Epidemiology of Co-Sleeping and Nighttime Waking at 12 Months in a Birth Cohort

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Epidemiology of Co-Sleeping and Nighttime Waking at 12 Months in a Birth Cohort 0021-7557/08/84-02/114 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria ARTIGO ORIGINAL Epidemiology of co-sleeping and nighttime waking at 12 months in a birth cohort Epidemiologia do co-leito e do despertar noturno aos 12 meses de idade em uma coorte de nascimentos Iná S. Santos1, Denise M. Mota2, Alicia Matijasevich3 Resumo Abstract Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated co-leito e ao despertar noturno entre as crianças da coorte de Pelotas with co-sleeping and nighttime waking among the children of the de 2004, aos 12 meses de idade. Pelotas 2004 cohort at 12 months of age. Métodos: Todas as crianças nascidas em 2004 em Pelotas (RS) Methods: All children born in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil during foram incluídas em um estudo longitudinal. Ao nascer e aos 12 meses 2004 were enrolled on a longitudinal study. Mothers were interviewed de idade, as mães foram entrevistadas sobre características at delivery and once more at 12 months of age to obtain information on their sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and on sociodemográficas e reprodutivas e sobre o sono e o ambiente em their children’s sleep and the environment in which their children que a criança dorme. Co-leito foi definido como o compartilhamento sleep. Co-sleeping was defined as habitually sharing the bed with habitual da cama com outra pessoa. As análises multivariáveis foram another person. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson realizadas por regressão de Poisson. regression. Resultados: A prevalência de co-leito aos 12 meses foi de 45,8% Results: The prevalence of co-sleeping at 12 months was 45.8% (IC95% 44,2-47,3). O co-leito foi maior entre as mães de baixo nível (95%CI 44.2-47.3). Co-sleeping was more common among mothers socioeconômico, menos escolarizadas, mais jovens, com maior with low socioeconomic status, less education, younger mothers, paridade e entre crianças que acordam à noite. A prevalência de mothers with more previous births and among children who wake at despertar noturno foi de 46,1% (IC95% 44,6-47,7). O despertar night. The prevalence of nighttime waking was 46.1% (95%CI noturno foi mais freqüente entre os meninos e entre filhos de mães 44.6-47.7). Nighttime waking was more common among boys and com maior paridade, e menos freqüente entre mães que trabalharam among the offspring of mothers who had had a greater number of fora durante a gravidez. previous pregnancies and of mothers who had been employed while Conclusão: O co-leito e o despertar noturno são freqüentes na pregnant. população estudada, indicando a necessidade de acompanhamento Conclusion: Co-sleeping and nighttime waking are common para observar a persistência destes hábitos ao longo da infância e among this study population, indicating a need to continue follow-up investigar suas conseqüências sobre o comportamento e o in order to observe how long these habits persist through childhood desenvolvimento infantis. and to investigate their consequences for child development and behavior. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(2):114-122: Sono, distúrbios, distúrbios J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(2):114-122: Sleep, disorders, sleep do sono, criança, infância. disorders, child, childhood, waking. Introdução de vida, sendo a duração do sono um dos fatores importantes O sono adequado na infância é importante para o cresci- nesta etapa. No primeiro ano de vida, ocorre um processo de mento, o desenvolvimento emocional e comportamental, maturação em que o sono fragmentado dos primeiros meses assim como para a aquisição das funções cognitivas, de apren- se torna contínuo durante a noite3,4. Há relatos de que os pro- dizado e atenção1,2. O desenvolvimento cerebral, junta- blemas relacionados ao sono são freqüentes em crianças, com mente com a neuroplasticidade, ocorre nos primeiros anos prevalências variando entre 20-30%, sendo influenciados por 1. Professora titular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS. 2. Mestre, UFPel, Pelotas, RS. 3. Pesquisadora, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS. Não foram declarados conflitos de interesse associados à publicação deste artigo. Como citar este artigo: Santos IS, Mota DM, Matijasevich A. Epidemiology of co-sleeping and nighttime waking at 12 months in a birth cohort. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(2):114-122. Artigo submetido em 28.08.07, aceito em 01.01.08. doi:10.2223/JPED.1766 114 Co-leito e despertar noturno aos 12 meses - Santos IS et al. Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 84, Nº 2, 2008 115 fatores biológicos, psicológicos, culturais, sociais e familia- chefe da família. Devido ao pequeno número de famílias nas res5. As manifestações mais prevalentes dos distúrbios do categorias extremas, essas foram reagrupadas em A/B, C e sono na infância são os múltiplos ou prolongados desperta- D/E. O trabalho materno remunerado foi categorizado como res durante a noite6,7, dificuldades de colocar a criança para presente ou ausente. A escolaridade materna foi obtida con- dormir8 e o co-leito. Estes problemas também podem afetar siderando os anos de escolaridade formal cursados com apro- os relacionamentos familiares, alterando os hábitos de sono vação. A idade materna foi coletada em anos completos por dos pais, levando ao estresse e a outras condições relaciona- ocasião do parto. O tipo de parto foi classificado em normal das à privação do sono9,10. (vaginal) ou cesariana. O co-leito tem sido objeto de pesquisa há vários anos, Do recém-nascido, coletaram-se as seguintes tendo sido descritos aspectos positivos e negativos relaciona- informações: sexo, peso, idade gestacional e intercorrências dos ao desenvolvimento físico, psicossocial e emocional das neonatais. Todos os recém-nascidos foram pesados com crianças11. Sua real prevalência é difícil de ser determinada, balança digital (precisão de 100 g) e examinados pela equipe devido às variações entre as culturas e diferentes períodos de do estudo conforme o escore de Dubowitz17. Foram conside- tempo estudados. Entre vários estudos, as prevalências de rados prematuros os nascidos com menos de 37 semanas de co-leito variaram entre 6 e 70% nos primeiros 4 anos de gestação. As intercorrências neonatais relatadas pela mãe vida8,11. O co-leito é uma prática freqüente em sociedades (internação em unidade de tratamento neonatal intensivo ou de culturas não ocidentais12, sendo suas vantagens ou riscos semi-intensivo) foram registradas. Crianças com peso menor percebidos conforme os valores da sociedade13. Fatores cli- que 2.500 g foram consideradas com baixo peso ao nascer. máticos, tamanho da família, disponibilidade de espaço no domicílio e valores culturais (priorizando a independência e o Na visita domiciliar dos 12 meses, as mães foram entre- individualismo ou a interdependência familiar) têm sido des- vistadas quanto às características habituais e das 2 últimas critos como determinantes do co-leito em sociedades semanas do sono da criança. Investigou-se o local onde a industrializadas14. criança dorme; se compartilha a cama com adultos ou O despertar noturno, por sua vez, costuma gerar maior crianças; duração do sono; dificuldade em iniciar a dormir; preocupação aos pais, por interferir na rotina familiar, espe- despertar durante a noite; alimentação durante a noite; horá- cialmente se vários episódios ocorrem em uma mesma noi- rio habitual em que vai dormir e que acorda; percepção da te8. A maioria dos estudos que investigaram a prevalência de mãe sobre a qualidade do sono da criança e se o sono da co-leito e de despertar noturno foram conduzidos em países criança atrapalha seu bem-estar; e identificação de quem desenvolvidos, sendo escassas as informações sobre a epide- habitualmente atende a criança ao deitar e ao despertar. O miologia dessas características do sono em países em co-leito foi definido como o compartilhamento habitual da desenvolvimento. cama com outra pessoa (adulto ou criança), em parte ou durante toda a noite. O despertar noturno foi definido através O atual estudo teve como objetivo investigar a prevalên- da resposta afirmativa à pergunta: “A criança acorda no meio cia e os fatores associados ao co-leito e ao despertar noturno da noite?”. Para o padrão de sono nas últimas 2 semanas, entre as crianças da coorte de Pelotas de 2004, no Sul do Bra- foram investigadas as ocorrências de sestas durante o dia e a sil, ao completarem 12 meses de idade. freqüência de despertares noturnos. Métodos A análise foi realizada através do programa Stata 9.0 A metodologia da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas de (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, EUA, 2005). Foram utiliza- 2004 encontra-se detalhada em outra publicação15. Breve- dos testes qui-quadrado para comparar prevalências con- mente, todos os nascidos entre 01/01/04 e 31/12/04 de mães forme exposições dicotômicas e qui-quadrado de tendência moradoras em Pelotas e no Jardim América (bairro contíguo linear para exposições ordinais. A força da associação entre a Pelotas), nos cinco hospitais com maternidade da cidade, as exposições e os desfechos (co-leito e despertar noturno) foram incluídos na coorte. Até o momento, além do estudo foram avaliados através das razões de prevalências, por perinatal, realizado no hospital, as crianças foram visitadas regressão de Poisson, uma vez que esses eram muito freqüen- no domicílio ao completarem 3, 12 e 24 meses de idade. As tes. As análises multivariáveis seguiram um modelo hierár- informações empregadas no atual estudo foram coletadas na quico, conforme referencial teórico de causalidade construído fase perinatal e na visita dos 12 meses. pelos autores. Nesse modelo, a idade materna e a paridade No estudo perinatal, as mães responderam um questio- ocupavam o primeiro nível, mais cranial, de determinação do nário sobre as condições socioeconômicas da família, traba- co-leito ou do despertar noturno, seguidas no segundo nível lho materno remunerado durante a gestação, escolaridade, pelas variáveis socioeconômicas (situação socioeconômica, idade, paridade e tipo de parto.
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