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Pheromone Im Vorrats- Und Materialschutz – Erfahrungen Aus

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Pheromone Im Vorrats- Und Materialschutz – Erfahrungen Aus JOURNAL FÜR KULTURPFLANZEN, 65 (5). S. 173–179, 2013, ISSN 1867-0911, DOI: 10.5073/JFK.2013.05.01 VERLAG EUGEN ULMER KG, STUTTGART Themenheft Vorratsschutz Themenheft Rudy Plarre Pheromone im Vorrats- und Materialschutz – Erfahrungen aus 35 Jahren praktischem Einsatz Pheromones in Stored-Product and Material Protection – 35 Years of practical experiences 173 Zusammenfassung liefern. Wird das „Monitoring“ z.B. im Freiland abseits von Lagerstätten für faunistische Erhebungen durchge- Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten ist der Einsatz von Lockstof- führt, können natürliche Vorkommen von Schädlings- fen gegen Insekten zur Schadensabwehr an Lagergütern arten ermittelt werden. Dies erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf und Materialien etabliert. Die Hauptkomponenten der ihre ursprünglichen Lebensräume und auf mögliche Pheromone aller wirtschaftlich relevanten vorrats- und adaptative Szenarien beim Übergang zu einer synanthro- materialschädlichen Insekten sind bekannt. Zur Früh- pen und damit für den Menschen schädlichen Lebens- erkennung und zur Populationsdichteüberwachung von weise. Zusätzlich werden auf diese Weise natürliche Schädlingen nehmen Pheromonfallen eine zentrale Posi- Habitate, die als Reservoire für Schadpopulationen fun- tion im Konzept der ökonomischen Schadensschwelle gieren könnten, aufgespürt und, wenn notwendig, in ein und damit im integrierten Vorrats- und Materialschutz Bekämpfungsprogramm integriert. ein. Dies gilt vor allem für Sexuallockstoff-Fallen gegen paarungsbereite Männchen von vorratsschädlichen Mot- Stichwörter: Pheromon-Etymologie, Monitoring, ten aus den Gruppen der Zünsler (Pyralidae) mit Dörr- Faunistik, Ökologie, Kleidermotte, Tineola bisselliella obst-, Mehl- und Speichermotte und gegen Kleinschmet- terlinge (Tineiden) mit Kleider- und Pelzmotte sowie gegen einige Nagekäfer mit Brot-, Tabak- und Gemeiner Nage- Abstract käfer. Durch das sogenannte „Monitoring“ können Be- kämpfungsstrategien zunächst zeitlich und räumlich op- The application of pheromone baited traps to control timiert und anschließend auf Erfolg bewertet werden. pest insects in stored food or materials of use is well Neben Sexualpheromonen sind bei einigen Käfern wie established since the past decades. The main pheromone beispielsweise den Korn- und Reismehlkäfern auch Aggre- components of all major stored-product and material gationspheromone, die attraktiv auf beide Geschlechter pests have been identified. Pest monitoring with phero- wirken, verbreitet. Ihr Einsatz zur Bekämpfung, d.h. zum mone traps is a key factor in integrated pest management Massenfang von Individuen, wie dies im forstwirtschaft- to estimate population density build-ups and to define lichen Bereich gegen Borkenkäfer nutzbringend durch- economic threshold levels. Especially male attracting sex geführt wird, hat sich aufgrund mangelnden Erfolgs im pheromones, e.g. for the stored-product pyralids, the Nachernteschutz jedoch nicht etabliert. clothes moths, and some anobiid beetles, function well in Neben einem wirtschaftlich orientierten Einsatz von this aspect. Optimal control strategies in space and time Pheromonfallen kann deren Anwendung auch wertvolle are guided by pest population monitoring including allgemeinbiologische Informationen über Schadinsekten efficacy evaluation of the undertaken control measures. Institut Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Fachbereich Biologische Materialschädigung und Referenzorganismen, Berlin Kontaktanschrift PD Dr. Rudy Plarre, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen, 87, 12205 Berlin, E-Mail: [email protected] Zur Veröffentlichung angenommen 14. September 2012 RUDY PLARRE, Pheromone im Vorrats- und Materialschutz … Comparatively less successful is the application of aggre- schaften widerspiegeln, so z.B. „-lure“ bei „Tribolure“ Themenheft Vorratsschutz Themenheft gation pheromones, which are found in grain and flour und „Sitophilure“ für die anlockende Wirkung in Tribo- beetles and which attract both sexes. Well functioning lium spec. (mehrere Reismehlkäferarten) bzw. Sitophilus control of bark beetles through mass-trapping with aggre- spec. (Kornkäfer und Verwandte). Da die verhaltens- gation pheromones in the forest environment could for beeinflussenden Eigenschaften von Pheromonen jedoch various reasons not be implemented for stored-product oftmals konzentrationsabhängig sind und bei hohen protection, respectively. Mengen von anlockend auf abschreckend wechseln kön- Besides an economically driven adoption of phero- nen (PLARRE, 1994), wurden einige Bezeichnungen nach- mone traps, trapping results may also deliver useful träglich geändert, sodass die Trivialnamen aktuell aus- information of a pest´s general ecology. The distribution schließlich die chemische Großgruppenzugehörigkeit of a pest species outside the synanthropic environment, reflektieren (CARDÉ und MINKS, 1997). So wurde z.B. its occurrence in hidden infestations out-doors can be „Sitophilure“ bei Sitophilus oryzae und Sitophilus zeamais estimated when monitoring tools are used out-doors, in „Sitophinone“ umbenannt, um den ketonischen Che- away from any storage facilities. The resulting auteco- mismus der Substanz zu verdeutlichen (WALGENBACH und logical data can be helpful to detect natural reservoirs of BURKHOLDER, 1986). Gleiches gilt für „Sitophilate“, einer a pest and to possibly reconstruct adaptation scenarios to Esterverbindung als Aggregationspheromon von Sitophi- the men-made environment. lus granarius (Abb. 1). Pheromone können aus einer oder aus mehreren Kom- 174 Key words: Pheromone etymology, monitoring, faunistics, ponenten bestehen. Anwendungstechnisch werden gege- ecology, webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella benenfalls bei mehrkomponentigen Pheromonen Haupt- von Nebenkomponente unterschieden, wenn erstgenannte eine befriedigende biologische Wirkung zeigen. Wirt- Rückblick schaftlich ist es dann oftmals sinnvoll, nur Hauptkompo- nenten einzusetzen, besonders dann, wenn identische Der Einsatz von Pheromonen im Vorrats- und Material- Hauptkomponenten bei unterschiedlichen Arten vorlie- schutz hat sich über einen Zeitraum der letzten 35 bis 40 gen und so ein größeres Spektrum an Schädlingen in Jahre etabliert. Seit der erfolgreichen Identifizierung des Pheromonfallen gefangen werden kann. Dies trifft exem- paarungsinitiierenden Lockstoffes von Attagenus unicolor plarisch für die vorratsschädlichen Pyraliden zu. Als Fak- im Jahre 1967 durch SILVERSTEIN et al. wurden die chemi- toren der reproduktiven Isolation haben die Lockstoff- schen Strukturen der Sexual- und Aggregationsphero- nebenkomponenten aber eine entscheidende biologische mone aller relevanten Vorrats- und Materialschädlinge Funktion. Sie können als konspezifische Synergisten oder aufgeklärt (PHILLIPS, 1997; PLARRE, 1998) (Tab. 1). Unter- als interartlichere Antagonisten wirken. Nur in seltenen schieden wird dabei zwischen Sexualpheromonen, die Fällen nutzen verschiedene Arten nach dem derzeitigen von einem Geschlecht, meistens den Weibchen, abge- Wissensstand vollständig identische Lockstoffe. Dann sind geben werden, um den Geschlechtspartner anzulocken die entsprechenden Arten aber entweder asynchron (tages- und Aggregationspheromonen, die überwiegend von den zeitlich oder saisonal) eingenischt oder dislokal in ver- Männchen produziert werden und attraktiv auf beide schiedenen Habitaten verbreitet bzw. geografisch separiert. Geschlechter wirken (Tab. 1). Sexualpheromone finden Ein Beispiel hierfür liegt beim Brotkäfer (S. paniceum) und sich bei Arten, deren adulte Lebenserwartung in der beim gemeinen Nagekäfer (Anobium punctatum) vor Regel kürzer als einen Monat ist, wie bei allen vorrats- (WHITE und BIRCH, 1987). schädlichen Motten und einigen Käfern der Familien Anobiidae, Bruchidae und Dermestidae (BURKHOLDER, 1982). Aggregationspheromone stehen in einem größe- Gegenwart ren biologischen Zusammenhang als für die alleinige Zu- sammenführung der Geschlechter (PLARRE und VANDERWEL, Die praktische Verwendung von Pheromonen in der 1999; WERTHEIM et al., 2005). Sie treten bei Arten auf, de- Schädlingsprävention bzw. – der Schädlingsbekämpfung ren erwachsene Individuen in der Regel länger als einen Monat leben, wie z.B. bei Curculioniden, Cucujiden und Bostrichiden (BURKHOLDER, 1982). Aggregationspheromone werden in ihrer Lockwirkung oft durch Substratgerüche gesteigert. Die Trivialnamen identifizierter Pheromone enthalten oftmals einen Hinweis auf die lockstoffproduzierende Art, wie z.B. „Stegobione“ für Stegobium paniceum (Brot- käfer) und „Serricornin“ für Lasioderma serricorne (Tabak- käfer). In den wissenschaftlichen Anfängen der Analyse und Synthese sollte die Etymologie der erfundenen Trivi- Abb. 1. Strukturformel der Aggregationspheromone bei Sitophilus alnamen von Insektenpheromonen darüber hinaus durch spp., eingekreiste Strukturelemente sind appendixbestimmend bei geeignete Appendices die verhaltensauslösenden Eigen- der Vergabe der Trivialnamen (Keton für -one und Ester für -ate). Journal für Kulturpflanzen 65. 2013 RUDY PLARRE, Pheromone im Vorrats- und Materialschutz … Tab. 1. Auflistung ausgewählter Vorrats- und Materialschädlinge mit den Trivialnamen ihrer Pheromone in chronologischer Folge ihrer publizierten Identifizierung einschließlich der Beschreibung des Pheromontypes (wS weiblich produziertes Sexual- Vorratsschutz Themenheft pheromon, mS männlich produziertes Sexualpheromon, mA männlich produziertes Aggregationspheromon) Jahr Schädlingsart Pheromon Hauptkomponente Pheromontyp Literaturquelle Trivialname 1967 Attagenus
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