[ This Dissertation I Has Been Microfilmed J Exactly As Received Mic 61-921 I F KNOPF, Richard Clark
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[ This dissertation i has been microfilmed j exactly as received Mic 61-921 I f KNOPF, Richard Clark. ANTHONY WAYNE I AND THE FOUNDING OF THE UNITED ! STATES ARMY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1960 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan MTHONTÏAÏNE AND , THE BOUNDING OF THE .UNITED STATES AffllY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Riilosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Dy RICHARD CLARK KNOPF, B.Sc. in Edu., M» A. ****** The Ohio State University • I960 Approved by Department of History AGKNOWLEDGEMEMTS No endeavor of this kind is undertaken^ pursued, or completed single-handedly. Thus, vdiiie the author assumes fu ll responsibility for the accuracy and the interpreta.tions contained herein, he takes this opportunity to acknowledge the help and support of a number of individuals and institutions who have aided him materially. In the fir st place, especial recognition is given to the Anthony Wayne Parkway Board of Ohio which made this research possible and for which this study serves as a summary report of the historical research es of its historical editor. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and especially Dr. H. N. Vfilliaras, 2d, its director, and Miss Lois Given, its associate editor, has been most helpful in providing its treasure-trove of Wayne materials and editorial commentary oh part of the manuscript. Likewise, the University of Pittsburgh Press, through its editor, Mrs. Agnes Starrett, has been of considerable aid and counsel. The Historical and Museum Commission of Pennsylvania, represented by Mr. Donald Kent, its editor, has also contributed to the. final product. To the many depositories from which manuscripts have been obtained for research use, the author also renders thanks. However, though many individuals have given advices on the research and text, the author could not have completed this study had it not been for the unflagging encouragement of three scholars. Therefore, an especial obligation i.s acknowledged to Professor Emeritus Warner F. Woodring, udio so capably read and commented upon the original draft ■ i i Ill •when i t was presented for his perusal some years ago. Secondly, thanks is tendered to Professor Eugene H. Roseboom, udio has been instrumental in bringing the research contained herein 'to fruition by his patience, understanding, and helpful commentary. Finally, a very great aebt of gratitude is owed and herebj' acknowledged to Professor Harold J. Grimm, with whose constant and warm encouragement this study was completed. To a ll those many others who have been victims of the author's quick temper, outrageous demands, and arbitrary dealings, an olive branch of apology is held out and a word of genuine thanks given. Richard C. Rhopf, Columbus, Ohio, November, 1960. LIST OF ABBREVIATED EOmS USED IN THE TEXT Annals .................................................... Debates and Froceedings m the Congress of United States. Appleton ................................................. Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. ASPIA,. ......................................... ... American State Papers, Indian Affairs. ASIM........................................................ American State Papers, Military Affairs. C.P ............................................................Papers of Isaac Craig. D.A. B................................................ Dictionary of American Biography. H.P...........................................................Papers of Josiah Hannar. J.C.C. ................................................. Journals of the Continental Congress. O.P ..................... Papers of James O'Hara. St. Glair Papers .................................. The Papers of Arthur St. Clair, edited by William H. Smith. S.P. ........................................................ T ^ Correspondence of John Graves Simcoe, edited by E. A. Cruikshank. W .P.........................................................Papers of Anthony Wayne. WPOB . ....................... ................... West Point Orderly Books, United States Military Academy. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Backgro'Jnds .............................................................................. 1 II. The Legal Army, ................................................................13 III. Personnel .................................................................................. $2 IV. The Ranks ......................... 77 V. Training........................................................................................126 VI. Supply ........................................................................................... llA VII. Administration of Pay ....................................................... 2ll| nil. Tlie Medical Men.........................................................................225 n . Operations........................................... 238 X. Prom Robson's Choice to Greene V i l le . ..............................271 XI. Winter in the Wilderness. ...........................................298 XII. This is Recovery .........................................................................335 XIII. From Greene Ville to the Grand Emporium............................ 355 XIV. Victorj’’ at the Fallen Timber.................................................. 377 XV. The End of a Mission. ................. 1;06 XVI. In the Final A nalysis.............................................................. h29 Bibliography .......................................................................... L36 Autobiographical Sketch. .......................................................... hh9 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUNDS Perhaps no nar in the history of the United States has been so overlooked although so ireil recorded as the third campaign of the Indian Wars (1790-1795)» led by Major General "Mad" Anthony Wayne t With feir exceptions, American history texts pass it off ■with a bare mention. And yet, available for study are correspond ence and papers that record in fu ll detail the importance of this campaign to the fu ll development of the IMited States as a nation.^ The Whiskey Rebellion, lit t le more than a taxpayers ' riot, is never forgotten, though, in the 1790's, it was regarded as of lit t le importance in relation to the concurrent Indian Wars. Likewise, the political phases of early Western history are always included as integral and important facets of the early national history of the Ikiited Sta-tes. Why the military casçaign that strengthened the political actions should be brushed aside is somewhat astonish ing. What historians have failed to realize is that the westward movement would have had an entirely different development, pro bably would have been considsràbly slowed, had it not been for the military and diplomatic successes of Wayne; national prestige would have received a nearly fatal blow; and, in spite of diplomatic "agreements, " the Western territory might have been divided with other nations. 4rhis introduction is taken, for the most part, from Richard C. Knopf, A Name in Arms (Pittsburg, i 960 ). Historians have often shrugged off the Didian Wars and Wayne's ultimate militaiy and diplomatic victories as isolated Indian affairs nhich merit no national or international concern. Such is far from the truth. The debates in Congress, the journalism of the day, and the intemational interest in these isolated Indian affairs belie this attitude. If independence vas von at Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktovn, the securing and ultimate main tenance of jbnerican nationalism vas primarily established in the West in this critical period. At the conclusion of the American Revolution, the area north and vest of the Ohio River vas included in the peace settlement at Paris of 1783. George Rogers Clark's campaigns of the 177.0*00's notvithstanding (he had failed to reduce Detroit, the British stronghold anyvay), the acquisition of the vast region he ex plored and defended vas primarily a diplomatic victory of the American peace commissioners, John Adams and John Jay. French hopes of regaining a foothold in North America vere dashed and the resourceful British Secretary of State, William Fitzmaurice, Earl of Shelburne, hoping to sp lit the Franco-American alliance and retain trade vith the states, agreed to the 1783 settlement. From the conclusion of the French and Indian War until the Paris Treaty of 1783, British merchants and traders had been extending and increasing their operations in the area north and vest of the Ohio River. Detroit, once a center of French fur- trading, nov became the chief depot for British traders. More and more merchants began to realize that the fur irealth of the area iras still but lightly tapped; that its potentialities vere most inviting* Shelburne's schemes aside, the men the British sent to negoti ate vith the American delegates vere second class diplomats at best. They had no acquaintance vith the territory of which they vere dis posing. Likewise the American representatives, at the time, were ignorant of the importance of the Northwestern frontier. In terns of the area its e lf, this region was ceded to the United States, the British not knowing what they were giving up, the Americans not sure of what they had received. This state of affairs did not long endure. As soon as the British merchants learned of the wholesale abandonment of the Northwest to the United States, they stomed.the Court of St. James's and demanded redress. So hearty