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University of Cincinnati UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 24-May-2010 I, Nicole M Fannin , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Architecture in Architecture (Master of) It is entitled: bahay sa buhay [from house to life]: exploring architecture's role in informal settlement in Payatas, Philippines Student Signature: Nicole M Fannin This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Nnamdi Elleh, PhD Nnamdi Elleh, PhD Elizabeth Riorden, MARCH Elizabeth Riorden, MARCH Edson Cabalfin, MSArch Edson Cabalfin, MSArch 5/26/2010 713 bahay sa buhay [from house to life]: exploring architecture’s role in informal settlement in Payatas, Philippines A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE in the School of Architecture and Interior Design of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning June 2010 by Nicole M. Fannin B.A. University of Cincinnati, 2008 Committee Chair: Nnamdi Elleh, Ph.D. Supporting Chairs: Liz Riorden, Edson Cabalfin i PROJECT Abstract In a world where every one out of six people Nowhere are the implications of squatting more is considered a squatter,1 Metro Manila, Philippines is evident in Manila, than in the Payatas area of Quezon City. not alone. There, poverty is characterized by 85,000 Located in the northeastern part of Metro Manila, Payatas families across the city, who build provisional homes and is characterized by the 40 meter (130 ft) garbage dump that communities for themselves on public and private land its residents live and work on, earning about 100 pesos that they do not own. Even though squatting is undeniably ($2) a day if they are lucky. The need for proper housing industrious, the informal settlements cause not only land- for this community, struggling to live in an environment that use problems for the city, but also uncontrolled public is a breeding ground for disease and flooding, where flies waste, water contamination, flooding, disease, and traffic swarm constantly, and the rancid smell of rotting waste and obstruction, among others. Standard government and sound of dump trucks never cease, is dire and palpable. private sector responses are insufficient methods for Therefore, the main question that this thesis seeks replacement housing, even the most successful approach to explore is: Due to the fact that standard urban housing to date, Gawad Kalinga. A common denominator of past models do not respond well to the particular needs of site and current programs is a lack of socio-culturally sensitive and culture, learning from the deficiencies of Gawad Kalinga housing design that can meet the needs of the diverse as an example, can a new urban housing vocabulary be populations who inhabit the settlements. The classic developed using Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language theory of Christopher Alexander’s A Pattern Language will as a framework for design, and the Payatas squatter provide insight into a design vocabulary that responds more community in Quezon City, Philippines as a case study? appropriately to the needs and desires of its residents, and is applicable at all scales. 1 Neuwirth, Robert. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 9. KEYWORDS: Philippines / Urban Poor / Housing / Social Anthropology / Community Design ii iii To all of the beautiful children, happily playing in the streets, surrounding me with smiles and adoration; to all of the mothers, fathers, construction workers, street vendors, etc, whose stories and conversations continue to inspire me daily; to all of those who offered me rice when they barely had enough for their family’s next meal...I hope that this thesis is in some way a tribute to their incredible work ethic and enduring spirit. Maraming salamat po - kayong lahat ang tunay na puso ng pananaliksik na ito! Thanks to my friends, family, and advisors for all of their love, support, and encouragement throughout this process. A special thanks to my friends back in Manila, and my coworkers at Aidea for their continued support and help as well. Most importantly, I thank God for the passion He has given me on this topic, along with the determination to do something about it. iv v TABLE OF Contents Chapter 1 - A Select Study of Urban Housing Improvement 1 Chapter 4 – Learning from foreign examples of urban 87 Approaches improvement projects I: Informal Settlement Upgrade Programs in Manila 2 I. Theoretical projects at the Neighborhood scale 90 II: Critique of Gawad Kalinga 6 II. Isolating the Housing Unit 110 Chapter 2 - The Squatter Problem in Payatas, Quezon City, 17 Chapter 5 – A Select Study of the Evolution of the Filipino 119 Philippines house across time 128 I. History of Payatas: from Dumpsite to ‘Home’ 20 I. Stilts 130 II. Current Conditions: physical and social aspects to 30 II. Roof Structure consider III. Space Adjacencies 132 III. Political, Environmental, Social, and Infrastructure 52 Ramifications IV. Façade Openings 134 136 IV. Analysis of opportunities and threats of the Payatas 66 V. Ornament, Color, and Texture site Chapter 6 - A Housing and Neighborhood design scheme for 147 Chapter 3 - Methodology: translation of a select theory to 69 Payatas specificity of place I. Architectural Synthesis in Design 148 I. Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language 72 II. Client 156 II. Personal Observations on Field Trip 80 III. Payatas Neighborhood Masterplan 162 IV. Payatas Housing Provisions 176 V. Conclusion 204 vi vii LIST OF Images Chapter 1 2.19 Source: <http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2315/2199670863_39c 1.1 Source: : <http://www.gk1world.net/> 4c239c1_b.jpg> 1.2 Source: Photographed by Author 2.20 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author 1.3 Source: Photographed by Author 2.21 Source: <http://mayniladailyphoto.blogspot. 1.4 Source: Photographed by Author com/2008_06_01_archive.html> 1.5 Source: Photographed by Author 2.22 Source: Ibid 2.23 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author / Photographed by Chapter 2 Author 2.1 Source: 1949 Quezon City Plan, by the Capital Planning 2.24 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author / Photographed by Commission; Louis Croft Advisor Author 2.2 Source: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qc_map.png> 2.25 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author / Photographed by 2.3 Source: DeCastro, Mark Roeland A. “Land Use Planning as Author a tool to shape the urban form and structure of Philippine 2.26 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author / Photographed by cities.” (Unpublished Master’s Diss., University of the Author Philippines, School of Urban Planning, 2007) 2.27 Source: Photographed by Author 2.4 Source: Photographed by Author 2.28 Source: Photographed by Author 2.5 Source: Photographed by Author 2.29 Source: Photographed by Author 2.6 Source: Photographed by Author 2.30 Source: Photographed by Author 2.7 Source: Google Earth Satellite image edited by Author 2.31 Source: Photographed by Author 2.8 Source: Google Earth Satellite image 2.9 Source: BBC, comp. “Weather.” Research Machines plc. Heli- Chapter 3 con Publishing, 2006. Web. 2 Nov. 2009. <http://www.bbc. 3.1 Source: Alexander, Christopher. The Production of Houses. co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml>. New York: Oxford UP, 1985, p. 73. 2.10 Source: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana> 3.2 Source: Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language. New York: 2.11 Source: <http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/09/ Oxford UP, 1977, p. 85. typhoon_ketsana_ondoy.html> 3.3 Source: Ibid, p. 167. 2.12 Source: google maps 3.4 Source: Ibid, p. 202. 2.13 Source: Photographed by Author 3.5 Source: Ibid, p. 278. 2.14 Source: Photographed by Author 3.6 Source: Ibid, p. 313. 2.15 Source: Photographed by Author 3.7 Source: Ibid, p. 340. 2.16 Source: Photographed by Author 3.8 Source: Ibid, pp. 518-519. 2.17 Source: Photographed by Author 3.9 Source: Ibid, p. 546. 2.18 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author / Photographed by 3.10 Source: Ibid, p. 552. Author 3.11 Source: Ibid, p. 744. viii ix 3.12 Source: Ibid, p. 961. 5.3 Source: Ibid, p. 34. 3.13 Source: Photographed by Author 5.4 Source: Ibid, p. 47. 3.14 Source: Photographed by Author 5.5 Source: Ibid, p. 209. 3.15 Source: Photographed by Author 5.6 Source: Ibid, p. 55. 3.16 Source: Photographed by Author 5.7 Source: Ibid, p. 54. 3.17 Source: Photographed by Author 5.8 Source: Ibid, p. 37. 3.18 Source: Photographed by Author 5.9 Source: Ibid, p. 38. 5.10 Source: Ibid, pp. 118-119. Chapter 4 5.11 Source: Photographed by Author 4.1 Source: Fathy, Hassan. Architecture for the Poor: An Experi- 5.12 Source: Diagram Created by Author ment in Rural Egypt. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973, illustration appendix, #66. Chapter 6 4.2 Source: Ibid, #108 (left) #112 (right). 6.1 Source: National Housing Authority, Shelter Monograph II: Ba- 4.3 Source: Ibid, #86. hay Pilipino: On the Use of Some Indigenous Building Materi- 4.4 Source: Ibid, #122, 123, 124. als (Manila: National Housing Authority, 1980?) p. 3. 4.5 Source: Ibid, #12. 6.2 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author 4.6 Source: Sinclair, Cameron and Diana Murphy, Ed. Design Like 6.3 Source: Photographed by the Author You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian 6.4 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author Crises. New York: Metropolis Books, 2006, p. 217. 6.5 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author 4.7 Source: Ibid, p. 219. 6.6 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author 4.8 Source: Robles-Duran, Miguel. “A Challenge of Difference.” 6.7 Source: Diagram Produced by the Author Volume 19 (Spring 2009): p.
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