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Assessing the Overall Success of the Payatas Waste-To-Energy Project

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Assessing the Overall Success of the Payatas Waste-To-Energy Project ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 20xx ASSESSING THE OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE PAYATAS WASTE-TO-ENERGY PROJECT Johan Chua International School Manila [email protected] Received: 14 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 July 2020 Abstract— Many years after the Payatas Waste-To-Energy plant began operations, its success has not been fully gauged. This project in Payatas was the first ever waste-to-energy project of the Philippines, becoming an internationally recognized waste-to-energy model. To allow stakeholders to fully understand the overall success of the project and for future reference for similar endeavors, the environmental, economic, and social impacts need to be assessed. This paper focuses on objectively gauging the success and the positive impacts of the plant rather than its overall sustainability which many other papers have done. It will utilize a variation of the Babu, et al Framework, and indicators which include methane emissions reduction index, energy produced, internal rate of return, local revenue, wage disparity index, and health effects to analyze each aspect of the project. The social impacts are measured using a newly devised scheme that caters to landfill sites. The scheme recognizes the presence of a trade-off between job opportunities and physical health in communities like Payatas, and accurately provides a comprehensive understanding of the overall social welfare of the residents. This research found that the overall environmental impacts were moderately successful; the economic impacts were evaluated as extremely successful, and the social impacts were evaluated as moderately successful. Overall, the plant yielded greater benefit on the economic side than on the environmental and social aspects. Ultimately, the project was deemed an overall success and a worthwhile endeavor. Index Terms— Payatas Waste-To-Energy, Philippines, Pillars of Sustainability, Sustainable Waste Infrastructure, I. INTRODUCTION The Payatas Dumpsite served as the main garbage disposal site of Quezon City, the largest city in the Philippine’s Metro Manila. With about 500 daily truck trips a day, this landfill received 1470 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) everyday, and sustained some 6000 waste pickers whose only source of income was to collect and resell materials from the dumpsite. Originally an open dumpsite, it was converted to a controlled disposal facility after a lack of proper oversight and management resulted in the devastating Payatas landslide of 2000 that claimed 218 lives and caused an instantaneous fire due to the overwhelming concentration of methane gas that further injured many others. This tragedy as well as the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, which introduced the awarding of carbon credits to developed countries who invested in renewable energy projects in developing countries, paved the way for Quezon City’s Payatas Landfill Transformation Program. In February 2007, the Quezon City Government signed a 10-year contract with Italian company Pangea Green Energy, Inc to build the infrastructure necessary to capture, process, and flare landfill gas, especially methane, for energy, thus transforming the iconic wasteland into an internationally recognized and the Philippine’s first waste-to-energy model. This paper aims to assess the success of the Quezon City Controlled Disposal Facility Biogas Emission Reduction Project, or the Payatas Waste-To-Energy project. We identified the need to measure this project’s overall success through the environmental, economic, and social impacts and their balance in order to allow stakeholders to fully understand the plant’s benefits and weaknesses, which should be considered when proceeding with similar future projects in the Philippines or any other developing country. II. METHODOLOGY In this paper, a variation of the Babu, et al framework will be used to measure the project’s success [1]. This framework constitutes the three Pillars of Sustainability, analyzing the social, economic and environmental impacts of the project. In addition, various assessment schemes will be used within each individual pillar. For the environmental pillar, we utilized the Methane Emissions Reduction Index indicator. For the economic pillar, we employed the Energy Produced, Internal Rate of Return, and Local Revenue indicators. Lastly, for the social pillar, we applied the Wage Disparity Index, analyzed Health Effects, and included community initiatives that arose as a result of the project. To be considered truly successful, the project’s impacts should maintain balance 3680 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 20xx by benefiting all three pillars to the same extent. After completing the computations and standardizing each indicator, analysis and interpretations of these results will be discussed, and the overall performance evaluated using the Elwakil et al Subjectivity Performance Scale [2]. This scale ranks performances on five levels: extremely unsuccessful, moderately unsuccessful, neither successful nor unsuccessful, moderately successful, and extremely successful. III. RESULTS I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Methane best represents the deleterious environmental effects of the landfill gases as it is the most potent and prevailing pollutant emitted from MSW decomposition. Therefore, we used the methane emissions reduction indicator to assess the environmental impacts. The plant’s annual average methane emission reduction is 116,339 CO2e metric tonnes per year [3]. According to the Philippine Environment Monitor 2001, MSW accounts for 173 gigagrams of methane each year in Metro Manila [4], which is equivalent to 4,325,000 metric tonnes of CO2e each year. Equation (1) will calculate the methane emissions reduction index, where 0 represents an ineffective project and 1 denotes a perfectly effective project. (1) This emissions reduction index of 0.027 may initially seem low and inefficient, but taking into account that this plant is saving 2.7% of the MSW methane emissions from the entirety of the Metro Manila region, its contributions to methane reduction efforts can be considered significant. However, the potential for increased efficiency is revealed through a Pangea representative who disclosed that only 20% of the methane extracted from the dumpsite is actually used to fuel the electricity generator due to plant operation limitations from a low generator capacity [5]. As the remaining 80% is simply converted to carbon dioxide, this not only wastes the methane resource, but also risks increasing the carbon dioxide pollutant in the area. But even without maximizing this potential, the plant is already reducing overall methane emissions, meaning that this unused potential will only benefit future operations. Thus, it is determined that the environmental aspect of the project is moderately successful. II. ECONOMIC IMPACTS The economic impact of the project can be assessed through the indicators of energy produced, internal rate of return, and local revenue. Due to the many stakeholders involved, it is important to consider the project’s economic impacts on each partner. Pangea wants this project to produce electricity to sell and maximize their profits⁠—hence the first two indicators⁠—and the Quezon City government is benefiting from a share in profits⁠—hence the latter indicator. A. Energy Produced Table 1: Energy Produced Data [6] Year Capacit Power Gross Energy Net y Used Plant Electricit Utilized Electricity (MW) Operation y by Project Delivered to (hours/ye Produced (Kwh) Grid (Kwh) ar) (Kwh) 2007 1.00 8,000 8,000,000 69,456 7,930,544 2008 1.00 8,000 8,000,000 69,456 7,930,544 2009 0.96 8,000 7,656,640 69,456 7,587,185 2010 0.71 8,000 5,674,644 69,456 5,605,188 2011 0.52 8,000 4,199,944 69,456 4,130,489 2012 0.39 8,000 3,114,566 69,456 3,045,110 2013 0.29 8,000 2,312,329 69,456 2,242,873 2014 0.21 8,000 1,710,652 69,456 1,641,196 Averag - 8,000 5,600,000 69,456 - e Table 1 shows that the power plant produces an average of 5,600,000 Kwh annually. However, upon closer inspection, we observed a declining gross electricity produced within the last 10 years due to a diminishing 3681 ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 11, 20xx capacity used. We modelled this decline using (2): the exponential decay function (2) where is the number of years after 2008. We determined the absolute minimum capacity used (M.C.U) for this plant is the capacity value when the gross electricity produced (G.E.P) is equivalent to the constant electricity utilized by project (E.U.P), or when the plant’s net electricity production is zero. This minimum can be calculated using (3), where P.P.O. is the power plant operation. (3) Substituting 0.008682 into (2) yields a time of 16.58565 years, or the year 2024, until the plant contributes absolutely nothing to the Metro Manila powergrid, assuming no repairs or enhancements are made to the plant. The 5,600,000 Kwh annual electricity output is substantial for the community, covering the demand of the facility, surrounding street lights, and basic power needs of nearby residential areas [7]. The concern is the productivity of the project in the long-run, as the plant won’t be able to sustain the demand it has previously met during its peak production. However, this should not disadvantage the evaluation of the project as the official Project Design Document form [6] already reported that the expected operational lifetime of the project is 10 years, far shorter than the calculated 16.5 years until termination. Therefore, the energy produced
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