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World Bank Document C', Public Disclosure Authorized C,i a)J .... 0. A 52 ....~ . ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~1 . ~.. ... ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~AA . .......... .......... > Public Disclosure Authorized . ~. ...........~ .. ..~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? A ........ ~ ~ 4¼. w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'sAAAX4A C' A ... .. ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Public Disclosure Authorized *5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I mu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~olo/4-o)JO)JUOWF 1~P Public Disclosure Authorized Abbreviations and Acronyms Bln. Billion BOD Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand BTU British Thermal Unit CALABARZON Provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quez6n CCBPI Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. CDS City Development Strategies DA Department of Agriculture DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOH Department of Health DOST Department of Science and Technology DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DTI Department of Trade and Industry EMB Environmental Management Bureau ESWMA Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 GHG Green House Gases GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation HW Hazardous Wastes IEC Information, Education, and Communication IRR Implementing Rules and Regulations ITDI Industrial Technology Development Institute IWEP Industrial Waste Exchange Program JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority LGU Local Government Unit LOGOFIND Local Government Finance and Development Project Mln. Million MEIP Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Program MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau MM Metro Manila MMDA Metro Manila Development Authority MRF Materials Recovery Facility MSE Micro and Small Enterprises MSW Municipal Solid Waste NCR National Capital Region NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIMBY Not In My Back Yard NSWMC National Solid Waste Management Commission PCG Philippine Coast Guard PET Polyethylene Terephthalate PhP/P Philippine Pesos PIA Philippine Information Agency PPCP Polystyrene Packaging Council of the Philippines SLF Sanitary Landfill SWM Solid Waste Management TDF Tire-Derived Fuel TESDA Technical Education and Skill Development Authority THW Toxic and Hazardous Waste TIRE Totally Integrated Recycling Effort WHO World Health Organization U The World Bank Group 1818H. Street,N.W. CountryOffice Manila WashingtonD.C. 20433 23rd Floor,The TaipanPlace U.S.A. EmeraldAvenue, Ortigas Center Tel.:(202) 477-1234 PasigCity, Philippines Fax: (202)477-6391 Tel.:(632) 637-5855 to 64 Fax: (632)637-5870 December 2001 TheEnvironment's Ilth hour!!! As highlightedin the 2000 EnvironmentMonitor, the environment and naturalresources of the Philippinesis underincreasing presstre. The challengeis to act now to ensurea futurethat preserves the qualityof life, health,resources, and naturaltreasures of the country In the spirit of this challenge,a clockhas been chosenas the symbolof theMonitor. Theclock shown in the 2001Monitor is in the 11thhour to representthis urgencyand the fact that time is nunningout. As theclock approaches midnight, the problem gets more critical In the case Df solid waste,the clockstands at 11:50indicating that time is runningvery short. The reasons for this are the lackof progresson developingsafe disposal facilities and visibilityof the effectsincluding the Manila gatbagecrisis, the Payatastragedy and the commonsight of garbagestrewn in rivers,streets and on privateand publicland in manyareas of the country.At the samnetime, solid wasteis beingproduced at increasingrates and withoutaction the problems in Manilawill become even more critical and thosein otherareas of thecountry will grow On thepositive side, several recent measures have preventedthe clock from creepingcloser to midnight,including the passageof groundbreakingframework legislation (Ecological Solid WasteManagement Act) and the successof citizen-led-initiativessuch as recyclingand awarenessprograms. In the future,careful implementation of the newlegislation represents the greatest hope for reversing theclock on this criticalissue facing the Philippines. The Philippines Environment Monitor 2000 presented a snapshot of M: n X a f environmental¢ : : kq 50 0general trends in the country The 2002 edition, currently under preparation, will focus on air quality management. This documentwos prepared by a World Bock Teemconsisting of1Messrs./Mfdmes. Anjali Acherya, Bebet Gozun,Patchamuthu Illangovan (Teem Leader), John Morton, end Meye Villeluz. Thedocument was peer reviewedby Messrs.Cerl Bertone,Den Hoornweg,L. PanneerSelvam, Allen Rotmen,end ThomesE. Weltonof The WorldBeck; end Mr N.C. Vesuki,Chief Executive Officer, DelewereSolid WasteAuthority, USA.Comments end suggestionsoffered by thefollowing ore gratefully acknowledged:Mr. RamonPaje, Undersecretary,Department of Environmentand Natural Resources(DENR); Mr. Julian D. Amador,Director/Officer-in-Charge, Environmental Management Bureau; Mr. Albert A. Magalang,Executive Director Office of theSecretariat, National Solid WasteManagement Commission (NSWMIC); Ms. SoniaMendoza and MfrBert Guevararepresent- ing theNGOs and Leagueof Barangaysin theANSWMC, respectively. Comments were also provided by thefollowing WorldBank staff and consult- ants: Messrs./Mdmes.Joven Balbosa.Bhuvan Bhatnagar Rob Crooks,Giovanna Dare, Jack Fritz, Heidi Hennrich-Hanson,Emma Hooper Mary Judd, and KanchalikaKlad-A ngkul. Ms. LuisaSambeli Espaflola coordinatedthe production of this Monitor Ms. Agatha Anchetaassisted in data collection. Mr Jeffrey Lecksellwas responsiblefor preparing the map.Dissemination of theMonitor is coordinatedby Ms. LeonoraGonzales. The cover wasdesigned byVMr Brian Lu of Liquid Graphics.The documentwas printed at Inkwell Publishing Company. The viewsexpressed in the PhilippinesEnvironment Monitor 2001 areentirely those of the authorsand shouldnot be citedwithout prior permission.They do not necessarilyreflect the viewsoF The WorldBeck Group, its ExecutiveDirectors, or the countriesthey represent. The materialcontained herein has been obtainedfrom sourcesbelieved reliable but it is notnecessarily complete and cannot be guaranteed. '§Printed on Recycled Paper Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations and Acronyms EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - DOWN IN THE DUMPS! . 1-2 WASTE GENERATION MAP ...................................................... 3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SOURCES AND GENERATION .4-5 Waste Sources Waste Generation Waste Composition MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE RECYCLING AND COLLECTION ........... ................6-7 Recycling Collection Transfer and Transport MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ............. ................ 8-13 Composting Open and Controlled Dumping Sanitary Landfills Landfill Gas Collection and Use HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION, RECYCLING, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL .................................................................. 14-17 Generation Recycling Treatment and Disposal LEGISLATION, INSTITUTIONS, AND BUDGETS ........................... 18-22 THE TEN CHALLENGES ..... .... ......................... 23-26 Case Study: The Two Faces of Payatas ................................. 27 Glossary of Terms ..... ..... ...... ............................ .. 28 Philippines at a Glance PREFACE The Philippines Environment Monitor series, launched in 2000, presents a snapshot of key environmental trends in the country. It aims to engage and inform stakeholders on key environmental changes as they occur. The 2000 Monitor benchmarked trends in environmental indicators associated with water and air quality, and natural resources conservation. Unlike economic indicators, environmental changes, however, occur over a period of time, and therefore, annual variations are difficult to measure or assess. Thus, the series is designed to track changes in general environmental trends every five years. In the intervening years, the Monitor will focus on specific annual themes to highlight critical and emerging problems. The Philippines Environment Monitor 2001 focuses on solid waste management, which, triggered by the "garbage crisis" of Metro Manila, has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental concerns in the country. Population growth, rising living standards, and inadequate attention have caused many of the current waste problems. As wastes are dumped along roads, drainage canals and waterways, or in low-lying open fields, it is inevitable that the sheer volume of the wastes including the toxicity of its contaminants will endanger human health and safety by polluting water, air and land as well as threatening the food chain. The present garbage crisis in Metro Manila and other cities in the country has started to reverse the appar- ent indifference of the people towards the 'grime and dirt' of society. The seriousness of the human and environ- mental impact arising from the lack of a strategic approach to waste management was highlighted by the prema- ture closure of the Carmona and San Mateo landfills due to environmental and social considerations, and the Payatas dumpsite tragedy in 2000. In the absence of a clear national framework on waste management, local governments who are duty bound to manage solid wastes in their areas of jurisdiction, have resorted to solid waste disposal practices, such as open dumps, controlled dumpsites, and open or curbside street piles, which are operationally inadequate and do not protect either public health or the environment. Both the Government and civil society should be complimented for the passage of the Republic Act 9003: Ecological
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