 [Switzeriand]; Fettig, 1852 : 88 [variation; darnage; Xlsacel; Cholodkonsky, lSS2 : 262 [notes on anatornyl; Snellen, 1882 : 468 [Setherlandsl; Vt.’alsing- harn, 1882 : 170 [Sorth Arnerican records and literature; synonyrny]; Fernald, 1882 : 166 [Xorth Xrnerican nornenclature of clothes-moths - see Walsingharn, 18821; Porritt, 1883 : 134 [Britain - k’orkshirel; Curo S: Turati, 1SS3 : 8 [Italy]; Fernald. 1834 : 439. fig. 55s: Farren, 1886 : 78 [Britain - Cambridgeshirel: Sorhagen, 1856: 148 [gentrations; Berlin ara]; Lafaw, 1886 : 41 1 [biologyl; Edwards. 1S89 : 120 [bibliography of life-history data]; Riley, 1990: 712 [figures of larva, case and adult]; Oudernans. 1S90: su [biology]; Riley, 189Ci : 15, 461 [parasites]; Riky, 1891 : 96; Fletcher, 1893 : 54, figs 32-34 [biology; damage]; Griffini, 1S95 : 231, fig. 145; Comstock & Comstock, 1895 : 257 [biology; control]; hleyrick, 1895 : 791 [Britain; parritn - not ditbiellu Stainton or fiacescenrella Hawonh]; Butler, 1S96: 92; Marlatt, 1596: 63, fig. 25 [biology; control]; Reutti, 1898 : 303 [Europel; , Seebold, 1898: 162 [Spain]; Kane, 1900: 127 [Irelend]; Rebel, 1901 : 238: Strand, 1901 : 38 [h’orway]; Schütze, 1902: 3 [Germany (East)]; Dyar, [1903]: 571; Rebel, 1904: 373 []; Dietz, 1905 : 51 1 [description; distinct from griseellu and carnariella; U.S.A.]; Jussel, 1905 : 11 [birds’ nests]; Crorn- brugghe de Picquendaele, 1906 : 124 [dates of iarvae and adults; bibliography; Belgium]; Walsingharn, f 1907 : 767 [biology; bibliography]; Poole, 1909 : 432 [Britain - 1. of ii‘ight]; Meess, 1910 : 461 [distri- 1 bution]; Gianelli, 1911 : 119 [damage; Italy]; Hauder, 1912: 284; Hemck, 1914: 189, figs 52, 53 [biology; control; good figures of case and adult]; Marlatt, 1915 : 1 [biology; darnage; controll; Ossipov, 1915 : 897 [repelled by Meliloriis oficirialis]; Andres, 1916: 51 [hlalta]; Andres, 1918 : 366 [control with HCN gas]; Titschack, 1922 : 1 [comparisons uith bisselliella; egg - fig. 621; Wolff & Krausse, 1923: 41 [pest status]; d’Abadie, 1927 : 212 [in swallows’ nests]; Back, 1923 : 1 [control - see Back, 19351; Rebel, 1927 : 63 [Cyprus); Waters, 1928 : 176, 177 [Britain - Oxford district - in houses and birds’ nests]; Forbes, 192s : 535 [U.S.A. - Kew York]; hletcalf 6: Flint, 1928 : 748, fig. 504 [biology; damage, control]; Ford, 1929 : 261 [birds’ nests]; Waters. 1929 : 55 [sparrows’ nest, Oxford]; Bruneteau, 1930 : 149 [biology; control: parasires; bibliography]; Back Br Cotton, 1930: 835 [darnage; useful penod bibliography on control and of popular accounts]; hlorley, 1930: 101 [parasite]; Voukas- sovitch & Voukassovitch, 1931 : 695 [parasite]; Ford, 1931 : 259 [cornrnon in stables]; Back & Cotton. 1931 : 1 [damage to upholstered furniture: biology; control]; Schütze, 1931 : 211 [biology]; Burgess & Poole, 1931 : 141 [damage]; hlorley & Rait-Srnith, 1953 : 174 [parasites]; Eckstein, 1933 : 187, pl. 7, fig. 315 [description of larva 2nd addtl; Biitten, 1935 : 18 [in swallo\~ss‘nests]; Donisthorpe, 1935 : 70 [in herons’ nest]; Back, 1935 : 1 [biology; control]; Pierce R: Metcalie, 1935 : 94, p1. 58 [J, 0 genitalia]; Kordberg, 1936: pp. [in birds’ nestsl; Herfs, 1936: 1, 5 [in sparrous’ nests]; Britten, 1936: 110 [in swallons’ nests]; Skala, 1936 : 172 [Czechoslovakia]; Rapp, 1936 : 219 [Thuringia]; Thornpson. 1937 : 88 [frorn puffins’ burrows, Ireland - X. Antrim]; Eichler, 1937 : 61 [birds’ nests); Pappenheim, 1938 : 240 [structure of eggs]; Uhlrnann, 1938 : 8 [birds’ nests; pest status]; Kernper, 1938a : 227 birds’ nests]; Kernper, 193% : 772 [birds’ nests]; Hudson, 1939 : 467, pl. 61, fig. 22 [larva; damage; description; h’ew Zealand]; hlcDunnough, 1939 : 105 [U.S.A.]; Hartnack, 1939 : 186 [darnage; identification; humidity requirement ober 75% R.H.]; Herter, 1939 : 746 [birds’ nests]: Walker & Hobby, 1939 : 105 [Britain - Oxfordshirel; Jellison, 1930 : pp. [birds’ nests]; Femere, 1941 : 374 [parasites]; Burks, 1943 : 566 Ih)peiparasitisml; Corbet Br Tarns, 1943~:113 [type-species of Tinaea Geoffroy - see also ICZN, 19571; Corbet & Tams, 19436 : 11 1, 143, figs 199, 229, 256, 284, pl. 5, figs 29, 30 [identi- fication; distribution; bioiogy]; Hinton. 1943 : 21 1, fig. 127 [larva]; Doner & Thornssen, 19-13 : 102 l%iology; control, economic bibliography]; Jenkins, 1944 : 52 [bioiogv; control]; Linsley, 1946 : 12 [birds’ nests as infestation sourcesl: Thompson, 1947 : 580 [parasites]: hlason, 1948 : 28 [parasite]; Richards, 1949 : 79, 32 [parasites]: Ford, 1949 : 184 [biology]; Woodrofe & Southgate, 1950: 30 [birds’ nestsl; Southgate 6: Woodroffe, 1951 : 44 [birds’ nests]; Woodroffe 8: Southgate. 1951a : 171 [parasite]; Woodroffe R: Southgate, 1951b : 55 [birds’ nestsl; Pzst Infestation Research Board, 1951 : 5 [birds’ nestsl; Rothschild 8: Clay, 1952 : 250 [birds’ nests]; W’eidner. 1952 : 119, 134 [birds’ nests]; Agenjo, 1952 : 61 [Spainl; ryoodroffe, 1953 : 743. 745 [birds’ nests]; Herter, 1953 : pp. [development tempera- turesl; Hudson, 1954: 73 [facsimile of Anonyrnou, 1521 and woodcut]; Prevett, 1954: 3 [on dead pheasantl; Hinton, 1956 : 303, figs 147-160 [description of lana: bibliogaphy]; Viette, 1957 : 116 [birds’ nests]; Petersen. 1957 : 145, figs 109. 110 [genitalia]; ICZN, 1957 : 254 [placed on Oñicial List of Specific h’ames in Zoology; type-species of Tinea]; Werner, 1958 : 97, figs 142-144 [iarval descrip- tionl; Zaculajev, 195s : 42 [biology; control]; Hicks, 1959 : 275 [bibliogaphy of birds’ nest records]; 73 GADEN S. ROBINSON Petersen, 19596 : 156 [Gemany; portini - 2 4 are úubiella]; Key & Common, 1959 : 29 [ecology in a bulk wool store, Australia]; Petersen, 1960: 226 [Spain]; Zagulajev, 1960: 149, figs [identification; biology; distribution; U.S.S.R.]:Razo\r.ski R: Sliwinski, 1961 : 42 [Poland; domestic pest; as Tineolu pellionellu]; Woodroffe, 1961 : 281 [birds' nests]; Petersen, 19616 : 58 [Germany]; Hicks, 1962 : 267 [bibliography of birds' nest recordsl: Lhornme, 1963 : 1100 [France; Belgium]; Petersen, 19636 : 414 [birds' nests]; Petersen. 1963c : 12 [.4lbanian records rejected]; Hanig, 1963 : 225 [Italy - Venice regionl; Petersen, 19646 : 77 [status as 'domestic' species]; Petersen, 19Mc: 121 [Gemany]; Petersen, 1964d: 401,417 [Spain]; Rasmussen, 1964 : 336, pis 1-4, figs 1-16 [j,9 genitalia; neotype designatedl; Mitchell Br Zirn, 1964 : 153, col. fig. [popular account; figure of adult]; Opheim, 1965: 57 [Sorway]; Anonymous, 1965 : 1 [moth-prooñng and control; bibliography on moth-proofing techniques]; Gozrniny Br SzOcs, 1965 : 1-17, figs 36.4. 372, 3SX, 3SB [key; Hungary; genitalia figures]: Gradidge et alii, 1967 : 8, fig. 6 [biology: damage: control]; ChpuSe, 1965 : 319, ñgs 1 ]E, 13A, 19.4, 165, 166, 169A [Rumania; figures mostly from Zagulajev, Hinton and Petersen - original figures Hholly in- accuratel; Klimesch, 1968 : 182 [Macedonia]; Petersen, 1968 : 98 [Germany (West)]; Chauvin, 19684: 40 [activity]; Chauvin, 19686 : 49 [adult activityl; Chauvin, 1968c: 431 [case-building]; Chauvin, 1968d: 2229 [larval activity as function of egz weight]; Chauvin, 1969a: 2673 [ovaries]; Chauvin, 19696: 23 [adult and larval activit'.]: Chauvin, 1969~:89 [case-building activity]; Petersen, 1969 : 373, pl. fig. 24, figs 150, 159, 167 [;, 4 genitalia; biology; distribution: Germany (East) - al1 regions except Schwerin, Suhl and Leipzigl: Chauvin, 1970: 9 [case-building activity]; Chauvin, 1971~: 111 1 [humidity and survival]: Chauvin, 1971h : 509 [fecundity]; Chauvin, 1971~:350 [activity rhythms]; Krogerus ct alii, 1971 : 28 [Scandinavia]: Hicks, 1971 : 178 [bibliograpny of birds' nest records]; Zagulajev, 1972 : 6S-l [Xíongolia]; Bradisy cr alii, 1972 : 8; Barbier & Chauvin, 1971 : 1003 [studies on oval; Bollobis & Vojnits, 1972 : 467 [damage to hurnan anatomical preparations]; Opheim, 1973 : 41, fig. 7 [Norway: records fíom birds' nests]: Ebeling, 1975 : 314, fig. 203 [biology; figure of ase]; Nixon, 1976: 706 [parasite]: Hannemann, 1977: 217, pl. 14, fig. 9, figs 118a-c. A33, A33 [larva; genitalia; biology; Germany (East)]; Chauvin, 1977 : 1 [detailed and important study of humidity tolerance and adaptation to dry environments]; hlourier R: \Vinding, 1977 : 96, pl. 6 [coioured figs of larva, case and adult]. Tinea roolegella Scopoli; Goeze, 1783 : 92. 139 [catalogue]; Zeller, 1839 : 18-1 [as variety of pellionella]; Duponchel, 1846 : 364 [as variety of peiíionellu]; Herrich-SchafTeí, 1853 : 71 [synonym of pellianefla]; I Zeller, 1855 : 256 [synonym of peilioiirlla]: Frey, 1856: 25 [synonym of pellionellu]; Werneburg, 1864 : (1)233 [synonym of pellionella]: Stainton, 1869 : 307 [synonym of pellionellu]. l Tinea albella O. G. Costa; Curo 6: Turati, 1883 : 10 [not known to authors]: Srainton, 1869 : 267 [?junior subjective synonym of peliioncfín]: Tremeuan, 1977 : 220 [current status; junior pnmary hornonym of albella Thunberp]. [Titienf7cirifrorirelía Hübner; Packard, 1 S67 : 423 (purrini - lama only) [description; bioloc]; Packard, 1873 : 63, figj 57-60 (purrirti - larva onl:;): \iXl~arn~,IS73 : 27; Walsingharn, 1882 : 170 [misidentifica- tion of pellionella attributed to Packard]: Fernald, 1882 : 169 [misidentification of pellionelia attributed to Packard]: Packard, 1888 : 346; Dc'nton. 1900: 45, fig. [popular account]. Misidentifications.] [Tinca griseclia Chambers ; Fernald. 1 SS7 : 169 [synonyrn ofpellionellil] : Walsingharn. 18S2 : 1 70 [synonym of pellioneiia]; Riley, 1 S91 : 96 [synonyni of prlliorielia]: Dyar, [ i 9031 : 5i2 [synonym of pellionelia]. Misidentiñcations.] [Tiriea carrrmieiin Clernens: W'alsingnam. iSS7 : 170 [synonym of pellionelin]: Fernald, 1882 : 169 [syno- nyni of pelliorreil~z].hlisidentitications.] [Tiriea riicrdeílu Zelier: Dyar, [ 19031 : 577 [synonym of pcllioneiín]; Crombrugghe de Picquendaele, 1906 : 124 [synonyrn of pt.l!ioticlkz]. hlisidentiñ:ationj.] [Tinca tiirirariella Staudingcr: Cápuis. 196s : 3-34, figs 175.4, 175B [purritt! - jonly). hlisiac'n:ifiiation.] 5 (Fig. 85). 9-13 mrn. Head rich broivn vith slightly reddish tint. Alasiilnry palpus brownish grey, almost reaching tip of third semsnt of iabi21 palpus. Labial palpus greyish broiyn. outer surface of terminal segrnent darker. Galea estending almost to one-hnlf of second segrnent of labial pdpu. Anrenna greyish broivn. alrnost reaching npe~of forc' ii in-. Thorn and tegula greyish broim. Fore tving greyish broLvn, closely specklsd \\ith darker scaies to _nive an oierall dark, duli broivn coiorntion; bssal scalss posterior to fold and scales forrning discoceliuiar. discal 2nd Fkd spots dark hro1t.n and cioseiy-packed. Hind Lving very light grq nith n slig!it óro:vnis!i tint. scrl*s someivhat anrker roivards margins. fringa con- colorous. Legs li-rht grryish hroiin, fore Isss slightly darker ab0i.s. Abdomen light greyish oroun. $ (Fig. 86). 11-16 mrn. Colorarion 2s 5. GEYITALIAj. Saccus elongate. O.Si=O.iS rnrn long. L.ali.a (Fig. 43) oÍ' rather variable snape, costa genrly concave. apes not noticeably rrunc2.ti.d zt costal niargin. Dorsal rnargin of gnathos straight, tip -- TI.VE.4 PELLTONELLA COMPLEX l-‘ upturned tolvards uncus. Anelliis spines iFigs 28, 29) of rnedium size, only slightly proruoerant [Fig. 2s is of an atypical specimen]. in a short row usually three spines \vide and comprising 15-20 heavily sclero- tized spines. Aedeaqus (Figs 14-16) 1.22iO.10rnni iong. curved: patch of five [o ten rninute. thorn-like carinae at either side below apex: vesica \vith pair of large, eveniy-tapered, blade-shaped cornuti - these visible in dorsoventral view tFig. 15) only if aedeagus viewed with curve towards objener and more usually seen in lateral vieu (Figs 14, 16) in which their ttvisted shape is more apparenr. Xedeagus(saccus ratio 1.47 2 0.25. GESITALI.-\2. Eighth sternite uith broad V-shaped emargination íFigs 50,5S) uith srnali. lateral sclerotized patches at base of emargination. Antrum (.Fil. 58) short, broadened posreriorly into an airnost spherical chambei in ivhich tranjverse folds are weakly developed and u.eakly sclerotized: longitudinai folds short, conspicuous. transversely divided in posterior half. Corpus bursae (Fig. 50) with two to five conspicuous, needle-like signa, eash arising irom one sidt of a short, bioüd. blade-shaped eccentric base tvhich may be doubly-peaked. ‘neeále’ arising frorn base of smalier pcak: eacn ‘needle and base’ set in ciijhed, circular, sclerorized base-piate \vhich is evenly sclerotized and has regular rnargin. REMARKS.Titiea pelliotieilo is a dark species uith \vell-defined fore tving spots. The hind ning is pale in cornparison ivith clubiella: peilioriella is generally the larger species. The male genitalia are remarkable in that tne vesical ornarnentation consists of tn‘o plain, blade-shaped cornuti and the carinae on the aedeaguj are very srnail and thorn-like. Carinae of this t>.pe are found in no other member of the pellio,zella-group althougn they resemble superficially the carinae of hotigorella (q.v.). The short and bulbous female antrum is characteristic. (See also ‘Remarks’ for rrunslucens.) The literature on this species is diverse and covers a long period of human history (see above). The rnajority of the references to pellionellu cannot now be verified because substantive specirnens are no longer available or \vere never retained. Where 1 can find no evidence to doubt a record of pellionella 1 have inciuded it in the list ofcitations (above). 1 considera nurnber of the traditionally- cited references to this species to involve misidentifications; pelliotiellu is not known from the localities to which these references apply and, moreover, may be knotvn to be repiaced by other species of the pellionelfa-group. Biblical sources are unlikely to refer to pellioiieilu: the species mentioned might hsve been niurariella. trurisluceiis or r>iessulitia.Stainton’s records from Syria and Asia hlinor (IS67u : 4? 10,27) are similarly suspect and rnight also refer to one of these there species. Records from humid tropical regions, notably loivland India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (Walker, 1S63 : 46S.parrir)i: hloorc, 1557 : 500; Swinhoe 8r Cotes, 1889 : 703, Fietcher, 1921 : 190) are here considered to be referabie to translucens as is the major biological study by Cheerna (1956 : 167). Tinea pellionella is not knonn from the Neotropical region: Zeller‘s specirnen from Colombia (1S77 : 214) is nota mernber of thepelliortellu-group and the Titiea rnentioned by Brethes (1920) is here considered to be n:urariella. Al1 specimens recorded from rhe Canary Islands and Madeira as pellionellu by Rebel and Walsingharn have been found, on exarnination, to be ditbiella: only tivo records rernain unverified (Rebel. 1592 : 369;Walsingham, 1893 : 541) and these probably also refer to dubiella. Specimens of ‘pelliotiellu’ recorded from Ireland by Bradley (1952) are Jucescerirellu. Rebel’s record of pellioriellu from Socotra (1907) rnust be referable to one of the arid-zone species, niirrariellu or messalina. Zeller’s record (1 847 : 8 10) of pellionellu from Sicily is erroneous: the specirnen coliected on 4 May is not a member of the pellionella-group and the second specirnen, collected on 8 May, cannot now be found. Records involving bizarre pabula (Walsh, 1929: 151; Fletcher, 1933: 75; Hinton 8; Greenslade, 1933: 182) must be considered doubtful in the absence of substantive specimens. 1 have been unable to confirm the presence of pellionella in Japan \vhere rrunslucens has been found to be widespread. In the absence of further evidence, 1 consider al1 Japanese records of ‘pellionella’ to be misidentifications of trarislucens: the records are those of h’agamori (1923,híatsurnura (1931), Watanabe (1932). Yamada (1940), Esaki er alii (19531, Issiki (1957) and Okano (1959). Silvestri’s (1933 : 102) entry íor pellionelíu appears. from his figure of the female genitalia. to be referable to twruriella. A nurnber of species have, at various times, been erroneously placed in synonyny with pcllio- nellu, notably Parutinea nierdella (Zeller) (Dyar, [1903!), Titiea griseella Chambers and Titiea curnariella Clemens (Walsinghom, 1852, and by Fernald, 1882), Titiea ciubidlu Stainton (Stainton, 1 874), Tiriea lanella Pierce EC bletcalfe (Azenjo, 1952) and Titiea tristi~nzuarellaCosta (Tremewan, 76 GADEX S. ROBMSON 1977). Tinea ruricensis Müller-Rutz was erroneously synonymized with pellionella by Müller- Rutz himself (1932 : 2631, a synonymy apparently overlooked by subsequent authors while the erroneous synonymy of dubieliu has been accepted without question up to the present time even though A. S. Corbet dissected a syntype of dubiella some time before 1943. Other synonymies have been either overlooked, as in the cases of zoolegella Scopoli and albella O. G. Costa, or, in the case of deniiurga Meyrick, never made. Tinea albella O. G. Costa is a junior primary homonym of Tinea albella Thunberg, 1788 (Tremewan, 1977 : 220). In the absence of type-material of albella (Hartig, 1939), the synonymy of Stainton (1869 : 267) - that Qibeiia is probably íStainton iised a ‘?’) a synonym ofpellionelfu- should be accepted under the ‘first reviser principle’. This is the ‘Tineu j?uci/ronteila’ of certain h’orth American authors who compounded the original misidentification of by Packard (1 867), an error which persisted despite the efforts of Fernald (1882) and Walsingham (1882) until its last cornmission by Denton in 1900. The name ‘flmifrontella’ probably covered a multitude of sins but bisseifiellu appears to have been the main species involved. There is a paucity of good illustrations ofpeffionellaand its early stages. The best illustrations are those of Réaumur (1737), Rosel von Rosenhof (1 746) and de Graaf (1 870). American literature contains, in the main, reprinted or copied versions of the illustrations first used by Riiey in 1890. The genitalia figures of this species given by Petersen (1957; 1969), Rasmussen (1963) and Han- nemann (1977) are helpful and accurate: those given by Capuge (196s) are not. BIOLOGY.This species is capable of utilizing a wide variety of foodstuffs containing keratin in various forms and is, with Tineola bisselliella, the agent traditionally responsible for ‘moth- damape’ to woollen materials in temperate regions. In non-dornestic situations, pellioriellu is found feedinz on feathers and wool in the nests of a \vide variety of birds (see Hicks, 1959 ; 1962; 1971) and has been bred from owl pellets (Bowles, pers. comm. - specirnen in BhINH). Ir will feed on the feathers or fur of animal corpses (Prevett, 1954). It has also been bred from fish-meal in Canada (hlorris - specimens in BMXH) and may \ve11 be able to utilize insect remainj (Scopoli, 1763) as can niururiella. In domestic environments, attacks on woollen material tend to be con- centrated on soiled or unwashed wool (Key 8s Common, 1959); feathers in pillow are eaten and the \voollen or horse-hair stuffing or paddinp of upholstery may be attacked (Back 8: Cotton, 1931). 1 recently received larvae of pellior.elia feeding on a carpet composed of 20% u001 and 80% synthetic fibre: al1 fibres had been indiscriminately cut close to the base of the carpet and the \yo01 fibres eaten. Tiiieu pcllionollu is restricted to ternperate and cool hlediterranean zones in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions and is present in Australia and New Zealand. In warrner regions or environments it is replaced as a pest by transluceris. mirariella or dubiella. It is found in ivarehouses, stores and outbuildings but is now? in Britain nt least, rare in houjes and apparently restricted to those which are darnp, poorly heated or unoccupied. Details of the life-cycle of pellionella are not well known. Thorough studies are feiv and some (e.g. Cheerna, 1956) do not deal with pellionellu as clairned. The e,og (figured by Titschack, 1922, Pappenheim. 1938 and Chauvin, 1977) takes six to eight days to hatch (Zaplajcvl 1960). Case- building activity begins irnrncdiately after hatching. The case is made predorninantly from silk, tvith particles of the food substrate and frass attached or adherinp. A description of case-building activity is eiven by Réaumur (1737) whose detailed observations have not been significanily added to or bettered by subsequent authors (see, for exarnple, Butier, 1896). A rnodern approach to the detailed study of the life-history of this species has been taken by Chauvin in a series of paperj (196s-1977). The period of the first instar is seven to ten days (Zagulajev, 1960i and the normal nurnber of larva1 instars varies from six to eight (Zagulajev, 1960) or six to ten (Chauvin, 1977). ?he optirn3.l ternpcrature far larval developrnent is 23-25 ‘C according to Zagulajev (1960); Chauvin (1977) reared his cultures at a temperature Auctuating betiveen 15 and 25 “C and thought 20 “C to be about the optimal temperature. At 25 “C he found that peliioticlla \vas I continuous-brooded n.ith a generation time of about three months, giving a total larvol period of about ten wesks and 3 pupsl period of about nvo weeks. Under natural condirions the pneration TIIVEA PELLIDNELLA COhIPLES 77 time is? of course, longer: Chauvin (1977) found pelliotrellu to be univoltine in western France but Zagulajev (1960) reported bivoltinisrn in pelliotrellu in the southern U.S.S.R. and univoltinisrn in the north. Presurnably, in the milder conditions of outbuildings or houses t\vo or more generations can occur each year in north ternperate regions. The larva ofpellionella has been described in detail by Hinton (1956). N’hen fully grown, larvae leave the food source and clirnb upwards and attach their cases to hang frorn a horizontal suriace such as a ceiling (Zagulajev, 1960). Pupation occurs within the case, the pupal period occupying 10-15 days. In a univoltine population. larvae occupy the pupation site in the auturnn and pupation does not occur until spring (Zagulajev, 1960). However, according to Lafaury (1856) larvae continue to feed al1 winter; Ford (1949) records that peliionellu overisinters as a larva. Shortly before ernergence, movernents of the pupa occur which, in conjunction ivith the backivard-pointed spines of the pupal abdomen. protrude the head and thorax of the pupa frorn the larvai case: the adult then ernerges. hlatin,0 occurs on the day of ernergence or the next day, usually in the evening (Zagulajev, 1960). Oviposition and oviposition behaviour are described by Zagulajev (1960) and Chauvin (several papers) and fecundity has been studied by Chauvin (19716) and Zagulajev (1960). The period of adult survival is largely dependent upon ternperature and hurnidity and \vhether or not individuals have mated - Titschack (1922), working Lsith Titieolu, found that heavy virgin fernales lived longest, lightweight mated fernales the shortest. Apart frorn the notable exception of Chauvin’s studies, little experimental work has been carried out on correctly identified cultures of pellionellu and sorne enigmas rernain, notably nith respect to the tolerance of this species to hurnidity and ternperature. The broad relative humidity toler- ante (0-100%) recorded by Chauvin is at odds with the observations of Hartnack (1939) who found that pellionellu would not develop successfully at a relative hurnidity of less than 75 %. Hartnack’s observations accord with mine - 1 have been unable to keep young larvae ofpellionellu alive at a temperature of 20-25 “C and a relative humidity of 45-55 %. Furtherrnore, pelliotiella is apparently not found in dry, modern centrally-heated houses (in which the humidity is low). Confiict is also to be found in accounts of how pelliotiella ovenvinters: the reports of Lafaury, Ford and Zagulajev (above) are at variance and niay be explicable by regional (climatic) variation. There is a large amount of literature on the biology ofpellionella with special reference to econo- mic aspects. Virtually al1 of these are by authors una\vare of the multiplicity of species masquerad- ing as ‘pellionellu’. Arnong the many works listed above, those of Edwards (1889), Herrick (1914) and the several papers by Marlatt, Back and Cotton are particularly useful as is the more modern work by Gradidge er aíii (1967). An exceilent review of modern moth-proofing techniques is given in the Wool Science Reriew (Anonymous, 1965); this paper has also a very good biblio- FPhY. Reports of domestic outbreaks ofpellionella now seern to be rare in Britain. Between 1970 and 1977, BhiNH received a little over 1200 unspecialized enquiries relating to hlacro- and Micro- lepidoptera (excluding Rhopalocera) from the public, cornrnerce and public health departments in Britain. Ten of these involved pellionellu: nine of the cases involved damage to carpets and the tenth involved damage to felt. The modern scarcity of pellionellu outbreaks is probably due to a nurnber of factors, arnong them higher standards of ciothing hygiene, the use of synthetic, blended and rnoth-proofed fabrics, the widespread use of horne insecticides and the fact that houses built in the post-war period are often hotter and less hurnid than older houses. The use of concrete rather than boards and cavities for floors has probably also rnade a difference to clothes-moth survival as skin dust and fibre fragrnents in a floor cavity provided a reservoir for infestation. This species is an obvious candidate for transport by man. The existing populations ofpellio- nellu in the New World, Australia and New Zealand are here considered to be the result of in troduc- tion. 1 have not succeeded in rearing pellionellu in the laboratory although Chauvin (1977) has done so successfully, using pelts of rnusk-rat and srndl rnarnrnals (e.g. Clerliriotioniys) as a food source. Attention is drawn here to the rnajor study of the ecology ofpellionellu in a bulk H’OOI store in Australia by Key & Common (1959). PARGITES.Ichneurnonidae: Gelis cincrus (L.) - W. Europe (det. Fitton, Robinson; Richards, 1

78 GADEN S. ROBINSON 1939), Hypsicera curmor F. - N. America, W.Europe (Riley, 1890-1 ; hlorley, 1930; Thompson, 1947; Richards, 1949; Woodroffe & Southgate, 1951~). Braconidae: Apanreles carparus (Say) - N. America, W. Europe (Marlatt, 1915 ; Ferriere, 1931; Burks, 1943; Thomson 1937; \Voodroffe & Southgate, 1951a; Sixon, 1976), Chremylus rubiginosus (Nees) - N. America, W. Europe (Bruneteau, 1930; Morley & Rait-Smith, 1933; Thompson, 1937; Mason, 1948). Pteromalidae : Habrocyrus sernorus (Walker) - M’. Europe (Voukassovitch & Voukassovitch, 1931 - suggested to be semotus by Dr Z. Boufek). Chalcidae : Tetrastichus tineioorus Ferriere [hyperparasite on Apanfeles carpatus] - N. America (Burks, 1943 - as T. carpatus Burks). The parasite records by Nagamori (1925) and Watanabe (1932) are considered to refer to transiucens (q.v.) and the record by Brkthes (1920) is considered to refer to murarielfa (4.v.). DISTRIBUIIOS.(Fig. 77.) Great Britain, France, Corsica, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, U.S.S.R. (European Region), India (highlands only), Sikkim, New Zealand, Canada, U.S.A. The following additional locality records from modern literature are here accepted as reliable: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland (Rasmussen, 1964; Opheim, 1965; Krogerus et aiii, 1971), Poland (Razowski 8: Siiwihski, 1961), Spain (Petersen, 1960; 1964d), Rumania (Cipugc, 1968), Hungary (Gozmány 8: SZ~CS,1965), Yugoslavia (Klimesch, 1968), Greece (Klimesch, 1968), U.S.S.R. (Ukraine, Caucasus) (Zagulajev, 1960), Mongolia (Zagulajev, 1972), China (Sinkiang) (Zagulajev, 1960), Australia (Key & Common, 1959). Records of pelfioiieflafrom countries other than those listed above are considered unreliable or unproven : records from Syria, Asia Minor, Socotra, Madeira, the Canary Islands, lowland India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Japan are specific- ally rejected (see ‘Remarks’).

MATERIAL EXAMISED 191 ex. (68 d, 46 1 genitalia preparations). living and preserved larvae, cases and pupae, one laboratory culture (from G. Chauvin). Great Britain: 3 ex., Isle of Wight, Niton, lO.vii.1930 (Flefcher);1 8, Harnpshire, New Forest, Brocken- hurst, 21.viii.1930 (Flefcher); 6 ex., Harnpshire, Southarnpton, various dates 1932-1937 (iassnidge); 1 6,Sussex, Tilgate, 24.vii.1912 (Gardner); 12, Sussex, Southbourne, 5.ix.1919 (Gardner); 1 0, Surrey, hfickleharn, 5.vii.lS53 (Srainron); 1 3, 1 9, Surrey, Redhill, 13.vii., 23.viii.1935 (Ruit-Smith); 12 ex., Greater London, Brornley, various dates 1930-1947 (Jucobr); 5 9, Greater London, Bexley, vanous dates 1922-1931 (Ford);1 ex., Greater London, Dartford Heath, 27.vi.1839 (Srainron); 1 9, Greater London, Richmond Park, Sidmouth Plantn, bred from nest of herori, 27.iv.1935 (Collenerre); 1 $, Greater London, Richmond Park, 15.viii.1938 (Eradky);1 :, 1 5,Greater London, Lewisham, 30.v.1880, vii.1887 (Srnirmn); 2 ex., Greater London, .S.ii’.I, Eaton Square, 8.vii.1887; 3 ex., Greater London, W.11, Ladbroke Square, c. 1950 (Afeinertzhngen); 3 3,Greater London, Iiford, vi.1973, 13, 15.vi.1975 (Robinson); 1 5, Greater London, Rainharn, 10.vi.1976 (Robiruori); 1 9, Esses, Maldon, ex 207; wool carpet, viii.1977 (Sandford); 1 j. Esses, Southend, lO.vii.1910 (IVhirrle); 9 ex., Gioucestershire, Stroud, various dates 1936-1912 (including 3 bred froni birds’ nests) (ilerciier); 1 2, Cambridgeshire, Chatteris, ex stufied gebe, 6.vii.1971 (Frj.er): 42 ex., h’orfolk, hlerton, various dates 1891-1907 (IV’alsinghunr, Durranr); 1 9,Northampton- snire. Clapton, 30.vi.1917 (Gardncr); 1 j. hlerseyside, Liverpool, 3.vii.1918 (~wman);1 O, Cheshire, Sandbach, ex oul pellct, iii-iv.1976 (Bowk5); 1 C. South k’orkshire, Sheffield, 20.vii.1848 (Stoinron); 1 :, Tayside region, Pitlochry, 26.viii.18S3 (Srainron); 1 ex.. Tayside region, Blair Atholl, 13.uii.1882 (Srainron); 1 0, Highland region. Aviemore, 30.vi. 1908 (Bunker); 1 s. Highland region, Lochinver, 7.viii. 1921 (IVhirrk). France: 7 es.. Basses Pgrenees, St Pierre d’irube, various dates 1936-1938 (Adkin); 1 8, Basses Pyrénées, Le Lac, St Jean de Luz, l.vi.1931 íhfusprnrr). Corsica: 1 3, Bocognano, vi.1905 (L.). Gerrnany (iyest): 1 o’, Koln, lO.viii.lS92. Germany (East): S es.. Grünhof, various dates 1870-1877 (Zellcr); 1 0. Sornrnerda [Ijóckc].Austria: 1 G, Klosterneuburg, in garden. l.vi.1915 (Nhl, Vienna); 1 $, Linz, 1S.h’. 1923 (hnirsclrkc) (Nhl. Vienna): 1 j. Untersteiermark, Sanntaler Alps, Logar Valle!. 7-900 m, 11-2O.vii.1942 (Zernj9 (Sbí. h’ienns). Switzerland: 1 j,hlontreus, 10.vii.1926 (ilcrciier); 1 j. Bernese Alps. Grininiialp, 125rn. 7.vii.193 (Fkrchcr): 2 es.. Bergün, 26.vii.lS73 [Zeller]; 1 j, Engaiin (Fre),). Italy: 1 3, Toscana (Fisciier con R¿islersranirriL U.S.S.R. (European region): 3 es., Kola Peninsda, híurrnnnsk, k’ukanski, 4. iS.viii.1917 (1 es. ’on cottongrass’) (Cocku~r!c):2 es., Latvia (‘Livon.’) [Lienig]. India: 16 ex., Assani. Shillnng, 1525 m, various dates 1918-192s (including l C paraiectotgpe of u‘rniiurgo) TISEA PELLI0,YELLA CO!dPLEX 79 (Fercher). Sikkirn: 2 j, Gangtok, lS50 m, v, 3,U¡.I948 (Baile?). New Zealand: 2 3. Nelson, 26.-.1923, ll.sii.1914 (Philpori) (1 i in MARC, Auckland); 7 j, 1 2, Tisbury, 23.si.1919. 29.i.. 4.ii.1920 (hiARC, Auckland); 1 6,LVellington, 31.xii.1879 (Mcyrick). Canada: 2 es., Sewfoundland, St John’s, ex iish meal. 13.sii.1961 (Morris);4 ex., Netvfoundland, Burgeo, es fish rneal. 27.iv., 17.v.1961 (‘Iforris).L.S.A.: 1 j, \Vashington, Pullman. 9.viii.1931 (Clorke) (SSlKH, N’ashington); 1 0, 3 g, Connecticut, New London, ex feather pillou., vi. 1975 (Eack) (NSlSH. ji’ashington); 1 j, California. Alameda County, 22.v.1908 (Pilate) (NMNH, b’ashington). 1 1 es., no locality data, es Zeller, Broivn, Doubleday, Vt’alsingham and Tyerrnan collections, BMNH.

Enea rransiucens hieyrick (Figs 1-3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 18-20, 31, 44, 51, 59, 78, S7-89, 102) Tima transhcens hleyrick, 1917. Exor. Xlicrolepiric>pi.2 : 75. Holotype Y, P.AKISTAS:Peshawr, v.1916 ífletclrer) (genitalia slide no. 13310: BhiNH) [exarnined]. Tima nictonella Pierce ¿k Metcalfe, 1934, Etiromologist 67 : 266. LECTOTYPE 3 (abdomen and genitalia only), GREAT BRITAIS:hlerseyside. Liverpool, [\vool uarehouse, 11 or 14.vii. 18561 (Cooke) (genitalia slide no. Pierce 3206; BhlNH), here designared [esarnined]. SJm. n. Tinea Icorihardi Petersen, 1957, Eeirr. Oit. 7 : 1-16, fig. 111. Holotype

MATERIAL EXAhIINED 388 ex. (46 0, 3s P genitalia preparations), living and preserved larvae, cases and pupae (including labora- tory cultures). Great Britain: 37 es., Isle of Wigh:, Yarmouth, es Afncan hide drurn, culture 1, 1974; 60 ex., Greater London, Sraines, es hide drurn frorn S. Africa, culture 2, 1974; 64 ex., Berkshire, Sloush, Pest Infestation Control Laboratory stock, ex African hide drurn, culture 3, 1973; 43 es., Sussex, Horsharn, ex Kenyan drum, culture 4, 1975; 60 es., Greater London, S.W.1, ex \voollens frorn Peru, BhlNH culture, 1973; 42 ex., 4 cases with pupae, Esses, Basildon, es Afiican drums, BhlKH culture 6, 1977; 2 ex., Greater London, Staines, es skin drurn from South Africa purchased vii.1973, ernerged 7.i.1973 (Pestridge) [sarne source as culture 21; 7 es., es larva on E. African bongo drums, 1973; 16 es., Greater London, W.8, Cornmonwealth Instiru:e, from jl’. Indian ceremonial dress, 16.is.1963 (Brodiey); 1 9 (abdomen and genitalia only), data as lectorype of trirrotielic (Pierce slide no. 3206; B.Mh’H) (paralectotype of rnerorzellu). Gerrnsny (East): 2 j, 1 s, Grünhof. 15., 24.vi.lS71 (Zeller); 1 2, ODer-Lausitz, Niesky, 19.vi.lS57 (Cíirisropli). Austria: 1 0, 1 C! \.Vien. es 1m.a. I-l.vi.lSS9 IHoniig) (NAf. iienna); 1 $, Linz, 18.iv.1913 (Kriirsciikt) (NM.iienna). Sicily: 1 5. Siracusa. S.~.[lS44](Zelier). U.S.S.R. (S. Russia): 1 9, Krasnoarrneysk (’Sarepta’), 13-13.viii. 1858 (Cirristopli). Tunisia: 1 o’, Sfax, 6.vi.1950 (Bédt!).Egypt: 1 0, Sitva, 26.iv.1935 (Onier-Coopcr). India: 2 2, Uttar Pradcsh, Dehra Dun, ix.1931, 6.viii.1936 (B. Grahani); 1 3, Punjab, Seraj Range, 9.is.1923 (R. O.); 1 3, Uttar Pradesh, Kumaun, Mukteswar, 2125 m, S.v.1923 (ilerclier); 1 :, hladras, Coimbatore, 5.si.1913, ix.1916 íilcrclier): 3 ex., hladras. Coirnbatore, bred frorn woolien clornes, 74.viii.1916 (Ramkrirt’iria); 1 3. L’ttar Pradesh, Saini Tal, 2000 m, l2.vi.1934 (Graiium); 1 ;, hladras, Shevaroy Hills, 1375 m, xii.1913 (Fíerciier); 3 6,Punjab, Sinili, v.1918 (Flercher); 6 es.. Benpi, Bihar, Pua, iii, iv.1917 (bred from tvool), 23.ii.1923, 78.s.1913 (feeding on bianketj (Fletclier). Kiashrnir: 1 z, Srinagar. 1375 m,I.s.1974 (Fíerclic%r).Sri Lanka: 7 j,3 ?. Kan district, Kandy, es Psrsian carpet, iii. 1970 (Pereira) (ShlSH, háshington). Jspan: 7 5”. Tokyo, 13.vi, 14.vii. 1932 (fssiki) (1 in NhlSH, N’ashington); 1 0, Taihoku, 15.si.1933 (lssiki) (SMSH, Washington); 1 j, Honsyü, Osaka, 1 i.vii.1954 (fssiki) (S’híSH, b‘achington): 7 G. Honjyü. Osah. es wool, IO.si.1971 (iiloriuri); 2 <, 2 2, Honsyü. Osaka.. híoriguri, 10, 19.s.1974 (Sniro)(1 3, 1 L in UOP. Osaka); 6 es.. Honsyb, Osakci, híoriguti, I5-19.it..1971 (Sairo) (2 es. in UOP, Osakri). Rhodesia: 5 es., Salisbury, 1891 (Jilarshall). TI,YE.4 PELLIOh'ELLA COSIPLEX 83 South Africa: 1 2, Cape Province, Simonstoun, 1946 (Hiirrr); 2 ex., h'atal, 3, 4.v.1879 (IPócke); 1 O, Capetown, 1907 (L.)..-\frica: Marn'a. iii.1872 (Cliristoph). US.4.:2 j, 2 2, iirginia, McLean, ex leather shield, 8.ii.1970 (Dacisj (ShlSH, ii'ashington). Chile: 2 6, Quillota, i. (Silla) (NMNH, ii'ashington). Incomplete Data: 1 2, 'Pellionella L., Z.L.E. [Zeller - Linn. ent.] 6: 157' / Zeller Coll.; 1 C, 'Wshtr. iit. X.4S' [Wiesenhütter - letter of Ostobsr lS-iS] / Zeller Coll.; 1 ;, 'Pellionella var. b. H.15. [Hübner fig. 151 H.S. 278 [Herrich-SchNer fig. 2781' / Zeller Coll.

Tinea mirrariella Staudinger (Figs 1, 2, 10, 21-23, 31, 33, 45, 52, 60, 79, 90, 91) Titiea tiiiirarieila Staudinger, 1859, Sletrin. etir. Zrg 20 : 235. Lectotype Y, SPAIN: Cadiz, Chiclana, bred from chaik and dusr CasCj on house wails, 5 hlay (Stauúiriger) (genitaiia slide [Agenjo]; hlNHU, Berlin), dtsignated (as holotype) by Agenjo (1952 : 345) [esarnined]. Titieola bipiorcrella Ragonot, 1874, BiiII. Soc. enr. Fr. 1874 : clxxi. LECTOTYPE 0, SPAIN: Barcelona, bred frorn debris of Clrarases \vings, 25.vi.1871 (genitalia siide no. 2402 [Viette]; MNHN. Paris), here decignated [csarnined]. [Synonyrnized by Arnsel (19% : 63).] Titiea mirariella Staudinger; b'ocke, 1561 : 107 [catalogue]; Stainton, 1S69 : 143 [description]; Wocke, 1571 : 270 [catalogue]; Hofrnann, 1575 : 71 [Spain - iindaiusia]; Seebold, 1879 : 125 [Spain - Bilbao]; Seebold, 1S98 : 162 [Spain- Bilbao]; Rebel, 1901 : 230 (Spain; Sicily; Yugoslavia]; Zerny, 1927 :486 [Spain - Albarracin]; Kautz, 1928 : (76) [Spain - Andalusia]; hfüller-Rutz, 1932 : 263 [Switzerland - as Tineola niiirariella]; Agenjo, 1952 : 62, pl. 9, figs 2, la, 2b, 3 [description; j genitalia; Spain]; Arnsel, 1955 : 63, pl. 6, fig. 7 [bipuiicrella synonyrnized; g genitalia; Spain]; Petersen, 1957 : 149. fig. 115 [? genitalia]; Petersen. 3959~:569. fig. 13 [jgenitaiia]; Petersen, 1960: 227 [Spain]; Lhomrne, 1963 : 1100 [France]; Petersen, 19636 : 414 [bred frorn raptor pellets, Sudan]; Petersen 1964d: 404, 417 [Spainl; Petenen, 1967 : 358 [Spain]; Cápqe, 1968 : 334, figs 174, 175.4-D [Rumania]; Hicks, 1971 : 178 [erroneous birds' nest record]; Chauvin, 1977 : 1 [detailed and irnportant study of biology; comparison with peiiionelia]. Tineola bipiincrella Ragonot; Ragonot, 1875 : 579, pl. 11, fig. 1 [description; figure]; Rebel, 1896: 125 [Canary Isl; Rebel. 1901 : 240 [Spain; hlauretania; Tenerife]; Walsingharn, 1908 : 1026 [North Africa; Canary Is]; Rebel, 1910 : 367 [Canary Is]; Rebel, 1917 : 62 [Tenerife]; Kautz, 1928 : (76) [Andalusia]; Arnsei, 1955 : 63 [synonyrnized with niurarieíla]. [Titiea pelliorieila L.; Stainton, IS67a: 4, 10, 27 [Syria; Asia hlinor; reference to niiuariefla doubtful- specimens not seen]; Rebel, 1907 : 99 [Socotra; reference to niiirariella doubtful-specimen not seen]; Brithes, 1920: 256 [Argentina; parasite]; Silvestri, l9.13 : 102, fig 121-126 [bioiogy]; Biezanko el aiii, 1957 : 16 [Uruguay]. Misidentifications.] [Tirica merotielh Pierce 8: hlrtcaife; Kudrjavtseva, 1975 : 611, fig. 3 [U.S.S.R.- Adzhar; development tinies]. Misidentification.] 6 (Fig. 90). 8-12 mrn. Head yellow-ochre. kfaxillary palpus whitish, almost reachins tip of second segrnent of labial palpus. Labial palpus ochreous, uhitish on inner surface, outer surface flecked with greyish brown. Gaiea reaching one-third length of second segrnent of labial palpus. Antenna dark greyish brown, alrnost reaching apex of fore wing. Thorax and tegulae yellolv-ochre, greyish brown anteriorly. Fore wing light yellow to greyish ochre, fringes concolorous, base of costa greyish brown. Discocellular spot small, brown to dark grey-bro\vn; discal and plical spots ill-defined or obsolete in pale specimens (with high magnification a few dark plical scales can usully be found) but well-defined in dark specirnens. Hind \ving pale greyish, fnnges paler, ochreous cream. Legs crearn to ochreous, fore legs dusted above with dull brown. Abdomen light greyish bronn. 9 (Fig. 91). 11-17 mrn. Coloration as d. GENITALW0. Saccus elongate, 0.89k0.18 rnm long. Valva (Fig. 45) with apex rounded or slightly trun- cated at costa. Dorsal margin of gnathos straight in rniddle, concave at base and tip. Anellus spines (Figs 32, 33) small and flat, forming an elongate row three or four spines \vide; about 20 spines in each row heavily sclerotized; unsclerotized plaques extend distally along anellus almost to leve1 of tip of gnathos (u hen anellus fully 'unroiled' posteriorly after removal of aedeagu). Aedeagus (Figs 2 1-23) 1.33 kO.27 rnm lonc; tip without carinae; vesica ornamented only with t\vo blade-shaped cornuti: tips of cornuti acutely Fointed. diagonal edge usualiy coarsely serrate with one or two lateral spine-like pro- jections. [In one essrnple seen, tips of cornuti are smooth and tapered - Fig. 23.1 Aedeagus/saccus ratio 1-51rr0.12. GENITALIAE. Eighth sternite with deep, narrow V-shaped emargination (Fig. 60). Posterior region of antrurn swollen equatorially at leve1 of transverse folds which do not converge towards ostium; longitu- 84 GADEN S. ROBIXSON dinal folds transverseiy divided in anterior half. Anterior hitof antmm with clearly dehed amular sclerotization appearing as transverse stripes at end of antrum. Corpus bursae (Fig. 52) with two or three conspicuous needle-shaped sima, each arking frorn one side of a short, broad, blade-shaped base set in a Isrge, circular, uell-sclerotized base-plate. Sclerotization of signum base-plate even, giving each base-plate regular edge and evenly coloured appearance. RE&fARI;S. Tinea nzurariella ClOSely resembles T. translucens both in externa1 appearance and in genital structure, particularly of the female. The discal and plica1 spots are usually not as well developed as in tratislucetzs and the colour of the fore wings is generally lighter. There are no carinae on the aedeagus of nzurariella and the vesica is ornamented only with two large blade- shaped cornuti: the serrated tips of these cornuti are characteristic but not always present. The small terminal cornuti of translucens are always absent in murariella. Fernales of murariella may have two or three sima - translucens always has two - and these are set in base-plates which are evenly and densely sclerotized : in transfucens the base-piates have mottled sclerotization, which gives them an irregular edge. Transverse division of the longitudinal antrurn folds occurs much further anteriorly in murarielía than in translucens and the transverse folds in the posterior (swollen) region of the antrum do not converge on the ostium as in translucens. 3n muroriella there is a small longitudinal mark at either side of the anterior end of the emargination of the eighth sternite: this is a small fold in the inner wall of the antrum and is absent in rrunslucens. The fore wing colour of laboratory-reared specirnens of murariella is comparable with that of rransfucetts but wild-caught specimens are generally paler and may be quite bright pale yellow. The density of fore wing coloration is more variabie in murariellu than in other species of the pellionelia-grou p. The males referred to by Ragonot (1875 : 579) are not syntypes as they were obtained after the publication of the original description. The female designated here as lectotype rnay have been the oniy specimen described by Ragonot in 1874 - his description niakes no mention of the number of specimens he had. Tnere are now no specimens of bipunctelia in the Ragonot collection apart from the lectotype (Viette - pers. comm.). The illustrations and description of Silvestri (1943 : 102) are here considered to refer to murari- el!a and not pellionelia and the record of 'Titzea merotiella' by Kudrjavtseva (1975) is also considered to be of this species. The records of 'pellio~rcllu'by Stainton (1867a), Rebel (1907), Brethes (1920), and Biezanko et alii (1957) are considered likely to refer to murariella but sub- stantive specimens have not been examined. The illustrations of the aedeagus of this species by Petersen (19590) and CBpuge (1965) show the surface of the cornuti as distinctly abrasive, with closely-packed small, thorn-like projections covering the ends. 1 have not observed cornuti of this typc: in the 18 preparations 1 have examined the cornuti have serrations restricted to the region ofthe oblique edge of the cornutus and the side of the cornutus may have one or two spine- like pro-iections. The records of this species frorn Venice (Petersen, 1961~:531) and the Yernen (Petersen, 1961~)are erroneous and are referable to mmalitza (q.v.). BIOLOGY.This species appears able to utilize much the same range of foodstuffs as pellionella and rrumlmws: it is a synanthrope and a pest. 1 have examined specirnens of mururiella reared from fur. \voollen clothing. hides, hooves and insect specirnens and there is a reliable literature record (Petersen. 19636: 414) of its being reared from raptor pellets. Larvae (and pupae) have been coliected from house ivalls in Spain: larvae might have been feeding on horsehair plaster. In the laboratory. ?tiurariella \vil1 eat \vool. coarse hair, feathers. leather and fish-meal. Tima ruurariellu is primarily 8 hlediterranean species ranging eastivard as far as Sudan and northuard as far as southern France and Rumania. It is present on several of the Atlantic islands and is recorded Íroni the east coast of . It is likel!' that it is an introduction to the Neotropical region. This species \vas firsr reared in the laboratory b! Chauvin (1977). His stock originated in Brazil and $vas intercepted on hides irnported into France: a subculture of Chauíin's stock is now main- tained in BAINH. Chauvin found that, under Isboratory conditions, niurarieilu produced four generations per year but outdoorj in Ivestern France the culture \y35 univoltine and only survived TIiVEA PELLIOKELLA COMPLEX 85 the ninter in mild years. The life-cycle and the duration of its stages is similar to that observed in peilionella and rranslitcens under similar conditionj. Chauvin ( 1977) found that for pellionella, the optimal humidity for larval development \vas 50 u ith mortality increasing with deviation from 50%. In niurariella. a huniidity of 50-100”/ó \\as optirnal and very high mortality occurred at low humidities. there being no survival at al1 at 10s; R.H. or less. Chauvin gives a detailed study of water conservation in this species and compares its adaptations and survival in dry con- ditions u ith those of pellioneiía. hly ObjerLations of niurnrieila emphasize its similarity in behav- iour and appearance in culture to translircens. \Volff (pers. conini.), u hile collectino in hladeira. iound a pupa of mirrarieiln buried in loose soil some way from human habitation. It ij concei\able that this specimen originated from a bird pellet. This species may be a commoner and more frequently carried pest than is presently realized. Chauvin’s cultures came from a cargo of Brazilian hides and the only specimen recorded from Britain \vas intercepted in a cargo of hooves. Like traducens, nitirariella is fecund and successful at the normal temperatures of centrally heared premises in temperate regions. Rearing of nrrrrariella in the Iriboratory is accompiished in exactly the same way as described above for translucens.

PARASITE.Braconidae: Apatifeles riogratrdetrsis Brithes - S. America (Brethes, 1920 - on ‘peiiionella’).

DISTRIBUTION. (Fig. 79.) Great Britain (one interception only), France, Portugal, Spain, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, i’enezuela, Argentina, Brazii. The following addi:ional locality records from the literature are here accepted as reliable: Rumania (CápuSe, 1968), U.S.S.R. (Adzhar) (Kudrjavtseva, 1975), Sudan (Petersen, 19636).

M.4TERIAL EXAMISED Crear Britain: 1 C (genitaiia slide only), Strathciyde region, Glasgow, Princes Dock. SS Etnpire A’ewroti, ex hooves frorn Argentina, i.1946 (Salrnond). France: 1 I,Hykres, in hotel, 26.xi.1932 (Flercher); 1 0, St Jan de Luz, 2S.viii.1951 (Adkin); 1 C, ‘S. France‘. 1SS-i (Ragonor); 134 ex., hlarseilies, ex hides ori- ginating from S. Brazil [Rio de Janeiro or S3o Pauio] (Cliaucin)BhlKH culture (4 ex. in NLMNH,Washing- ton). Portugal: 1 0. Porto, Marco (itátrisotrl. Spriin: 1. es.. 4 cases, 1 larva, Granada, on walls of house, 28.v, 19.vii.1901 (Walsinghunz): 1 j, [Cadiz. Chicha. bred from chalk and dust cases on house walls, v.] (Sfaim‘iiiger) (genitalia slide [Agenjo]; hl NHU,Btrlin) (paralectotype of niimzriellu). Canary Islands: 1 C, Tenerife, Guimar, ex lana on walls, 2.vi.1907 (lVnisi&utri); 2 i,Tenerife, Sta Cruz, 22, 25.i.1907 (W’alsingham); 1 o’, Tenerife, Pto Orotava, 3.v.1907 (Ikb/sing/ia~ri);1 o’, Tenerife, Playa de las Américas, 17.viii.1977 (Tuck).hladeira: 1 ‘2, ex Bethune-Baker coll.; 1 j,Deserta Grande, ex case in soil, 27.iv.1974 (IVo!fl (coll. li’olff, Copenhagen). Azores: 1 o’, Flores, Sta Cruz, 16-3O.vi (Stord) (ZMU, Helsinki). hlorocco: 7 ex., Tangiers, 4, lS.xii.1901, S.iv, 1, 9, 2O.v.1307, 27.v.1930 (Wulsirigharri, Fletclier). Algeria: 4 ex., Prov. Oran, Sidi-bel-Abbks, 18, ZZ.vi, 7.ix.1917 (Rorran). Egypt: 1 2, Aswan, 1970 (Hayward); 1 Q, ex larva darnaging overcoats in Police stores, 9.iv.1918 (Alfieri) (KMNH, Washington). Venezuela: 1 Q, Caracas, El Valle, reared from fur, 14.viii. 1941 (Bullolr) (NXIKH, Washington). Argentina: 1 O, Buenos Aires (Areco)/Montevideo Parasit. Lab., museum pest, ?O.viii.1917 (Siheira) (NMNH, U’ashington); see also Great Britain. Brazil: see France.

Tinea lanella Pierce & Metcalfe (Figs 1, 2, 12, 25, 35, 36, 49, 53, 64, 97, 93) Tinea laneh Pierce ¿k hlrtcalfe. 1933, Entoniologisr 67 : 267. LECTOTYPE j (abdomen and genitalia only), [GREATBRITAIS: Merseysidc, Liverpool, w.ooi ssarehouse, vi-vii. 1922 (n-lan.srsbridge)] (genitalia slide no. Pierce 3702; BMNH), here designated [esamined]. Tineu lanella Pierce ¿k Metcalfe: Pierce R: hletcalfe, 1935 : gj, pl. 5s [3, 3 genitalia]; Ford, 1949: 184 [biologyl; Agenjo, 1952 : 61 [erroneousiy piaced as a synonym of pellioriellu]; Petersen, 1957: 146, figs 112, 113 [genitahal; Zagulajev, 1960: 164 [description]; Prtersen, 1960 : 277. fig. 7 [j’ penitalia; Spain]; Petersen, 19&?d: 417 [Spain]; Capuse, 1968 : 335, figs 176A-C [Rumania; 0, 9 genitalia]; Bradley er ulii, 1972 : S [checklist]. 86 GADEN S. ROBINSON S (Fig. 92). 1 1-15 mm. Head ochreous crearn. hlaxillary palpus whitish, reaching tip of second segment of labial palpus. Labial palpus pale ochre, whitish on inner surface, outer surface flecked with brown. Galea reaching to between base and one-quarter length of second segment of labial palpus. Antenna light brownish ochre, three-quarters or more length of fore wing. ‘horax and tegula light ochre, suffused anteriorly with blackish broun. Fore wing light ochre, fringes concolorous, base of costa suffused blackish brown. Discocellular spot light greyish brou.n, small; discal and plica1 spots yellowish brown, small, ili- defined. Hind wing greyish with slight ochreous tint at margin, fringes paler. Legs light ochreous, fore legs dusted above with dull brown. 0 (Fig. 93). 14-17 111111. Coloration as d. GENITALIAS. Saccus 0.87 f 0.23 mm long. Valva (Fig. 49) with costa markedly concave to about two- thirds, apex truncated. Dorsal margin of gnathos straight in middle, markedly concave at base and tip. Anellus spines (Figs 35, 36) very srnall, arranged in a patch of only 12-14 widely separated spines. Aedea- gus (Fig. 25) 1.32 k 0.07 mm long, tuo large serrate comb-shaped carinae at or just below tip; vesica orna- mented with two elongate, evenly tapered cornuti. Aedeagus/saccus ratio 1.55 k 0.45. GENTALL~2. Eighth sternite with shallow, square emargination with anterior nick, ventral lip of ostium heavily sclerotized on internal surface (Fig. 63). Antrum smali, slightly bulbous, transverse folds of pos- terior internal wali absent, longitudinal folds ill-defined, not transversely divided. Wall of ductus bursae with sclerotization just anterior to end of antrurn, forming an even band, not annular stripes. Posterior third of ductus bursae finely scobinate. Corpus bursae (Fig. 53) uith one or two very small, short, needle- like signa set off-centre in a small, pimple-like sclerotized base. REMARKS.Tineu lunellu differs, in the male, from other rnembers of the pellionellu-group in pos- sessing a pair of large, comb-shaped carinae just below the tip of the aedeagus. The two large cornuti are sornewhat similar to those of rnessulinu or nrururiellu but these two species have no carinae. Fernales differ from other members of the pellionellu-group (uith the exception of bofizriiellu) in having the posterior region of the ductus bursae finely scobinate. In botiznieila the mernbrane of the ductus bursae is coarsely scobinate and in al1 other members of the pellionellu- group it is smooth. The signa of lunellu are smaller than those of any other species with two signa: no other pellionellu-group species is known which may have only one signum. The shape and sclerotization of the eighth sternite and antrum oí‘ íunellu are distinctive. Pierce 8; Metcalfe (1934) differentiated this species on the basis of its having only one signum: their observations are based on Pierce’s tivo slides (nos 3203, 3203) of lunellu. A subsequent preparation (slide no. 1327; BMNH) clearly shows two signa of the same kind as in Pierce’s preparations. Apart from the type-series of this species, only three other specimens are known, two males from Burgos, Spain (Petersen, 1960) and a rnale from Bucharest, Rumania (CBpuSe, 196s). In the figure of the genitalia of a male luiiellu from Spain by Petersen (1960 : fig. 7), the comb- shaped carinae appear to be retracted into the aedeagus. The three males frorn the type-series which have been dissected al1 have a spermatophore psrtly estruded from the tip of the aedeagus, the vesica is partly everted and the cornuti protrude from the aedeagus. The male illustrated by CapuSe (1965 : fig. 176.4) shon.s similar extrusion of a sperrnatophore and so Petersen’s specimen is the only one knoun in \vhich tne genitalia are in a normal state. In specimens examined, however, the conib-shaped carinae are set in ths heavily sclerotized \!.al1 of the aedeagus and could not be retracted into the aedeagus. The orientation of the carinae in Petersen’s figure leads me to believe they are on the outside of the aedcagus but may be within the anellus in his preparation. BIOLOGI..The type-series of huella \vas from a uool ivarehouse in Liverpool and contains speci- mens bred from wool alchough Pierce tk hletcalfe (1934) are not specific on this point. The rarity of lurzcllu makes pointless any sues at the natural biotope of this species. Adults have been collected in June and July. The presence of lu~~clíuin a \vool \vsrehouse suggests that ir may have been imported with raw ~voolbut the source of the Liverpool specimens is unknotvn. DISTRIUUTIOS.Great Britain. The folloning additional locality records froni the literature are here accepted as reliablr: Spain (Peterjen, 1960), Rumania (Cápu~e,1965). TISEA PELLIO.VELLA COMPLES 57 k1ATERIAL ESAMINED 17 ex. (3 j, 3 2 genitalia preparations). Great Britain: 1 2 (abdomen and genitalia only) [hlerseyside, Liverpool, \vool \varenouse, vi-vii. 19221 í.Vuansbri&e) (genitalia slide no. Pierce 320-1): I 3, 1 2 (abdomen and genitalia oniy) [hlerseyside, iiver- pool, \vool Marehouse. vi-vi¡. 19221 (Tjerrt:uii)(genitalia slide no. Pierce 3503); 1 j, hlerseyside, Liverpool (Pierce) (abdomen rnissing! ; 7 5, 9 E, hlerseyside, Liverpool, bred [from \vool warehouse], vi-vii.1922 (Tyernmz) (al1 paralectotypes oi fmielia).

Tinea messalina sp. n. í,Figs 1, 24, 34, 48, 54, 63, 94, 95) [Tinea nirrrnrieliu Staudinger: Pttersen, 1961a : 65; Prtersen, 1961c : 531. hlisidentiñcation.] 5 (Fig. 91). 17 mm. Head light ochre. hlaxillary palpus svhitish. Labial palpus ivhitish, denseiy flecked Lvith dark brown on outer surface. Galea not visible - head preparation not rnade owing to lack of material. Antenna greyish broun, estending to tip of fore Xving. Thorax and tegula light ochreous fiecked with bro\vn, dark brown anteriorly. Fore wing light ochreous speckled wirh broun scales \vhich are especially dense in basa1 fascia: iringes light ochreous. Discal and plical spots not defined, discocellular spot small, greyish brown. Hind wing ivhitish with a slight grey tint, base of fringes tinted ochreous. Legs light ochre to whitish, fore leg and rnid tibia dull broun above. 2 (Fig. 95). 15-16 rnrn. Coloration as j but specimen frorn Tenerife has darker, more greyish fore wings and fore wing rnarkings and more greyish hind wing. Discal and plical spots drfined in two specimens but not visible in specirnen irorn Algeria \vhich is badly rubbed. Galea (visible only in Tenerife specimen) very short. GENITALIA5. Saccus 0.98 rnrn long. Valva (Fig. 45) large, slender, with rounded apex. Dorsal margin of gnathos with slight media! convexity, angled dorsad at one-third and just below apex. Anellus spines (Fig. 34) large, arranged in elongate band three to four spines wide \vith proximal ten of about twenty aell-defined spines heavily sclerotized. Aedeagus (Fig. 24) elongate, 1.56 mm long, 15 ithout carinae. \’esica with two elongate, blade-shaped cornuti \vhich are coarsely serrate below apex and nhich have rninute thorn-like projecrions on lateral surfaces. At three-quarters length of aedeagus, vesica arrned with three small, slender cornuti (Fig. 54 - inset). Aedeagusjsaccus ratio 1.90. GENTALIA3. Eighth sternite with shallow U- (Tenerife specimen) or V-shaped eniargination with aall of ostium heavily sclerotized at base of emargination (Fig. 61). Posterior region of antm sivollen oniy slightly, transverse folds iii-defined. Longitudinal folds narroiv, ill-defined, not transversely divided. Anterior region of antnim broad, parallel-sided. Wall of ductus bursae with well-defined annular scleroti- zation slightly anterior to end oi antrurn, appearing as dark stripes. Corpus bursae with three conspicuous needle-shaped signa (Fig. 541, each arising from one side of a short, bladc-shaped base set in a large, circular, heavily sclerotized base-plate. In specirnen from Yemen, scirrotization of signum base-plate uneven, giving it etched appearance and irregular margin. REMARKS.Titrea niessalina resernbles Tittea nturariella in its externa! appearance and cannot be reliably separated frorn it escept by esamination of the genitalia. In the male, the two large cornuti are similar to but larger than those of murariella \vhich lacks the three small cornuti present in messalina. The small, thorn-like protuberances from the large cornuti are similar to those figured for ??iurarielluby Petersen (1959a) and CapuSe (1968) (see ‘Remarks’ for murarieífa). In the female, the antrum is larger and broader than in tnurariella. The uneven edges of the sienum base-plates in the Yerneni specirnen are reminiscent of those of frarisluceris but are much more pronounced. The Corpus bursae is missing from the specimen from Tenerife: this, coupled with the dissimilarly shaped antrurn, leads me to exclude it from the paratype series. Ail the specirnens here placed as tiiessalNza have previously been examined by Petersen \vho deterrnined thein as niiirarkilo. In Petersen’s preparations of the t\vo female paratypes, the genitalia have not been removed from the abdomen and it ij impossible to discern the outlíne of the Corpus bursae (Fig. 54). BIOLOGY.Unknown. Specimens esamined originate from the Ivetter parts of the Mediterranean region and from highland Yem.en \vhich has forested zones near San’a (the locality of collection of the specirnen). Specimens nere collected in January (‘domestic’ environrnent, Yemen) or May (al1 other specimens). 88 GADEN S. ROBINSON DISTRIBUTIOS.Canary Islands (Tenerife), Algeria, Italy, Yemen. MATERIAL EXAMiNED 4 ex. (1 6,3 O genitalia preparations). Holotype d, Italv: Venice, Lido I., 29.v.1910 (W’ulsing/iarn) (genitalia siide no. 8214 [Petersen prep. no. 14081; BMNH). Paratypes. Algeria: 1 9, Hammam-mes-Kontine, 2.v. 1914 (Rorhsclrild & Jordun) (genitalia slide no. 11076 [Petersen prep. no. 17191; BMNH). Yemen: 1 O, San‘a, uithin ivalls of Bir-el-Azab, caught in pavilion of the Crosvn Prince while we uere uaiting for an interviebv, 2100 rn, i.1938 (Scotr & Britton) (genitalia slide no. 7215 [Petersen prep. no. 15081; BMNH). Specirnen excluded from paratype series. Canary Islands: 1 C, Tenerife. Pto Orotava, 2.v.1907 (Wdsing- ham) (genitalia slide no. 11080 [rernount of Petersen prep. no. 15611; BMNH).

Tima dubiella Stainton (Figs 1, 2, 17, 41, 42, 47, 55, 62, 80, 96-99) Tinea diíbiellu Stainton, 1859, Enromologisr’s wkly Inteli. 6 : 183. LECTOTYPE 9, GREAT BRITAIX: Merseyside, Liverpool, 18.viii.1859 (Gregsori) (genitalia slide no. 13359; BMNH), here designated [examined]. Tinea turicensis Mülier-Rutz, 1920, Mirt. Ent. Zürich 5 : 348, pl. 2, fip. 16. Lectotype S (genitalia only), SWT~ZERLASD:Zürich (h’bgeli) (genitalia slide no. h1.28; NM, Basle), designated by Rasrnussen, 1964 : fig. 21 [exarnined]. Syn. n. Tineu bispinellu Zagulajev, 1960, Fauna SSSR 78 : 169, figs 132-134. Holotype 3, U.S.S.R.: Crirnea, Sevastopol. 22.vi.1907 (Pliginski) (21, Leningrad) [examined]. Syn. n. Enea tener- Zagulajev, 1966, Tridjj zool. Insr. Leningr. 37 : 169, figs 22,23. Holotype d, CANARY ISLANDS: Tenerife, Orotava, 24.i~.1895 (GAh4, Bucharest) [exarnined]. Syn. n. Tineu dubiellu Stainton; Stainton, 1859c: 133; Wocke, 1S61 : 107 [catalogue]; Monis, 1870: 72, pl. 99, fig. 8 [description; figure; in birds’nestsl: Wocke, 1871 : 270 [catalogue]; Stainton, 1873 : 3 [erroneously placed as a synonym of pellionellul : Merrin, 1875 : 2-12 [synonyrn (?) of pelliorieíia]; Hartrnann, 1879: 199 [listl: hleyrick, 1895: 791 [synonym of pelliotiellu]: Dyar, [19031: 572 [synonyrn of pel- íioneilu]; Cronbrupghe de Picquendaele, 1906 : 124 [synonyrn of peliioneila]; Corbet 8r Tams, 1913b : 11 1 [synonyrn ofpellioriella]; Petersen, 1957 : 145 [synonym ofpelliotiella]; Zagulajev, 1960 : 149, 159 [synonyrn of both pellionelia and flacescentellu] ; CCipuSe, 1965 : 3 19 [synonym of peliionelía]; Petersen, 1969 : 373 [synonyrn ofpellionellul; Bradiey et ulii, 1972 : 8 [synonym of peliionrliu]. Tinea rirricensis Müller-Rutz; híüller-Rutz, 1922 : 756 [Suitzerland] : hiülier-Rutz, 1932 : 363 [erroneously placed as synonym ofprllioneflul: Petersen, 1957 : 148, fig. 114 [; genita!ia]: Petersen, 1960: 228 [Spain; C genitalia]: Petersen, 1961c : 532 [Algeria; Morocco]; Wakely, 1963 : 92 [Britain; breeding record:; Petersen 196:b : 414 [birds’ nests; o\d pellets]: Petersen, 1964b : 79 [status as ‘nousehold species’]; Petersen, 19643d: 4M, 417 [Spain]: Rasmussen, 1964: 337, pls 5-8, figs 17-29 [j’, 4 genitalia; lectotype designated]; Gozrnany Br Szk, 1965 : 143, figs 36B. 37B [key; genitalia figs]; Bradiey, 1966~:217 [synonymy amended]; Petersen, 1965 : 95 [Germany]: Cápusc. 1965 : 328, fig. 171 (purtirn - 0’ only) [j’ genitaiia; Kunanial: Petersen 1969: 374, pl. fig. 25, figs 152, 161, 169 [j’, P genitaiia: biology; distribution]; Krogerus ef ulii. 1971 : 28 [Sweden; Denmark]: Bradiey er ulii, 1972 : 8 [checklist]; Petersen Br Gaedike, 1975 : 76 [Germany]: Kudrjavtseva, 1975 : 619, figj 1, 3 [U.S.S.R. (Adzhar); ;, 4 genitalia: biology]: Hannemann, 1977 : 232, pl. 14, fig. 5, figs 121a-b [genitaliri; distribution]. Tineu bispinellu Zagulajev: Kudrjavrseva. 1975: 612 [U.S.S.R.-Georgia]. [Tincu pcllionellu L.; Stainton. 1859d: 212 [hladeira]: h’oliaston. 1579 : 422 [St Helena]: hleyrick, 1893: 535 [Australia]: Rebel & Rogenhofer, 1894: 17, 88 [Canary Is]: Rebel, 1906: 44 [Canary Is]; Rebel, 1910: 366 [Maáeiral: Rebel, 1917: 13, 25, 62 [hladeira, Canary Ij, St Helena]. Misidentifica- tions.] [Tinanreronellu Pierce RC hletcalfe: Pierce 6: hletcalfe, 1931 : 266 (parrirn - 1 j only); Petersen, 1957 : 148 and Rasrnussen. 196-4 : 337 [meroriellu (bosed on Pierce slide 330s - ¡.e. diibieíla) erroneousiy placed as synonyrn of turicemis]. hlisidentihcations.] [Tiii~a~fiuLescetzrelluHabvorth: Bradlry, 1953 : 18 (purfirti - 1 6 only) [Ireland]; Cápuy, 1965 : 331, figs 173B, 173B-C (parfin:- 2 only) [I genitalia: Rumania]. hfisideritification.] ;(Fip. 96). 9-12 mrn. Head greyish ochre. hlasillary palpus light grey. reachingjust beyond tip of second segment of labial paipus. Labial Pal?us dark grey, light grey on inner surfacc, tip paler. Galea estending to mjddle oi second segrnrnt of labial paipus. Antenna dark broumisn grey, reacning apes of fore wing. Thor3.s and tegula dull brownish grey. darker anteriorly. Forr wing duli brobvnish grey \iit.i a feu TISEA PELLlOA’ELLR COhlPLES 59 scattered yeliou.ish scales. fringes concolorous: charcoal-grey scales at base of costa and in foid. Discal and plica1 spots charcoal-grey, eiongate: discocellular spot darker, round. Hind wing grey, fringes brownish. Legs greyish ochre, fore ieg and mid tibia blackish brotvn above. ? (Fig. 97). 11-15 mrn. Coloration as O.

GEPI’ITALL~j.Saccus 0.78 t 0.17 mm. \-alva (Fig. 47) with costa slightiy convex, apex rounded but more or less truncated at costal margin. Dorsai margin of gnathoc evenly concave or almost straight in the middle: rip upturned totvards uncus. Anelius spines (Figs 3it37)Aattened and overiapping, arranged in a taperea band up to four spines uide and containing about 20 spines: proximai spines iarge. Aedeagus (Fig. i7j 1.3020.26 mm long, tvithout carinae. \ésica ornamented oniy with pair of smail, short, diver- pent, peg-shaped cornuti just below apes ot’ aedeagus. Aedeagus;’saccus ratio 1.69 0.29.

GESITALUG. Eighth stemite \vith broad, shaliow V-shaped ernargination (Fig. 62). Antrum markedly swollen posteriorly ; trsnsverse foids present and anterior to these a pair of conspicuous saucer-shaped lateral protuberances; anterior region of antrum short, slightly tapered anteriorly, longitudinal folds short. conspicuous, not transverseiy divided. Annular sclerotization at posterior end of ductus bursae ill-defincd or absent. Corpus bursae (Fig. 55) uith three or (uualiy) four srnali, thin, needle-like signa, each ansing from minute unscierotized tubercie.

REMARKS.Titieu dubiellu is generally darker-coloured than any of the other species of the pel- lionelh-group. Fresh and undamaged specimens in particular have darker and more greyish fore wings than orher members of the peliiotiellu-group and the hind wing is distinctly darker, being grey rather than ochreous-whitish or very pale grey as in the other species. In the male, the greatly reduced pair of peg-like cornuti (probably homologous with the large blade-shaped cornuti of other mernbers of the pellionellu-group) are characteristic: there are no carinae of any kind on the aedeagus. The fernale genitalia are remarkable for the curious development of the paired saucer-shapea protuberances of the postero-ventral \val1 of the antrum. Four specimens of dubiellu are known in which the coloration is aberrant. A specimen bred from a larva collected in Lincolnshire in 1976 is melanic (Fig. 99) and three female paralectotypes of dubiellu are pale, bright yellow tvith much reduced fore wing markings (see Stainton, 1859~) (Fig. 98). The remaining three paralectotypes and lectotype of dubiellu have normal coloration : both mes are represenred among the normal specimens of Stainton’s series, not just males as he suggested (1559~). This is the Titieu titricensis of authors folloiving Petersen (1957) and has nothing to do with Titieu nietotiella Pierce 6: hletcalfc (see ‘Rernarks’ for trunslucetzs - above). Before Petersen’s examination of hlüller-Rutz’s specirnens, ntricensis had been ignored as hlüller-Rutz himself (1932) came to consider it as ‘only a form ofpelliotiellu’ in exactly the same way as Stainton (1874) came to think that dubieiia LYas ‘only pelliotiellu’. It is odd that the syntype-series of dubieila has not, until now, been closely examined. One specimen was dissected by Corbet in about 1931 (the siide is now apparently lost) but dttbieliu \vas considered by Corbet & Tams (19436) to be a synonym of pellionellu. The híüller-Rutz collection (in NM,Basle) contains four moths (one with associated genitalia slide) and three slides of male genitalia (without associated rnoths) labelled as titricensis. T~voof the moths. a male (without abdomen) and a female (genitalia slide no. 1745 [Petersen]/M.27), are type-specimens ; the other two specimens, both undissected males, have no type-status. Two slides (M.28 and h1.29) are labelled ‘TYPUS’; hi.29 may be from the above male type-specimen- there is a complete abdomen preserved on the slide and the whole of the abdomen has been removed from the specimen whereas in slides b1.B and hi.30 only the seventh and eighth ab- dominal segments are preserved. The slides nurnbered h1.2S and h1.30 are not associated with specirnens and h1.30 has no type-status. Slide M.2S is the lectotype, designated by Rasrnussen (1964), and 1 have labelled it as such. 1 have labelled the male and female type-specimens and slide M.29 as paralectotypes. Several authors have misidentiíied specirnens of ditbiellu as pelliotiellu (see above), notably from hfadeira, St Helena and the Canary Islands, localities from kvhich pelliotiellu is unknown. CápuSe (1968) illustrated the fernale genitalia of this species as flurescenrellu. 90 GADES S. RODISSOS It is surprisins thst dubiellu has been overlooked foi so long. About half the ‘pelíionella’ in British collections examined have been found to be referable to dubiella and Rasmussen (1964) found the same proportion of misidentified specimens in Denmark. In F. N. Pierce’s slide col- lection, four females of dubiella are segregated on slide no. 3223. Pierce’s slide no. 3219 is of a male dubiella and is labelled ‘? T. pellionellu’; his only other male is a syntype of metonella. His female dubiella (slide 3223) are labelled ‘peIlionelln’ but he also had four other slides of genuine peliionellu. It is evident that although Pierce recognized dubiellu as different from pellionella, he did not pursue the investigation of its identity. BIOLOGY. lt is likely that dubiella is able to utilize much the same kinds of foodstuffs aspellionella. 1 have bred dubieh frorn damp carpet lining a disused dos-kennel; the carpet \vas also heavily infested with Hqhannophilu pseudospretellu (Stainton) (Oecophoridae). Petersen (1963b) has recorded dubirlln (as ruricensis) from swallows’ nests and from pellets of barn owl. Wakely (1962) bred dubiellu from an ‘animal-skin rug’ and found that the larvae also ate feathers. Specimens from T. B. Fletcher‘s collection (BMNH) are from stables or bred from birds’ nests and specimens were bred from chicken feathers by Back (see ‘Material examined‘). Many of the specimens exarniried are labelled as having been collected in houses. 1 have found an adult and a pupa of dubielía on the walls of a bunk-room containing old feather pillows and horsehair mattresses. Two of Walsingham’s specimens from Tenerife \vere collected as larvae or pupae on walls, a biotope reminiscent of that of mirariella in Spain where the larvae probably feed on horsehair in plaster. Another of Walsingharn’s specimens is labelled ‘ex marsh ’ but this must have been a pupation site. The distribution of dubiella is remarkably vide, extending from Scandinavia south to St Helena and South Africa and eastward to Australia and New Zealand. Its distribution outside temperate \vestern Europe and the Mediterranean region is sporadic, however, and dubieíla must be con- sidered as an introduction to Australasia and also to Korth America frorn where only four speci- mens are knotvn. In Britain, dubiellu has not been coliected outdoors further north than Lincoln- shire although Iittle collecting of Tineidae has been done in the north of England or Scotland. Little is knoivn of the life-cycle of dubiella. Of 60 specimens examined from Britain, France and Gerrnany, 31 \vere collected in July and the dates of collection range from May to September. Kudrjavtseva (197jj recordc adults of hrbieliu in the Caucasus from hlay to August. Of 18 speci- mens from the Canary Islands, Madeira, Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Sikkim, seven were col- lected in April, eight in May and single specimens in March, June and November. The Kovember record (from AIgeria) suggests that diibirlh may be bivoltine in warmer latitudes where adults of the firjt generation ñy about ten tveeks earlier than in Britain. 1 have seen eight specimens from Australia and Xew Zealand, three collected in October, four in Novernber, one in Decernber and one in April, the last also possibly indicative of a second annual generation. ji’akely (1962) had, apparently, little dificulty in rearing dulrSiellu but almost full-grown larvae, \vhich 1 chlected in Lincolnshire in July, proved difiicult to rear. PIaced on wool and fishmeal and kept at 20 ‘C. the larvae would not feed until the substrate \vas dampened (when the fish-meal began to decompose). The larvae moulted four times and only one adult \vas eventually reared, a melanic specimen (Fig. 99), whish ernerged in Februarp the foliowing year. It is likely that dubieliu has been extensively transported by rnan but the only definite record appears to be tnat of a female intercepted at Glasgo\v, in 1916 in a cargo of wool imported from New Zealand. DISTRIBCTIOS.(Fig. SO.) Great Britain. Irelmd. France. Gerrnany. S\vitzerland, Spain, hladeira, Canary Islaiidj, Morocco, Algeria. Sikkim. St Helena.. South Africa, Australia, biew Zealand, tJ.S..A.The follo\ving additional locality records from the literature are here accepted as reliable: Denmark (Rasmussen. 1963). Siveden (Krogerus ef ulii. 1971). Rumania (CkpuSe, 196S), U.S.S.R. (Georgia? Adzhar) (Kudrjavtseva, 1975).

MATERIAL ESAS!ISED i0ó ex. (40 j. a2 L geniralii! preparations): 4 iarvx: 10 Cases; 5 pupae. TI.vEA PELLIO.VELL.-i COlfPLES 91 Great Britain: 3 ex.. Cornwail. Redmth, 3 I.vii.1955. 19, 24.vi.1956 (TremewuJi); 1 o’, Dorset, Corfe, 15.vii.1890 (Bnnkes); 1 3, Dorset. Kingston. 29.vii.1887 (Bunkes); 1 0, Isle of Wight, Niton. 7.vii.1930 (Flt.iclicr): 3 ex., Harnpshire, Southampton. l7.Lii.1925, 29.vii, 9.viii.1935 (iassnidge); 2 j, Surrey, Redhill, in house, 6.vii.1935 (Ruir-Srtiirii);2 j,3 Z. Sussex. hiidhurst, various dates 1961-1963 (W’uke/.v); 7 ;, Kent. Sanduich Bay, in bira obsen.atory bunk-room. 8-lO.vii.1977 (Robinson);2 ex., Greater London, Bromley, 27.vi. 1943 (Jacobsj;2 ex.. Greater London. Leivisharn, in house. 24.vi. 1876,30.v.1887 ISruinron); 1 2, Essex, Hadleigh, 27.viii.1915 (ZYhirrle);2 j. ii‘iltshire, Marlborough, IO.vii.1972, l.ix.1930 í.Veyrick, Flercher); 13 ex.. Gloucestershire. Stroud, Rodborough Fort [Fletcher’s house], in house and frorn birds’ nests. various dates 1933-1934 (Flercher); 10 ex., Sorfolk, Merton, various dates 1859-1909 (DitrrmrJ; 1 :, Lincolnshire. W’oodhall Spa. bred from damp carpet in disused dog-kennel, em. ii.1977 (H. S.& O. S. Robitzsorr~;2 5.4 2. Xlerseyside. Liverpool. 1359 (Gregson) (paralectotypes of dihiella); 1 2 (genitaiia slide only), Strathclvde region, Giisgotv, ex wool from Kew Zealand on SS Enipire Srrengrh. i 9.ii.1946 (r~firiisrr.vofAgricrtlfure.Fislieries & food). Ireland: 1 5, Co. Cork, Bantry, 4-15.vi.1957 IBradley). I France: 3 ex., Basses Pyrenees. St Pierre d’Irube. 25.vi.1936. 21, 27.v.1937 (Adkiti); 1 2, Basses Pyrknées, St Jean de Luz. 13.vi.1950 (Adkir:): 1 5, Cabrerets, 3-1O.vii.1939 (Jacobs); 1 0, Cote d’Azur, St Aygulph, ex rnarsh plant [sic], 8.vii.1901 íIi’alalsiriplimi’). Gerrnany (N‘est): 2 0, 5 2 (of 3 9, genitalia slides only), Schleswig-Holstein, Fiensburg, various dates 1957-1955 (Sarrler); 1 0, 1 9, Dortrnund, 1 1, 13.vii.1933 (Grabe). Switzerland: 1 j,1 3, Zürich, ?S.vi, 1 l.vii.191S fgeniralia slide nos hl.29 [Müller-Rutz]. Pet. 1745 [Petersen]; Khí, Basle) (paralectotypes of fitriccnsis);1 j (genitalia slide only), Zürich (genitalia slide no. hí.30 [Müller-Rutzl; NM,Basle) (no type status); 2 j, Zürich, ex larva, 2, iO.vi.1923 (Müller-Rirrr)(NM, Basle) (no type status). Spain: 1 3, Granada. 13.vi.1901 (Walsinghum). hladeira: 2 0, 1858 (It’ollusron) (one ex Bethune-Baker coll.); 1 <, Lfachico, 73.iv.1904 (Euron).Canary Islands: 1 o‘, 1 ?, Teneriie, Guimar, on walls 27.iv, emerged 6.v. 1907 (Ii’ulsinghuni); 1 i. Tenerife, Las Mercedes, 29.v.1907 (It’ulsinghum); 1 z, Tenerife, iv.1885 (Leech). hlorocco: 7 ex., Zig, 9.iv.1902 (IVulsingharn); 4 ex., Tangier, 14.iv, 4, 9.v.1902 (lV”lsing/iani); 1 o’, Tangier, iii.lS68 (Bluckniore). Algeria: 2 ex., El Kantara, 22, 23.v.1903 (Wulsingliani); 1 0. Bhe, 8.xi.1893 (Enron). Sikkirn: 1 j, 1 P, Kurseong, 1515 m, 26.iv.1922 (ilefcher). St Helena: 1 3 (It’ollusron). South turica: 1 <, Natal. tl‘eenen. Estcourt, Kimbolton, 1892 (Hurchinson). Australia: 1 C, Parrarnatta, iv.1879 (Ruynor): 1 2, Sydney, 3.xi.1883 (hfeyrick);1 0, Toowong, 27x1898 (Dodd); 2 ex., hielbourne, xi.lS88 (Atrderso!i); 1 2, Port Lincoln, 5.xi.1882 (Meyrick); 1 (s, Carnarvon, 22.x. 1886 (Afeyrick). Sew Zealand: I 2, Nelson. 27.xii. 1925 (Philporr) (MARC, Auckland). U.S.4.: 1 9, California, Los Angeles. Venice. viii.1918 (P.);3 j,1 O, Washington, D.C., ex feathers in chicken house, 26.v.1925 (Back) (NhlNH, \Vashingtonj. No Data: 8 genitalia preparations by F. N. Pierce and A. S. Corbet. Tinea steueri Petersen (Figs 66, 69, 71, 72, 100) Tinea sreueri Petersen. 1966, €nf. hóchr. Dresden 10: 35, figs 2, 3. Holotype 8, GERMANY(EAsT): Thuringia, Bad Blankenburg, 2O.vi. 1965 (Steuer)(genitalia slidz no, Pzt. 2269 [Petersen]; coll. H. Steuer, Bad Blankenburg) [genitalia siide examined]. Enea sreueri Petersen; Petersen. 1969: 375, figs 156, 165 [redescription]; Petersen & Gaedike, 1975 : 76, fig. 1 [S genitalia]; Hannemann, 1977 : 270, pl. 17, fig. 6, figs 120a-b [3, 9 genitalia]. 0’. 12 mm. Only genitalia slide examined. From Petersen’s description, similarly pattemed to Q. C (Fig. 100). 17 mm. Head ochreous with slight reddish tint. hlaxillary palpus whitish, apparently long, estending well beyond tip of second segment of labial palpus [head preparation not made owing to lack of material]. Labial palpus greyish ochre, blackish brown on outer surface. Antenna dull grey-brown, alrnost reaching apex of fore uing. Thorax and tegula dull grey-brown, darker anteriorly. Fore wing light greyish brown, flecked with dark grey-brown scales, base ofcosta and plical fold darker than rernainder of wing; fringes light greyish brown. Discal and plical spots ill-defined, discocellular spot srnall, greyish brown. Basa1 quarter of costa swollen, with small, elongate, hyaline spot between Sc and R,. Hyaline spot lacks scales on underside of wing and is covered above with thin, colourless scales. Hind wing very light grey, fringes paler. Legs light ochre, fore leg dark brown above. GESITALIAs. Saccus short, 0.59 rnrn long. \‘alva íFig. 71) triangular with apex evenly rounded. sscculus heavily sclerotized. Dorsal margin of gnathos slightly concave, tip not upturned; tip of uncus extended posteriorly and bent towards tip of gnathos. Anellus spines (Fig. 69) very Isrge, arranged in elongate band of 11 spines edged with sclerotized plaques and with a few small thorn-like spines at dista1 end of band. Aedeagus 1.1 mrn long [but this may be an underestimate - tip is broken], very broad, apparently without cornuti or carinae. Aedeagusjsaccus ratio [possibly 1ow - aedeagus damaged] 1.86. GESITALIAC. Eighth sternite with deep, wedge-shaped emargination alniost completely dividing sternite (Fig. 66). Antrurn very broad. fattened and curved parallel with surface of eighth sternite; transverse

-a-- -a-- - “- 1- 92 GADES S. ROBINSOS folds ill-defined. Anterior region of antrurn represented only by short neck without longitudinal folds. Corpus bursae (Fig. 72) with four or five short, needle-iike signa, each set in pyramidal base, posterior two signa set in very srnall sclerotized base-plates. REMARKS.Tinea sfeueri is a large, dark species with a superficial resernblance to pelliotzella but it differs externally frorn al1 other mernbers of the pellionelía-group in having a narrow hyaline spot at the base of the fore wing costa. This zone is sornetirnes thinly scaled in the other species described here and, additionally, rnay be rubbed but in steueri the rnodification is conspicuous and the costa is convex around the spot. The preatly expanded antrurn of the steueri fernale is f characteristic. In the male, the anellus spines are very similar to those of bothniella and much larger than in the other members of the pelliotiella-proup. The holotype of steueri is the only , male known and in Petersen’s dissection of the genitalia, the tip of the aedeagus has been broken off and pulled away with part of the vesica. The rnale genitalia of steueri are rernarkably similar in practically al1 respects to those of bofhniella but there is no trace of a cornutus in the rernnants of the vesica of the holotype of sfeueri. The sirnilarities include the peculiar form of the uncus and gnathos, the width of the aedeagus, the lenpth of the saccus and the remarkable form of the anellus spines. The valva of steueri is, hoivever, difierent from that of borhtziellu, being shorter and more triangular. The externa1 appearance of the two species is quite different as is the struc- ture of the fernale genitalia. There are sirnilarities, too, between the male genitalia of sfeueri and diibiella but in the latter species the anellus spines are srnaller and the tip of the uncus is not as strongly downturned to\vards the tip of the gnathos. Petersen’s (1966; 1969) and Hannemann’s (1977) illustrations of the male genitalia of this species are inaccurate and figure the anellus spines as being part of the vesicai ornarnentation : their illustrations do not suggest that the aedeagus is darnaged and this fact is not mentioned in their descriptions. BIOLOGY.Unknonn. DISTRIBUTIOS.Gerrnany, Hungary.

MATERIALEXAAIIXED 2 ex. (1 5, 7 9 genitalia preparations), O larvae, O cases, O pupae. Germany (Enst): 1 3, Thuringia, Bad Blankenburg, at light, l.viii.1974 (Sreiter). Hungary: 1 $, Bihar, Bischofsbad, 22.v.1913.

Tinea bot hniella S venss o n (Figs 1, 67, 68, 70, 73-75, 81, 101) I Tinea botiiniella Svensson, 1953, Oprrrc. etif. 18 : 225, figs IA-IF. Holotype j, SL~TDEN:Vasterbotten, \’annis, Halifors, 22.vii.1950 (Svenssoti) (colln 1. Svensson, Kristianstad) [examined]. Tinea utiiderrfclla Zagulajev, 1960, Fairtia SSSR 78: 165, figs 130. 131. 2 0” syntypes, U.S.S.R.:1 J. nr Orsk, Guberlya, I.vi.1891 (Cliristoph); 1 j. Irkutsk, Gryozhnukha. X.vii.1934 (Fioroc). 1 j syntype, hloscioLiA: Uian Bator. 23-26.vi.1905 (Ao:loi) (21. Leningrad) [esamined]. [Synonymized by Petersen (39736 : 91).] Tinca sibiriella Zagulajev, 1960, Fautia SSSR 78 : 171, figs X,135. 6 2 syntypej, U.S.S.R.: 1 P. nr Orsk, Guberlya; 1 2, Siberia, Minussinsk, 27.vi.1924 (Fiíipjcr); 1 C. k’eniseyskiy Prov.. Bunbui, 4.vi.1915 ( Valdae\,); 3 I.Karagandinskaya. Zhan-Arc Station. vii.195S (Zagiríqiei) íZ1. lrningrad) [esamined]. [Synonymized by Krogerus er alii (1971 : X).] Titzea borliniclía Svensson : krogerus el aiii. 1971 : 28 [checklist : sibirielia synonymized; S\\eden]; Petersen, 19736 : 9 1 (wiideriidía and sibi~iciiasynonymized ; híongolia]. Titiea ittiirictitelio Zaguiajei.: Petersen, 1961c : 532, fig. 2 [; genitalia; U.S.S.R. - Yolgograd]. j (Fig. 101). 10-15 mni. Head reddish ochre. híasillary palpus \\.hirish. elongate. as long as or longer than labial palpüs. Labial palpus light greyish ochre, \vhitish on inner surfxe. Antenna three-quarters length of fore wing. light greyish ochre. basa1 segrnents darkcr. Thoras and tegula light greyish ochre, not noticeably darker anteriorly. Fore Lving light greyish ochre. fringes slightly paler: discnl, plica1 and disco- cellular Sptjabsent. Hind ning pale broivnish crearn? darkér nt rnarginc. iringes slightly pnler. Legj pale TI.VE.4 PELLIO.VELL.4 CO'IPLES 93 grey-brown. fore leg bvith oniy slightiv darker scaiing on upper surfaze. Abdomen iight greyisn ochre, paler venrraiiy. C. 14-18 mm. Coloration as i. GESITALIA3. Saccus 069I0.12 rnm long. \'alva íFig. 70) elongate, apex rounded, not truncated. costa concave, saccuius heavily sclerotized. Dorsal rnargin oi gnathos straight or slightly conves. tip not uprumed towards uncus; tip of uncus extended posterioriy and bent toLvards tip of gnathos. Aneiius spines (Fig. 68) very large, arranged in elongate band of 11 or 17 spines edged with and conrinued at dista1 end as sclerotized plaques. Aedeagus 1.305 0.24 mm long, broad. \\itnout carinae; vesica \tith single large, elongate cornutus (Fig. 67) levei \tith or protrudinp just beyona tip of aedeagus. Aedeagus,'saccus ratio 1.88 5 0.37. GESITALIAr. Eighth sternite with deep U-shaped emargination to beyond one-half(Figs 73. 74). Posterior region of antrurn swollen, paraiiei-sided. fiattened and curved paraiiei u ith surtace oi eighth sternite; transverse ioids absent. Anterior region of antrum estremeiy short, bvith narrow iongitudinai foids tvhich have ili-defincd transverse division at one-haif separating unsclerotized anterior region offold from heavily sclerotized posterior region. hliddle of antrum tvitn herivy annuiar scierotization appearing as iii-defined transverse srripcs: anterior t3 this, inner \val1 of antrum rinely scobinare. Corpus bursrie (Fig. 75) with six eiongate, needie-shaped signa, esch arising irom unscierotized pimpie-iike base. REMARKS.Tima botliriiellu is a large species lacking the characteristic three spots in the fore wing of the other species of the pelliotiellu-group. The mnle genitalia are similar to those of steueri (see above); the single strong cornutus is characteristic although it is uncertain whether or not n similar cornutus is found in sterteri. The valva of this species is larger and more rectangular than in steueri and the base of the gnathos is angled. In the female, there are more signa than in steueriand these are more elongate, do not arise from a sclerotized base-plate and are not nearly as conspicuous. The posterior region of the antrurn is narroiver, and the eighth sternite iess deeply emarginated than in sreueri which lacks longitudinal folds in the anterior wall of the antrum. The wing pattern is quite difierent from that of sterteri which has three dark spots in the fore wing and a hyaline spot at the base oi the costa: botlztriellu has a uniformly greyish ochre fore wing without a hyaline spot. The original illustrations of the genitalia of bothtziella given by Svensson (1953) are unsuitable for critica1 determination but those given subsequently by Petersen i.1961~)and Zaguiajev (1960) are satisfactory. Zaguiajev (1960) figures the female genitalia stiil ivithin the abdomen and his description mentions only t\vo signa. It is very difñcult to see any signa in borlzrriellu without removing the genitalia from the abdomen and flushing the spsrmatophore out of the bursa copula- trix and it is possible that Zagulajev missed several signa. Zagulajev was able to separate specimens of utriderztellu and sibirieh only by their venation and by the length of the maxillary palpi. He suggested in the original description of sibiriella i (1960 : 173) that they might be the opposite seies of the same species. As his syntypt-series of each included sympatric specimens (from Guberiya) it is surprising that he treated them as ! separate. BIOLOGY. The only record of the biology of botliniellu is given by Zagulajev (1960) nho found larvae (determined as sibiriellu) fteding in raptor pellets. It should be noted that throughout the 1975 translation of Zagulajev's (1960) nork on the Tineinne, bird-peliets are erroneously trans- lated as 'garbage' or 'refuse'. Zagulajev suggests that bothtziellu (as sibiriellu) is confined to the steppe region, living in nests and pellets of birds, and has tivo or, under favourabie conditions, three generations per year. His evidence for this is based on his having had adults emerge from raptor pelkts in Julv and then in April the following year: larvae in the pellet hibernated during the \vinter. It is uncertain, holvever, whether the pellets \vere kept at normal Kazakhstan \vinter temperatures after collection or u.hether thc April emergence \vas 'forced' in a temperature higher than normal. hlost of the adults of botlitiiellu Lvhich 1 have examined \vere collected in July. Of seventeen specimens known to me (escluding Zaguhjev's bred material), nine ivere collected in July, five in June and one in Augüst: in addition, tivo specimens from Finland wre collected in April. These Xpril records do not support Zagulajev's contention that borlitiiella may be bivoltine; the habitat 91 GADEN S. ROBISSOS of the specimens \vas artificially warm - they were froni a population living in the museum of Turku University (lalava -pers. comm.). The distriburion of bothniellu suggests that it is the hardiest species of the peliionellu-group: its localitiec al1 lie to the north of the O "C January isotherm and in its Siberian habitats the January mean temperature is in the range -6 to -18 "C. DISTRIBUTIOS.(Fig. 81 .) Sweden, Finland, U.S.S.R. (Volgograd). The following additional locality records from the literature are here accepted as reliable : U.S.S.R. (European region eastward to 4 S. Siberia) (Zagulajev, 1960 - as iw¿feniefla and sibiriefla), Mongolia (Zagulajev, 1960 - as unidentella).

MATERIAL EXAMISED 10 ex. (4 0,4 C, genitalia preparations), O larvae, O cases, O pupae. Sweden: 1 2, LuleA, 14.vii.1948 (Svensson) (genitalia slide no. 1001 [Robinson]; UZI, Lund) (paratype of bothniellu); 1 3, Degerfors, Bojern, 2.vii.1935 (Dahisrr6rn) (genitalia slide; UZI, Lund) (allotype of borhnielln). Finland: 1 6,1 O, Turku, 8.iv.1970 (Linnafuoto)(genitalia slide nos 666, 667 [Kyrki]; MZU, Oulu); 1 O, Sievi, 1974 (Huhtalu) (genitalia slide no. 92 [Kyrki]; MZU, Oulu); 1 3, Puolanka (Kiiunfinna) (genitalia siide no. 105 [Kyrki]; MZU, Oulu); 1 9, Kuusamo, 16.vii.193-1 (LOfqcist) (ZMU, Helsinki); 2 9, Ruukki, 28, 3O.vii.1923 (Lofqcist) (ZMU, Helsinki); 1 9, Rautalampi, 13.vii.1918 (Klingstedt) (ZMU, Helsinki). C.S.S.R.:1 3, Volgogad, Krasnoarmeysk ('Sarepta'), \ i. 1861 or 24.vi. 1861 [label refers to twc specimens but there is now only one] (Christoph) (genitalia slide no. 8215 [Petenen]; BhlNH).

Tinea hongorella Zagulajev Tinea hongorella Zagulajev' 1975, Insccts Mongofia 3 : 33S, figs 1-5. Holotype j, MOSGOLIA:Bayan Khongorsk aimak, K. slope of Tsagan Bogdo-Ula, 1500 rn, viii.1969 (Gur'evn) (ZI, Leningrad) [examined]. 0". [Description adapted from Zagulajev, 1975.3 10 rnm. Head strzw-yellow. hfaxillary palpus yellowish grey, elongate, only slightly shorter than labial palpus. Galea not reaching tip of second segment of labial paipus. Antenna smooth, brownish grey. Fore wing yeliowish grey dusted Lvith ochre, glossy ;discocellular spot ill-defined. Hind wing glossy, slightly broader and brighter tnan fore wing: fringes glossy, straw- yellon. 9. Unknonn. GENITALIA6. [Description adapted from Zagulajev, 1975.J Saxu length unknown. Valva elongate, costa concave, apex eveniy rounded and hardiy truncated. Dorsal margin of gnathos angled dorsad at one-third, straight from one-third to four-fifths then slightly concave to apcs. Anellus spines small, distributed in a band three or four spines wide. Aedeagus length unknobvn, comparatively long, with tno bands of thorn-like carinae arising from rod-like sclerotizations either side of tne apex; vesica without cornuti. Aedeagu/saccu ratio [from Zngulajev's fig. 31 1.87. REXIARRS.This is a glossy, yeilowish species with an ill-defined fore iving pattern. The pattern is not, however, obsolere as in bothniella. The structure of the aedeagus is characteristic, cornuti being absent and the lateral hes of carinae being quite unlike thoje of other members of the peliionelia-group. The \.enation of the right fore wing of thr hoiorype is rernarkable in that a fourth medial branch (A!,) is present: Zagulajev does not stite Lvhether or not the specirnen is symmetrical. Tinea hongorella is only known from the holotype. BIOLOGY. Unknoun. The holotype \vas collected in August. Zagulajev suggests that, as in allied species, Iarvae of Iiongorella rnay feed on substances of animal origin in the nests of birds or rodents. DISTRIBUTIOS.hlongolia.

hIATERIAL EXA5lISED Pu'one. TI.VE.4 PElLIO.VELL.4 COllPLES 95 References Anonyrnous, 1521. The noble f>feR. narures of txari o/ besies serpcnrys fowfes &fisslies. [163 pp.], noodcuts. Antwerp. [See Hudson, 1954.) Anonynous, 1759. Beschreibung der hlotten. und ivie man ihren Raubereien zuvorkornmen konne. Affg.Alag. ivar. Kirnsr. Wiss. Leiprig 10 : 365-366. Anonymous, 1965. The present situation in the rnoth-proofing of ivool. IVooI. Sci. R~c.27 : 1-17,28 : 33-47. d'Abadie, R. 1921. Presence de Tineides danj les nids d'hirondelles. Rmre scient. Liniousirz 12: 212. [Sot seen.] Adarns, R. G. 6; Jacob, T. 1975. Additions to referenze insect collections. Rep. Pest In-fest. Control Lab. 1971-73 : 7-8. Agenjo, R. 1952. FNiinuia lepidopterofogica afttierietm. 370 pp., 14 pls. hfadrid. Xrnsel, H. G. 1955. Über rnediterrane klicrolepidopteren und einige transcaspische Arten. Bull. Insr. r. Sci. nar. Belg. 31 (83): 1-64. Andres, A. 1916. k'erzeichnis der iváhrend rneiner Kriegsgefangenschaft von mir auf Malta gesarnrnelten Lepidoptera, Herniptera und Coleoptera. €tu. Rdsch. 33 : 51-52. - 1918. Bekirnpfung der Kleiderrnotte (Tiricofabiselliella) durch BlausSure. Z. ungen.. En!.4 : 366-368. Back, E. A. 1935. Clothes moths and their control. (Revised edn.) Fttirs' BulI. C.S. Dep. Agric. 1353. 29 pp., 19 figs. - B; Cotton, R. T. 1930. hect pests of upholstered furniture. J. econ. Enr. 23 : 833-837. -- 1931. The control of rnoths in upholstered furniture. Ftnrs' Birfl. U.S. Dep. Agric. 1655. 31 pp., 33 figs. Barbit;, R. B; Chauvin, G. 1972. Etude experimentale de la perméabilité des enveloppes de l'ceuf et de la cuticle sérosale chez Tinea peifionella L. C. r. Iiebd. Skanc. Acad. Sci., Paris (D)275 : 1003-1007. Barrett, C. G. 1878. Notes on Pembrokeshire Tineina. Enromologisr's nion. Mag. 14 : 265-272. Biezanko, C. M. et dii. 1957. Lepidoptera del Uruguay. Recta Fac. Agron. Univ. Replib. Urug. 46: 1-152. Billings, S. C. 1936. Notes on clothes moth breeding. J. econ. Ent. 29 : 1014-1016. Bloornfield, E. K. 1902. SufFolk Lepidoptera in 1901. Enromologisr's mon. klag. 38: 6-7. Bollobis, B. ¿tYojnits, A. 1972. Enea pellionella L. - a pest of human anatornical preparations. [In Hungarian.] Fofia ent. hung. 21 : 467-470. Bradley, J. D. 1952. collected in the Burren, Co. Clare, Ireland, in 1951, including two species new 10 the British list. €iirotmiogisr's Caz. 3 : 185-192, figs 1-5, pl. 10. 1953. Microlepidoptera frorn the Bantry - Glengarriff area, $test Cork. Ir. hái. J. 11 : 16-18. - 1966~.Sorne changes in the nornenclature of British Lepidoptera. 4. Oirotriologisr's Gaz. 17 : 213-235. - 19666. Type specimens of Micro!epidoptera in the University híuseum, Oxford, described by Haworth. Enromofogist's Gas. 17 : 129-140. -, Fletcher, D. S. Bi Whaiiey, P. E. S. 1972. See Kloet, G. S. ¿Q Hincks, W.D. 1972. Brhthes, J. 1920. Insectos Útiles y dañinos de Rio Grande do Su1 y de La Plata. An. 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Abbildung irnd Beschreibung eirropaischer Schmerterlinge in systematischer Reihenfolge. 170 col. PIS with descriptive letterpress. Nürnberg. -1874 -[ 15751. S. con Praun’s Abbildung und Beschreibung europaischer Schmetterlingsraupen in systematischer Reihenfolge ziígleich als Erganzung con dessen A bbildung und Beschreibung europaischer Schmerterlinge, herairsgegeben con . . . E. Hofinann. 25 col. pis with descriptive letterpress. Nürnberg. Prevett, P. F. 1954. Fauna of a dead pheasant in London. Entontologist’s mon. Mag. 90 : 3. Pyett, C. A. 1902. h’otes on Lepidoptera in Suffolk in 1901. Entoniologisr 35 : 2-7. Ragonot, E.-L. 1875. hlicrolkpidopteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 1. Tineina. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 4 : 579-604, pl. 11. Rapp, O. 1936. Beitrage zur Fauna Tliüringens. 2 (1). Microlepidoptera, Kleimchmetterlinge. ii + 240 pp. Erfurt. Rasmussen, B. Li’. 1964. Notes on the Danish species of the genus Tinea L. and selection of a neotype of Tinea pelIioneI[a L. Enr. 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l o2 GADEN S. ROBISSOS - 1910. Sechster Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna der Kanaren. Annln naturh. Mur. Wien 24 : 327-374, pl. 12. - 1917. Siebenter Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna der Kanaren. Annh naturh. Mu. Wien 31 : 1-62, 7 figs. -1927. Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna der Insel Cypern. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 77 : (58x63). - 8; Rogenhofer, A. 1894. Zur Lepidopterenfauna der Canaren. Antiln naturh. Mus. Wien 9 : 1-96, pl. 1. Rennie, J. 1832. A-conspectiis of the butterjies and motlis foutid in Britain. xlf287 pp. London. Reutti, C. 1898. Ubersicht der Lepidopteren-Fauna des Grossherzogturns Baden (und der anstossenden Lünder). xii+ 361 pp. Berlin. Richards, O. \V. 1919. Parasitic Hyrnenoptera found in British houses, warehouses and ships. I: Ichneu- monidae. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 18 : 19-3 5. Riley, C. V. 1890. Some insect pests of the household. hect Lve, Wash. 2: 211-215. - 1890-1891. Some of the bred parasitic Hyrnenoptera in the Sational Collection. [Part.] insect Life, Wash. 3 : 15-18,460-464. - 1891. Tineina. In Smith, J. B., List of the Lepidoptera of boreal America. 124 pp. Philadelphia. Robinson, G. S. 1976a. A taxonomic revision of the Tinissinae of the world. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 32 : 753-300, 16 pls, 10 figs. - 19766. The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Microlepidop- tera. Entoniologist's Gaz. 27 : 127-132, 2 figs. Rosel von Rosenhof, A. J. 1746. Der nionatlich-herausgegebenen Insecten-Belustigung erster Theil, etc. (Part 6.) 48 pp., 17 pls. Nürnberg. Rossi, P. 1790. Fauna Etrusca, sistetrs Insecra quae irt procinciis Florentina et Pisana praesertitn collegit P. Rossiirs. 2. [vi] -k 348 pp., 10 pls. Liburni (Pisis). Rossler, U. 1866. Verzeichniss der Schmetterlinge des Herzogthurns Nassau, mit besonderer Berücksich- tigung der biologischen Verhaitnisse und der Entwicklungsgeschichte. Jb. nassau. Ver. Nuturk. 19-20 : 9942. Rothschild, hl. 8: Clay, T. 1951. Fleas, flirkes atid cuckoos. A study o/ bird parasites. xiv + 30-1 pp., 40 pls. London. Samouelle, G. 1819. The entomologist's useful compendiirtti. 496 pp., 12 pls. London. Sattler, K. 8: Tremewan, ii.G. 1978. A supplernentary catalogue of rhe -gronp and genus-group names of the Coleophoridae. Birll. Br. Miis. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 37 : 73-96, figs 1-3. Schrnid, K. 1822. hariirhisrorische Beschreibirng der Insekren. x + 143 pp., 20 pls. München. Schrank, F. von P. 1802. Fautia Boica. 2. Abth. 2. 412 pp. Ingolstadt. Schütze, ií. T. 1902. Die Kleinschmetterlinge der sachsischen Oberlausitz. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 15 : 149. 1931. Die Biologie der Kleinschnietrerlinge unrer besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Xahrpflanzen und Erscheinir~~sreiret~.235 pp. Frankfurt. Scopoli, J. A. 1753. Entotnologia Carniolica exhibens Insecra Carnioliae indigena, etc. [xxxiii]+ 420 + 2 pp. 43 pls. Vindobonae. Seebold, F. 1898. Catalogue raisonni des Lepidopteres des environs de Bilbao (Viczaya). An. Soc. esp. iiist. nat. 27 : 11 1-175. Seebold, T. lS79. Catálogo de los Lepidopteros observados en los alrededores de Bilbao. An. Soc. esp. Hisr. nar. 8 : 97-131, pl. 1. Silvestri, F. 1913. Cot~~pendiodi entonioiogia applicara (agraria, forestale, niedica, veterinaria). Parte speciak. 2 (1). 512 pp., 651 figs. Portici. Skala, H. 3936. Zirr Lepidopterenfauna Mdirens utid Schlesiens. 197 pp., 1 pl., 1 rnap. Brünn. Snellen, P. C. T. 16S2. De iiinders vati iYederland. Microlepidoprera, sysreniatisch beschreuen. xiv+ 1 197 pp., 14 pls. Leiden. Sorhagen, L. 1856. Die Rleinschnie~rerlirigeder Mark Brandenburg und einiger angrencenden Landschafren. x+ 368 pp. Beriin. Southgate, B. J. 8: \Voodroffe, G. E. 1951. The insect fauna of birds' nests. Proc. Trans. S. Lond. ent. naf. Hisr. Soc. 199-1951 : 4445. \ Speyer, A. 1865. Deirrsche Sciinietterliti~skurid~~für Anfanper. xvi i 272 pp., 34 pls. híainz. Spuler, A. 1903-19 10. Die Schtnetrerlinge Eirropas. (3rd edn of Hofmann, E., Die tiross-Schrnetterfinge Eirropas.) 2. [vi] + 523 pp.? 238 figs. Stuttgart. Stainton, H. T. iS19a. Ati arrenipr ni a sysrettraric cataiogue of the British Titteidae and Pterophoridae. iv+ 32 pp. London. \ - 18496. h'otes of captures of Tineiaae, \rith remarks on the speciíic distinctions of some ciosely- allied species, and descriptions oi new British species. Zoologist 7 : 1627-2633. -- 1 SS 1. ,4 ~iippierrietirar~~caralogiie of tiie British Titizidae and Pteroplioridae. iv i 28 pp. London. ..~-

Tf.vE4 PELLIO.VELL.4 COIIPLCS 103 -- 1852. Tiie enroniologist’s conipanion: beiris a gitide to rhe collection of Micro-Lepidoptera, and comprising a calendar of the British Tincidae. iv J,- 75 pp. London. - 1854a. Znsecta Britannica. Lepidoptera: Tineina. viiif313 pp., 10 pls. London. - 18546. List of ttie speciniens of Brirish anitnals ir1 rhe collection of rhe British Mimum. 16. Lepidoptera. 199 pp. London. - 1857. h’ew British species in 1856. Entoniologisr’s Annu. 1857 : 97-1 12. - 1859a. A new Tinea. Entomologisr‘s nkl,v Irirell. 6 : 183. - 1859b. A manual oj’ British burrerjiies and tnorhs. 2. xi + 488 pp. London. - 1859c. h’ew British species in 1859. Ditomologisr‘s Annu. 1860: 126-136. - 1859d. Sotes on Lepidoptera collected in híadeira by T. Y. N‘ollaston, Esq.; with descriptions of sorne new species. Ann. /)lag. nar. Hist. (3) 3 : 109-214. - 1867~.Ths Tineina of Syria and Asia Mitior. viii T 83 pp. London. - 18676. Brirish biitterjíies and morhs. An introductiotr to the stitdy o/ our naiice Lepidoprera. xii f 292 pp., 16 pis. London. - 1869. Tfxe Titieina of southern Europe. viit510 pp. London. - 1874. Observations on Tineina. €tifomologist’s Annu. 1874 : 1-47. Stark, J. 1828. Elerrienrs of narural hisrory; containing rhe generic characters of nearly the whole animal kingdotn, and dacriptions of rhe principal species. 2. Invertebrata. 51 5 pp., pls 5-8. Edinburgh & London. Stephens, J. F. 1829a. The nornenclature o/ Brirish insecrs; being a compendivus list of such species as are coritained NI t/ie Systernatic Caralogiie of British insecrs, and forming a guide to fheir class$cation, etc. iv+68 pp. London. - 18296. A s-vsrematic catalogue of Briiish insecrs, etc. 2. Insecta Haustellata. 388 pp. London. -1834-1835. Illustrarions o/ British etitoniology, erc. Haustellata. 4. 436 pp., pls 33-40. London. [Stewart, C.] 1802. 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Provinziafbf.33 : 525-540. Tigny, F. hi. G. T. de [1802]. Histoire narurelle des imecres, etc. 2. 306 pp., col. pls. Paris. Titschack, E. 1922. Beitrage zu einer hlonographie der Kleidermotte, Titieola biselliefla [sic]. Z. tech. Biof. 10 : 1-168, 4 pls, 91 figs. Treitschke, F. 1832. Die Schrnetrerlinge ron Europa. 9. viii + 262 + 293 pp. Leipzig. - 1844. Hülfsbuch für Schmerterlingssamniler. xvi + 41 2 pp., 4 pls. Wien. Tremewan, W. G. 1977. The publications on Lepidoptera by O. G.and A. Costa and the nominal taxa described therein. Bulí. Br. Miis. nat. Hist. (Hist. Ser.) 5 : 21 1-232. Lrhimann, E. 1938. Unsere Material- und Vorratsschadiinge in ihrer Beziehung m Freilandleben. Mtt. Ges. Vorratsschutz 11 : 3-10. F’iette, P. E. L. 1957. Les Lépidoptires des nids. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 62 : 107-122. Viiiers, C. de 1789. Caroli Linnaei €nto»iologia, Fauna Suecicae descriptionibus aucta; etc. 2. xvi + 656 pp., 6 pls. Lugduni. Voukassovitch, H. & Voukassovitch, P. 1931. Sur la ponte des Hyrnénopteres parasites entornophages. C. r. Séanc. Soc. biol. 106 : 695-697. Wakely, S. 1962. h’otes on Tinea turicensis hfuil.-Rutz. [sic] (tnetonella Pierce). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 74 : 92-93. Walckenaer, C. A. 1802. Faune Parisienne, Insecres; etc. 2. xxii + 438 + [2] pp. Paris. N’aiker, F. 1863. Lis! o/ the specimem o/ lepidopterous insecrs in rhe collection o/ the British Museurn. 28. Tortricites 8; Tineites. pp. 288-561. London. N’aker, J. J. & Hobby, B. M. 1939. Lepidoptera. Pp. 82-106. íti Salzman, L. F. (ed.), Victoria history o/ rhe county of Oxford. 1. xivl-497 pp, London. IValsh, G. 1929. Unusual ioods of Tinea peUioriella L. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 65 : 151. IYalsingham, Lord 18S1. Xotes on Tineidae of North Arnerica. Tram. Ani. enr. Soc. 10 : 165-203. 1 c4 CADEX S. ROBISSOX -1894. Catalogue of the Pterophondae, and Tineidae of the Madeira Islands with notes and descriptions of new species. Trans. eni. Soc. Lond. 1891 : 535-555. -1907. 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In Staudinger, O. & Wocke, h,f., Caralog der Lepidopreren Europa’s und der angrenrenden Lünder. xvi i 192 pp. Dresden. -1871. hlicrolepidoptera. in Staudinger, O. ¿2 Wocke, M., Coralog der Lepidopteren des europaeischen Fuunengebiers. xxxviii -t426 pp. Dresden. Wolfí, R1. ¿Q Krausse, A. 1922. Die forsrlichen Lepidopreren. viii337 pp. Jena. Wollaston, T. V. (hlrs) 1579. Notes on the Lepidoptera of St Helena, xith descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. nar. Hist. (5) 3 : 219-233, 329-343, 41541. FVood, \Y. 1839. index Enrotnologiciis; or a complete iliusrraied catalogue consisring of 1944figures of the Iepidoprerous itisecrs o/ Great Brirain. xii + 253 pp. London. \ioodroffe, G.E. 1953. An ecological study of the insects and mites in the nests of certain birds in Bntain. Bull. ent. Res. 44 : 739-772, pis 14-16, 2 figs. -1961. Satura1 sources of domestic insects: a fundamental approach for the stored products ento- mologist. Sanirarian. Lond. 69 : 281-283. [Kot seen.] -& Southgate, B. J. 1950. Notes on the insect fauna of birds’ nests. Middle Thames h’ar. 3 : 28-31. -- 1951~.A common host and habitat of Aponrefes carpatus Say (Hym., Braconidae) in Britain. Enromologisr‘s rnon. Mag. 87: 171. -- 1951b. Birds’ nests as a source of domestic pests. Proc. 2001. Soc. Lond. 121 : 55-62. E’amada, Y. 1940. On Titrea pellionella L. [In Japanese.] Boryi-Kagaku 4 : 14-20, 3 pls. [Not seen.] [See also Rec. uppl. Ent. (.4) 30 : 12.1 Zaguiajev, A. ii. 1958. Moths - destroyers of fiir and wool- ard rheir conrrof. (In Rucsian.] 194 pp., 64 figr. iIloscow. ¿Q Leningrad. - 1960. Tineidae; part 111 - subfamily Tineinae. [In Russian.] Fauna SSSR 78 : 1-267, 231 figs, 3 pis. [Translation, 1975. Kew Deihi.] -1977. Tineid moths from the hlongolian People’s Republic. [In Russian.] Insects Mongolia 1 : 681- 686. 1 fig. - 3975. Tineid moths frorn the híongolian People’s Republic. 11. [ín Russian.] lnsecrs Mongolia 3 : 337-341, 5 figs. Zeller. P. C. 1838. Kritische Bestirnmung der in Réaumur’s Elemoirespour servir d f’histoire des insecres vorkommenden Lepidopteren. isis, Leiprip 1838 : 625-736. - 1839. Versuch einer naturgernassen Eintheilung der Schaben. Isis. Leipsig 1839 : 167-219. - 1 S47. Bernerkungen über die auf einer Reise nach Italien und Sisilien beobachteten Schmetteriings- artm. Isis. Leipzig 1847 : SOI-Sj9. - 1852. Die Schaben mit iangen Kiefertastern. Lititi. enr. 6: 81-197. - 1855. Die Lepidopteren in Scopoli’s €tironio/ogia Carnioiica. Srerrin. crit. Zrg 16 : 233-257. - 1877. Exotische hlicrolepidoptera. Trrrnl: russk. erir. Obshch. 13 : 3-493, pls 14. Zerny. H. 1927. Die Lepidoptcrenfauna von A~barracinin Aragonien. Eos, híadr. 3 : 299-488, pls 9, 10. Zetrerstedt. J. M‘.1830. Insecra Lappotiicn. vi f 1140 pp. Lipsi2.t. TI.vE.4 PELLIO.VELL.4 COSIPLES I O5

------____------3

5

6

7 \ y-- 3

Figs 3-7 Fore wins venation of Tinca species. 3, tranriucerzs. o', Britain; 4, peilioneiia, 9, Britain; 5, transhcens, O, Britain; 6, flacescenteiia, C, Britain; 7, transiucerrr, 2, Britain. Scale = 1 mm. h'umbers = wing preparation nurnbers. 106 GADEN S. ROBiSSOS

a

9

10

11

12

Figs 8-12 Hind \\ing venation of Tirica- species. .ffarescetziella, 0, Britain; 9, rranslucerzs, 5, S. Britain; 10, rwirariella, E, France; 11, rransiuceris, 2, Britain; 12, lanella, $, Britain. Scale = 1 mm. Numbers = bing preparation numbrrs. TI.VEA PELLIO.VELLA CO.VPLES 107

13

ductus ejaculatorius

Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of 0' genitalia 01 a species of the %ea pellionella group. 16

13182 17

18 12173 Figs 14-18 Tip of aedeagus nf Tuwn species. 12. pd~iot~~íio,Britrtin: 15, pellionellu, Britain; 16, peiiioneííu. Germany; 17, diibidícz, hladeira: 1s. rrnmi~~c~'r:j.Britain. Scale = 1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. TI.VE.4 PELLI0,iELLA COSíPLiY 1 o9

19

..

20 13320

22 15301

2 Figs 19-23 Tip of aedea-m of Tinea species. 19, rranshrcens. Japan: 20, tranrlircenr, Japan; 21, murariefla, Tenerife; 22, niurariella, France; 23, niurariella, France. Scale = 0.1 m. Numbers = genitaiia siide numbers. 110 GADES S. ROEIS$OS

t ...... I .:.. ., :.... - .... -. ..,.:...... ::i ...... ~/-1 ...... i

24

25

...... ,. , '. -., . 26 13322

27 Figs 24-27 Tip of aederigus of Tiir120spek. 34. niessulitro. hoiot) pe. Iraly (cornuri inset); 25, lanellu, paralectotvpe, Brirriin: 26, .fh.esce~:rc/h.Britain : 77, roesit,ri, paratype, Sourh West Africa. Scale = 0.1 mm. Sumhsrs = geniralis slide nurnbers. 3L

k.3204 35 38

Figs 28-42 Anellus spines of Enea species. 28, pellionella. Sn itzeíiand; 29, pellionella, Britain; 30, flacescenrella, Spain; 3 1, transliicenr, India; 32, niirrarielln, Portugal; 33, niiirariella, Algeria; 34, friessalina, holotype, Italy; 35, lariella, lectotype, Britain: 36, lanellu, paraiectotype, Britain; 37, flacescenrella. Britain; 38, flacescentella, Algeria: 39. j?nce.sceniella, Britain; 40, roesleri, South N'est Africa; 41. diibiella, Sikkim; 42, dirbiella. Spain. Scale = 0.1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. ,. 1"

112 GADEN S. ROBIKSON pellionell a

13253 13266 ___----. m O

U 43 Fig. 43 Variation in outline of left valva in (a-x) 24 specimens of Tineu pelfionelfu. Scale = 1 mm. h'umbers = genitalia slide numbers. 5-

TliVE.4 PELLIbrVELLA COhIPLES translucens

12173 12366 flC ---_____ ---____- d e

13240 (i j k rnurariella

?\13222 13381 13386 ----_ C e f lavescentella

13379 13404 e ----. a b C f; 46 d

Figs 4146 Vanation in outiine of left valva in Tinea species. 44a-1, transiucem; 45a-f, murarielia; 46a-f, flavescenreiia. Scale = 1 mm.h'umbers = genitaiia siide numbets.

a 114 GADEK S. ROBISSOX dubiella

1

13282

47 m

messalina lanella

P. 3203

48 49 a b C t 8 Figs 47, 49 Variation in outline of left valva of Titiea species. 47a-r, dirbiellu; 49a-q latreh. Scalc = 1 rnm. Kumbers = genitalia slide nurnbers. Fig. 45 Outline of left valva of holotype of Tinea niessalina, Italy. Scale = 1 mm. h’urnber = genitalia slide number. TI.VEA PELLlO.\'&LL,I COSIPLES

52 13382

J 1327 Fig. 50 Fernale genital arrnature of Tlneu peiiionellu, Britain. Scale = 1 mm. Figs 51-53 Anterior region of corpus bursae and signa of Tineu species. 51, rrunsiucens, India: 52, niururielln, France; 53, /uneifu, paralectotype, Britain. Scale = 1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. 116 GADEN S. ROBINSOX

Y

1

54 55

\ /

u13391

i

i 57

13410 u uG 01 Figs 54-57 Anterior region of corpus bursae and sima of Tinea species. 54, niessalina, paratype, Algeria (outline of corpus bursae not visible in preparation); 55, drrbiella, Britain; 56, fiaoescentella, Britain; 57, roesleri, paratype, South West Africa. Scale = 1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. TIAYEA PELLIO'YELLA COlIPLES 117

pellionell a r i

7185 8190 13186 ' 13202 '

I 13212 13285 13298 13419 ' translucens

a 12368 13181 13184 13198 13200

5; g 'z' 1- . '. ! i 13208 13235 13238 13239 13321 Figs 58-59 Outline of postenor margin of eighth stemite and antrum of Tinea species. 58a-j, pellionella; 59a-j, tramlucem. Sale = 1 rnm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. 118 GADEN S. ROBISSON

murariella r

';. 13185 l 13257 13289 13372 flavescentella

13281 13300 13378 13385 13409 dubiella

13175 13179 13190 13231 13331 Figs 6042 Outiine of posterior margin of ei-ehth sternite and antm of Tima species. 60a-e: murarielfa; 6ia-2, jiacescentella; 62a-e, dubielfa. Scale = 1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. .

TIaVEA PELLIOSELLA COhlPLES 119

rnessalina r d

7215

lanella roesleri

1327

st eueri

66

-.** -.: 1 13341I 'i3 Figs 63-66 Outiine of posterior rnargin of eighth stemite and antrum of Enea species. 63a-q messalina; M-c, lanella; 65, roesleri; 66, steueri. Scale = 1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. 120 GADES S. ROBINSOS . i

67

8218

Pe t.2 2 6 9

70 71

b 1 13341 Figs 67-72 67, apex of aedeagus of Tinea bothnieila, U.S.S.R. 68, anellus spines of T. bothniella, U.S.S.R. 69, anellus spines of T. sreircri. holotype, Germany. 70, outline of left valve of T. bothni- ella, U.S.S.R. 71, outline of left valve of T. sreireri. holotype, Germany. 72. anterior region ofcorpu bursae and signa of T. srelreri. Hungary. Scak = 1 mm. Numbers = genitalia slide numbers. TI.VEA PELLIOiVELLA COJlPLES 121 bothniella

1iJ', --' .. ,,I ,l

75

L I Figs 73-75 Female genitalia of Tineo bothniella. 73, 74, outline of posterior margin of eighth sternite and antrum. (73), paratype, Sweden; (74), holotype, Sweden. 75, anterior region of corpus bursae and sima of paratype, Sweden. Scale = 1 mm. 122 GADEN S. ROBINSOS

pellionella 77

Fig. 77 Distnbution map of Tinea peliionelia.

L L

TI.VEA PELLI0;VELLA CO\IPLES 123

murariella 79

Fig. 79 Distribution map of Tinea rnurariella. . * 124 GADEN S. ROBINSOS

dubiella U 80

Fig. 80 Distribution map of .

Fig. 81 Distribution rnap of Tinea bothnielíu. - -

, .\\

1 -:. . .. .- -_

tr8

28

a V

Fips 90-97 Adults of Tiriea species. 90, murarit.lícl. j, Tenerife: 91, murariella, 9, France; 92, lariella, ó paralectotype. Britain : 93, lanella, C. paralectotype, Bntain : 94, messalirra, 5 holotype, Italy; 95, rricssalitia, O paratype. 'x'emen; 96. dubi?!.'d, s. Britain; 97, dibielia, $, Tenerife. T1tvE.4 PELLIOSELLA COhlPLES 127

98

101 -. h .. c.,.

Figs 98-103 Aduh of Tinea species. 98, dubiella, 0 paralectotype, Britain (goldcoloured variant); 99, dubiella, 8, Bntain (melanic); 100, steueri, 9, Hungary; 101, bothnielln, 8 paratype, Sweden. Larval cases and extruded pupa1 skin of Tirzea species. 102, trarzslircens, $, Japan (dorsal view); 103,flacescentella, d, Britain (lateral view). 12s GADEN S. ROBISSOS Indes

Synonyms are in iralics; principal references are in bold; misidentifications are in square brackets [].

nlbeiin 60. 72, 74, 76 rnerdella [58], [68], 69, [70], [74], 75, [79] Apanteles 66. 7S, 82, S5 Iiletacoeliis 66 Autoses 60. 62 merotiella 60, [68J, [69], 79, 80, 82, [831, [S8], 89 hlonopis 58 bipiiticrelln 60, 83, 84 murariella 58, 60, 61, 64-67, 71, [74], 75, 76, 78, bispinefla 61, 88 SO. 82, 83, 86, 57 bisselliella 76 bothniella 61-65, 67, 86, 92, 94 Kiditinea 69

carnariella [74], 75 pachyspila [79] cnrparris Burks 66, 78 pallescentella 58, 61, 65 carpatus Say 66, 78, 82 Paramesocritia 66, 82 65 Paratinea 69 Chremylus 66. 78, 82 pellionella 58, 60-67, [68], 70, 72, [79], 80, SI, cinctus 66, 77 [53], 84, 85, [SS], 89 coacriceila 5s Pnalaena 58, 62, 72 columbariella 5s curvator 66, 78, 82 riograndensis 85 roesleri 60-64, 67, 71 deniiiirpa 60, 72, 76 rubiginosus 66, 78, 82 dubiella 5S, 61, 63-67, 75, 76. SO. 88, 92 Dj*srinea 60. 62 saxesenii [66] Scenopinus 66 fenestralis 66 sernotus 66, 7s flavescentella 58. 60-64. 67. 68, 71, 75, (881 sibiridla 61, 63, 92, 93, 94 flavifrontella [73], [76] steueri 5S, 61, 63, 63, 67, 91, 93 forrificata 60, 79 fuscipunctella 69 tapetzella 58 tetierifi 6 1, 88 Gelis 66, 67 Tetrastichus 66, 78 perasiniovi 60. 72 Tinea 5S, 60, 62 griseella [74], 75 ritiene 66 ritienvoro 66, 82 Habrocytus 66. 78 tineivorus 66. 75 hongorella 61-64. 67, 75, 91 Tineola 5S, 76, 81. 83 íijperacnrrrs 66 rranslucens 58, 60-67, 69, 71. 75, 76, 78, 79, 84, Hypsicera 66. 78, SI 85. s7 Trichophaga jS iyae 66, SI trisrigmadla 60. 68, 69. 70. 75 rirricct:sis 58. 61. 63, 76, [79]. SO. 88, 89, 90 lanc.lla 61, 63. 63, 67. 75, 85 IUOtiilc7rdi 60. 67. 79, SO iitiidc~tircilo61. 63. 92, 93. 94 tnatisticror 66 \rsrianella 5s niargariracca 60. 79 niessalina 61. 63. 63, 67. 75. S4, 86. 87