Index of Manuscripts

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-44420-0 - The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature Edited by David Wallace Index More information

Index of manuscripts

Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales Durham Cathedral Library 6680: 195 b.111.32, f. 2: 72n26 c.iv.27: 42, 163n25 Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 32: 477 Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland 140: 461n28 Advocates 1.1.6 (Bannatyne MS): 252 145: 619 Advocates 18.7.21: 361 171: 234 Advocates 19.2.1 (Auchinleck MS): 91, 201: 853 167, 170–1, 308n42, 478, 624, 693, 402: 111 697 Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College Advocates 72.1.37 (Book of the Dean of 669/646: 513n2 Lismore): 254 Cambridge, Magdalene College Pepys 2006: 303n32, 308n42 Geneva, Fondation Martin Bodmer Pepys 2498: 479 Cod. Bodmer 168: 163n25 Cambridge, Trinity College b.14.52: 81n37 Harvard, Houghton Library b.15.18: 337n104 Eng 938: 51 o.3.11: 308n42 Hatﬁeld House o.9.1: 308n42 cp 290: 528 o.9.38 (Glastonbury Miscellany): 326–7, 532 Lincoln Cathedral Library r.3.19: 308n42, 618 91: 509, 697 r.3.20: 59 London, British Library r.3.21: 303n32, 308n42 Additional 16165: 513n2, 526 Cambridge, University Library Additional 17492 (Devonshire MS): 807, Add. 2830: 387, 402–6 808 Add. 3035: 593n16 Additional 22283 (Simeon MS): 91, dd.1.17: 513n2, 515n6, 530 479n61 dd.5.64: 498 Additional 24062: 651 ff.4.42: 186 Additional 24202: 684 ff.6.17: 163n25 Additional 27879 (Percy Folio MS): 692, gg.1.34.2: 303n32 693–4, 702, 704, 708, 710–12, 718 gg.4.31: 513n2, 515n6 Additional 31042: 697 hh.1.5: 403n111 Additional 35287: 513n2, 515n6 ii.1.33: 72n26, 462n29 Additional 37787: 326 ii.2.11: 461n28 Additional 38131: 308n42 ii.6.26: 500n33 Additional 48031A: 308n42 ll.4.14: 513n2, 515n6 Additional 61823: 628n90 Arundel 292: 509–10 Dublin, Trinity College Library Arundel 327: 626 212: 513, 533 Cotton Caligula a.ii: 620, 622n57 244: 683–4 Cotton Caligula a.ix: 32, 33, 81n37, 523: 163n25 84n38, 96–9 f.4.20: 221 Cotton Caligula a.xv: 9

[991]

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992 Index of manuscripts

London, British Library (cont.) London University Library Cotton Claudius b.iv: 462n29 v.88 olim Ilchester: 510, 518, 519, 520 Cotton Cleopatra c.iv: 710n57 London, Wellcome Historical Medical Cotton Cleopatra e.v: 842n64 Library Cotton Nero a.x: 479–80, 495–6 406 (Loscombe Manuscript): 220 Cotton Otho c.i: 461n28 London, Westminster School Cotton Otho c.xiii: 32, 84n48, 99–100 3: 308n42 Cotton Titus d.i: 585n47 Cotton Vespasian A.iii: 88n53, 107n47 Manchester, Chetham’s Library Cotton Vespasian A.xiv: 194 6709: 626 Cotton Vespasian A.xxii: 82n40 8009: 305n38 Cotton Vespasian C.xiv: 82n41 Mostyn, Flintshire, Mostyn Library Cotton Vespasian D.viii: 753, 754–5 259: 90n54 Cotton Vitellius D.xii: 710n57 Egerton 13: 81n37 Oxford, Bodleian Library Egerton 1151: 119 Arch. Selden b.24: 235–7 Egerton 1995: 307–8, 308n42 Ashmole 61: 696n17 Egerton 2515: 163n25 Auct.f.5.6: 383 Egerton 2862 (Trentham MS): 171 Bodley 34: 111 Egerton 2885: 308n42 Bodley 283: 303n32 Harley 565: 710n57 Bodley 343: 462n29 Harley 682: 58 Bodley 441: 461n28 Harley 913: 215–20, 223, 227 Bodley 779: 105, 619 Harley 2250: 480 Bodley 851: 513n2, 518–19, 520, 532 Harley 2253: 30, 91, 120n92, 422–3, 478, Bodley eng.poet.a.1 (Vernon MS): 91, 491n13, 494, 498n30, 509, 586 340, 341, 479n61, 480–1, 513n2, 533, Harley 2277: 619 620, 623, 624 Harley 2382: 626 Digby 23: 36, 154, 154n5 Harley 4011: 305n38 Digby 86: 120n92, 478 Harley 4866: 645 Digby 102: 513n2, 537 Harley 4971: 163 Digby 133: 753, 754, 756 Harley 6149: 231n7 Digby 145: 513n2, 529 Royal 1.a.xiv: 461 Douce 104: 513n2, 535 Royal 3.d.vi: 33 Douce 114: 633 Royal 8.d.xii: 33 Fairfax 14: 467 Royal 8.d.xiii: 29–30 Hatton 12: 469–70 Royal 8.f.ix: 163n25 Hatton 38: 461n28 Royal 12.c.xiii: 163n25 Hatton 115: 462n29 Royal 14.e.iii: 703–4 Junius 121: 853 Royal 15.a.vii: 382–3 Laud 471: 84n47 Royal 15.e.vi: 165, 700, 705 Laud Misc. 99: 335n94 Royal 19.a.ix: 723n15 Laud Misc. 108: 619, 620 London, Burlington House Laud Misc. 509: 462n29 Society of Antiquaries 687: 513n2, 537 Laud Misc. 557: 303n32 London, College of Arms Laud Misc. 581: 513n2, 515n6 Arundel xiv: 54, 163 Laud Misc. 610: 211 Arundel xxvii: 163n26 Laud Misc. 636: 72n25 London, Lambeth Palace Library Rawlinson c.86: 308n42 6: 303n32 Rawlinson Misc. d.913: 163n25 84: 308, 713n63 Oxford, Christ Church College 306: 308n42 145: 472, 474 487: 81n37 Oxford, Jesus College Carew 596: 214–15 29: 32, 33, 81n37, 98n17, 494n23

Index of manuscripts 993

39: 335n94 114: 513n2, 518, 519, 516 111: 195, 206 115: 625 Oxford, Merton College 128: 513, 529 249: 45 137: 513n2, 517, 515n6 Oxford, St John’s College 744: 296 266: 303n32 Ellesmere 26.c.9: 200, 296 Oxford, Trinity College d.57: 620 Valenciennes, Bibliothèques Municipales 150: 9 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale fonds français 1553: 163n25 Washington, DC, Folger Shakespeare fonds français 1669: 163n25 Library fonds français 25458: 58 v.a.354 (Macro MS): 753, 754 n.a.f. 4532: 163n25 Worcester Cathedral Library f.172: 308n42 San Marino, California, Huntington Library f.174: 26 111: 296

Index

Abelard, Peter 114 deathbed 131, 145; Latin learning 130, Aberconwy Abbey 193 131, 135; and national identity 4, 5, 131, Aberdeen 230, 231, 235 145; Passion meditation 545; secular Aberdeen Breviary 253 writings 129, 131 Abingdon Chronicle 38 works: Ancrene Wisse echoes 337; De Abraham and Isaac, Brome 753 Institutibus Inclusarum 144, 336, 338, 339; accessus, manuscript 245; to Liber Catonianus Genealogia Regum Anglorum 131; Life of 381, 382, 383–4 Edward the Confessor 41, 104; Mirror of accretion, development by 102–4, 106, 169 Charity 130, 743n12; Spiritual Friendship acrostics 276 130 actors 750, 756–7, 767, 790 Aislinge Meic Conglinne (Vision of Acts of the Apostles, Middle English glossed MacConglinne) 213 478 Aithbhreac Inghean Corcadail 254 Adam Bell 425 Alan of Lille 136, 369, 384–5; De Planctu Adam of Usk 274–5 Naturae 598, 600, 596, 597; Gower and Adelard of Bath 140 591, 596, 597, 598; Liber Parabolarum 384 Adeliza of Louvain, Queen of England 45, Alban, kingdom of 132–3 261 Alban, Lives of St 38, 105, 328; Lydgate’s 342, administration, see government 343, 625, 628 Adrian IV, Pope (Nicholas Breakspear) 208, Albany, 1st Duke of (Robert Stewart) 233–4, 223, 225 236, 244 adultery 388, 413–14 Albertanus of Brescia 395, 431, 702n34 The Adventures of Arthure at Tarn Wadling 496, Albina and her sisters xviii, 108–9 512, 713 Albion, foundation myths xviii, 108–9 Advice for Eastbound Travellers 615 ales, church or parish 744, 746, 753–4, 756 Ægelric, bishop 125 Alexander III, King of Scots 231 Ælfric, Abbot of Eynsham 466; and Alexander III, Pope 223 Englishing of Bible 461–4; glossing of Alexander, Bishop of Stavensby 393 works 72, 73, 324; Homilies 82, 99n21; Alexander legends: Alexander A, B and C inﬂuence 28, 31, 99n21 alliterative poems 496, 504; romances Aeneas legend, see Virgil (Aeneid) 156, 172, 232, 237, 377, 500, 691; see also Æthelbert, King of Kent 265 The Wars of Alexander Æthelred II, King of England 3 Alfred, King of the English 25–6; Asser’s Life Æthelweard 257, 264 257, 281; Preface to Pastoral Care 19, 20, Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester 260 24–5; translations produced under 8–9, a◊ectivity 148, 545, 546; friars’ 353, 371–2, 14–15 373–4, 533, 546; English language 131, Alfred, Master (Magister Alvredus) 142 145; in Lancastrian literature 657–61; Alfred, Prince; poem on death of 12 mystics and 541, 545 Alice de Condet 45 against 66 allegory: Ancrene Wisse 536; Bale’s attack on Agallamh na Seanórach 211 791, 792; counselling of princes replaced Agincourt, Battle of 710 by 638; Foxe’s reading of Chaucer 848; agricultural workers 315, 432–3, 449, 509, French 535; of monastic visionaries 531; 783–4; see also husbandry moral 633n105; More’s use 807; Piers Ailred, abbot of Rievaulx 5, 129–31; on Plowman 514, 525, 534–6, 537; Roman de la

Index 995

Rose 535; see also drama (allegorical) and development of English 557; Lollard- Allen, Hope Emily 541 interpolated versions 682 alliterative poetry 488–512; allusiveness 479; André (Andreas), Bernard 722, 736, 737, Anglo-Norman 50; Anglo-Saxon 489; 793–4, 805 Auden 481; authority 493–4; biblical and Andrew of Wyntoun 232, 233–4, 329 religious 479, 480, 481; blame and guilt in Aneirin 186, 198, 324; Gododdin 184, 195 511–12; and Brut tradition 506; dating Angela of Foligno 363 495–7; death-poems 496, 506; dialect 502; Angevin courts 41–3, 131, 153 exemplaristic nature 504–8; flexibility of Anglian peoples 229, 231 metre 489–92; flyting 497; 14th-century Anglican church, modern 543 e◊lorescence 325, 485, 488–512; on gesta Anglo-Norman language 5–6, 35–60; 504–8; Henry of Huntingdon and 145; alliterative poetry 50; Angevin court household setting 485–6, 502–4; literature 41–3; aristocracy 146, 154, intertextuality 495, 497–8; Irish 211, 219; 161–2, 327; Arthuriana 42, 194; Brut on justice 511; and Latinitas 486, 500; tradition 53; Celtic legends 38–9, 41, 42; lexical density 493–4, 502; London 485, chronicles 49, 52; conquest and 510–11; long lines 27, 28, 242, 481, 489; accommodation ix, 3, 35–43; court Old Historicist view 488–9, 495, 497, language 5–6, 97, 209, 580; culture, 498, 508–9, 511; and orality 493, 502–3; language of 37, 51–2, 54–6; decline 5, 55; personae 501; phrasal collocations 492–4; dialectal status 47–8, 56–7, 57–8; in and Piers Plowman 325, 498–9, 531, 532–3, education 44, 48, 50, 146; and English 537; ‘reckoning’ in 503–4; regionalism language, see under English; and French of refuted 325, 485, 488, 497, 509–11; France 47–8, 56–7, 57–8; guild records 52, rhyme combined with 27–8, 50, 198, 325, 56; in Hundred Years’ War 52–60; insular 489–92, (see also Laamon); and identity 154; law and justice, language of rhythmical prose 489; in romances 170, 5–6, 43, 44, 48, 49–50, 52, 56, 408; 171–2, 500, 692, 709–12; satire 514, 520, legitimation of Norman rule 39–40; 533; Scottish 497; self-presentation medical language 49; monastic use 71, 500–3; and social disruptions 511; 327, 338; Parliamentary language 48, 49, suppression of alternate voices 503; 52; perseverance 43, 44, 48–52, 58–60; transmission conceals origins 509, 627–8; precocity of literary production 44–8, 12th-century 8, 27, 50, 489–92, 509 (see 153; prestige 36, 46, 47, 48, 49, 65, 149, also Durham; Laamon; Worcester 327–8, 331; religious writing 49, 326, Fragment, First); Welsh bards’ 198; West 457–8; rhyme 50; treatises on 48–9, 56; Midlands tradition 22–6, 31, 325, 509, women’s association with 50, 338; see also 520; from York 509 under Chaucer, Geo◊rey; English alliterative prose 14, 489, 494n21 language; government; Gower, John; Alnwick, William, Bishop of Norwich 686 hagiography; historiography; romance; Amadas et Ydoine 157–8, 159, 163 translation Amadis de Gaule 717–18 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 256, 257; on Domesday Americas 781 Book 124; epitome with Latin glosses 323; Amis and Amiloun 166, 426, 430 irony and pathos 260; poems in 63, 323, Amis e Amilun 158, 159 (see also Rime of King William); post- Amphibalus, St, Lydgate’s Life of 625 Conquest continuation 322–3, 328; amulets, text- 94 translations 261, 328–9; William of anchoresses 110–19, 144, 338 Malmesbury on 264; see also under Anchorite, Book of the 206 Abingdon; Battle Abbey; Peterborough; Ancrene Wisse 5, 81, 110–19, 336, 547; Worcester adaptation for men 118, 479; allegory Anglo-Saxons 37, 43, 130; written culture 536; contexts of production and 122, 322, 454, 457; see also Old English reception 92, 110–19, 120, 336; echoes animals: debates 446, 447–8, 652; fables 47, and influence 337, 339, 532–3; 135, 141, 237–8, 239–40, 382; lower circumstantial model of enquiry 394–5; classes represented as, (by Chaucer)

996 Index

animals (cont.) Aristotle, pseudo-; Secreta Secretorum 225, 447–8, 451, 606, (by Gower) 441, 442, 237, 644 446, 451, 595, 606; sins represented as Armourers’ guild 624n68, 627 359; see also birds Arran, Earl of (James Hamilton) 247, 248, Anne of Bohemia, Queen of England 56, 459, 250 582–3 arrivistes, see new men Annesley, Sir John 429 Arrouaisian monasticism 318, 327 Annot and John 494 artes dictaminis 137–8, 528 Anominalle Chronicle 53, 54, 273–4, 329, 445 artes poeticae 137–8, 232 anonymity of authors 160–1, 168, 514 artes praedicandi 240 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 126, 145, Arthour and Merlin 52, 171, 691, 692 545, 547, 556; Miraculum de conceptione Arthur, Prince of Wales 638, 707, 722, 736, sanctae Mariae 108; Orationes and 794, 797 Meditationes 143, 545; saints’ lives 330 Arthur, Thomas 800, 846 anthologies: assembly of personal printed Arthure at Tarn Wadling, The Adventures of 496, 723, 726; classical ﬂorilegia 135; 15th- 512, 713 century poetry 294, 296, 297, 308n42, Arthuriana xx; Anglo-Norman 42, 194; 724; see also Bekynton anthology; The archetype for orders of knighthood 701; Court of Venus; Rochester Anthology; Shirley, Caxton’s history of Arthur 696; Geo◊rey John of Monmouth 42, 101, 132, 133, 267; anti-mendicant writings, see under friars Higden and Trevisa disagree on Antiphon of St Thomas 78 historicity 278; Lancelot ﬁghting for antiquarianism 153, 175; Old English 10, 31, Guinevere 429–30; Laamon 104, 171; 324, 325, 461, 849, (Laamon) 31, 85, 98, Leland on 278; monarchs’ exploitation 100, 325, (Tudor) 5, 283, 461, 477, 849, 42, 133, 161, 638, 707; romances 154, (see also under Bale, John), (Worcester) 171–2, 176, 713, (Anglo-Norman dearth) 22–6, 31, 71, 99, 325, 509, 520, 532 157, 158, 161, 164, (continental French) The Anturs of Arther 426, 427 163, 691, (late) 496, 638, 692, 697, Antwerp, printing in 639, 828–9 709–10, 713–15, (Latin quasi-, The Rise of Apocalypse and apocalyptics: ‘Apocalypsis Gawain) 133–4, (see also Malory, Sir Goliae’ 531, 538; English version of Thomas; Mort Arthur, stanzaic); Welsh biblical 478, 479; Piers Plowman 522, 530, 180, 184, 188, 190, 191, 194; see also 533 individual legends, poems and romances and Apollonius 174 Malory, Sir Thomas apparatus of books 723, 731, 841, 842, 843; Articles, Six 849 see also glossing; marginalia; rubrication artisans 285, 293, 300, 303 apprentices 287n6, 295, 298 Artois 36, 47 Aquinas, Thomas, St 411, 432, 447 Arts and Crafts movement 720 Arabic learning 132, 140 Arundel, Isabel, Countess of 50 Arbroath, Declaration of 233 Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury architecture: Henry VII’s use 793; Old 562, 668, 683; and Bible translations English imagery of 10, 16–17, 30, 34 582–3, 676, 678; Constitutions xx, 454, archival tendencies 40, 321, 339–40, 348 459, 481–2, 486–7, 561–2, 676–8; and Areley (Kings), Worcestershire 31, 94 Lollards 673–8 Aretino, Pietro 808, 809–10 Ascensius, Jodocus Badius 245–6 Ariosto, Ludovico; Orlando furioso 718 Ascham, Roger 718 aristocracy: Anglo-Norman 146, 154, 161–2, Askew, Anne 849–50 327; Anglo-Saxon at Scottish court 130; Asloan Manuscript 252 book ownership 54, 156, 164, 303, 326; Asser; Life of King Alfred 257, 281 education 141, 602; Latin speaking 122; assizes, travelling royal 423 patronage 161–2, 327, 342, 583, 637, 699, Aston, John 286n4, 664, 667 727; women’s education 378, 380 astrolabe, treatises on 41; see also under Aristotelianism, Christian 432, 447 Chaucer

Index 997

astrology 578, 583 Badby, John 645, 646 Athelston 167, 170, 172, 426–7 Baker, Malcolm 18–19 atonement, doctrine of 556 Bale, John 370, 788; on allegory 791, 792; Auchinleck Manuscript 91, 167, 170–1, and Anne Askew 849, 850; 308n42, 478, 624, 693, 697 antiquarianism and bibliography 283, Auctores Octo 384, 403 513, 786, 847, 849; on Chaucer 786; Audelay, John 496, 537 Illustrium Maioris Britanniae Scriptorum Auden, W. H. 481 Summarium 847; King Johan 789–90, 791; audience see contexts of production and on Stephen Hawes 795; Protestant drama reception and under individual authors and 789–91 works Ball, John 291, 436, 437, 438, 439, 524 Audley, John 344 ballads: Chaucer’s 724, 727; The Dun Cow Audrey (Etheldreda), Abbess of Ely; Lives 167; Gaelic heroic 254; and romances 345, (Marie of Ely’s) 38, 46, 109, 110, 119, 692–3, 704, 706–7, 707–8, 709–12 328, 338 Balliol, John 231 Auerbach, Erich 174 Ballymore, Book of 211 Augustine, Rule of St 318, 335, 336 Bannatyne Manuscript 252 Augustine of Canterbury, St 105 Bannockburn, Battle of 232 Augustine of Hippo, St 350, 555, 741–2; De Barbour, John; Bruce 232–3, 616 Civitate Dei 366, 578; Lives 342, 368, 627 Barclay, Alexander 321, 344–5, 345–6; Augustinian canons 318, 400 Eclogues 794–5; Ship of Fools 345; translates Augustinian friars 349, 350; and literature Sallust 805 328, 329, 360, 369; in Scotland 230, 329; bardd teulu (Welsh ‘poet of the warband’) in Wales 322, 324 196, 199 authority: of Bible 457, 458, 459, 461, 473, bardic poetry, Scots Gaelic 253 482; Caxton and vernacular 737–8; bards, see under Ireland; Scotland; Wales classical 735–7, 740; clerical and secular Barlowe, Jerome; ‘Rede me and be nott 533, 583, 762–3; English vernacular 44, wrothe’ 800, 828, 829, 830n24, 831 285, 296–7, 298–300, 495, 583, 825, Barnes, Robert 688, 829, 832 (Bible translation enhances) 457, 458, Baron, John, of Amersham 676 (Caxton and) 723, 735–7, 737–8; of barons’ relations with king 146, 154 guilds’ o√cial books 296; of Latin 457, Bartholomaeus Anglicus 501, 721 458; of literary tradition 343, 493–4, Barton, John 56 654–5; Lydgate and 321, 343, 654–5; Basingwerk Abbey 324 oral/written, Reformation debate over Bath, Order of the 701, 702 836–8; political, (Gower on moral self- Batman, Stephen 461 governance and) 590–1, 594, 597, 604, battle, incitement to (brosnachadh catcha) (Londoners’ respect for established) 295, 253–4 (religious drama on) 762–3; see also battle, trial by 412, 426, 427–30 laureate status Battle Abbey; Chronicle 257–8 authorship: acrostics used to indicate 276; Battle of Brunanburh 63 anonymity of authors 160–1, 168, 514; Baudri of Bourgeuil 136, 145, 264 Caxton and vernacular 723, 737–8; Baxter, Margery, of Martham xviii, 686 collaborative, Book of Margery Kempe Bayeux Tapestry 124 629–30, 631, 633; letters 611–12; London Beati qui Esuriunt 418 civic writing 285, 291; Piers Plowman, Beaton, Cardinal David 248 sense of 523, 525, 533; see also under Beauchamp, Guy, Earl of Warwick 165, 326 historiography; Piers Plowman; women Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick 705–6 Avignon papacy 226–7, 238, 514–15, 579 Beauchamp Pageants 616, 705–6 awdl (Welsh metre) 196, 204 Beaufort, Lady Margaret 698, 707, 797–8 Beauvale monastery 348 Bacon, Roger 352 Becket, Thomas, St 135, 136, 839; Lives 42, Baconthorpe, John 352 129, 133, 628

998 Index

Bede 11, 64, 324; Historia Ecclesiastica 256, Bevis of Hamtoun romances: French 43, 54, 257; inﬂuence 11, 265, 268; translation 156–7, 159, 165; English 166, 169, 170; into Old English 256; Vita prosaica of longevity 691, 717, 718 Cuthbert 19 Bibbesworth, Walter 44, 48–9 Bedford, Duke of (John of Lancaster) 640, Bible: authority 457, 458, 459, 461, 473, 482; 652, 660 and body of Christ 456, 482; canonicity Bedford Psalter-Hours 609 459; Church control of interpretation Beguines 546 314, 639, 695, 840, 841, 842; literalist behaviour manuals, see conduct codes; approach 456, 835, 837; mediation courtesy literature through 456, 787; and memory 468–9; Bekynton anthology 148, 150 pocket-book 456; politicization 844–5; Belﬂour, Roger 423 reading practices 824, 840, 842; Vulgate Bellenden, John 235 456, 457, 458, 473; see also Bible Bellers, Roger 422 translations; biblical literature; biblical Bellin, George 751 paraphrase Benedeit; Voyage of St Brendan 38–9, 45, 47, Bible translations 454–82; Ælfric and 461–4; 57 Anglo-Norman 45; Arundel’s regulation Benedict, Rule of St 316, 318–19, 455; 676, 678; authority 457, 458, 459, 460, translations 324, 332, 335, 338; for 461, 473; Anglo-Saxon 454; attitudes women 332, 338 towards 314, 457, (Chaucer’s era) 581, Benedictine order: continuity 322; end of 582, 583; audience 468; bans on 298, 454, expansion 331; exegesis 456; and friars 676; control of lay reading 314, 639, 695, 315, 370; general chapters 316, 327; 840, 841, 842; Coverdale 469, 825, 826, hagiography 328; historiography 260, 829; Cranmer’s Great Bible (1539) 454, 269, 272; language use 327; literary 458, 824, 825–6, 839–41; Cursor Mundi culture 318–19, 326, 329; Old English and 466–8; and ecclesiology 459, 482; and antiquarianism 324, 461; and Oxford English language 824–5, 844; Erasmus University 331; reforms 315, 317; in 801; Geneva 476; Gospel Books 455, 477, Scotland 322; sermon collections 360; 478; John of Gaunt defends 582, 583; study of mysticism 541; in Wales 322; and King James (1611) 458–9, 474; levels of Wycli√te controversies 343 interpretation 470, 472, 476–82; and Benedictus, prose commentary on 478 liturgy 456, 474, 475–6; Lollards and 499, Beneit (hagiographer) 328 682, 695, (see also under Wyclif, John); Benoît de Sainte-Maure 261, 655; Chronique Mathew’s 469, 839, 841; and memory des ducs de Normandie 43; Roman de Troie 455, 468–9, 474; More’s attitude to 840; 42, 172, 602 Orrm and 464–6, 467, 474; Pearl-poet Beowulf 13 315; prologues and prefaces 461–76, Bereford, Chief Justice 414 847–8; representation and the sacred Berkeley, Sir Thomas 499–500, 583 476–82; Richard III and 699–700; Scots Bernard of Chartres 388–9 vernacular 248, 250; single-volume or Bernard of Clairvaux, St 371, 373, 530, separate books 455–6, 457, 474; texts 545–5, 549, 555 used as basis 461, 473; unorthodox views Bernard Silvestris 136, 150 associated with 459; vernacular Bernart de Ventadorn 41 renditions of biblical history lessen Berners, 2nd Baron (John Bourchier) 700, demand for 466–8, 480, 747; women’s use 708–9, 716–17, 811 471–2, 478; see also New Testament; Old Béroul 414, 426 Testament; Tyndale, William; Wyclif, Bersuire, Pierre 578 John Berthelet, Thomas 845 biblical literature: alliterative poetry 479, Beryn, Tale of 584 480, 481; Anglo-Norman 457–8; bestiaries 45, 81, 113, 323, 494, 510 commentaries 141, 476–82; concordances Betanson, Thomas 614 354, 536; Langland’s use 499; preachers’ Betson, Thomas 614 aids 353, 360–1, 456, 470, 481;

Index 999

translation/paraphrase/commentary Boeve de Haumtone 43, 156–7, 159 continuum 476–82; see also exegesis Bohemia 675 biblical paraphrase 457, 470, 472, 476–82; Bohun, Humphrey de (Earl of Hereford) 55 Ælfric 463; Anglo-Saxon 454; poetic xix, Boiardo, Matteo Maria 718 350; Richard III owns 699; Tudor 808–9, Bokenham, Osbern 117, 626, 729n30 816–17 Bonaventura, St 352, 360 Bilney, Thomas 800, 846 Bonaventura, Pseudo, Meditationes Vitae biography 487; see also hagiography; lives, Christi 371, 373, 478, 625, 632; see also Middle English Johannes de Caulibus A Bird in Bishopswood 510 Bonner, Edmund 808, 809, 849 birds 210, 238, 248, 423, 442; debate genre Book of Curtesye (Caxton) 724, 725–6, 727, 76, 572, 671, (see also Chaucer (Parliament 728 of Fowls); The Owl and the Nightingale) book ownership: artisans 303; Bible in Bisset, Baldred 233 English 582–3, 830; for display 303; Black Book of Carmarthen 324 gentry 302, 398, 692, 724; Latin books Black Death 432–3, 485 142–3; Richard III 699–700; romances Blackfriars Council (1382) 522, 664, 667 163–4, 302, 303, 703–4; and social self- Black Prince 53–4, 343, 596, 716 fashioning 724; Walter de Bruge 528; The Blacksmiths 496, 510 women’s 529, 582–3, 703–4; see also under Blacman, John 618 aristocracy; Lollardy; merchants; Blades, William 720 religious writings Blancardin et l’Orgueilleuse d’Amor 707 book production: 15th-century Blanchardin and Eglantine 696, 698, 699, 704, intensification 486–7; friars 351–2; 707 heretical 668, 675, 687–8, 827, 828–9, Blancheflour et Florence 50 831, 841, 845–6; London trade 285, 294, blank verse, first English 818–19 296, 308–9, 510–11, 583, 608n42; Bleddyn Fardd 200 monastic 9, 71, 260, 314–15, 320n30, 324, Blissed, Thomas (Lollard) 686–7 335–9; see also printing and under Low Blomefeld, Myles 754 Countries; Oxford On Blood-letting 220 books, heretical: burning 828, 829–30, 832, boasting 31, 32, 200 849; Continental production of English Boccaccio, Giovanni: and Chaucer 576, 579, 828–9, 831, 841; lists of proscribed 586; and friars 365; Laurent de 831–2; Lollard ownership 668, 675, 677, Premierfait’s French version of De Casibus 686–7; printing 639, 687–8, 721, 827, 652, 655; and Lydgate 655; non-fictional 828–9, 831, 841, 845–6; transmission 827, writing 577 828, 830–1; see also censorship works: De Casibus Virorum Illustrium Books of Hours 119, 143–4, 151, 468, 469 617; De Claris Mulieribus 619; Decameron Bordesley Abbey 165, 326, 340 579, 586; Filocolo 571; Filostrato 570–1, Bosworth, Battle of 711–12, 794 576; Genealogia Deorum Gentilium 246, Bosworth Field 711–12 577; De Montibus 577; Teseida 576, 579 Bottone, Bernardo 743 Bocking, Essex 433, 437 Bourchier, John, see Berners Bodel, Jean 172n70 bourgeoisie 351, 724; see also merchants Bodley Homilies 82, 83 Bower, Walter, Abbot of Inchcolm 234, 235, body 83–4, 251; ‘body and soul’ literature 236, 329 26–7, 30; codes of conduct and 304, 336 boys 140, 151, 623, 748; boy bishop Boece, Hector 235, 714–15 ceremonies 743, 756; school drama 639, Boethius, De Consolatione Philosophiae: 778–81, 792; see also education; schools educational use 389; friars read 369; The Bozon, Nicolas 51, 365 Kingis Quair and 236; translations 11, Bracton, Henry de 146–7 14–15, 45, 344, 576; Trevet’s commentary Bradshaw, Henry 321, 345–7, 628 366–7; vision of universe 596–7, 604; see Bradsole, abbey of St Radegund 326 also under Chaucer, Geo◊rey; Gower, John Brant, Sebastian; Narrenschi◊ 345

1000 Index

Braybrooke, Northants; possible Lollard burnings, see under books, heretical; heresy scriptorium 675 Burton, John (London mercer) 610–11, 623 Breakspear, Nicholas, see Adrian IV, Pope Burton, Thomas 329 Brehon Laws 227 Bury St Edmunds 640, 651, 754 Brembre, Nicholas 287, 288, 290–1 But, John 515n7, 516, 518, 520 Brendan, Voyage of St, see Benedeit Butler, Cuthbert 540 Brereton family of Cheshire 708 Butler, Sir Edmund (Émann mac Risded Breton lays see lais, Breton Buitler) 211 Brewers Guild 58, 296 Butler, James, 4th Earl of Ormond 225 brewing, women and 306, 308 Brian of Lingen 336 Cade, Jack 300 Bridget, St 472, 560, 628, 629, 632 Cadfan, St 197 Bridgettine order 318, 331, 335; see also Syon Cadwaladr 184 Bridlington 329 Caedmon 480 Brinklow, Henry 844 Calisto and Melebea 781–2 Brinton, Thomas 573 Cambridge: development of university 331, Bristow, Mother (Lollard) 686 379; drama 778–9; friars 331, 369, 374; Britain, concept of: Geo◊rey of Monmouth’s Gild of St Katherine 623; graduates 132–3; Surrey’s 817–18, 819–20; Welsh licensed to preach 841–2; heretical poets’ 179, 184, 189; see also Brut literature 827, 828, 829–30, 831; King’s tradition; Troy legends College Chapel 793; Lutheranism 800, Brittany 36, 230 829–30; Queens’ College 779; Skelton as broadsides, Lollard 571, 667, 671, 672–3, laureate 797; town–gown hostilities 586; 674, 680 trial for insurrection (1381) 436–7; see also Brome; Abraham and Isaac 753 Index of Manuscripts Bromsgrove 417 Cambridge History of the British Empire x Bromyard, John; Summa Predicantium 361, Cambridge History of English Literature xii–xiv 744 Cambro-Normans 193–4 Brooks, Cleanth xviii canon law 408, 742 brosnachadh catcha 253–4 canons, literary 722, 723, 724–5, 727–30, Bruges 721, 731 735–6; see also laureate status Brunanburh, Battle of 63, 271 Canonsleigh (Mynchenlegh) 118 Brunton, Thomas 343 Canterbury: Christ Church priory 38, 126, Brut tradition 42, 51, 53, 133, 171; alliterative 280, 324, 331; Franciscans 355; Margery poetry and 506; Brut of England 51; Brut T Kempe in 631; monastic scriptoria 9, 126; Tywysogyon 329; Geo◊rey of Monmouth St Augustine’s Abbey 280, 323 and 132, 180, 266, 267, 331; Higden and Cantor, Peter 527–8 180, 233; on origin of London 298; prose cantref (Welsh administrative unit) 182, 183, Brut 273, 279, 713; see also Laamon; Wace 189, 190 Bryan, Sir Francis 794, 811–12, 813 Capgrave, John 368, 615, 626–7, 628 Bryce, Hugh 303 Capistrano, Giovanni da 712 Buitler, Émann mac Risded 211 capitalism 286, 313 Bukton, Peter 575 Capystranus 712 Bullinger, Heinrich 831 Caradog of Llancarfan 194 bulls, papal: forged 128; Laudabiliter 208, Careles, John (Protestant, of Coventry) 764 223; Quo elongati 351–2 Carlyle, Thomas 317 Bunyan, John; Pilgrim’s Progress 691, 791 Carmarthen, Black Book of 324 bureaucracy 137–40 Carmeliano, Pietro 707, 722, 736, 737 Burgh, Benedict; Cato’s Distichs 724, 727 Carmelite order 349, 350, 369, 374 burghs, Scots royal 230, 231 carnival 748 Burgundy 642, 656, 660, 701, 721 Carpenter, John 200, 294–5, 297, 299 burlesque 494, 496, 497 Carthusian order 317–18, 319, 327, 331, 337, Burley, Simon 54, 165 348; see also Mount Grace; Sheen

Index 1001

cartularies 257, 280 624, 627; Gower’s Confessio Amantis 721, case structure 8 723, 728–30; History of Jason 703; The Cashel, Synod of (1172) 223 Knight of the Tower 306; Lefèvre, (Histoire The Castle of Perseverance 753, 763, 767, 768, de Jason) 701, (Recuyell des histoires de Troie) 769–70, 772; performance 755–6, 757 303n32, 721, 734–5; Life of St Winifred castles 182, 200, 230; symbolism in Old 628; Lydgate’s works 721, 723, 724, 727, English 16, 30 728, 730; Malory’s Morte Darthur 638, casuistries 391, 398 696, 706, 715, 717, 721, 730–1; Mirroure of catalogues, Lollard 680–1, 685 the Worlde 303n32; Paris and Vienne 699, cathedral schools 376, 378, 379 704; Trevisa’s work 721 Catherine of Siena, St 363, 560, 629 Cecily of York 703 Cato; Distichs (Caxton) 304, 724, 727 Celano, Thomas of 362 Cattle-raid of Cooley 212 Celtic languages and culture 36, 65, 66, 153, cautio (deed of promise) 134 173; ‘Common Celtic’ legal terminology Cavendish, George 617, 618, 776, 777–8, 186; and Latin 132–3, 145; legends in 810–11 Anglo-Norman literature 38–9, 41, 42 Cavendish, Sir John 416, 435, 436 Cely, George 613 Caxton, William 720–38; anthologies Cely, William 614 assembled by customers 723, 726; censorship of books 826, 832, 840–4; Act of audience 722, 724, 726, 727, 737; and 1543 843, 846–7; of apparatus 841, 842, authority of vernacular 723, 737–8; and 843; Edward VI relaxes 850; impact of canon of authors 722, 723, 724–5, 727–30, printing 827, 828, 830–1; Lollard texts 735–6; chronology of publications 722; 294; printing regulations 843; see also closure of texts 730; compilatio 723, 726–7, books, heretical 728–9, 731; courtesy literature 696, 699, centralization, governmental 497, 775, 793, 724, 725–6, 727; devotional works 723, 797 724; didactic manuals 723; Douglas’s cerddor (Welsh ‘minstrel’) 199 ﬂyting with 246–7; French language Ceredigion, invasion of 192 printing 721; and humanism 722, 731–4; ceremonial: civic 297, 301–2, 641; court 504; and laureation 722, 735–6; learned Welsh bardic style 198 apparatus 723, 731; life 302, 720–1, 731, Champain, Cecily 672 735; and linguistic change 734, 735; 19th- Chancery, court of 408, 416, 420 century scholarship on 720; ordinatio Chandos Herald; Vie du Prince Noir 53–4, 273 729–31; patronage 637, 722, 727; change: linguistic 5, 9, 11, 734, 735, (early prologues and epilogues 726, 727; Middle English) 62–3, 66, 67; see also romances 699, 704, (see also individual titles social change below); on Skelton 797; as textual critic chansons de geste 153, 154, 165, 172; Welsh 722, 732–8; tract volumes 726; typefaces translations 187, 190 722, 723, 732; volume owned by George I chapbook, Guy of Warwick as 704 726–7; women readers and patrons 704; Chardri 98 woodcut illustrations 723 Charlemagne legends: Caxton’s Charles the printed books: Blanchardin and Great 696, 729n29; early romances 35, Eglantine 696, 699, 704, 707; Book of 154, 165, 169; late romances 698, 709, Curtesye 724, 725–6, 727, 728; Brut of 712, 713, 718; Welsh versions 190–1 England 51; Caton 304, 724, 727; Charles Charles V, King of France 454, 486, 577–9, the Great 696, 729n29; Chartier’s The 579–80 Curial 794; Chaucer 721, 722, 723, 724–5, Charles, Duke of Burgundy 614 727, (Boece) 723, 724, 726, 731–2, Charles the Great (Caxton) 696, 729n29 (Canterbury Tales) 724–5, 726, 727–8, Charles d’Orléans 58–9 732–4, (House of Fame) 726, 728, 730, charters 68–9, 134, 257; in compilations 295; (Troilus and Criseyde) 728, 729–30; Eneydos guild pride in 303–4; Latin 63, 132; Old 721, 734–8; The Game of Chess 721; Godfrey English terms 125, 132; spurious 128–9, of Boloyne 303n32, 703, 737; Golden Legend 257, 260

1002 Index

Chartier, Alain 794 847; ‘pratique’ xix, 576; printing 845–9, Chartula (De Contemptu Mundi) 384–5 (see also Caxton above and Thynne below); The Chastening of God’s Children 560, 561 prose, non-fictional 577; pseudo- Chaucer, Geo◊rey: absent and marginalized Chaucerian pieces in Bannatyne MS 252; themes 444–5; Anglo-Norman works 55; Radcli◊e bases Protestant plays on 789; audience 568–9, 570, 571–5; ballads 724, range of styles and genres 566; realism 727; and Boccaccio 571, 576, 579, 586; 351; and Richard II 567, 569, 570, 573; and Boethius 572, 576, 606–7, (see also and romance 164, 173, 175, 693; satire Boece below); bourgeois and realistic 586; scientific writing 569, 577, 584; self- qualities 351; Bradshaw on 345–6; and presentation 648; sexual innuendo 585; as Breton lais 175, 176; career 291, 567, squire 567–70; subjectivity 569; Surrey 568–9; Caxton’s editions 721, 722, 723, echoes 814–15; Thynne’s edition 252, 724–5, 727; Cecily Champain’s charge of 639, 786, 845, 846, 849; tomb 731–2; raptus 672; on ‘commune profyt’ 445, translation 486, 499, 567, 576–7, 579, 580, 446–7; as conduct literature 304; 581–4; transmission 296, 510, 575, 584, contemporary issues in 584–7; counselling 587, 724, (heterodox works attached to) of princes 638, 657; and courtly tradition 584, 845–9; versification 691; vox populi 569–70; Dante’s influence 579; death xx, 444–51; Walton influenced by 344; and 587; and demandes d’amour 570–1; women 109, 584–5, 622, 703; Wyatt Deschamps’ poem to xix, 566–8, 575–6, influenced by 809–10, 821; and Wyclif 578, 672; diplomatic missions 567, 579; 574–5 and documentary culture 293; domestic canterbury tales: antagonisms life 569; Dunbar praises 244; education between pairs of story-tellers 586; and 164; and Edward III 567; English Arundel’s Constitutions 676; and Boethian language 52, 55–6, 577–85, 587–8, 725–6, tradition 607; Caxton’s editions 724–5, (self-conscious use) 56, 580, 581–3, 584; 726, 727–8, 732–4; on court life 794; exempla 315, 617–18; 15th-/16th-century fragment 1 450; hagiography 622, 623–4, reading of 587, 725–6, 786, 796, 807, 821, 626; later supplementation by others 426, 845–9, (in anthologies) 296, 308n42, 724, 584, 845–6, 847, 849; Latin in 148, 150–1; (and regulation) 676, 843, 845, (Tudor manuscripts 200, 296, 335; penitential poets echo) 809–10, 814–15, 821; French discourse 398–9, 585–6; reading influence on 55, 351, 577–81; and friars environment 91; romance tradition 175; 349, 365, 367, 374, 375; Froissart’s structure 604; translation 576, 579, 584; influence 55, 577; ‘gentil’/‘cherl’ transmission 575, 587, 724–5; Clerk’s Tale polarization 448, 449–50; on governance 576, 579, 624; Cook’s Tale 297, 584; 579; and Gower 442, 450, 574, 581, 590, Franklin’s Prologue 152; Franklin’s Tale 151, 606–7, 729; hagiography 622, 623–4, 626; 175, 176, 571; Tale of Gamelyn, inserted and Heywood 786, 788; and Hoccleve into 426, 584; Knight’s Tale 109, 150, 571, 341, 643, 645, 648, 650; and humanism 572, 576, 602, 607, 693; Man of Law’s 449, 486, 580; ironic tone 430–1, 566, 572; Prologue 606; Man of Law’s Tale 51, 175, Italian influence on 351, 486, 578–9, 580; 262, 430–1, 624; Manciple’s Tale 607; Tale The Kingis Quair and 236; Latinitas 148, of Melibee, 576, 604, 702; Merchant’s Tale 150–1, 486, 576; laureate status 672, 726, 151; Miller’s Tale 586; Monk’s Tale 617, 736; and Lollardy 567, 572, 573–5, 585–6, 618; Nun’s Priest’s Tale 106, 450–1, 606; 672, 846, 847; Lydgate and 340–1, 654–5, Pardoner’s Tale 585; Parson’s Tale 150–1, 658; lyric poems 569; and Machaut 55, 398–9, 448–9, 585–6, 604; Plowman’s Tale 577; manuscripts 150, 151, 200, 296, 335, inserted into 845–6, 847, 849; Prioress’s 527, 575, 587; and merchants 568, 586–7; Prologue 151; Prioress’s Tale 151, 380, 622, narrative strategies 566, 572; in 623–4, 626; Prologue 375, 417–18, 449; Parliament 446; patronage 58, 570, 575, Reeve’s Tale 151; Second Nun’s Prologue 587; on Peasants’ Revolt 447–8, 450–1, 151, 581; Second Nun’s Tale 585, 622, 623, 606, 586; persona of political disinterest 624, 626; Sir Thopas 170, 693, 703; Squire’s 291, 293, 449, 585; The Pilgrim’s Tale uses Tale 175; Summoner’s Tale 368, 370, 374,

Index 1003

375; Wife of Bath’s Prologue 585; Wife of Christ: ‘bobbing of ’, in ludi 745, 748, 749; Bath’s Tale 104, 151, 175, 570, 586, 607, body, in devotional literature 107, 114; 650, 782 Lives of 335, 371, 478, 480; suckles other works: ABC 576; Anelida and Saracens and Jews 485, 521; su◊ering 218, Arcite 581, 724, 727; Boece 367, 499, 576, 545 (Caxton’s edition) 723, 724, 726, 731–2, Christ Church Cathedral priory 322, 323, (vernacularizing of Latin texts) 499; Book 328–9 of the Duchess 55, 56, 569, 577, 580, Christina of Markyate 109, 531 814–15; Complaint to his Purse 587, 727; Christine de Pisan 120, 571, 578, 579, 643; Complaint of Venus 581; Envoy to Bukton Moral Proverbs 724; The Treasure of the City 575; Envoy to Scogan 727; Equatorie of the of Ladies 702; treatise on military and Planets 577, 584; Fortune 727; House of chivalric matters 700 Fame 244, 291, 569–70, 585, 726, 728, Chronicle of the Princes 193 730; Lack of Steadfastness 573, 646; Legend chronicles 255–6, 260; Anglo-Norman 49, of Good Women 56, 570, 573, 619, 52; Angevin verse 42; demise 348; (inﬂuence) 672, 693, (translatio studii) 576, Hiberno-Irish verse 214–15; and 581; Parliament of Fowls 445–51, 570, 572, Langland 531; lives based on 616; 607, 724, 727; Retraction 334, 346; Middle English 328, 330; monastic Romaunt of the Rose 576, 847; Sayings of 180–1, 260, 280–1, 322–3, (see also Chaucer (Caxton’s collection of verses) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Anominalle 727; Treatise on the Astrolabe 486, 576, 577, Chronicle); multilingualism 328–9; 582–3, 584; Troilus and Criseyde 367–8, Norman Conquest in 39–40; 570, 596, 622, 693, 713–14, (dedication) Northumbrian pre-Conquest 256; Old 451, 574, (Henryson’s critical rewriting) English 322, 330; on Peasants’ Revolt 240–1, (reception) 570, (self-conscious 434–6, 438, 442; and romance 154, 713; use of English) 581, (sources) 41, 571, urban 181, 278–9, 294, 296, 710; verse 576, 607; Truth 572–3, 727 passages in prose 12, 710, (see also Rime Chaucer, Thomas 587 of King William); see also individual Chenu, M. 542 authors and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Chepman, Walter 252–3 Anominalle Chronicle Chertsey Tiles 164 Church: break with Rome 282, 639, 806, Chester Abbey 335 839, 840, 847; Conquest’s e◊ect on Chester cycle plays 746, 747–8, 760, 761, insular 37–8, 122, 129, 260, 464; and 764, 765; Late Banns 761; performances drama, (and lay religious productions) 748, 749–50, 751; structure of plays 750; 637, 741, 746–7, 747–8, 759, 763–6, texts 750, 751–2 772–3, 787, 792, (liturgical Chester the Herald 59 representationes) 739, 740, 741, 748, (and ‘Chevalere Assigne’ 492 ludi) 742–3, 744–5; education of laity 376, Cheyne, Sir John 673 377, 390–1, 397; endowment controversy Cheyne, William 287 530, 662, 663, 674, 689; and Chichele, Robert 200 historiography 104–6, 255, 272; Child Horn 693 importance to literary culture 313–15; lay The Child of Bristow 626 power develops 361–2, 551, 583, 741, children 315; see also boys; education 759, 763–6; landholdings 36; Latinitas chivalry: biographies 487; Chaucer on 596; 125–8, 147, 153, 183, 314, 458, 460–1; Christine de Pisan’s treatise 700; and civic mediation 781–2, 836, (rejection of ) government 301; in drama 762; elite ethos 671–2, 772–3; patronage of literature 202; 433; Gower’s criticism 601–2; handbooks popular criticism 314, 452–3; and Tudor of 237, 699–700; romance and 433, 690, legitimation 637; see also Bible; clergy; 699–702 heresy; laity; monasticism; papacy; Chrétien de Troyes 5, 42, 163, 426; Protestantism; Reformation; and under Arthuriana 159, 163, 164, 171, 190; roman Ireland; Wales courtois 154 Cibus Anime 556

1004 Index

Cicero, M. Tullius (Tully, Tulle) 243, 326; De The Clergy May Not Hold Property 688 Amicitia 130; De Inventione on Clerk, John; Destruction of Troy 494, 503n41, circumstances 386, 387; influence 130, 504 135, 136; Poliziano’s edition 733–4; Clerk Saunders, ballad of 413 translations 615, 735 ‘Of Clerkis Possessioneris’ (Lollard tract) 679 Cilium Oculi 396–7 clerks 290–1, 611–12; alliterative poets circumstances (attributes of persons and of 485–6, 503–4; parish 287 actions) 386–8, 393–5, 402 Cli◊ord, Sir Lewis 570, 571, 669, 670, 671–2, Cistercian order 317, 318, 327, 331; books 673; Chaucer and 567, 672 326, 328, 329, 360; in Scotland 230, 322, Close, Richard 305 329; in Wales 193, 322, 324, 329 Close Roll 146 civic writing, see London cloth trade 300 Clamanges, Nicolas de 578 clothing 495, 644, 647, 678–9 Clanvowe, Sir John 573–4, 670, 671, 672, The Cloud of Unknowing 337, 539, 552–5, 559; 673; The Boke of Cupid 571–2, 671, 672, audience 556, 557, 561; author’s Book of 673; The Two Ways 571–2, 575, 671 Privy Counsel 554, 557; author’s Clarence, Lionel, Duke of 213 translation of pseudo-Dionysius 553; Clare of Assisi, St 546 evaluation of mystical experience 541; Clariodus 693, 699 Hilton and 552, 555–6; use of vernacular classical authority, appeals to 735–7, 740 485, 552–3, 553–4 classroom practice 220, 313, 388–9, 401 Cluniac monasticism 317, 319, 322, 327 classroom texts 141–2, 146, 376–406; Clym of the Clough 425 Cambridge UL MS Add.2830 402–4; Clyn, John 226 circumstances in 386–8; and confessional Cnut, king of England, Denmark and texts 376, 391, 401, 404, 405–6; in Norway 3, 9, 69n20 English 389; Liber Catonianus 380–5; Cnut’s Song 78 narrative exemplification 396 Cobham, Lord see Oldcastle, Sir John Claudian; De Raptu Proserpine 382, 383 Cokaygne, The Land of 81, 213, 216–17 clausau 185, 186, 192–3 Colchester heresy trials 827 Claydon, John (Lollard) 287, 298, 677 Coleman; Life of Wulfstan 71 Cleanness xix, 479–80, 505 Colet, John 801, 849 Clemence of Barking 46, 328, 338 collections, literary see compilations; Clere, Thomas; Surrey’s elegy on 818 libraries clergy: and Bible translation 840–1; celibacy Cologne 639, 721, 731, 828 122, 129; Chaucer’s satirical treatment colonization 822, 825; of Ireland 208–9, 211, 585; confession gives power 392–3, 400, 214, 221; of Wales 200 406; diplomacy 663; and drama 742–3, Colyns, John (London mercer) 696 744–5, 746–7, 759, 763–6; education of Comestor, Peter 467, 477, 480 376, 378; historiographers 272; commemorative culture 122–3, 125, 127, homosocial/homosexual bonds 130; 138–9 instructional literature for 353, 360–1, Common Pleas, court of 409–10, 416, 417 391, 456, 470, 481, 548, 747; in Ireland commonplace books 326–7, 361 209; labour legislation 437; language use communal ideal 439, 445, 446–7, 684 44, 122, 583; and lay authority 583, 746–7, compilatio, long poems as works of 728–9 759, 763–6; Langland’s identification compilations, literary xx; assembled by with 532; lower, (alignment with peasant owner 307–8, 723, 726; audience’s tastes unrest) xviii, 437, (participate in ludi) 91, 97–8; from Bordesley Abbey 340; 742–3, 744–5; Norman 37–8, 122, 260; Caxton’s 723, 726–7, 728–9, 731; civic and Peasants’ Revolt xviii, 437; regular material 295, 297; devotional 143; early and secular 349; unbeneficed 437, 528, 15th-century 296, 486–7; early Middle 533–4, 537; Welsh poets 191–2, 200; English 91; Irish 211, 215–20, 227; of Wyclif ’s protests against 286; see also letters 138; monastic 326; of romances Church; friars; monasticism; sermons 169, 175; romance and religious works

Index 1005

mixed 620, 696–7; Scottish 235–7, 252; Continent: education 136, 230, 379, 731; social consciousness 307–8; Welsh 206–7; heretical literature 639, 720, 721, 731, see also anthologies; Auchinleck 735, 828–9, 831, 841; Latin writings 136; Manuscript; Harley Lyrics; Vernon romances 153, 163–4; see also individual Manuscript countries complaint procedures 288–91 continuity: institutional, monastic 320, 322, composition process 516, 525 347; pre/post-Conquest 122, 125, 129, concordances, scriptural 354, 536 322; Protestant, with medieval culture conduct codes and literature 181, 285, 787–8; Wales, dark age-medieval 195 300–9, 384–5, 387, 724; for women conversi (Cistercian lay brothers) 317 305–7; see also courtesy literature; mirrors The Conversion of St Paul 753 for princes convocations, ecclesiastical: (1408) 298; confession 376; and clerical power 392–3, (1542–3) 826 400, 406; conﬂict with household Cook, Thomas (mayor of London) 303n32 authority 315, 388; education through coram rege rolls 408n2, 410 376, 377, 390–1, 397; Lollards on 452–3, Cornwall xvi, 65, 277 685; royal confessors 314, 354 coronation ritual 128, 134, 146 confessional texts 390–406; circumstances Corpus Christi, feast of 297, 746, 747, 752, 386, 393–5, 402; classroom text genre 787 overlaps 376, 391, 401, 404, 405–6; for Cotson, William, Canon of Dunstable 626 laity 391, 394–5, 396, 557, 747; for priests counterfeiting 649–50; see also forgery and friars 353, 391; and social control 400, Counter-Reformation 541 406; topical systems of enquiry 393–5; countryside 284, 432–3; see also agricultural translation 336, 395, 397–8, 486 workers conﬁnement and control, Old English couplets: decasyllabic 237, 245; end-rhymed architectural imagery of 10, 16–17, 30, 34 491; four-stress 691; octosyllabic 45, 232; conformity, social 307–8 Old English 12, 18, 32, 45, 491; romances Conor Mac Nessa 212 170, 691; Scots 232, 237, 245 Conrad of Hirsau 399 Courcy, John de 224 conscience 586 court: and artistic creation 62; ceremonial Constance, story of saintly 51, 262 504; Chaucer and literary tradition Constantine, Donation of 225, 277, 605, 845 569–70, 571–5, 580; debating of love- Constantinople, fall of 698 questions 570–1; and episcopacy 663; Constitutions, see Arundel, Thomas Gower and 593; language use 5–6, 97, Contemplations of the Dread and Love of God 209, 580; Lancastrian, and poets 637, 638, 549, 561 640–61, (see also Hoccleve; Lydgate); contemplative life, treatises on 335–9, 348; Lollards at 669, 670–3; ‘orator regius’ see also Ancrene Wisse 793–4, 797; and romances 164; Scots contexts of production and reception courtly writing 235–51; Skelton and 92–121; accretion 102–4, 106, 169; 637–8; Tudor 637, 638, 794–5, 796, 797, Ancrene Wisse 92, 110–19, 120; Cursor 805, 807, 815, (‘court poets’) 793–4, 797 Mundi 106–8, 121; educated audiences The Court of Venus 847 135, 159; gentry and merchants 168; Courtenay, William, Archbishop of images of writers in texts 94–6; London Canterbury 663–4, 667, 668 284, 287; national and ecclesiastical courtesy literature 140–1, 433, 451; histories 104–8; oral 94, 115–16, 170; romances 153, 699, 702; see also conduct plurality of audiences 94, 568–9; codes and literature; mirrors for princes; reciprocal movement between languages and under Caxton, William 100–1; romances 159, 161, 168–9, 170, courts, records of ecclesiastical 686 176; saints’ lives 93–4, 111; women’s Coventry cycle plays 746, 747, 750–1, 760, textual communities 108–21; see also 764, 767; Ludus Coventriae, see N-Town under Geo◊rey of Monmouth; Laamon; plays; performances 749–50 Wace Coverdale, Miles 469, 825, 826, 829

1006 Index

Cowley, Thomas, vicar of Ticehurst, Sussex Cynan 184, 201 841 Cynddelw 195, 196, 197 craft, theme of human 10 cywydd deuair hirion (Welsh metre) 204, 205 Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 458, 689, 850; Great Bible Dafydd Benfras 195 454, 458, 824, 825–6, 839–40; Homilies Da◊yd ap Gwilym 180, 204–5 826; liturgy 454, 458 Dafydd Llwyd 206 creation spirituality 541 Dafydd Namor 205 creoles 64, 67 Dalton, John 613 crime and sin identified 411 Dame Sirith 81 croesan (Welsh ‘bu◊oon, jester’) 199 Danelaw 64–5, 70–1 Cromwell, Thomas 639, 689, 786, 810, 839 Danes 9, 36, 64, 118, 277 Croo, Robert 750, 751 Daniel, Henry; Liber Uricrisiarum 499 Crowland Abbey, Latin chronicle of 280–1 Daniel of Beccles; Urbanus Magnus 140–1 Crowley, Aleister 540 Dante Alighieri 371, 467, 577, 579, 582, 593 Crowley, Robert 845, 847–8 Dares Phrygius 145, 206, 340 The Crowned King 496 David, St 193, 197 Croxton Play of the Sacrament 221, 222, 753 David I, King of Scots 130, 131, 230 crusade, proposed new 698, 703 David II, King of Scots 231, 232 Cuchulainn 212 Day, John 845 ‘The Cuckoo’s Song’ 78 de casibus collections 617, 619 How Culthwch won Olwen 188 De Contemptu Mundi (Chartula) 384–5 culture: early Middle English reflects De Heretico Comburendo (1401) xx, 454, 561, ferment 67; French as language of 37, 645, 673 51–2, 54–6; friars exploit popular 370; De Origine Gigantum (Des grantz geantz) ritualization 285 108–9 Cumbria, Norse speakers in 65 De Preliis Alexandri Magni 500 Cumin, William 128 Death and Life 496–7 Cursor Mundi 5, 87–9, 90; context of deathbeds 131, 145, 147, 198–9, 650 production and reception 106–8, 121, death-poems, alliterative 496, 506 548; genealogy 88n53, 107; on Jews debates: feminist and misogynist 119; see also 107–8; narrator’s persona 551; on reading animals; birds; Le Petit Plet habits 694; and status of English 51, Deer, Book of 253 466–8, 557, 747; texts modelled upon Degare, tales of 691, 692, 701, 718 477; transmission 106–8; Virgin Mary as Deguileville, Guillaume; Pelerinage trilogy focus 107, 108, 119–20, 121; visual aids 535, 576, 592, 652, 728 88n53; wit 467, 468 de Hardie, T. 799 cursus 138, 148 Deheubarth (south Wales) 182, 183, 201 Curtesye, Book of (Caxton) 724, 725–6, 727, de Hylton, Sir Reginald 669 728 deictics 75 Curteys, William, Abbot of Bury St de la Vache, Sir Philip 572–3 Edmunds 625 DeLisle Psalter 143 The Custody of the Soul see Sawles Warde demandes d’amour 570–1, 810 customaries 48, 125, 408; London 288, 294, demography 432 295 Denny, abbess of 632 Cuthbert, St 18, 19, 131 Dermot and the Earl, The Song of 214–15, 227 Cuthfleda of Leominster 117 Des grantz geantz 108–9 Cwm-hir Abbey 193 Deschamps, Eustache: bawdy tales 586; on cyfarwyddyd (Welsh traditional lore, or Chaucer xix, 566–8, 575–6, 578, 672; ‘story’) 185 Christine de Pisan’s poetic exchange 578; Cyfraith Hywel (Welsh native law) 183, 186 collection of poems after death 575; Cyfranc 189 demandes d’amour 570; Demoustracions Cymer Abbey 193 contre sortileges 577; and flower and leaf

Index 1007

debates 573; inﬂuence 52; translation 575, 122–3, 127–9, 231; law under 138, 412, 576 414; in London 181, 286, 288, 291; Desmond, Gerald, 3rd Earl of (Gearóid Iarla) Norman imposition 4, 17, 122–3, 257, 212 259–60, (see also Domesday Book); Despenser family 513 Peasants’ Revolt objects to 286, 287, 314, The Destruction of Troy 497 525; Rise of Gawain demonstrates 133–4 Les deux Anglois et l’anel 47 Domesday Book 3, 4, 17, 123–4, 259–60; and de Vere, Sir Robert 425–6 Celtic countries 180; English landowners Devon, Margaret, Countess of 164 in 36, 68, 70–1; evidence in land disputes Devonshire Manuscript 807, 808 436; and evolution of early Middle devotional texts, see confessional texts; English 67–8; ‘Exchequer Abbreviatio’ religious writing 129; Scandinavian elements in 65, 68 dialects ix, 5; in alliterative poetry 502; Dominican order 331, 349, 354, 371, 374; Anglo-Norman becomes 47–8, 56–7, foundation 350, 376; historiography 261; 57–8; continental French 56; Harley in Ireland 225; and literature 261, 350, Lyrics 509; Piers Plowman 533; 369, 376, 398; preaching apostolate 353, Scandinavian, in England 67 360–1; in Scotland 230; in Wales 191–2 dialogue 130, 131, 139, 604, 802; between dominium, Wyclif ’s teachings on 664–5 Christians and Jews 132, 140 Donation of Constantine 225, 277, 605, 845 Dialogus de Scaccario, see Fitznigel, Richard Donatus; Latin grammar 380 Diane de Montchensy 48–9 Donatus Devotionis 557 Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster Donnchadh Mór O Dálaigh 212 208, 214–15, 223–4, 225 Dormi Secure 360 didactic verse, early Middle English 80–1 Dorp, Martin 802 ‘Dies Irae’ 362 Douglas, Archibald (Earl of Moray) 237, 238 Diest, Pieter van; Elckerlijk 773 Douglas, Gavin 244–7; Eneados 180, 244, Digby plays 756, 762 245–7 Diodorus Siculus; Skelton translates 805 Douglas, Sir James 232 Dionysius, pseudo-; Deonise Hid Divinite 546, Douglas, Lady Margaret 807 552, 553 Douglas, William 232 diplomacy 232, 567, 663, 802, 808, 817; Dove, Richard 56 Hoccleve’s formulary of correspondence Dover, St Martin’s Abbey 326 200; language of 56–7, 183, 209 Downside Abbey 541 Dirige 477 drama Disce Mori 335, 338, 557, 560, 561 allegorical 637, 767–92; disciplina 376–7 Protestant drama 787–92; see also disendowment debate 530, 662, 663, 674, interludes; morality plays 689 liturgical 45, 739, 740, 741, 743 displacement, thematization of 74–6 ludi, see separate entry Disputatio inter Fratrem et Clericum 686 religious 638–9, 739–66; ales, disputationes, anthropomorphizing 27 church or parish 744, 746, 753–4, 756; Disticha Catonis 380–1, 385 attitude to secular authority 762–3; dits amoureux 601 Church and 637, 741, 746–7, 747–8, 759, Diu Crône 426 763–6, 772–3, 787, 792; and classical Dives and Pauper 361–2, 399, 551, 561, 684 tradition 740, 741–2; commercial theatre documentary culture: and bureaucracies 378; 637, 756–7, 759; Cursor Mundi inﬂuences Chaucer and 293; commemorative culture 5; demise, survival and renewal 763–6; gives way to 122–3, 125, 127, 138–9, 412, doctrinal matters in 477, 759–60, 765, 414; discredit 286, 288, 291, 292, 525; 770, 772–3, 781–2; East Anglian 637, 746, English language 68–9, 147, 296, 408; 749, 753–9, 761, (ludi) 753–4, 756, forgery shows power 127–9; and (productions) 755–9, (texts) 753–5; historiography 180–1, 257, 259, 260; economic pressures on 764, 765; on Jews Lancastrians revive 181; Latinity 4, 63–4, 753, 762; lay authorization 637, 741,

1008 Index

drama: religious (cont.) In the Ecclesiastical Court 520, 533 745–9, 759, 763–6; and liturgy 739, 740, ecclesiology 459, 473, 521 741, 743, (counterfeiting) 742–5, 748–9, Eckart 546 760, 761–2; ludic elements in 744, 748–9; Ecloga Theodoli 381, 385 miracula 744, 746, 748; monarchs and 746, Ederick, William (Lollard) 685–6 764–5; Norwich 746, 747, 753, 756, 761, Edinburgh 252; see also Index of Manuscripts 764; number of actors 750, 757; origins Edith, patroness of Wilton nunnery 112, 113 and nature 739–49; performance 749–59; Edith (Matilda), wife of Henry I 37, 39 Protestantism and 751, 763–4, 765, Edmund, St, King of East Angles 38, 39, 342, 787–92; social issues in 762–3; stage 624–5, 626 settings 755–6; texts, matter of 759–63; Edmund of Abingdon, St 115–16, 358, 395 texts ‘o◊ered for acting’ 757; texts and education: in Anglo-Norman 44, 48, 50, 146; performances 749–59; and theatrum bardic 203; catechetical 390, 397; 740–3; in Tudor period 639, 751, 763, chivalric 602; of clergy 376, 378; 764–5, 787, 792; verse form 752; see also compositional exercises 381, 388–9; Chester, Coventry, N-Town, Wakefield, curriculum 314, 801, (see also classroom and York cycle plays; interludes; ludi; texts); drama 639, 778–81, 792; in English morality plays; mummings language 50, 146, 287n6, 389; friars and drapers 302–3 376, 378; Hebrew and Greek 132; Drayton, Michael 538 language use 44, 48, 50, 146, 287n6; Latin The Dream of Emperor Maxen 189 141–2, 146, 151, 326, 380, 389, 778, 801; dream-vision genre 526, 572; see also Piers Lollard ‘schools’ 668–9; monastery Plowman schools 325, 378–9; scholastic/empiric Drury, John, of Beccles; De Modo Confitendi conflict 781; and social mobility 378, 781; 391, 402–6 Trevisa on power of 277; Tyndale on 473; Duan Albanach 229 utilitarian attitude towards 781; see also duanaire (Irish poem-books) 211 classroom practice; classroom texts; Dublin 218–19; see also Index of Manuscipts schools; universities; and under duel, trial by 426, 427–30 aristocracy; confession; Continent; ‘Dulcis Ihesu Memoria’ 546 humanism; laity; Lateran Council, Dun Cow, Book of the 167 Fourth; Scotland; Wales; women Dunbar, William 242–4, 252, 352, 497, 537 Edward the Confessor, St, King of England Duns Scotus 352, 369 3, 4, 63n5, 69n20; authority 128–9; Lives Dunstan, St 126–7 of 38, 39, 41, 104, 128, 338; verses on Durham 128, 787; monasticism 18–19, 324, death of 323 331; see also Index of Manuscripts Edward I, King of England 138, 146, 163–4, Durham (Old English poem) 7–8, 18–22, 33, 183, 701; and Scotland 133, 231, 233 494 Edward II, King of England 146, 272, 644 Durham Book of Devotions 143 Edward III, King of England 53, 163–4, 205, Dux Moraud 753 494, 567, 701; and France 52–3, 147, 506 Dyfed 189 Edward IV, King of England 300, 301, 702–3, 805; children of 702–3, 805 Eadmer 5, 38, 39, 125–7, 128 Edward V, King of England 702–3, 805 Eadwine Psalter 469 Edward VI, King of England 764–5, 826, The Earl of Tolouse 426, 429 829, 850 East Anglia 65, 180, 434, 626–7; drama 746, Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince 749, 753–9, (ludi) 753–4, 756, 53–4, 343, 596, 716 (productions) 755–9, (texts) 753–5; see Egbert, King of West Saxons 265 also Norwich Eger and Grime 692 Easton, Adam 343, 664 Eilaf, father of Ailred 129–30 Eberhard the German 391 Einion O◊eiriad 203 Ecclesiastes, Middle English prose translation eisteddfodau (Welsh bardic congresses) 203 of 477 Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England:

Index 1009

literature at court of 41, 42; patronage 45, 557; Wyclif ’s use 292, 666–7; see also 95, 96, 97, 155, 267 authority; Bible; hierarchies (linguistic); Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England 164 languages, plurality of; lexicon; Middle Eleanor of Provence, Queen of England 50, English; Old English; translation; women 148 (and vernacular); and under Ireland; Elegiae Maximiani 382 mystics; Wales Elidir Sais 200 Englishness, see national identity Eliot, T. S. 540–1 englynion (quatrains) 186, 196, 198 Elizabethan era 821, 848–9, 850; drama 639, enquiry, methods of 393–5, 401 763 Epictetus 812 Elizabeth of Hungary, St 564, 626 Epistles, biblical 455, 474, 477, 478 Elizabeth of York 703, 706–7, 707–8 epitaphs 487, 610, 611 Elmham, Thomas 280 Erasmus, Desiderius 797, 801, 802, 812, 833; Elphinstone, William, Bishop of Aberdeen New Testament 801, 802, 803, 835 253 Erasmus, St 626 Elucidarium 82–3, 191 eremitic tradition 533, 534, 548–9 Ely 627; monk of; Life of Hereward the Wake Erghome, Master John 369 70–1 Erkenwald 480, 496, 501, 505, 506–8, 510; Elyot, Thomas 802, 813 transmission 627–8 Emaré 175, 621–2 eroticism, sacred and secular 78–80, 116–17, emotionalism: Malory’s avoidance 704; see 363 also a◊ectivity ‘Ere toc of ere’ 494 empiricism vs. scholasticism 781 eruditi, Becket and 135, 136 enclosure, theme of 10, 114–15, 117 escheators 433 encomium urbis genre 7–8 Essex 686–7, 746, 749 encyclopaedic works 350, 360–1, 391 estates satire 440, 441 endowment controversy 530, 662, 663, 674, Estfield, William, mayor of London 297 689 Estoire del Saint Graal 692 Eneas 42–3 estoppel 414–15 Eneydos (Caxton) 721, 734–8 Etheldreda of Ely, see Audrey enfeo◊ement of lands 36 Ethelem, abbot of Abingdon 38 Enfield, Essex 841 ethnic groups 43, 63; see also Anglo-Saxons; English language: and Anglo-Norman: Celtic languages and culture; contact 4, 44, 56, 57, (interrelationship of Gaidhealtechd; Normans; Scandinavia literatures) 50–1, 153, 168, (shift to Eulogium Historiarum 276 English) 5, 58, 168, 209, 583; Chaucer and Eure, Sir William 249 52, 55–6, 577–85, 587–8, 725–6, (self- Eva/Ave interchange 119 conscious use) 56, 580, 581–3, 584; court Eve of Wilton 112–13 and diplomatic use 209; documents 68–9, Everyman 767, 768, 773–4 296, 408; in education 50, 146, 287n6, Evesham 38; Battle of 269 389; expressive qualities 131, 145, 287; ex libris inscriptions 72 14th-century expansion 50, 57, 485; excellence, literary 340–1, 343, 344, 345–7, governmental use 50, 58, 63–4, 149–50, 348; see also laureate status 580; Gower’s use 52, 54–6, 447, 485, exegesis, biblical 367, 500–1, 527; literal 456, 580–1, 596, 600; Lancastrian promotion 835, 837 monks and friars 350, 353, 456; 52, 58, 149–50, 209, 587, 637; law, use in exempla 353, 585, 617; narrativization 395, 408; literary language established 51–2, 396; see also under alliterative poetry; 559–60; and national identity 88–9; oral Chaucer, Geo◊rey; Gower, John; phase 4, 65–6; Parliamentary use 580; Mannyng, Robert politicization 844–5; Reformation and Exchequer 138–9 454, 461, 791, 822, 824, 844–5; register Exeter 71, 324–5; Synod (1287) 393–4 shifts 58; scientific writings 583; social Exeter Book 8, 12, 13, 324 criticism and protest 581; universality Eyre assizes 423

1010 Index

fables 47, 135, 141, 237–8, 239–40, 382, 651 Fools, Feast of 743 fabliaux 47, 120, 204, 242, 586 Fordun, John of 233, 234 Fabulae Aviani 381–2 forests 16, 34, 423 Facetus 384–5, 403 forgery 127–9, 257, 259, 260 falconry, treatises on 41 formality, registers of 44, 58 Fall and Passion 218, 477 Forman, Robert 827–8 family: archives 612–14; romances on theme forms, literary; period of indeterminacy 8, 9 of 161–2, 174, 175, 621–2 Fortescue, Anne 529 Fantosme, Jordan 42, 45, 261 Fortescue, Sir John 408 Farges, Albert 541 foundation stories 294, 298–9; friars 350, Farne, Monk of 546 374; see also myths, national foundation; Fasciculus Morum 360 Troy legends Fawkes, Richard 347 Fouke Fitzwarin 54, 158, 159, 165 feasts and festivals 742–5, 746, 748; see also ‘Foweles in the frith’ 30 Corpus Christi; Whitsuntide The Fox and the Wolf 81 Felix V, anti-pope 238 Foxe, John 476, 662, 822, 823, 830, 848–9 Fenian Cycle, Irish 212–13 France: Chaucer visits 579; Henry V’s Fergus 157, 159, 161, 162, 163 relations 641, 642, 659–60; Henry VIII Fermoy, Book of 211 and 811, 818; law 411–12; orders of Fetypace, William 302, 303 knighthood 701; pre-Conquest contacts feudalism: drama on 763, 767; dues 414–15; 63n5; and Scotland 179, 230, 248; end 775, 783; and romance 153, 155; in women’s education 378; see also French Scotland 230, 251 language, continental; Hundred Years’ Fianna, Irish tales of 212–13 War filidh (sing. file, Irish poets) 210–11, 212 Francesco da Fiano 365 Fionn Mac Cumhaill, tales of 211, 212–13 Francis of Assisi, St 350, 351, 371, 546, 682; Fish, Simon 828–9, 833 lyric poetry 351, 363 Fisher, James 428–9 Franciscan order 349; a◊ectivity 546, 533; Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester 832, 834 and education 355, 376; foundation 350, Fitz-Baderon, Gilbert, Lord of Monmouth 376; and Immaculate Conception 371; 142, 156 internal reformist critique 533; in Ireland FitzGilbert, Constance 45, 104n37, 261 215, 216, 217–18, 226; Langland and FitzNigel, Richard; Dialogus de Scaccario 5, 533–4; learning 148, 272, 314, 369; 37, 44, 124, 138–40 literary apostolate 351; in London 354, FitzRalph, Richard, Archbishop of Armagh 355; missions to ‘heathen’ 533; monastic 226–7, 665, 684 reaction to coming 331; poetry 148, 200, Fitzstephen, William 133 351; poverty debate 314, 351, 352, 368, FitzWarin, Fulk 54, 158, 159, 165 533, 665; in Scotland 230, 242; and Flanders 36, 230; see also Low Countries and secular song 351; sermons and sermon individual towns literature 360, 361; urban focus 313, 355; flattery 648 and universities 355; and vernacular Flete, William 363 literacy 350; Welsh 200 Flodden, Battle of 247, 710–11 fraternities 304, 305, 356, 364 Florence; civic humanism 579 Fraternity of the Assumption of the Virgin Florence of Worcester 68n15 304 florilegia (classical anthologies) 135 Fremund, Lydgate’s Life of St 624–5, 626 Floris and Blaunchefleur 165–6 French language, continental: Charles V flower and leaf debates 573 promotes vernacular 486, 577–9, 579–80; flyting 76, 147, 246–7, 253, 497 divergence of Anglo-Norman from 47–8, Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy 253 56–7, 57–8; standardization of Paris Folie Tristan d’Oxford 158 dialect 56–7, 57–8; see also under romance Folville, Eustace and Richard 425, 421, 422 French language, insular, see Anglo-Norman; Fontevraldine monasticism 318 Cambro-Norman; Hiberno-Norman

Index 1011

‘Friar Daw’s Reply’ to ‘Upland’s Rejoinder’ Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester: 679 and Anne Askew 849, 850; and English friars 313–14, 315, 349–75; a◊ectivity 353, Bible 458, 826; on control of reading 831, 371–2, 373–4, 533, 546; anti-fraternalism 844, 846 314, 353, 354, 368, 372, 374–5, 496, 530, Garter, Order of the 646, 647, 700, 701–2, 678–9, 684; anti-intellectualism 351, 368; 717 and books 349–50, 351–2, 353, 368–9; Gaunt, John of, see John of Gaunt chaplains and confessors 314, 354, Gawain legend 169; see also The Rise of 369–70; Chaucer and 349, 365, 367, 374, Gawain; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; 375; classicizing 353, 365–8, 578; Ywain and Gawain confession manuals 353; confessors 314, Gaythelos, legend of 180, 233 354; definition and orders 349; and Gaytrygge, John; Lay Folks’ Catechism 333, education 376, 378; exegesis 353, 456; 397, 398, 494n21, 682, 759 foundation legends 350, 374; Gearóid Iarla (Gerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond) hagiography 368; internal critiques 314, 212 374, 533; learning 136, 148, 314, 353, gender, grammatical 8 365–70; literary aspects of mission genealogy 131, 638, 644, 706; Cursor Mundi 355–65; mendicant style 370–4; and 88n53, 107 monastic orders 315, 331–2, 334, 370; and Generides 693 money economy 351; and popular culture Genesis and Exodus 477 351, 362, 370; popularizing works 350; genres developed in more than one language poverty debate 314, 351, 352, 353, 365, 329–31 530, 533, 665; regular clergy 349; satire gentry: letters 612; Lollard 668, 675; reading against 353, 368, 372, 374–5, 496; habits 168, 302, 398, 637, 692, 696–7, scholasticism 367, 369; and secular clergy 699, 724, 843; see also uchelwyr 226–7; song 351, 362; in universities 314, Gentylnes and Nobylyte 783–4 331, 354, 355, 369, 370; urban base 313, Geo◊rey of Monmouth; Historia Regum 351, 355, 369; use of vernacular 313–14, Britanniae 5, 132–3, 266–7, 268; 350, 369, 370, 456; and vernacular song Arthurian myths 42, 101, 132, 133, 267; 351, 362; women 363; and Wyclif 664, and Brut tradition 132, 180, 266, 267, 331; 665; see also individual orders and under dedication 97, 132; 15th-century historiography; humanism; Ireland; questioning 715; on King Lud 189; and Latin; London; lyric poetry; penitential Latinitas 132–3, 135; romance and history literature; Scotland; sermons; translation conflated 713; on St Augustine 105; friendship, spiritual 117, 130, 363 translations, reworkings and echoes of Frith, John 829, 833 100–1, 206, 269, 501, (Laamon) 98, 105, Froissart, Jean 53, 55, 56–7, 272–3, 580, 716; 331, (Wace) 84, 105, 154, 267–8; Variant influences Chaucer and Gower 52, 55, version 105; on Welsh history 194 577, 601; patronage 56, 262, 575, 708–9; Geo◊rey of Vinsauf 137 translation 700, 708–9, 716–17, 811 Geo◊rey of Waterford 225 Fuller, John (Lollard) 677 geomancy 583 George I, King of England 726–7 Gaelic, Irish 179, 209–13, 225, 227, 229 Geraint son of Erbin 190 Gaelic, Scots 179, 229–30, 253–4 Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) 43, Gaidhealtechd 179, 229, 230, 253 194, 197, 743n12; on Ireland 180, 208–9, Gaimar, Geo◊rey; Estoire des Engleis 39, 40, 219, 223–5, 227, 261 42, 45, 154, 261, 331; Constance Gerard of Cornwall 705 FitzGilbert as patron 45, 104n37; on Gerhoh of Reichersberg 739, 748 Havelok 261, 713n61; manuscripts 42, Germany 639, 721, 731, 828, 832 163 Gervase of Canterbury 256, 270 Gallus, Thomas 552 Gest of Robyn Hode 424, 451–2 Gamelyn 167, 314, 425, 426, 584 geste, gesta (great deeds) 499, 504–8 The Game of Chess (Caxton) 721 Geta, Deschamps’ translation 576

1012 Index

Gigli, Giovanni 722, 736, 737 l’Omme below); Boethian inﬂuence 596–7, Gilbert, Life of St 627 598, 600, 601, 604, 606–7; career 589–90; Gilbert of Hoyland 545 Caxton’s printing of 721, 723, 728–30; Gilbertine order 143, 318, 330, 331, 627 and Chaucer 442, 450, 574, 581, 590, Gildas 184, 189, 256 606–7, 729; on chivalry 601–2; Giles of Rome 644, 651, 655, 699 conservatism 439–44, 590, 594, 595; Gilson, Etienne 541 Constance story 51, 262; counselling of Giraldus Cambrensis, see Gerald of Wales princes 377, 603–4, 657; and courtly Girart d’Amiens; Escanor 164 tradition 593; dedication of books 56, Glanvill 64, 138–40 575, 589, 608; and dits amoureux 601; Glasgow, University of 230 Dunbar praises 244; English language 52, Glastonbury Abbey 126–7, 324; Glastonbury 54–6, 447, 485, 580–1, 596, 600; exempla Miscellany 326–7, 532 591, 592, 601, 602, 603, 604–6; and Glendower, Owen 180, 201, 205 Froissart 601; and Henry IV 56, 589, glossing: authorial 142, 385, 387, 403–4, 405, 608–9; and Jean de Meun 591, 594, 601; 473, 599–600; of authoritative on kingship 590–1, 593–4, 597, 604; manuscripts 97, 98; of Bible and Latinitas 441, 447, 486, 591, 599–600, translations 460, 471, 473, 478; of 608; and London 510, 595, 608n42; Hebrew and Greek texts 132; Irish Lydgate on 341; and Machaut 601; on 8th-/9th-century 210; of Latin texts 135, morality 581, 589, 729, (and kingship) 142; of Old English texts 29–30, 72, 73, 590–1, 593–4, 597, 604; and 323, 324; psalters 469; Welsh 186; see also Neoplatonism 598, 600; on nobility apparatus; marginalia 595–7; and Ovid 596, 597, 603; Gloucester 331, 619 penitential discourse 377, 589, 591, 592, Gloucester, Countess of (Maud de Clare) 118 603; personae 291, 486; plenus homo ideal Gloucester, Duke of, see Humphrey 597, 604; portrait miniatures in Bedford Gloucestershire shepherd’s Bible 844 Psalter-Hours 609; reading environment Godefray of Boloyn 303n32, 703, 737 91, 729; presentation of work to patrons Godfray, Thomas 845 575; and Richard II 56, 589, 608; and Godric, St; hymns 28–9, 78 romance 173, 174, 598, 603; satire, see Vox Gofroidh Fiond O Dálaigh 212 Clamantis below; on sexuality 600, 602; gogynfeirdd (Welsh poets) 195 social attitudes 291, 581, 589, 590, 594, Golagros and Gawane 253 595, (to Peasants’ Revolt) 291, 297, 450, Golden Fleece, Order of the 701 451, 594–5; translatio, cultural 590, 600; Golden Legend (Caxton) 624, 627 and Troy legends 595–6, 602; Tudor Goldsmiths’ company 295, 298, 303 reading of 796, 843, 848; universe, view of Goliards 141, 531–2, 538 596–7; vox populi, see Vox Clamantis below; Goscelin; Liber confortatorius 112–13 Walton inﬂuenced by 344; and women Gosford, John 435–6 443–4 Gospel Books 455, 477, 478 works: Cinkante Balades 55, 56, 590, Gospel harmonies 478, 479 591; Confessio Amantis 598–608, (Caxton’s Gottfried von Strassburg 414, 426 edition) 721, 723, 728–30, (date) 590, Gough, John 845 (dedications to kings) 56, 589, 608, government: centralization 497, 775, 793, (dialogic structure) 604, (exempla) 591, 797; Henry II’s reforms 154, 414; 601, 602, 603, 604–6, (language choice) language use, (Anglo-Norman) 43, 44, 48, 56, 589, (Latin apparatus and epilogue) 50, 56, 63–4, 146–7, 183, (English) 50, 59, 599–600, 608, (mirror for princes in) 377, 63–4, 149–50, (Latin) 50, 68, 137–40, 148, 603–4, (moral issues) 591–2, (penitential 149–50, 183, 231; theatricality 776–8; in discourse) 377, 591, 603, (Prologue) 598, Wales 183, 186, 190, 200–1, 202, 207 599–600, (reading environment) 91, Gower, John 589–609; and Alan of Lille 591, (transmission) 335; Cronica Tripertita 596, 597, 598; Anglo-Norman works 591, 608–9; ‘In Praise of Peace’ 609; Mirour de (see also Cinkante Balades; Mirour de l’Omme 55, 440, 589, 590, 591, 592–4;

Index 1013

Traitié pour essampler les amantz marietz 55; 746; London, (interrelationships) 285, Vox Clamantis 291–2, 297, 439–44, 589, 288, 293, 300, 302, (Lydgate’s work for) 594–7, (bestialization of peasants) 441, 297, 624n68, 627, 641; ordinances as 442, 446, 451, 595, 606, (Boethius’ and conduct literature 304–5; processions Alan of Lille’s inﬂuence) 598, (Chaucer 746, 764; records, language of 52, 56, 58, echoes) 450, (date) 590, (on discrediting 296, 580; York 750 of documentary culture) 291–2, (on Guillaume de Guilleville, see Deguileville justice) 418–19, (poetic qualities) 591, (on Guillaume de Loris 601 sexuality) 602, (version presented to Guillaume de Machaut 52, 55, 575, 577, 601 Henry IV) 608 Guillaume le clerc see Fergus Gowther 174 Guillaume le Maréchal, Histoire de 49 Grafton, Richard 806, 840 Gunnlaugssaga 64 ‘Grammarians’ war’ 802 Gurnes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence 47 grammar schools 379, 380, 389, 801 Guto’r Glyn 205 Grandisson, John, Bishop of Exeter 226 Guy and Colbrand 692 Des grantz geantz 108–9 Guylforde, Sir Richard 616 Gratian; Decretum 742 Guy of Warwick 166, 167, 169, 170, 704–6, The Grave 26, 33 698; Anglo-Norman original, see Gui de grave as house, trope of 26–7 Warewic; ballads and chapbook 704; Gray, Sir Thomas; Scalacronica 53, 272, 276 French prose version 705; and Greek learning 132, 802, 812 historiography 704–5, 713; inﬂuence 717, Greenblatt, Stephen xv 718; lasting popularity 691; metrical Gregory I, Pope; Pastoral Care 324, 555 versions 704; moral censure of 694, 697; Gregory IX, Pope; Quo elongati 351–2 printing 691, 698, 704 Gregory XI, Pope 664 Gwalchmai ap Meilyr 195, 197–8, 200 Gregory, William, mayor of London 307–8 Gwerful Mechain 206 Gregory’s Chronicle 428–9 Gwynedd 179, 181–2, 183, 189, 195, 197 The Grene Knight 692, 693–4, 702 Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop of Hacker, John 686, 827 Canterbury 763, 765 Hadewijch 546 Grocers’ guild 296, 303 hagiography 618–34; Anglo-Norman 38, 45, Grocers’ Play, Norwich 753 46, 328, 338, 619; demise 348; early Grocyn, William 849 Middle English 78, 81; exterior focus 487; Grosseteste, Robert 141, 142, 147, 744; friars’ vernacular 368; Holy Family, lives Chasteau d’Amour 51; Templum Domini 358, of 625; Latin 38, 42, 126, 131, 328, 501, 394n80 619; legendaries 618–21; miracles of Gru◊udd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd 182, Virgin Mary 134, 143, 623, 624; 191, 193, 203 monasticism fosters 350; multilingualism Gru◊udd ab yr Ynad Coch 200 328; Old English 619; Orrmulum in Gryndecobbe, William 435 context of 330; printing 626, 627, 628; Gualterus Anglicus 239 romance overlaps with 174, 620; and Guernes de Port-Sainte-Maxence 47 women, (audience) 622–3, 625, 703, Guest, Lady Charlotte 187 (writers) 46, 338, (see also Marie of Ely; Guevara, Antonio de 811, 812 Nun of Barking); see also individual saints, Gui de Warewic 5, 43, 157, 158, 159, 167, 704; Capgrave, John; Christ; ‘Katherine English versions, see Guy of Warwick; group’; Kempe, Margery; and under episodic structure 159, 167; and Chaucer, Geo◊rey; Lydgate, John Langtoft’s Chronicle 270, 271; success Hailes Abbey 627 158, 167 Hali Meihed (Letter on Virginity) 81, 117 Guigo II; Scala Claustralium 546 Hall, Edward 281, 282, 806 guilds: book trade 294; drama shows Hamilton, James (Earl of Arran) 247, 248, independence 637, 741, 750; economic 250 pressures 764, 765; Ipswich 746; Lincoln Harcourt, Sir William and Sir Richard 416

1014 Index

Hardgrave (scribe of Beccles) 402–3 Henry VI, King of England 641, 700, 705; Hardrada, Harald 3 Audley’s poem on 344; Blacman’s Memoir Hardyng, John 279–80, 705, 713–14 of Henry VI 618; and London 298, 301; Harington, Sir John 786 Lydgate’s legitimation 651, 652, 654, 656, Harington family 814 658 Harlaw Brosnachadh 253–4 Henry VII, King of England 783, 795; Lady Harley Lyrics 30, 91, 120n92, 422–3, 478, Bessy on 706–7, 707–8; legitimation 491n13, 494, 498n30, 509, 586 706–8, 793, 805; panegyric 722, 793; Harold II, King of the English 3, 39–40 Skelton’s Latin elegy for 797–8; son, see Harrowing of Hell 478, 479, 521, 552 Arthur, Prince of Wales Hary, Blind; The Wallace 234–5, 253 Henry VIII, King of England ix, xx; Assertio Hastings, Battle of 3, 35–6, 40 Septem Sacramentorum 832; break with Hatton Gospels 83 Rome 282, 639, 806, 839, 840, 847; Haughmond Abbey 344 centralization 797; control of literature Havelock the Dane: Gaimar on 40, 154, 261; ix, 639, 806–7, 809, 811–13; court 794, Lai d’Haveloc 40, 158, 163; Mannyng on 796, 797, 807, 815; death 819, 850; and 271; Middle English Havelok 40, 166, 169; France 811, 818; iconography 816, romance account inserted into prose Brut 825n13; and More 803; oath to Act of 713 Succession 806; privy chamber 796, 797; Hawes, Stephen 729n29, 795–7, 800 propaganda 825, 847; proverbial style Hawte, Alyanor 703 used under 812; religious dissent under Hay, Sir Gilbert 237 ix, 639, 832, 845–6; Scots invasions 798, Hebrew 132 800, 818; Skelton and 785, 797; and Hebrides 229 William Thynne 846; and Wolsey 777–8 Hegge plays, see N-Town plays Henry of Avranches 50, 147 Heloise 46, 114 Henry of Burford 354 Hendregadredd Manuscript 206 Henry of Huntingdon 40, 133, 145, 263–4, Henry I, King of England 37, 41 276; typologies of conquest 263, 275, 276; Henry II, King of England: administrative Historia Anglorum 40, 133, 145 reforms 154, 414; Anglo-Norman Henry of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Lancaster literature at court of 41–3; and Ireland 54, 414–15, 580, 644 208, 214, 223, 224; mixed descent 41, Henryson, Robert 239–41, 252, 410 131; patron of historiography 261; sons’ heraldry 243, 248, 273, 919 rebellion 41, 42, 154, 261; and Wales 182 herbalism 48, 49, 72, 220 Henry III, King of England 129, 146, 147, Herbert of Bosham 129, 132 163–4, 354 Herebert, William 364–5 Henry IV, King of England: Chaucer asks for Hereford, Nicholas 664, 667 aid 587; and Gower 56, 589, 608–9; Hall heresy: burnings for 645, 646, 677, 834, 849; on 281, 282; Hoccleve on 644–5, 646; Edward VI abolishes laws against 850; need for legitimation 274, 641, 642; Lancastrian suppression xx, 452–3, 459, relations with son 641, 660; shift to 637, 639, 645–7, 650, 658, 659; Lydgate English during reign 52, 58, 149–50, 209 on 297–8; Tudor suppression 827–8, 834, Henry V, King of England: advice on 839; trials xviii, 248, 250, 452–3, 677, governance to 496; correspondence with 686, 827–8, 830; Tyndale’s death for 454; city of London 296, 298; and France 641, see also books, heretical; Lollardy 642, 659–60; Hall on 281; Hoccleve’s Hereward the Wake 70–1, 154 poems to 638, 643–5, 657–8; legitimation Hergest, Red Book of 206, 324 343, 642, 646; Livius’ Vita Henrici Quinti Herod (liturgical representatio) 743, 748 616; and Lydgate 342, 640, 651, 655; heroic cycles, Irish 212–13 Oldcastle’s revolt against 293, 295, 675; as Herrad of Landsberg 739 prince 638, 641, 643, 660; reburies Heywood, Jasper 786 Richard II 646; and religion xx, 318, 343, Heywood, John 783–4, 785–7, 788 645, 646, 658; shift to English 52, 58 Hiberno-English 216–20, 221–2, 223–5, 227

Index 1015

Hiberno-Norman 209, 214–15, 216, 221, 180, 194, 207; women patrons 261–2; 227; decline 179, 213 Yorkist 279; see also chronicles and hierarchies: linguistic 44, 46, 47, 65, 133, individual historians and works 147, 149, 155, 331, 495, (Anglo-Norman History of the Patriarks 477 in) 48, 49, 149, 327–8, 331, (English in) Hoccleve, Thomas 294, 299–300, 643–51; 44, 331, 495, (Latin in) 38, 132–3, 149, career and political environment 58, 638, 193, 314, 327–8, 331; social 590, 595 640–3, 650–1, 660–1; on being and Higden, Ranulph; Polychronicon 276–8, 329, seeming 647–8, 649–50; and Chaucer 341, 330, 500; and Brutus myth 180, 233; 643, 645, 648, 650; Christine de Pisan continuations of 274, 275–6; Trevisa’s inﬂuences 643; Foxe commends 848; and translation 276, 277–8, 583 genealogy 644; on Henry IV 644–5, 646; Hildebert of Le Mans 136, 150 and Henry V 638, 643–5, 657–8; and Hildegard of Bingen 46 Humphrey of Gloucester 641, 650; Hills, Thomas (Lollard) 686 Langland’s inﬂuence 537; laureate status Hilton, Walter 539, 555–7; 15th-century 640, 643–4; and Lancastrian legitimation reading of 561; and laity 557, 558–9; 644–5, 646, 647, 660–1; multivocality language use 544, 555; later scholarship 650–1; patronage 58, 294, 641, 644, 645, on 542; Pynson prints 628; translation 650; personal voice 648–9; petitionary into Latin 544, 556; De Adoracione poems 643; transmission 296 Ymaginum 555; Of Angels’ Song 555; On works: ballade for coronation of Mixed Life 557; The Scale of Perfection Henry V 657–8; Complaint 649, 650; 336–7, 338, 539, 555–7, (audience) Dialogue with a Friend 649–50; formulary 338n109, 557, 558–9, (and Cloud-author) of diplomatic correspondence 200; Garter 552, 555–6, (Vernon Manuscript) 340; knights, poem for 646, 647; Learn to Die Stimulus Amoris 552 650; Letter of Cupid 643; Male Regle 643, Hind Horn (C19th ballad) 693 648, 649; Regement of Princes 200, 638, Hirlas Owain 195 644, 645, 646, 647–8, 650, (and relations Historicism: New xv; Old, see under with France) 659–60, (non-critical alliterative poetry approach) 657–8, 659, 660, (personal historiography 255–83; Anglo-Norman 97, voice in) 649; Remonstrance against 261–2, 270–1, (see also Gaimar; Langtoft; Oldcastle 299–300, 646–7, 648, 690, (on Trivet); audience 261–2, 303; author’s recommended reading) 690, 694, 699, identity and authority 269, 272, 273, 276; 703; ‘Series’ 641, 649–50 biased treatment of sources 258; church Holcot, Robert 366, 367–8, 369 and 104–6, 255, 272; and documentary Holland, Richard; The Buke of the Howlat culture 180–1, 257, 259, 260; early 237–8, 497 Middle English 87–9, 104–6, 260, 328; Hollier, Denis xv–xvi forms 255–6, 260; friars 261, 272, 368; Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh 230; Holyrood Lancastrian 279; Latin 42, 256, 257, Chronicle 329 262–7, 269–70, 280–1, 328–9; London Homer 340, 341 chronicles 181, 278–9, 294, 296, 710; homilies see sermons monastic 104–8, 180–1, 260, 261, 269, homosexuality 130, 140, 585 272, 280, (see also Anglo-Saxon Chronicle); honi soit qui mal y pense 53 national and ecclesiastical interrelated Honorius of Autun 82–3 104–8; on Normans 264–5, 266; and oral Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus) 135, 136, 389 tradition 257; pre-Conquest 256–7; prose Horman, William 802 more authoritative than verse 262; Horn romances: Horn Childe 156, 170; Horn et Reformation 281–3, 822; and romance Rigmel 691; and late romance 698; Middle xix, 261, 270, 271, 704–5, 708–13, 719; English version 169; Romance of Horn 43, royal patronage 261–2, 805; Scottish 180, 155–6, 159, 160, 162; see also Hind Horn; 232–5, 279–80, 329; travelling historians King Horn 271–2; 12th-century renaissance and 261, Hornby, John 374 263; and validation of rights 259; in Wales ‘Horsleydown’ sermon 287n6

1016 Index

household: alliterative poetry set in 485–6, Ieuan ap Sulien 186, 192, 193 502–4; regulatory authority 315, 388 Ifor Hael 204 Howard, Henry, see Surrey, Earl of illiteracy 319, 468–9, 677, 771–2; see also Howard, Lord Thomas 807, 810 literacy; orality Howard, Thomas, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 849, illustrations, woodcut 723 850 The Image of Ypocresye (ballad) 839 How Culthwch won Olwen 188 Immaculate Conception, cult of 108, 371, Hue de Rotelande (Rhuddlan) 161, 163; 760 Ipomedon 5, 156, 166; Protheselaus 156, 160 imperialism 822, 825; see also colonization Hügel, Friedrich von 540 imprisonment, see prison Hugh the Despenser 53 indexing 97, 729 Hugh of St Victor 546 individualism, see subjectivity, individual Hugh de la Zouche, Sir 436–7 Inge, William 540 humanism 136, 150, 348, 801–6; Bale ‘Inglis’ (Middle Scots) 231 popularizes 789–90; Caxton and 722, Injunctions, September 1538 841 731–4; Chaucer and 449, 486, 580; Innocent III, Pope 459, 576–7, 742–3 cliquishness 802–3, 812; counsel for inns of court 778 monarchs 801–2, 804, 812; dialogic idiom inscriptions, moral 305 802; drama 639; and education 639, 799, institutional productions, see Church; 801, 803; friars and 353, 365–7; and classroom texts; confessional texts; friars; Henryson 239; in historiography 281; monasteries; vox populi Italian 150, 486, 578, 579, 580, 604; Latin ‘Insurgent gentes’ 532 learning 136, 150, 457, 801, 803; More interiority, see subjectivity, individual and 638, 833; poets and 638; political interlace, Old English 8, 21, 24 dimension of northern 801–2; Skelton interlanguages 4, 5, 64, 67 criticizes 799; social mobility 802–3; and interludes 774–92; allegory 774–87; in Stoicism 812; textual criticism 733–4; and educational institutions 639, 778–81, Welsh literature 207; and women’s 792; Irish 221–2; Mankind seen as 758–9; education 803 on nobility as intrinsic 782, 783; in Paston Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 641, 650, household 701; Protestant 787–92; on 660; and Lydgate 342, 640, 652, 656 salvation 781–2; and social mobility 775, Hundred Years’ War 52–60, 581, 641, 642 776, 778–9, 779–80, 781, 782, 783; see also hunting 15, 16–17, 49 Heywood, John; Medwall, Henry; Huon of Bordeaux 717 Rastell, William; Skelton, John Hus, John, and hussites 675, 789 (Magnyfycence) Husbandman, The Song of the 509 international context: English Church in husbandry 49, 191, 246, 509 313, 350, 460–1; English literature in 62, Hussee, John 808 92–3 Huxley, Aldous 541 intertextuality: alliterative poetry 495, hymns: ‘Dulcis Ihesu Memoria’ 546; English 497–8; contemplative works 337, 485; translation of Latin 364–5; Irish metres romance 159, 163, 171 derived from Latin 211; Lydgate’s 651, Iolo Goch 204, 205 652; St. Godric’s 28–9, 78 Iorwerth Beli 202 Hyngham, monk of Bury St Edmunds 754 Ipomedon romances 691; Ipomydon 166–7, Hyrd, Richard 694–5, 706 170 Hywel ap Gru◊udd, Sir 205 Ipswich 417, 746, 756 Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 199, 200 Ireland xii–xiii, 208–28; bards, ﬁlidh 210–11, 212; chronicles 214–15; church 210, 223, ‘ic an witles fuli wis’ 29–30 322; compilations, manuscript (‘Books’) ‘Ich am of Irlaunde’ 228 211, 215–20, 227; drama 221–2, 753; iconomachy, Lollard 670, 679, 689, 668, 669 English language 179, 209, 213, 220, 224, Idley, Peter; Instructions to his Son 395 225, 227–8; English settlement 209, 220, Ieuan Llwyd of Parcrhydderch 203 222, 224, 223–5, 227–8, 822; see also

Index 1017

plantations below; food imagery 213, 216; Jean sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy 656 friars 215, 216, 217–18, 225, 226–7; Jerome, St 150; see also Vulgate Bible Gaelic 179, 209–13, 225, 227, 229; Gerald jest books 800 of Wales on 180, 208–9, 219, 223–5, 227, Jeu d’Adam 739 261; Henry II and 208, 214, 223, 224; Jews: Christ as suckling 485, 521; heroic cycles 212–13; Irish becomes pre- disputations with 132, 140; in drama 221, eminent vernacular 179; Latin 209, 216, 753, 762, 789; in other literature 107–8, 221, 226–7; law 227; love lyrics 212; 118, 140, 464, 480, 485, 521 manuscript production 210, 226; metres Joachim of Fiore 372 211, 212; monasteries 210, 213, 321–2; Job, metrical life of 477 multilingualism 220; Norman invasion Jocelin of Brakelond 317 209, 210, 226; Norse speakers 65; Jocelin of Furness 328 north–south divide 179–80, 225; oral Johannes de Caulibus 546, 562; see also tradition 210; Pale 213; parody 216; Bonaventura, Pseudo- patronage 210–11; plantations 211, 214, John, King of England 97, 138, 154 221; political writings 211, 219, 223–5; John de Burgh 396–7 religious writings 212, 216, 218; and John de Cambridge 424 Richard II 208; satire 216–17, 218–19; John Clerk 494, 503n41, 504 Scottish contacts 179, 229, 230; sermons, John of Fordun 180, 233, 234, 253, 545, 714 Latin 226–7; Spenser on 180, 208, 227; John of Garland 141–2, 146, 385, 386 stereotype of barbaric life 180, 208–9; John of Gaunt: Chaucer’s Book of the Duchess town records 221; see also Hiberno- for 56, 569; and Englishing of Bible 582, English; Hiberno-Norman 583; and Good Parliament 274, 275, 521; Ireland, John 241–2 Hoccleve on 644, 647; and Lancastrian Isabel, Countess of Arundel 50 dynasty 641; patronage 288, 343, 370, Isabel, Duchess of York 164 587; Walsingham’s portrayal 275; and Isabella of France 164 Wyclif 663, 664, 669 Isidore of Seville 742 John Gaytryge’s Sermon 397 Isold, Queen 413–14 John of Grimestone 361 Italy: Chaucer and 351, 486, 578–9, 580; John of Hauville 150 humanism 150, 486, 578, 579, 580, 604; John of Howden (or Hoveden) 50, 148, 164, late romance 718; novella 351; vernacular 546, 549 582; women’s education 378 John of Salisbury 32, 135, 136, 137, 255, 388–9 Jack Upland 494n21, 846; ‘Upland’s John of Tynemouth 276 Rejoinder’ 679 John of Wales 360–1, 366 Jacob and Josep 477 John of Wallingford 271 Jacob’s Well 358, 399 John of Worcester 68n15 Jacobus de Cessolis 644 Joseph, St; Anglo-Norman narrative on 98 James I, King of Scotland 231, 233, 235–7 Joseph of Arimathea, works on 697, 713, 714; James II, King of Scotland 234, 237–9 alliterative verse 480, 492, 496, 692 James III, King of Scotland 234–5, 239, 241 Joseph of Exeter; Frigii Daretis Ylias 41, James IV,King of Scotland 241, 242–7, 252–3 136–7 James V, King of Scotland 789, 247, 248 Josephus, Flavius 500 James VI of Scotland and I of England 231 Joyce, James 90 James, William 540, 674 Joye, George 829, 831 James of Milan 546 Jubilee Book (London customary) 288, 290, James of Voragine 106 295 jay 423, 442 judicia Dei 426, 427, 430 Jean de Derlington 354 Julian of Norwich 338–9, 535, 539, 555, Jean de Meun 65, 351, 594, 600; Gower and 557–9, 560; on God as mother 485, 559; 591, 594, 601; Jaloux 593; use of friars’ and Margery Kempe 563, 631, 632; works 365, 367 modern recognition 542, 543; texts 557

1018 Index

Juliana, St; Lives of 81, 93, 117, 620–1 Knighton, Henry 584–5, 705; on Lollards justice 3; alliterative poetry on 511; Anglo- 668, 669, 684; on Peasants’ Revolt 438, Norman as language of 43, 49–50; 442 disrepute 414, 416–17, 433, 434, 435–6, Knights Hospitaller 698 438, 511; Erkenwald on 507, 508; Knox, Ronald 542 operation 139; Peasants’ Revolt and 433, Kyneburga of Gloucester 117 434, 435, 436; Year Books of testimony Kyng Alisaunder 166, 172 49–50; see also judicia Dei; law; Piers Kyteler, Alice 226 Plowman (on justice) labour legislation 437, 438; statute of Kane, George 517 labourers 433, 438, 449 Katherine, St, Lives of 621, 622, 627; early ‘ladders’, spiritual 546 Middle English 78, 81, 93, 117 Lady Bessy (ballad) 706–7, 707–8 ‘Katherine group’ of saints’ lives, early Lai d’Haveloc 40, 158, 163 Middle English 92, 93–4, 111, 116, lais, Breton 152, 158, 170, 173–4, 175, 176; 117–18, 619, 623; St Katherine 78, 81, 93, see also Marie de France (Lais) 117; St Margaret 81, 93–4, 117, 489–92, laisse metre 155, 156, 157, 172 626 laity: confessional texts for 391, 394–5, 396, Katherine of Aragon, Queen of England 806, 557, 747; education in religion 376, 377, 812 390–1, 397, (see also under Lateran Katrington, Sir Thomas 429 Council, Fourth); power in church 361–2, Kempe, Margery 539, 560, 562–4, 628–34, 551, 583, 741, 759, 763–6; role in 664, 756; domesticity and physicality 631, religious drama 637, 741, 745–9, 759, 633–4; and Julian of Norwich 563, 631, 763–6; and theological argument 666, 632; modern readings 543; radicalism 667; and vernacular piety 313–14, 331–2, 487, 563–4, 631; on women’s work 444, 334, 581 529; Wynkyn de Worde prints extract ‘Lak of Stedfastnesse’ (in Bannatyne 561, 628 Manuscript) 252 Kenelm, St; Life in South English Legendary Lakenheath 436 105–6 Lalaing, Jacques de 700 Kent 434, 840–1; drama 746, 749, 764 Lambeth Council (1281) 390, 396 Kildare Poems 216–18, 227 Lambeth Homilies 82, 83 Kilkenny, Statute(s) of 213–14 lament, Old English language of 12–13 The Killing of the Children (Digby plays) 753, La mort le roi Artu 426, 703–4 756, 762 Lancaster, 1st Duke of (Henry of Lancaster) Kilwardby, Robert, Archbishop of 54, 414–15, 580, 644 Canterbury 352, 355, 369 Lancastrians 637–8, 640–61; conduct King Alisaunder 156, 166, 172 literature 181; court life 237, 637–8, King Hart 244 640–61; deference to rulers in literature King Horn 156, 166 657–61; diversity and instability of King Ponthus 691, 713 dynasty 641–2; documentary culture 181; The King of Tars 697 dullness and a◊ect in Lancastrian letters The Kingis Quair 235–7 657–61; English language promoted King’s Bench, court of 410, 416, 417, 418, under 52, 58, 149–50, 209, 587, 637; and 424–5 Henrician revolution xx; and heresy xx, King’s Book 826 452–3, 459, 637, 639, 645–7, 650, 658, kingship, see monarchy 659; historiography under 279; Kippyng, Thomas 302–3 legitimation xix, 274, 637, 641, 642–3, Kirkeby, Margaret 470, 548 644, 652, (Hoccleve and) 644–5, 646, 647, Knaresborough 627 660–1, (Lydgate) 297, 342, 651, 652, Knight of the Swan, late romances on 691 653–4, 655–6, (monastic writers and) 342, The Knight of the Tower (Caxton) 306 343, (and orthodoxy) 645–8, 659; and knighthood, orders of 698, 701–2 literary revival 181; orthodoxy 645–8,

Index 1019

659, 676–7; and Parliament 58; practice 142; Domesday Book 4, 123–4; in propaganda 275, 297 drama 770, 771–2, 778, 780, 787; and Lancelot, stories of 429–30, 691, 717; late education 141–2, 146, 151, 326, 380, 389, romance 692, 693, 697 778, 801; and English 32, 50, 123–4, 441, Lancelot of the Laik, Scots 692, 693 458, 486, 791, (mixing) 57, 131, 145, 686, landholdings: Domesday 36, 68; legal cases 771–2, (presentation of Latin learning in) over 124–5, 138, 415–16, 436 486, 499–501, 526, 527, 532, 534, 551–2, Landino, Cristoforo 246 555, 583; fables 239; friars’ learning 314, The Land of Cokaygne 81, 213, 216–17 353, 365–8, 369; glossing, (of classical Lane, John 704 Latin) 135, (of Old English) 72, 73, Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 4, 38, (vernacular glossing to explain) 142; 124–5, 127, 458, 460–1 Gower’s use 441, 447, 486, 591, 599–600, Langland, William, see Piers Plowman 608; Hawes’ vocabulary 796; herbal 72; Langtoft, Peter of 50, 51, 163, 270–1, 329, hymns 211, 364–5, 546; Lanfranc and 330 458, 460–1; later medieval 148–51; language change, see change, linguistic learned vocabulary vernacularized languages, plurality of 35, 328–9, 329–31; 499–501; letters 145; literacy in 46, 119, English and French 35, 44, 55–6, 98, 119, 144, 378; in monasteries 319, 325–6, 153, 328–9; English, French and Latin 44, 327–8, 332–5; Norman Conquest 98, 119, 143, 150, 153, 328–9; genres increases influence 3, 4; oral access to 144; developed across 329–31; Welsh/Anglo- panegyric 42, 794; parliamentary records Norman or English 183; women’s 119 148, 149–50, 231; poetry 50, 147, 148, The Lantern of Light 287n6, 298, 459, 460, 150; Protestantism devalues 454, 461, 677, 680; printing 687–8 791; religious orthodoxy associated with Lapidary, Anglo-Norman vernacular 45 298; rhythmus triphthongus caudatus 50; The Last Age of the Church 683–4 scholasticism 141, 369; scientific writing Latemest Day 26 141; social unification 122; specialization Lateran Council, Third 376, 379 123; supported access 142, 143, 144; Lateran Council, Fourth: Benedictine Tudor writings 457, 638, 797–8, 802, 803; response 316; on confession 376, 390, validates material written in 38, 133, 457, 392–3; and education of laity 49, 191, 379, 458; varying levels of competence 144; 390, 548, 747, 759; Omnis Utriusque Sexus William of Malmesbury on 264; 390; trial by ordeal proscribed by 426 wordbooks 141–2; see also under Latimer, Sir Thomas 669, 670, 673, 675 documentary culture; government; Latin, Latinitas 6, 122–51; alliterative poetry hagiography; hierarchies (linguistic); and 486, 500; ambiguities 473, 486; historiography; humanism; Ireland; law Angevin literature 42; Arabic translated (languages of ); liturgy; mystics; Piers into 132; Arthuriana 133–4; authority Plowman; religious writings; sermons; 457, 458; Bale on 790; Bayeux Tapestry translation; Wales; women 124; Bekynton anthology 148, 150; book Latini, Brunetto 604 ownership 142–3; and Celtic culture Laud Troy Book 169 132–3, 145; challenge of other languages Laudabiliter (papal bull) 208, 223 to 123, 131–2, 145–8; charters 63, 132; laundresses, Lydgate’s treatise for 652 Chaucer and 148, 150–1, 486, 576; Launfal, Lay of Sir 171, 173–4 Church use 125–8, 147, 153, 183, 314, laureate status 340–1, 343, 344, 345–7, 348; 458, 460–1; classical 135–7, 256, 778, 801, Chaucer 672, 726, 736; Hoccleve 640, (‘classicizing’ friars) 353, 365–8, 578, (see 643–4; Lydgate 640, 651–6, 725; also Cato; Cicero; Horace; Lucan; Ovid; university laureates 722, 731, 735–6, 797 Sallust; Seneca; Statius; Terence; Virgil; Lavynham, Richard 358–9 and under translation); continental law 407–31; Anglo-Saxon 408; Brehon 227; writings 136, 150; continuity with past canon 408; ‘Common Celtic’ terminology 122, 125; courtesy literature 140–1; 186; compromise 427–8; divergence from everyday language customary/written hybrid 411–12;

1020 Index

law (cont.) Ledrede, Richard, Bishop of Ossory 148, documentary culture and 138, 412, 414; 226, 227 estoppel 414–15; on feudal dues 414–15; Lefèvre, Raoul: Recuyell des histoires de Troie folklaw 418, 419, 421, 426–31; 303n32, 721, 734–5; Histoire de Jason 701, formalistic casuistry 414–16; in France 703, 724 411–12; under Henry II 414; justice falls Legend of St Austin at Compton 628 short of 414, 416, 417, 436, 438; legendaries 618–21; see also South English languages of, (Anglo-Norman) 5–6, 43, Legendary 44, 48, 49–50, 52, 56, 408, (English) 50, Legends of the Saints 232 76, 132, 408, (Latin) 50, 68, 122, 138–9, Leges Quatuor Burgorum 408 183, 193, 408, 686; and landholdings legitimation: Arthurian legends and 133; 124–5, 138, 415–16; legal order as Caxton’s self- 727; genealogy as means of universal principle 410–11; legal writing 133, 638; Robert I of Scotland 233; as literature 287, 407, 408–10; memory romance as means of 706–8; see also under and documentation 138, 412, 414; and Lancastrians; Tudors; William I morality 411, 416, 431; oaths as form of Leicester, Lollards in 668–9, 685–6 proof 412–14; oral/written 411–12, Leinster, Book of 211 414–15, 419, 430–1; peasants’ grievances Leis Willeme 48 314, 416, 420, 433, 434, 435, 436; Piers Lelamour, John; Macer 499 Plowman on 420–1, 438, 523, 527; in Leland, John 181, 278, 282–3 romance 429–30; romanticization of le Mote, Jean de 578, 580 outlaws reflects state of 418, 421–6; satire Leofric, bishop of Exeter 71 on 418–21; Scotland 408; transcripts 313; leprosy 241, 624n68, 632 treatises on 49, 64; trial by battle or Lestrange, Richard, Lord of Knockin 344 ordeal 412, 426–30; Wales 183, 185, 186, letters 138, 145, 611–14; late romance as 193, 200–1, 207; year books 408–10, 412, models 637, 699; source for ‘lives’ 487, 414, 415–16; see also justice; labour 611–14 legislation Levellers 844–5 Lawrence of Durham 131 Lewis Glyn Cothi 205 lawyers 252, 314, 416–17, 420, 433 lexicon, English 58, 66, 524; alliterative lay brothers, Cistercian 317 poetry 493–4, 502; Lollard 480, 680 Lay Folk’s Catechism 333, 397, 398, 494n21, Ley, Sir James 222 682, 759 Leylond, John 403 Laamon; Brut 5, 8, 31–2, 84–5, 94–104; Libeaus Desconus 692, 701 archaism 31, 85, 98, 99, 100, 325; Liber Albus 294, 295, 296, 299 Arthurian material 104, 171; boasts 31, Liber Catonianus 380–5 32; contexts of production and reception Liber Custumarum, London 304 92, 94–100, 101–4, 105, 121, 330–1; Liber Regalis 128 manuscripts 81n37, 84n48, 99–100; libraries: friars’ 353, 368–9; monastic 145, Prologue 94, 96, 100; prosody 27–8, 31, 282–3, 325–7, 849; ex libris inscriptions 323, 325, 491, 492, 494; sources and 72; private 54, 142–3, 156; Tower of influences on, (Aelfric) 31, 99n21, London 164 (Geo◊rey of Monmouth) 98, 105, 331, Lichfield Gospel book (Book of St Chad) 185 (Wace) 42, 98, 101–2 Lifris 194 la Zouche, Elizabeth 164 Lilleshall, Shropshire 400 la Zouche, Sir Hugh de 436–7 Lily, William 802, 803, 849 learning: alliterative poets’ 500; Arabic 132, Linacre, Thomas 849 140; New, see humanism; Lincoln 417; Battle of 264; drama and scholasticism/empiricism conflict 781; see processions 746, 747, 764; see also Index also education; Latin (classical); of Manuscripts universities; and under friars; Wales Lindsay of the Mount, Sir David 247–51, 252 le Bel, Jean 272 lingua franca, French as 48 Lecan, Book of 211 Lionel, Duke of Clarence 213, 567

Index 1021

Lisle, Viscount (John Dudley) 794 670, 679, 689, 668, 669; interpolation of L’Isle, William 464 orthodox devotional works 682, 686; Lismore, Book of the Dean of 254 John of Gaunt’s sympathies 663, 664, literacy: apprentices 287n6; class and xviii, 669; knights 567, 571, 572, 573–4, 646–7, 287n6; and development of drama 746–7; 669, 670–3, 675; Lancastrian suppression growth 259; Lollards 668, 677; in London xx, 452–3, 459, 637, 639, 645–7, 650, 658, 287; Margery Kempe 632n102; see also 659; Latinate English distances writer education; reading habits and under Latin; from 298; literacy 668, 677; in London Lollards; Wales; women 292, 297–8, 301, 686, 671; Lydgate on literary occupations: distrust 286, 288, 291, 297–8; missionaries 685–6, 685; networks 292, 293; professionalization 293–4; see cross social boundaries 670; Oldcastle’s also clerks rebellion 293, 295, 675; in Piers Plowman litteratus 378 523–4, 536; plurality of practices 639, Little Malvern Priory 530 662; poetry 678–9; printed texts 687–8, liturgy: and Bible translations 456, 474, 831, 845–6; psalter 550; punctuation of 475–6; Cranmer’s translation 454; Latin texts 677–8; reading practices 677–8, 679, 129, 134, 145, 147, 470; see also drama 686, 687; and Reformation 687–9; satire (liturgical; religious (and liturgy)) 496; sermons 675, 679, 681–2, 686; lives, Middle English 487, 610–34; ‘Sixteen Points’ 681, 685; ‘Thirty-Seven authorship 629–30, 631, 633; exempla Conclusions’ 681; tracts and treatises 298, 617; exterior focus 487; sources, 679–80, (see also Jack Upland; The Lantern (chronicles) 616, (epitaphs) 610, 611, of Light); translations 682, (see also Bible (letters) 611–14, (travelogues) 615–16, above); trials xviii, 452–3, 677, 686, 827–8, (wills) 610–11; see also hagiography 830, (first-person accounts) 682–3; Livius, Titus; Vita Henrici Quinti 616 ‘Twelve Conclusions’ (1395) 571, 672–3, Llanbadarn Fawr 186, 192–3 674, 680; use of term 523–4, 536, 574; and Llanda◊, Book of 194 vernacular theology 369, 561; vocabulary Llandeilo Fawr 185, 186 480, 680; women’s involvement 471, 672; Llawysfgrif Hendregadredd 195 writings 678–85, (definition) 683–4, Llud and Llefelys, The Encounter of 189 (doctrinal diversity) 684–5, (genres) Llywelyn I of Gwynedd 197 680–3, (style and mode) 678–80 Llywelyn II of Gwynedd 200 Lombard, Peter 470 Llywelyn Bren 206 London 284–309; Aldgate minoresses 306, Llywelyn Goch 205, 206 307; aliens, riots against 300; alliterative Llywelyn ap Gru◊ud 187 poetry associated with 485, 510–11; Lollardy xviii, xx, 662–89; and Arundel’s artisans 285, 293, 300, 303; attitudes to Constitutions 673–8; Bible translations authority 295; authorship, notions of 285, 499, 682, 695, (see also under Wyclif, 290–1; burnings, (books) 830, 832, 849, John); book ownership 557, 668, 675, (heretics) 645, 677, 849; book trade 285, 677, 686–7; book production 668, 675, 294, 296, 308–9, 510–11, 583, 628, (see 687; broadsides 571, 667, 671, 672–3, also Caxton, William; Thynne, William); 674, 680; Brut continuators’ sympathy Burton’s epitaph and will 610–11, 623; 279; burnings 645, 646, 677; catalogues ceremonial 297, 301–2, 641; chronicles 680–1, 685; censorship of texts 294; 181, 278–9, 294, 296, 710; citizenry 285; Chaucer and 567, 572, 573–5, 585–6, 672, civic secretariat 285, 286–93; civic writing 846, 847; common life 684; communal and reform (1375–1400) 286–93; reading 677–8, 679, 686, 687; on Common Clerkship 294–5; complaint confession 685; diversity of doctrines and procedures 286, 288–91, 301; conduct practices 369, 662, 684–5; education codes and literature 300–9; convocations, 668–9; and endowment issue 674; and (1377) 644, (1408) 298; countryside European culture 500; and friars 369, 496; influences 284; customaries 288, 290, gentry 668, 675, (see also knights below); 294, 295; documentary culture under Henry VIII 845–6; iconomachy discredited 181, 286, 288, 291; education,

1022 Index

London (cont.) ludi 742–5; clerical participation 742–3, utilitarian view 781; friars 354, 355, 358; 743–5; East Anglian 753–4, 756; elements German community 828, 832; Gower and incorporated in religious drama 744, 510, 595, 608n42; guilds, 748–9; polemic against 739, 741, 742–6 (interrelationships) 285, 288, 293, 300, Ludus Coventriae, see N-Town plays 302, (Lydgate’s work for) 297, 624n68, ‘Ludwigslied’ manuscript 9 627, 641; language use 55–6, 58, 408; Lutel Soth Sermun 81 library in Tower 164; literacy rate 287; Luther, Martin 456, 688; inﬂuence in literary occupations 290–1, (distrust) 286, England 473, 474, 689, 800, 828; writings 288, 291, 292, 293, (professionalization) suppressed 829–30, 831, 832 293–4; Lollards 292, 297–8, 301, 686, Lychlade, Robert 667, 674 671; mayoralty 287; merchants 295, (and Lydgate, John: ambivalence 654, 656, 660–1; artisans) 285, 293, 300, (and chronicles) animal debate genre 652; audience 724; 181, 279, (literary legitimation) 293, 294, authorization 321, 343, 654–5; Bradshaw 301, (as political group) 284, 285, 290, on 345–6; career and political 293, 295, 301, (see also guilds above); environment 341–3, 640–3, 651; Caxton’s migration to 285, 298; normative editions 721, 723, 724, 727, 728, 730; and discourse (1400–50) 293–300; Oldcastle’s Chaucer 340–1, 654–5, 658; civic poetry rising 293, 295, 675; ordinances 295, 305; 297; as court poet 637; devotional works patronage 294; and Peasants’ Revolt 286, 342, 372, 487, 705; Dunbar praises 244; 287; petitions 286, 288–91, 294, 296, 307; ‘excellence’ 340–1, 343, 344; fables 651; poetry, public 286; political factions 181, 15th-century reading of 296, 308n42, 724, 286–93; prostitutes 306; ritualization of 725, 796, 797; hagiography 298, 342, 343, culture 301–2; St Michael’s Church, 624–5, 626, 627, 628, 652; hymns 651, Basinghall 610; St Paul’s Cathedral 652; and Lancastrians 58, 342, 640, 651, 298–9, 506, 507, 508, 510, 664, 671; St 658, 660–1, (legitimation) 297, 342, 651, Paul’s Cross 830, 832, 849; St Paul’s 652, 653–4, 655–6; laundresses, treatise School 778, 801; silk industry 307; for 652; laureate status 640, 651–6, 725; Smithﬁeld 296, 645, 677, 849; social life and works 651–2; mummings 653, consciousness 307–8; state of siege 754; patrons 58, 342, 640–1, 651, 652, (1450–85) 300; Steelyard 828, 832; texts 656; payment 343; professional status 294, and literary practice 284–309; Trojan 343, 637; range of works 640–1, 652–3; origin myth 133, 298–9; and Wars of the Shirley’s anthology 296, 308n42; Roses 300; William Fitzstephen’s speculative work 641, 651; translations encomium 133, 135; see also Westminster 343, 640–1, 652; wall poems 297 ‘London Lickpenny’ 418 works: ‘Bycorne and Chychevache’ Longleat friar 361 298; ‘Dance of Death’ 298; Fall of Princes Lorens d’Orléans; Somme le roi 395–6, 592 321, 617, 618, 638, 725, (addressed to Loscombe Manuscript 220 Humphrey of Gloucester) 342, 640, 652, Lot, King of Lothian 714 656, (and Boccaccio) 655, (on dissolution Lothian 229 into chaos) 654, (non-critical approach) Loutfut, Adam 231 657, 658–9, (Peter Idley draws on) 395, Louvain University 797 (principles of selection) 340–1, 343, 344, Love, Nicholas; Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesu (range of genres) 653n27, (Sidney on) 821; Christ 337, 373, 478, 560, 562, 625, 678 Henry VI’s Triumphal Entry into London 654, love lyrics: early Middle English 78–80; Irish 658; Horse Goose and Sheep 727; Kalendare 212; Welsh 199, 204–5, 206 of saints’ days 342; Life of Our Lady 342, love-questions (demandes d’amour) 570–1 625–6, 652, 737; ‘Mesure is Tresour’ Lovelich, Henry 692 297–8; Pilgrimage of the Life of Man 342, Low Countries 36, 180, 230; book trade 639, 652; Prayer for King, Queen and People 654; 720, 721, 731, 735, 828–9 Reason and Sensuality 652; Serpent of Lucan 256, 341 Division 652; The Siege of Thebes 584, 641, Lucian 802 651, 654, 656, 699; Stans Puer ad Mensam

Index 1023

727; The Temple of Glas 236, 724, 727; Mansion, Colard 721 Testament 626; The Churl and the Bird 727; manuscripts: of Charlemagne legends 154; The Title and Pedigree of Henry VI 342, 654, inscriptions 622; see also accessus; 656; Troy Book 342, 640, 651, 653–4, 655, compilations; glossing; marginalia; 656, 725; verse on Guy of Warwick 705 rubrication and Index of Manuscripts Lyly, William 801 map, ‘T and O’, in margin of Cursor Mundi Lynn, Norfolk 756 88n53 lyric poetry: Anglo-Norman 5–6; Chaucer Map, Walter 150, 160, 531–2; De Nugis 569; early Middle English 29–30, 78–80; Curialium 37, 77n32, 146, 194 friars 351, 353, 361, 362–5; Irish 212; Old Maphaeus Vegius 245 English lyricism 8, 28–30; prose Marbod of Rennes 136 homilectics interspersed with 78, 362; of March of Wales 65, 182–3, 187, 193–4 spiritual encouragement 363–4; Welsh Marchaunt, John 287 199, 204–5, 206 Marcus Aurelius, Golden Book of 811 Margam Abbey 324 mabinogion 187–90 Margaret, St 108, 230, 342, 345; ‘Katherine macaronic lines 8, 22, 27 group’ Life 81, 93–4, 117, 489–92, 626 MacGregor, Sir James 254 Margaret of Anjou 165, 700, 703, 705 Machaut, Guillaume de 52, 55, 575, 577, 601 Margaret of Woodstock, Princess 261 MacMhuirich bardic family 253–4 Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy 614, Macrobius 236 721 Macropedius; Hecastus 773 marginalia 72, 186, 245, 599–600; in Chaucer Madog ap Gwallter 200 manuscripts 150, 151; map, ‘T and O’ Madog ap Maredudd, King of Powys 196 88n53; poems 186, 210 Madresﬁeld Hours 143 Marie of Ely; Life of St Audrey 38, 46, 109, magic, Celtic 173 110, 119, 328, 338 Magna Carta 48, 154, 258 Marie de France: Espurgatoire seint Patriz Maitland Folio 252 38–9, 46; Fables 46–7, 120; Lais 39, 42, Major or Mair, John 235 46–7, 104, 154, 158, 173; Latin literacy Malachy of Ireland (Franciscan) 226 46, 119; and The Owl and the Nightingale Malcolm III (‘Canmore’), King of Scotland 32, 33 179, 229, 230 Marlburgh, Thomas 200 Malory, Sir Thomas; Morte Darthur 638, 692, ‘Mar Lodge’ version of Boece’s history 235 715–17; Ascham’s moral condemnation marriage: English/Norman 35, 36–7; mixed, 718; Caxton’s edition 638, 696, 706, 715, in Wales 183, 193, 199; romances and 717, 721, 730–1; emotional hagiography on 161–2, 621–2; unwanted, understatement 704; and English stanzaic escape from 109 Morte Arthur 704; French sources 704, 706, Martianus Capella, commentaries on 136, 715; on Guenevere in nunnery 121, 704; 141 on justice of Arthur’s time 695–6; martyrologies 487; see also Foxe, John knightly combats 428; Middle English Mary, Blessed Virgin: Cursor Mundi focused romances as precursors 173; oath for on 107, 108, 119–20, 121; lyric poem on Round Table 702; Palomides’ conversion marriage to 411; Immaculate Conception in 698–9; political ideals 716; style shifts 108, 371, 760; Lydgate’s Life of Our Lady towards chronicle 709 625–6; Miracles of 134, 143, 623, 624 Mandeville’s Travels 165, 173, 501, 615 Mary I, Queen of England 825, 829, 839, 848 The Man in the Moon 494 Mary, Queen of Scots 248 Mankind 753, 767, 770–3, 774–5, 787; Mary Magdalen (Digby plays MS) 753, 756 performance 755, 757–9 Mass, parody of 216 Mannyng, Robert, of Brunne: Chronicle 50–1, Mathew Bible 469, 829, 841 90, 270–1, 330; Handlyng Synne 51, 90, Matilda, Queen of England (wife of Henry I, 270, 271, 332, 358, (exempla) 333, 395, formerly Edith) 37, 39, 41, 45, 46 396, (inﬂuences) 395, 705 Matilda II, Queen of England, Empress 261

1024 Index

Matters of Britain, France and Rome, see Middle English, early 3, 61–91, 260; accretive under romance development 66, 67, 102–4; charter Matthew, Thomas, of Colchester 827 language and 68–9; contexts of Matthew of Vendôme 386, 391 production and reception 92–121; Matthew Paris see Paris, Matthew ‘Cuckoo’s Song’ 78; devotional prose Maud (Matilda) de Clare, Countess of 81–4; didactic verse 80–1; Domesday Book Gloucester 118 and 67–8; glossing of Old English texts Maxen legends 189 72, 73; hagiography 78, 81; Mechtild of Hackeborn 535–6, 560 historiography 87–9, 104–6, 260, 328; Mechtild of Magdeburg 535, 546 homilies 81–4; last generation of writers medicine: texts 49, 220, 583, (Welsh) 185, 89–91; lyric 29–30, 78–80; narrative 191, 207; women and 306, 307, 308 poetry 81; oral phase 4, 65–6; rate of Meditationes Vitae Christi 371, 373, 478, 546, language change 62–3, 66, 67; reading 562, 625, 632, 747 habits 81, 84, 90–1; Scandinavian Meditations on the Supper of Our Lord 373 inﬂuence 66–7, 85; spiritual and secular Medwall, Henry 782–3, 788 sexuality 78–80, 116–17; transition from Meilyr 195 Old English 72, 260, 323; women’s Melrose Abbey 230; Melrose Chronicle 329 reception of literature 83, 108–21; see also Melusine 698, 700, 702, 706 Ancrene Wisse; Cursor Mundi; ‘Katherine memory: censorship and 832; group’; Laamon; Orrm; The Owl and the commemorative culture 122–3, 125, 127, Nightingale; Thomas of Hales; Tremulous 138–9, 412, 414; and Englishing of Bible Hand of Worcester 455, 468–9, 474; quotations made from Midlands 65, 110–19; alliterative verse 22–6, 528 31, 325, 509, 520 mendicant orders, see friars Midsummer Watch 301–2 mercers, London 298, 302, 610–11, 721; migration, internal 285, 298 public petition 290–1, 294, 296 Milan; Visconti dynasty 579 merchants 168; and artisans 285, 293, 300; Mildenhall, Su◊olk 436 book ownership 252, 302–3, 623, 724; military arts, romance on 637, 699–701 Chaucer and 568, 586–7; German, in Milton, John 482, 849 London 828, 832; heretical literature Minot, Laurence 494, 709 spread by 827, 828; literacy 287n6; minstrels 168, 351, 527 literary legitimation 293, 301, 724; Piers miracle plays, see drama (religious) Plowman on 523; reading habits 168, 302, Miraclis Pleyinge, Tretise of 679, 739, 745, 748 637, 696–7, 699, 843; and urban miracula 744, 746, 748 chronicles 181, 279; see also under London Mirk, John 347, 397, 400–2, 408; Festial 347, Merlin 692 360, 400–1, 627; Instructions for Parish Metham, John 693, 695, 699 Priests 347, 391, 397, 400–2 Methley, Richard 560 Mirror (sermon collection) 694, 706 metres: alliterative 8, 27, 50, (combined with Mirror of Justices 410, 411, 419, 427 rhyme) 27–8, 50, 198, 325, 489–92, Mirror for Magistrates 617–18, 821 (ﬂexibility) 489–92, (long lines) 27, 28, Mirror of Our Lady 338, 334–5, 338, 347, 380, 242, 481, 489; Irish 211, 212; Old English 560, 561 7, 10, 11–12, 15, 16, 18, 323; rhythmus Mirror of the World 303 triphthongus caudatus 50; septenary 464, mirrors for princes 42, 702; Chaucer 638, 465, 481; see also couplets; laisse; rhyme; 657; Gower 377, 603–4; retreat from and under romance; Wales genre 638, 657–8, 659, 660; see also Michael, Dan, of Northgate; Aenbite of Inwyt Hoccleve, Thomas (Regement of Princes); 90, 332, 396, 548 Lydgate, John (Fall of Princes); monarchy Michael of Cornwall 147 (counselling of ); and under Scotland Michael of Kildare 217–18 mischsprächen 4, 5, 64, 67 Middle English: as creole 67; see also misogyny 119, 120, 150, 251, 382, 444 individual genres and authors missionaries: Franciscan 533; Lollard 685–6

Index 1025

mobility, social, see under social Montemagno, Buonaccorso da 782 moderni 76, 529 Montrueil, Jean de 578 Modwenna, St 38 Moore, John, Bishop of Norwich and of Ely monarchy: and Arthurian legends 42, 133, 726–7 161, 638, 707; and barons 146, 154; morality: alternative, of outlaws 424; and centralization of power 154, 638; kingship 590–1, 594, 597, 604; and law counselling of 140, 248, 638, 675, 411, 416, 431 (humanist) 801–2, 804, 812, (see also morality plays 305, 639, 767–74; challenge to mirrors for princes); and drama 746, church 772–3, 787; Durham 787; 764–5; ideal 104, 419; and morality individualism 307, 772–4; Latin in 770, 590–1, 593–4, 597, 604; patronage 261–2, 771–2; Protestant 787–92; social level of 608–9, 727; Peasants’ Revolt and 433; and audience 775; see also Castle of religion xx, 639; romance attitude to 166; Perseverance; Everyman; Mankind; The Pride as source of order 77; vernacular and of Life; Wisdom standing of 486, 577–9, 579–80, 582 Moray, Earls of 497 monasteries 313, 314–15, 316–48; archival More, Sir Thomas, St 803–6, 807; and sensibility 40, 321, 339–40, 348; English Bible 459, 840; on Erasmus’ New capitalism 313; chronicles 180–1, 260, Testament 802, 803; European inﬂuences 280–1, 322–3, (see also Anglo-Saxon on 818; execution 834; and Henry VIII Chronicle; Anominalle Chronicle); 795, 803; against heresy 829, 831, 833–9; compilations, manuscript 326; and humanism 638, 833; imprisonment contemplative life, treatises on 335–9; 806, 807; Latin writings 457, 802, 803; continuity 320, 322, 347; dissolution ix, performance at Christmas in youth 777, 207, 281, 347–8, 379, 689, 848, 849; 778, 804; rejects Reformation 786, 788, education in 325, 378–9; friars and 315, 832; and Tyndale 457, 464, 832–3, 331–2, 334, 370; friendships in 130; 836–8 historiography 104–8, 261, 269, 272, (see works: Dialogue Concerning Heresies also chronicles above); intellectualism and 833, 834–9; Dialogue of Comfort Against anti-intellectualism 314–15; international Tribulation 807; Epigrams, Latin 803; connections 313, 350; justices’ collusion epistle (264) to daughters 803; History of with against interests of people 435–6; King Richard III 617, 805–6; language use 44, 71, 327–8, 328–9, 332–5, Progymnasmata 803; Utopia 803–5, 813 338; literary production 9, 71, 126, 260, morphology 66 314–15, 320n30, 324, 335–9; literate Mort Arthur, stanzaic 171, 704, 709–10, 712 culture preserved in 319–20, 321–2, La mort le roi Artu 426, 703–4 339–40, 347–8, 350; Lollards and 666, Morte Arthure, alliterative 171, 172, 496, 684; Norman control 38, 122, 260; in 503n41, 504, 505–6, 509 Peasants’ Revolt 314; revival, 11th-/12th- Mortimer, Sir Roger 205 century 18–19; Rules 144, 306, 316, 318, mortmain 270 321–2, 335, 336, 338, (see also Benedict, Morton, Cardinal John, Archbishop of Rule of St); satire against 216–17; Canterbury 777, 778, 783, 804, 805 scriptoria 9, 126, 128, 129; textual Mount Grace Priory 337, 564, 628 communities 349–50; writers with multiculturalism 35, 62 monastic and public careers 341–5; see ‘Multon’ scribe of London 303n32 also nuns and nunneries and under Mum and the Sothsegger 180, 419–20, 496, education; Ireland; libraries; Old English; 501, 536–7 Piers Plowman; Scotland; translation; mummings 297, 641, 653, 754, 758–9 Wales Munday, Anthony 718 Mone, Hawisia, of Loddon, Norfolk xviii, Muriel, nun of Wilton 145 452–3 Myllar, Androw 252–3 money economy 351 Mynchenlegh (Canonsleigh), nunnery at Montagu, Sir John 571, 670, 673 118 Montagu, Thomas, Earl of Salisbury 342 Mystère d’Adam 45

1026 Index

mystics 539–65; academic and religious Nix, Richard, Bishop of Norwich 827 context of study of 540–5; authenticity nobility 595–7, 782, 783 543; canon 539, 543–4, 561; continental Norbert, St; Capgrave’s Life 626–7, 368 560; earlier developments 545–7; and Normandy 43, 47 emotionalism 541, 545; English language Norman-French in Ireland, see Hiberno- 544, 550, 551–5, 559–60; 15th-century Norman 560–4; integration with literary history Normans: adopt Frankish legend 35; 485, 539–40, 564–5; and Latinitas 486, commerce 36; Conquest 3, 36; and 544, 553, 632n102; modern devotional Church 37–8, 122, 129, 260, 464, (impact) reading of 543; pragmatism and ix, 3–4, 63, 76, 277, (legitimation) 39–40; particularism denied 547, 559; printing cult of Virgin Mary 108; documentary 561; on salvation 556, 564; and ‘spiritual culture 4, 17, 122–3, 257, 259–60; extent experience’ debate 540; translatio studii of empire 5, 36; historians on civilizing 486, 559; use of word 544; see also Ailred; e◊ect: 264–5, 266; intermarriage 35, Anselm; Cloud of Unknowing; Hilton, 36–7, 183, 193, 199; identiﬁcation with Walter; Julian of Norwich; Kempe, insular past 40–3, 44–5; in Ireland 209, Margery; Rolle, Richard 210, 226; land holdings 36, 68, 124–5, myths, national foundation xviii, 4, 4–5, 138; proportion of population 63; 108–9, 120, 161; Welsh 184; see also Troy Scandinavian origins 3, 35; in Scotland legends and under Scotland 130, 230; in Welsh March 193–4 Norse language 65, 66 N-Town cycle plays 748, 752, 753, 756, 760, north of England: drama 637, 750, (see also 761–2; text 757 Chester, Wakeﬁeld and York cycle plays); names, personal 37 kingdom of Alban 132; monastic revival Naogeorgus, Thomas 773 18–19; survival of pre-Conquest national identity: British 84–5, 102–4; institutions 129; uprising (1536) 846; English 154, 162, 581, 582, 639, 824, Welsh legends of battles for 184 (Anglo-Normans and) 4–5, 38, (early north–south divides 179–80, 225, 229 Middle English period) 88–9, 90, 91, Northampton, John of 287, 288, 289–90, 102–4; Scots 246, 247; Welsh 183, 184; see 292, 293 also myths, national foundation Northern Homily Collection 466 national poet, Surrey as 817–18, 819–20 Northern Homily Cycle 466, 620, 621, 622 Neckam, Alexander 141, 142, 146 The Northern Passion 747 Necton, Robert 827 Northumbria 18–19, 65, 231, 256 Nego 218 Norton, John 560 Nennius; Historia Brittonum 184, 185, 256, Norway; control of Western and Northern 267 Isles 229 Neoplatonism 238, 246, 598, 600 Norwich xviii, 452–3, 691, 839; drama 746, Netter, Thomas, of Walden 352, 370 747, 753, 756, 761, 764 Nevill, Sir William 670, 672, 673 novel, late romance as precursor of 691 Neville, Sir Edward 777 novella, Italian 351 New Learning, see humanism Nun of Barking; Vie d’Edouard le Confesseur ‘new men’, Tudor 775–6, 782–5, (see also 39, 46, 47, 104, 119 More, Sir Thomas; Wolsey, Thomas) nuns and nunneries: aristocratic women in New Romney, Kent 764 121, 378, 380; dowries 306; education in New Testament 478; Tyndale’s translation 144, 378–9; Latin literacy 319, 327–8; 460, 826, 827–8, 829, 830, 832, 833 Rules 306, 332, 338; writings by 313, Nicholas, St; Wace’s Life 108 338–9; writings for 92, 110–19, 121, Nicholas of Gorran 360 337–9, 350, 546, 557, 560, (sacred and Nicodemus, Gospel of 478, 479 spiritual sexuality fused) 78–80, 116–17, Nigel of Canterbury (also called Nigel (see also Ancrene Wisse; Julian of Wireker, Whiteacre and de Longchamps) Norwich; Myroure of Oure Ladye; Rolle, 134–5, 146, 328 Richard)

Index 1027

oaths: to Henry VIII’s Act of Succession 806; aloud, oral reception 116, 287, 677–8, legal form of proof 412–14, 429–30; 679, 686, 687; romance transmitted solidarity, Peasants’ Revolt 433 through 692–3; source for Life of Ockham, William of 352, 369 Hereward the Wake 71; and tail-rhyme Octavian romances 169, 174, 691 170; see also under Ireland; Wales; Oculus Sacerdotis 528 women Odo of Bayeux 124–5, 127 orator regius 793–4, 797 Odo of Cheriton 238 The Orchard of Syon 560, 561 Old English 7–34; assimilation into post- ordeal, trial by 412, 426–7 Conquest literature 153; in charters 125, Orderic Vitalis 4, 76 132; continuity of tradition 8–9, 323; ordinances, civic 295, 305 decline of literature 71; dissemination of ordinatio, Caxton and 729–31 writings, post-Conquest 8–9; ordo scientiarum 377 fossilization 71–2; and French ix, 3, 4; Oresme, Nicole 365, 577, 578 hagiography 619; interlace 8, 21, 24; and Origen, pseudo-; Chaucer translates 576 Latin ix, 3, 4, 123–4, 125; legal use 132; origin myths, see foundation stories; myths, lyricism 8, 28–30; inﬂuence on Middle national foundation English 72; monastic tradition 322–5, Orkney, 3rd Earl of (Henry, Lord Sinclair) 461, 532, (Worcester) 22–6, 31, 71, 99, 236 325, 509, 532; pre-Conquest literature 8, Orkney islands 229 28–30, 256–7, 359, 489; prosody 10, Orrm and Orrmulum 8, 85–7, 119, 330, 464–6; 11–12, 15, 18, 27–8, 31, 323, (see also and Englishing of Bible 464–6, 467, 474; under Laamon); relationship to spoken metre 464, 465, 481; orthography 86–7, English 69, 71–2, 73–4; religious writing 464, 465 69; rhetoric 12–13; stability 62–3; tales orthodoxy, Lancastrian 659, 676–7 174; thematization of social problems 10, orthography 5, 254; experimental ix, 86–7, 74–5; transition to Middle English 72, 464, 465 260, 323; Tudor interest 5, 283, 461, 477, Osbern of Canterbury 328 849; vernacular identity 11; verse written Osbert of Clare 328 out as prose 9, 32–3; wisdom literature Oseney Abbey, Oxford 344, 704 24; written culture 4, 153; see also Osyth, St 38, 109, 117–18 alliterative poetry; antiquarianism; Otho Reviser of Laamon’s Brut 32 architectural imagery; Durham; The Grave; Oton de Graunson 52, 55 The Owl and the Nightingale; Peterborough Otuel, romance of 190 Chronicle; Soul’s Address to the Body; ‘The Outlaw’s Song of Trailbaston’ 422–3 Tremulous Hand of Worcester; Worcester outlaws, literature on 418, 421–6, 451–2 Fragment, First Ovid: Chaucer adaptation 576; Old Kentish Homilies 84 commentaries on 136; Gower and 596, Old Testament 477–8, 829, 831 597, 603; Lydgate ‘never acquainted’ with Oldcastle, Sir John 279, 688; Hoccleve’s 340, 341; Remedia Amoris 382; texts in ‘Remonstrance against Oldcastle’ monastic libraries 326, 369 299–300, 646–7, 648, (reading Owain legends 184, 190, 201 recommended in) 690, 694, 699, 703; Owain (or The Lady of the Fountain) 190 rebellion 293, 295, 675 Owain Cyfeiliog 200 Omnis Plantacio (Lollard sermon) 686 Owain Glyndwr 180, 201, 205 Omnis Utriusque Sexus decree 390 Owain Gwynedd 182, 196, 197–8 ‘open’ and ‘closed’ text of pre-print culture Owain Lawgoch 201 517–18 Owain Tudur 180, 201 orality, oral tradition: alliterative poetry and owl, fable of; Holland’s Buke of the Howlat 493, 502–3; early Middle English 4, 65–6; 238, 497 historiography and 257; Latin 144; law The Owl and the Nightingale 5, 11, 32–4, 76–8, 411–12, 412–14, 419, 430–1; More on 120; form of debate 50, 410; manuscripts 835–6; Orrmulum reﬂects 87, 119; reading 77, 81n37, 84n48, 98

1028 Index

Oxford: book trade 143, 830, 831; 148, 149–50; Thomas Chaucer’s career Constitutions of (1407–8), see under 587; trailbaston commissions 422–3; Arundel, Thomas; dramatic productions under Tudors 793 778–9; friars 331, 354, 355, 369, 370; acts: ‘for the aduauncement of true heresy 829, 830, 831; independence of religion . . .’ (1543) xviii, 842–7; of Six university 664, 667, 676; licensing to Articles 849; Treason (1534) 806; of preach 841–2; Lollardy 667–8, 674; Union (1536 and 1542) 207 Lydgate at 651; monastic colleges 331; The Parliament of the Three Ages 495n25, 496, not cathedral city 379; Oseney Abbey 344, 501, 503, 504, 506 704; Provisions of 146; Rewley Abbey parody: Chaucer’s Sir Thopas 170; Fergus, of 331; Skelton as laureate 797; town–gown Chrétien 157; Irish 216; of liturgy, in hostilities 586; Trivet studies at 366; drama 216, 742–5, 748–9 Wyclif ’s place in university 277, 663, 664, Parr, Katherine 849, 850 667 parrots 248 Oyer and Terminer, commissions of 417 Partenay, The Romance of 693, 706 Partonope de Blois 691, 693 Packenham, Hugh 612 Partonopeus 39 Padarn, poem to sta◊ of St 193, 186, 193 Passiun de seint Edmund 39 Page, John 300 Paston, Sir John 692, 701, 705 pageants 641 Paston letters 614 panegyric 42, 722, 793, 794 pastoral writings 527–8, 529–30, 547, 548–9 papacy: Adrian IV 208; Avignon 226–7, 238, Patience 479–80, 500–1, 505 514–15, 579; candidates for bishoprics patronage: of canonical works 727; church 147; courts 133, 138; cursus 138, 148; and 202; of historiography 261–2; London Edward I’s claim to overlordship of civic oligarchy 294; of romance 161–2; see Scotland 133; Great Schism 238, 445, 515, also under individual writers and aristocracy; 594n21; Henry VIII’s break with 282, Ireland; monarchy; Wales; women 639, 806, 839, 840, 847; papal provisions Patteshull, Peter 666, 671 in England 663; Richard FitzRalph payment of writer, ﬁrst recorded 343 addresses Pope 226–7; see also bulls Payne, Peter 667 paraphrase 332–5, 457, 463, 470, 472, Pearl 315, 479 476–82; see also biblical paraphrase Pearsall, Derek xiv paratactic style 87 Peasants’ Revolt (English Rising, 1381) pardoning 250, 292, 507, 520, 522, 524–5 432–53; animal portrayal of peasants 441, Paris: dialect 56–7, 57–8; friars 366, 369; 442, 446, 447–8, 451, 595, 606; Chaucer university 354, 366, 369 and 450–1, 586, 606; chronicles 434–6, Paris, Matthew 50, 147, 269, 328; Chronica 438, 442; clerical participation xviii, 437; Majora 258, 269–70, 328, 329, 330; Gesta and documentary culture 286, 287, 314, Abbatum 328; saints’ lives 39, 50, 104, 328 525; Froissart on 273; Gower on 291, 297, Paris and Vienne (Caxton) 699, 704 450, 451, 594–5; on justice and law 314, parish tax 433, 436 416, 420, 433, 434, 435, 436; justiﬁcation Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury 255; king as focus 433; monasteries 5, 283, 461, 477, 849 attacked 314; participants 433–4; Piers Parliament, English: Anglo-Norman as Plowman and 438–9, 524; and taxation language of 48, 49, 52; and popular unrest 433, 434; and townspeople 286, 287, 434; 440–1; Arundel prevents Lollard ‘When Adam delved and Eve span’ 845 becoming Speaker 673–4; Chaucer a Pecham, John, Archbishop of Canterbury member 446; English used in 580; Good 148, 216, 355, 369, 390, 561–2; 274, 275, 286, 521; Lancastrian policy ‘Ignorantia Sacerdotum’ 396, 547–8, 553, towards 58; Latin records 148, 149–50; 557, 759; ‘Philomena’ 362 Lollard broadside (1395) 571, 672–3, 674, Peche, Sir John 669 680; Lollard Disendowment Bill 674; Pecock, Reginald 298, 362, 467, 560, 561, Reformation 229; Merciless 670; Rolls 687

Index 1029

Pelegrinage de Charlemagne, Welsh translation pidgens 64, 67 190–1 Piers Plowman 513–38; allegory 514, 525, Pèlerin de Prusse 578 534–6, 537; and alliterative poetry 325, pencerdd (Welsh ‘chief poet’) 195–6, 198 498–9, 531, 532–3, 537; ambiguity 514; Peniteas Cito, see William de Montibus anonymity 514; anti-intellectualism 520; penitential literature: alliterative poetry 508; apocalypticism 522, 530, 533; audience and classroom texts 376; friars’ 353, 523, 527, 528, 532, 537; authorship 498, 355–9; Gower and 377, 589, 591, 592, 513–14, 520, 521–2, 525–6, 528–9, 532, 603; and interiority 487; Lydgate’s (consciousness) 523, 525, 533; distance from 487; manuals 313, 315; see ‘autobiographical’ material in C-text also confessional texts 521–2, 525–6; biblical quality 479, 499; Penityas 191 chronicles influence 531; circulation in Pepysian Gospel Harmony 479 varying states of readiness 485, 518, Perceforest 701 519–20, 522–3; and circumstances 395; Perceval romances 159, 190 communal ideal 439; composition process Percy Folio Manuscript 692, 693–4, 702, 485, 525; crucifixion passus 430, 514; 704, 708, 710–12, 718 dating 495, 515, 524; dialect 533; on Peredur son of Efrawg, Historia of 190 documentary culture 292; and Peregrinus 743 ecclesiology 521; and endowment perfection, monastic/eremitic 530, 548–9 controversy 530; English language 292, performance 94; lyrics inserted into sermons 526, 552; and eremitical tradition 533, 78, 362; see also orality and under drama 534; fluidity 514, 532–3, 534, 535–6; and individual plays formal, intellectual and polemical Perkins, David xvi heritage 526–34; and friars 372, 374, 523, Perlesvaus 190 530, 532, 533–4; genre 515, 526, 531, 534; Pershore Abbey 324 harrowing of Hell 478, 479, 521, 552; Pers of Birmingham, Sir 219 influence 536–7; on Jesus as mother 485; Peter the Chanter 427 on justice and law 292, 420–1, 438, 523, Peter of Langtoft, see under Langtoft 527; Latin, (quotation) 527, 528, 532, (use Peterborough Abbey 260, 323, 324, 326 of ) 150, 521, 551–2, (vernacularizes Latin Peterborough Chronicle: Anglo-Norman learning) 486, 499–500, 526, 527, 532, chronicle in margin 72; on Domesday 534, 551–2; literary method and its survey 259–60; 1087 entry 5, 7, 8, 11–18, influence 534–8; location of poem 498, 30, (see also The Rime of King William); 513, 520; on Lollards 523–4, 536; London 1137 entry 10, 11; 1154 entry 70, 260 connections 485, 510, 516, 521; petitions, civic 286, 288–91, 294, 296, 307 manuscripts 510, 515–20, 527, 531; on Petit Plet 50, 98 merchants 523; on minstrels 527; models Petrarch, Francis 365, 578–9, 580, 733, 734; 526; monastic connections 320, 325, 372, Surrey’s imitations 814; Wyatt’s 525, 530–1; and mysticism 559; Pardon, translation 810 tearing of 520, 522, 524–5; pastoral Petronilla, St; Bradshaw’s Life 628 concern 430, 527–8, 529–30; and Petrus Alfonsi 140 Peasants’ Revolt 438–9, 524; persona, ‘Pety Job’ 477 Piers’ 291, 480, 514–15; plebeian names Pewterers’ guild 303–4 in 441; polyvocalism 514; and Philip, Mathew, mayor of London 301 predestination issue 521; printed edition, Philip, Thomas (Lollard) 686 Crowley’s 848; and probatio 534; on Philippa of Hainault, Queen of England 262 property rights 439; Protestant Philippa of Lancaster 573 apologetic use 516, 538; puns 552; Philippe de Thaon 45 reading environment 91, 551–2; religious phonology 66, 69 writings in tradition of 527, 529, 532–3, Picardy 36, 47 534, 551–2, 559; revisions 520–6; on Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius 794–5 salvation 520, 521, 525; satire 372, 374, Pictish kingdom 229 531–2, 535, 537; scholasticism 527–8; sin

1030 Index

Piers Plowman (cont.) Pointz, John 812 narrativized in 315; spiritual style 372–3; Pole, Reginald de la, Cardinal 808 structure 514, 530; texts 515–20, (A-text) Pole, William de la (1st Duke of Su◊olk) 5–6, 340, 498, 515–19, 520, (B-text) 485, 59 498–9, 510, 515–19, 520–1, (C-text) 222, polemic: allegorical expression 534; and 291, 499, 510, 515, 519–20, 521–2, 524, authorial anonymity 514; anti-theatrical 525–6, 533, (Z-text) 518–19, 520, 532; 739, 740–1, 742–6; see also friars (anti- title 515; topicality of material 518, fraternalism) 519–20, 522–3; on Trinity 467; Tudor politics: clergy and 274–5; and humanism reading of 537–8, 561, 847, 848; and vox 801–2; indeterminacy, post-Conquest populi 438–9; on wealth 439; and women 9–10; Irish writings 211, 219, 223–5; 523, 529, 534 London factional 181, 286–93; poetry 49, Piers the Plowman’s Crede 496, 536, 537, 211, 243, 514, (Welsh) 197, 201–2, 205; 678–9 Tudor era 793–820, 850–1 piety: a◊ective 148, 353, 371–2, 373–4, 533, Poliziano, Angelo 732, 733–4 546; lay, expansion of 581; and romance poll tax 433, 436 173, 174, 175, 690, 694, 696–8, 718; way Polydore Virgil 278, 282, 715, 805 to salvation, in Mankind 772–3 Ponet, John 825 The Pilgrim’s Tale 846–7, 847 Pontano, Giovanni 732 pilgrimage accounts 615–16, 633n105 Ponthus romances 691, 698, 713 Pilgrimage of Grace 846 Ponthus et Sidoine 691 ‘pilgrimage of life’ poems 535 Poore, Richard, Bishop of Salisbury 390 The Pilgrimage of Sir Richard Torkington to the popular culture: friars and 351, 362, 370; see Holy Land 615–16 also ludi; song, vernacular Pinnenden Heath, Kent; land claims 124–5, popularizing works, friars’ 350 127 population, ethnic composition of 63 Pipe Rolls 138 Pore Caitif 548, 551, 556, 561 Piramus, Denis 39, 328 Porete, Marguerite 546, 560 Pius II, Pope 345 Porland, William 295–6 Pius X, Pope 541 post-Conquest period see Anglo-Norman; place, theme of 5, 162 contexts of production and reception; Placita Corone 410 Latinitas; Middle English, early; Old plague 485 English; romance plaints, see petitions poverty 437, 678; apostolic 314, 351, 352, Play of the Sacrament, Croxton 221, 222, 753 353, 365, 368, 530, 533, 565 Plea Rolls 410 Powys 182, 183, 196, 201 Pleading, Statute of 580 praemunire, statute of 827 plenus homo 597, 604 Prayer Book 454, 458, 469 The Plowman’s Tale 536, 537, 845–6, 847, 849 preaching, see sermons plowmen and agricultural workers 315, predestination 521 432–3, 449, 783–4; see also Piers Plowman; pregnancy 94 The Plowman’s Tale Premierfait, Laurent de 652, 655 Plumpton correspondence 614, 612, 613 Premonstratensian order 318, 322, 326, 327, plurality: of audiences 94, 568–9; see also 331 languages; multiculturalism prepositional structures 8 Plutarch 812 Presles, Raoul de 365, 578 Poema Morale 80–1 prestige, language, see hierarchies (linguistic) poetry: distinctive uses of prose and 478, The Prick of Conscience 90, 341, 398, 548, 561; 481; practicality xix, 220, 576; written Lollard-interpolated versions 682, 686; presentation of 9, 32–3; see also individual manuscripts 222, 335, 340, 537 poets and genres and metres; rhyme; verse pride 715, 762, 767, 783 forms The Pride of Life 221–2, 767 pointing of psalms 481 priesthood of all believers 452

Index 1031

primer, English 829, 831 punctuation of Lollard texts 677–8 Princes, Chronicle of the; Welsh translation 206 puns 8, 528, 552 Princes in the Tower 805 Purchas, William 303n32 printing: anthologies, personal 723, 726; Puritanism 765, 781, 787 Bibles 825, 842; and censorship 637, Purvey, John 848 830–1, 843; on Continent 639, 721, 828, Puttenham, George 814, 848 829, 831; humanist 802; illustrations, Pye, Hugh 452 woodcut 723; modelled on manuscript Pykas, John (Colchester Lollard) 686, 827 formats 723; More on errors 835–6; Pylgrymage of sir R. Guylforde knyghtt 616 typefaces 722; Welsh poets’ reaction to Pynson, Richard 627, 628, 697 207; see also individual printers and under Pyramus, Denis 39, 328 individual authors and books, heretical; hagiography; religious writings; romance The Quatrefoil of Love 496, 511 (late); Scotland Quem quaeritis 739, 740, 743 prison: Cecily Tikell’s complaint over 289; querelle des femmes 206 literary ﬁgures in 806, 807, 808, 811, 815, Queste del Saint Graal 190, 703–4 819; saints in 117 Quindecim Signa ante Judicium 218 Privy Council and censorship of books 841 Quivil, Peter, Bishop of Exeter; Summula Privy Seal 200, 640, 643, 650–1 393–4 probatio, Langland and 534 Quo elongati (bull) 351–2 processions 297, 746, 747, 756 quo warranto hearings (1279) 138 proclamations, royal 147, 287 proﬁt motive 767, 781 race 43, 63, 126 promise, deed of (cautio) 134 Rachel 743 pronouns, third-person plural 66 Radcli◊e, Ralph 788–9 propaganda: Lancastrian 275, 297; Tudor Radegunde, St; Bradshaw’s Life of 628 793, 825, 847; see also legitimation Ralph d’Escures 82–3 propempticon genre 134–5, 146 Ramsey Abbey 326 prophecy 201–2, 481, 532 Ranworth, Norwich 839 prose: alliterative 14, 489, 494n21; authority Rastell, John 779, 780–1, 788, 833 262; classical Latin 389; distinctive uses of Rastell, William 783–4, 788 verse and 478, 481; rhythmical 14, 489; Rate (burgess of Leicester) 696 verse written out as 9, 32–3; Welsh 206–7; Rationale Divinorum O√ciorum 578 see also romance (prose) Rauf Coilyear 692 prosody, see couplets; metres; rhyme; verse Raylond, William (Lollard) 687 forms Reading Abbey 78 prostitutes, regulation of 306 reading practices: Benedictine rule on private Protestanism: biblical literalism 835, 837; reading 318–19; Book of Curtesye’s continuity of medieval culture 787–8; recommendations 728; communal 116, drama 751, 763–4, 765, 787–92; and 287, 677–8, 679, 686, 687; control, English language 454, 461, 791; Reformation 637, 840–5; early Middle individualism 788, 791; Piers Plowman English 81, 84, 90–1; East Anglia 626–7; used in apologetics 516, 538; see also hagiography 625; Hoccleve’s individual reformers and Lutheranism; recommendations 690, 694, 699, 703; Puritanism; Reformation indexing and 729; knights’ 648; Latin 144, Protheselaus 159, 160 148; Piers Plowman’s readers’ 527; printing proverbs 145, 384–5, 812, 813 and 637; romance 648, 694, 696–7, 703–4, The Proverbs of Alfred 323, 494 717–18; royalty 702–3, 699–700; see also Pryderi son of Pwyll 188 book ownership; women (as readers); and psalms and psalters 455, 463, 477–8, 479, under Bible; gentry; Lollards; merchants 481; Bedford Psalter-Hours 609; Latin realism 351 143, 144; Tudor versions 816–17, 829, reception, see audience; contexts of 850; see also under Rolle, Richard production and reception

1032 Index

‘reckoning’ in alliterative poetry 503–4 143–4, 147, (mystics’ writings and) 486, The Recluse 479 544, 553; against Luther 832; national and record-keeping, see documentary culture ecclesiastical history interrelated 104–8; Red Book of Hergest 195, 206, 324 normative corpus 298; personae 486; Piers Red Branch Cycle 212 Plowman in tradition of 527, 529, 532–3, ‘Rede me and be nott wrothe’, see Barlowe, 534, 551–2, 559; printing 561, 639, 732, Jerome 734, (Lollard) 687–8, 831, 845–6, (see also Redford, John; Wyt and Science 767, 779 books, heretical); Reformation 821–51, redundancy, verbal 87 (controversies in period before) 638, Reformation 461, 687–9, 821–51; Act for the (debate over heresy) 832–9, (risks) 638, aduauncement of true religion (1543) 694–5, 834; scholastic 141; translation 842–5; antiquarian vindication 849; 336, 350, 370, 395, 397–8, 486, 559, 625, authority, oral/written 836–8; battle of 682; Welsh 191–2, 198, 200; see also Bible; words over heresies 832–9; Bible in Bible translations; biblical literature; English, impact of 824–5; break with biblical paraphrase; confessional texts; Rome 282, 639, 806, 839, 840, 847; drama (religious); Lollardy; morality Chaucer’s works interpolated 845–9; plays; mystics; penitential literature; control of reading and writing 824, piety; Reformation; women (religious 840–5; defacement of letter of Roman writings for) Catholicism 839–40; drama 639; Repingdon, Cardinal Philip, Bishop of Englishness 822, 824; historiography Lincoln 657, 664, 685–6 281–3, 822; interpretation of individual representationes, liturgical 739, 740, 741, 748 words 806–7, 809, 819, 826–7, 837–8; restitution theme, see under romance; Wales Latinitas rejected 454, 461; More and 786, The Resurrection of Our Lord 764 833–9; politicization of vernacular 844–5; Reynes, Robert 627 religious dissent ix, 639, 827–8, 832–9, rhetoric 12–13, 15, 212, 500, 797; see also 845–6; revisionist views of 822–3; and circumstances romance 718; salvation issue 665, 773, Rhiannon, legends of 188 809; separateness of past 824; textual Rhirid Flaidd 196 violence 838–9 Rhonabwy’s Dream 191, 198 Regan, Morice 214 Rhuddlan, Treaty of 200 Regiam Majestatem 408 Rhydderch, White Book of 206 Reginald of Canterbury 328 Rhygyfarch ap Sulien 192, 193 Reginald of Durham 131 rhyme: alliteration combined with end- register, shifts in 58, 76 27–8, 50, 198, 325, 489–92; Anglo- regulations, civic; oral reception 287 Norman tail- 50; Chester cycle 752; religious writings xvii–xviii, 390–406; couplets, four-stress 691; half-lines, a◊ective language xx, 148, 353, 371–2, rhyming pairs 491; internal, Welsh 198; 373–4, 541, 545; Anglo-Norman 49, 326, Irish poetry 211; late romance 691, 692, 457–8; archaising reproduction of Old 693, 699; Old English end- 18, 27, 30; English 69; book ownership 252, 302–3, rhyme royal 691, 693; riding- 691, 692, 305, 398, 528, 623, 724; for clergy 353, 693, 699; tail- 50, 166, 170, 332 360–1, 391, 456, 470, 481, 548, 747; codes Rhys ap Gru◊udd 182, 196, 197, 205 of spiritual conduct 305; continental rhythmic principles, Middle English and inﬂuence 546; control by state ix, 298, Anglo-Norman 50 639, 676, 678; early Middle English 81–4; rhythmic prose 14, 489 English language 298, 557, (mediation of rhythmus triphthongus caudatus 50 Latin learning) 551, 555; friars’ Rich, Sir Richard 849 production 353, 355–9; Irish 212, 216, Richard I, Coeur de Lion, King of England 218; ‘ladders’ 546; for laity 49, 355–9, 138, 154 391, 394–5, 587, 747; Lateran Council IV Richard II, King of England: Adam of Usk on a◊ects 49; Latin 226–7, 326, 359, 551, 274; and Anglo-Norman language 52, 56, 561, 681, 682, (devotional works) 141, 163–4; and Chaucer 567, 569, 570, 573;

Index 1033

deposition and death 148, 149–50, 587, 340; modern readings of 543; on 642; and Gower 56, 589, 608; and Ireland transience 506; pastoral writings 547, 208; literary tastes 52, 56, 165, 583; 548–9; on salvation 564; and uneducated reburial in Westminster Abbey 646 readers 550; women’s patronage and Richard III, King of England 699–700, 711, audience 470, 534, 548 727, 805–6 works: Ave Maria 498; Ego Dormio Richard of Bury 138, 142, 368 498, 550; Emendatio Vitae 548–9, 556; Richard of Ingworth 354 English Psalter 469–70, 472, 473, 548, 561, Richard of Maidstone 370 (Lollard versions) 550, 682; Expositio Super Richard of St Victor 546, 549 Lectiones Mortuorum 548; The Form of Perfect Richard of Snowshill 424 Living 305, 340, 470; Incendium Amoris Richard Coeur de Lyon 167, 691, 697, 698, 713 534, 548; Judica me Deus 548; Melos Amoris Richard the Redeless 495, 508, 536, 537 548, 549; Passion Meditations 552; Super Ridevall, John 366 Canticum Canticorum 549 Rigg, A.G. 123 roman courtois 153, 154 Rigg, Robert 664, 667 Roman de Carite 535 rights, natural 267 Roman de Fauvel 535 The Rime of King William (Peterborough Roman de Renart 47 Chronicle, 1087) 7, 8, 15–18, 33, 34, 63, Roman de Roland 5 323; metre 7, 11–12, 323 Roman de la Rose 535, 576, 593, 598, 603 ring structure 8, 21, 24 Roman de Thèbes 43 The Rise of Gawain, Nephew of Arthur 133–4 romance 152–76; alliterative 170, 171–2, ritual, public 128, 134, 285, 301–2 500, 692, 709–12; Anglo-Norman 36, 42, Ritwise, John 778 49, 154–63, 164, 168, 172, (shift to Robert I, King of Scotland 232, 233, 235 English) 6, 168; archaism 175; audience Robert II, King of Scotland 232 159, 161–2, 163–4, 176, 303, 326, Robert III, King of Scotland 233, 236 (15th–17th-century) 637, 638, 692, Robert of Flamborough 393 694–5, 699, 703–4, 717–18, (gender) xx, Robert of Gloucester 96, 268–9, 325, 330; 648, 703–4, (merchants and gentry) description of England 51, 90, 105, 121; 168–9, 302, 637, 696–7, 699, 843; authors and Geo◊rey of Monmouth 266, 268, 269 named 160–1; ballads develop from Robert of Gretham 51 692–3, 709–12; and chansons de geste 172; Robert of Namur, Lord of Beaufort 262 Chaucer and 164, 173, 175, 693; and Robert of Rhuddlan 182 chivalric ethos 433, 690, 699–702; Robert of Sicily 697 collections of short Middle English 169, Robert de Sorbon 393 175; context of reception 159, 161, Robin Hood 314, 424–5, 451–2, 695, 701, 168–9, 170, 176; courtly 159–60, 164, 714 176; deﬁnition 152; development by Rochester 9 accumulation 169; episodic structure 159, Rochester Anthology 82–3 167; family theme 161–2; female Rockingham Castle 425–6 protagonists 175; ﬁctional audiences 169; Roger, Bishop of Salisbury 266 French, continental 163–4, 232, 691, 692, Roger of Montgomery 182 703–4, 717, (prose, see below); Roland legend and romances 5, 35, 190, 697; intertextuality 159, 163, 171; law in Chanson de Roland 36, 154; Song of Roland 429–30; length 159; longevity 691, 717, (fragmentary Middle English) 172 718; love theme 161–2; Matter of Britain Rolle, Richard 337, 537, 547–51; alliterative 154, (see also Arthuriana); Matter of poetry inserted into works 498; authority France 170, 172, (see also Charlemagne 533; and English language 544, 557, 559; legends); Matter of Rome 172–3, (see also eremitic tradition 548–9; Hilton and Troy legends); metres 155, 156, 157, 166, 555–6; and interclerical controversy 534; 170, 172, 691; Middle English 6, 156, 162, and Langland 534; later scholarship on 164, 165–76; minstrel image 168; and 542; Latinitas 470, 544; manuscripts 222, monarchy 166; moralist objections

1034 Index

romance (cont.) Ruusbroec, Jan de 546 157–8, 159, 694–5, 697, 718; oral Ryman, James 352 tradition 692–3; patronage 161–2; prose, (English) 691, 692, 699, 705, 717 (see also sacramentalism 772–3, 781, 787 Malory, Sir Thomas), (French tradition) St Alban’s Abbey 258, 274–5, 435, 436 163–4, 232, 691, 692, 703–4, 717; Saint-Amour, Guillaume de 354, 372, 375 restitution stories 173–5, 638, 706, St Andrews, University of 230, 244 707–8; transmission 163, 169, 692–3; and St Davids, Wales 186, 193, 197 Tudor legitimation 706–8; Welsh St German, Christopher 833, 834, 845 translations 187; see also under Arthuriana saints: calendar of 38; cult of local 37–8, 122, late romance 690–719; alliterative 747; see also hagiography verse 692, 709–10, 710–12; audience 637, Salisbury, 1st Earl of (Richard Neville) 165, 638, 692, 694–5, 699, 703–4, 717–18; and 640–1, 652 orders of knighthood 701–2; Arthurian Salisbury, Statutes of 390 638, 692, 697, 709–10, 713–17, (see also Sallust 256, 805 Malory, Sir Thomas; Mort Arthur, Salter, Elizabeth 62, 92–3 stanzaic); contemporary politics reﬂected Salutati, Coluccio 365 in 690, 713–15; and ballads 692–3, 704, salvation: drama on 770, 772–3, 781–2; see 706–7, 707–8, 709–12; battle also under mystics; Piers Plowman; descriptions 709–10; Charlemagne Reformation legends 698, 709; Chaucer and 693; and Sammelbände, Caxton’s 723, 726 chivalry 690, 699, 700; as courtesy Samson, Abbot of Bury St Edmund’s 317, 319 literature 637, 699, 702; in France 691, sanctuary 798, 799, 800, 805 692, 703–4, 717; genealogical 706; Guy of Sanson de Nantuil 45–6 Warwick 698, 704–6; in Italy 718; letter- sapientia and scientia 551, 553, 558 writing model 637, 699; on military arts Saracens 485, 521, 564, 697–8 637, 699–701; moral values 699, 718; and Sarmun 218 novel 691; oral transmission 692–3; Sarum, use of 475, 476 printing 638, 692, 697, 698, 704, 717–18, satire 148, 327, 531, 586, 828; inter-clerical (see also under Caxton, William); prose 531; misogynist 327; see also under 691, 692, 699, 717, (see also Malory, Sir alliterative poetry; friars; Gower, John; Thomas); restitution theme 638, 706, Ireland; law; Lollardy; monasteries; Piers 707–8; rhyme royal 691, 693; riding- Plowman; Scotland; Wales rhyme 691, 692, 693, 699; in Spain 717; Saviour, Rule of St 318, 335 stability xx, 638, 694, 695–6; on Turks Sawles Warde 81, 117 638, 698–9; see also under Arthuriana; Sawtry, William 645 book ownership; hagiography; Scandinavia: English linguistic borrowings historiography; piety; Scotland; 66–7, 85, 502; invaders in England 64–5, translation 67, 68; Normans originate in 3, 35; Rome, Sack of (1527) 836–8 Scottish contacts 229, 230; see also Danes; Roos, Sir Richard 703 Vikings Roper, William 777, 804 scholasticism 141, 411, 527–8, 781; friars and Rose, John 689 367, 369 Roswall and Lillian 692 schools: Arundel’s Constitutions and 676; Rotuli Parliamentorum 148, 149–50 cathedral 376, 378, 379; dramatic Roule of Reclous 336 performances 639, 778–81, 792; grammar Round Table, Winchester 701, 715 379, 380, 389, 801; humanist curriculum Rous, John 705 801; language use 44, 48, 50; song 379, Rowland and Otuel 697 380; see also classroom practice; classroom rubrication of manuscripts 150, 151, 385–6 texts; education Rushworth Psalter 469 scientia and sapientia 551, 553, 558 Russell, Sir John 305, 669 scientiﬁc writing 45, 140, 141, 577, 578, 583; Rutebeuf 375 Chaucer 569, 577, 584

Index 1035

Scogan, Henry 58, 575, 727 Sercot, John (Lollard) 686 ‘scop’ figure 520 Serlo of Bayeux 145 Scota, legend of xviii, 180, 233, 714 Serlo of Fountains 146 ‘scotales’ (ludi) 744 Serlo of Wilton 145 Scotland xii–xiii, 229–54; alliterative poetry sermons: Arundel’s Constitutions and 676; 497; Anglo-Saxon aristocrats at court 130; Cleanness 479–80; collections 360, 694; bards 253; Bible in vernacular 248, 250; control 676, 841–2; Cranmer 826; early burghs, royal 230, 231; compilations Middle English 81–4; exempla 585; 235–7, 252; courtly writing 235–51; frequency 396, 397; friars’ 353, 359–62; documents 231, 408; education 230, 242; Gower influenced by 592, 594; Latin and England 229, 236, 263, 276, 713–15, 226–7, 359, 681; Lollard 675, 679, 681–2, (English claims to dominion) 133, 231, 686; lyrical performances inserted into 232, 233, 255, 279–80, (invasions of 78, 362; Old English 359; oral reception England) 263, 276, 798, 800, 818, (union) 287; Patience 479–80; preachers’ 231, 822; feudalism 230; and France 179, handbooks and aids 353, 360–1, 456, 470, 230, 248; friars 230, 242; Gaelic culture 481; rhetoric 418 179, 229–30, 253–4; hagiography 232; servants as transmitters of English 37 heresy trials 248, 250; historiography Sewald, Archbishop of York 147 180, 232–5, 279–80, 329; and Ireland 179, Sex Auctores (Liber Catonianus) 380–5 229, 230; language hierarchy 327–8; Latin sexuality: Gower on 600, 602; regulation of 231, 408; legal language use 408; 140, 387–8; spiritual/secular conflation manuscripts 235–7, 251–2; Middle Scots 78–80, 116–17, 363; see also dialect 230–1, 241–2; mirrors for princes homosexuality 234, 237, 239, 248, 249, 250; monasticism Seymour, Edward 850 230, 321–2, 329; national consciousness Shaftesbury Abbey 120, 145 246, 247; Normanization 130, 230; Shakespeare, William 174, 774, 806, 825 north–south divide 179–80, 229; Older Shareshull, Sir William 415, 416–17 Scots language 231; origin myths xviii, Sheen, Carthusian house at 343, 632–3 180, 233, 235, 714; parliament 231, 242; shelf-marks 510 printing 252–3; and romance 157, 162, Shelton, Mary 807 413, 692, 693, 713–15; satire 238, 254; Shepherd, Luke 800 and Scandinavia 229, 230; subjectivity shepherds 524, 525, 844 236; towns 230, 231; women poets 254 Shetland Islands 229 Scott, Alexander 252 Shillingford, John, Mayor of Exeter 613–14 ‘Scottis’ (Lowland tongue) 231, 247 Ship of State 139 Scottish Field 494, 710–11 Shirle, John; trial in Cambridge 436–7 scribal tradition, pre/post Conquest Shirley, John; anthologies 59, 296, 297, continuity 8–9 308n42, 526 scripts, insular 72n26, 73 shorthand, treatises on 41 scriptoria 128, 129; see also book production Shrewsbury, 1st Earl of (John Talbot) 700, Scriveners’ guild 294 703, 705 sculpture 62 Shukburghe, Thomas 303 seals, forgery of 128 Sidney, Sir Philip 821, 850 secretaries 611–12 The Siege of Jerusalem 480, 490, 496, 500, 503; Secreta Secretorum, translations of 225, 237, copies 495n25, 510–11, 697 644 Sigwerd 462 Seege of Troye 172 silk industry, London 307 Sege of Melayne 172, 697 Simnel, Lambert 793 self, solitary 118 Simon Aurea Capra 136 semantics, Tudor period 806–7, 809, 819, Simon of Ghent, Bishop of Salisbury 144 826–7, 837–8 Simon of Walsingham 328 Sempringham, Norfolk 330, 627 The Simonie 498 Seneca 366, 812 Simund de Freine 45

1036 Index

sin 315, 411 social conformity 305, 307–8 Sinclair, Henry (Earl of Orkney) 236 social control through confession 400, 406 Sinclair, William (Earl of Orkney) 237, 247 social protest, poetry of 581, 589 Sins, Seven Deadly 395 social mobility 378; Tudor period 767–8, Sir Aldingar 429 775, 776, 778, 779–80, 781, 802–3 Sir Degare 691, 718 The Solace of Pilgrims 615 Sir Eglamour 691, 692 Solway Moss, Battle of 248 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 171–2, 212, ‘somergames’ (ludi) 744, 745, 746, 748–9 489, 693; accounts of ceremonial 504; song, vernacular 351, 362 fusion of two disparate states in 505; song schools 379, 380 intertextuality 171; judicium Dei 430; Song of Songs 116 longevity 693–4; mendicant piety Song on the Times 218 influences 374; metre 489, 490; ‘non- The Soul’s Address to the Body 26–8, 30, 33, 323 heroic man’ in 508; Norse elements in sound changes, early Middle English 66 66–7; and Order of the Garter 701–2; South English Legendary 5, 340, 481, 619–21, structure and plot 506; women blamed in 625; ‘Banna Sanctorum’ prologue 107; 503n41 ‘Defence of Women’ 120; lives of Christ Sir Isumbras, 174, 691, 697–8 478; saints’ lives 105–6, 620–1, 624; Sir Launfal 173–4 structure 107, 625 Sir Orfeo 173–4, 693 Southampton conspirators 647 Sir Percyvell of Gales 171 Southern Temporale 477 Sir Tristrem 166, 413, 697 Southgait press 253 ‘Sixteen Points on Which the Bishops Accuse Southwick Benedictine monastery 324 Lollards’ 681, 685 The Sowdone of Babylon 693, 700 Skeat, Walter William 516–17 Spagnuoli, Baptista 345 Skelton, John 735–6, 797–801; on Spain; late romance 717 absolutism 784; Bradshaw and 345–6; and speculation, poems written on 640, 641, 651 court 637–8; interludes 249, 784–5; Latin Speculum 167 elegies 797–8; laureate status 797; and Speculum Christiani 397–8 monarchs 637–8, 785, 795, 797–8; on new Speculum Ecclesiae 743n12 men 784–5; on Scots invasion 798, 800, Speculum Sacerdotale 399 818; translates Diodorus Siculus 805; Speculum Spiritualium 557 verse-forms, Skeltonics 798, 800, 839 Speculum Vitae 398 works: Bowge of Court 795; Calliope Speght, John 846, 849 799; Collyn Clout 538, 799, 800, 846; The Spenser, Edmund: and Bevis of Hamtoun 691, Doughty Duke 798; The Garland or Chaplet 718; Faerie Queen 691, 718–19, 791; of Laurell 797, 799; A Lawde and a Prayse influences on 538, 691, 718; A View of the 798; Magnyfycence 249, 767, 784–5; Phylyp Present State of Ireland 180, 208, 227 Sparrow 798; Replycacion 846; Speke Parrot Spere, William 613–14 248, 799–800, 801, 802; Upon the Dolorus Spigurnel, Henry 423 Dethe 798, 800; Why Come ye Nat to Court ‘spiritual experience’ debate 540 799 The Squire of Low Degree 692 Skinners’ company 297, 304 Stacions of Rome 615 Skirlaw, Walter, Bishop of Durham 683 Stacy, John (Lollard) 687 slates, pupils’ 220 Stacy de Rokayle 513 Sleepers, Seven, verse narrative on 98 Stamford Bridge, Battle of 3 Smarmore, Ireland 220 Standard, Battle of the 43, 131, 146 Smith, John (Coventry Lollard) 668–9 Stanley poems, Percy Folio Manuscript 708, Smith, William (Leicester Lollard) 668, 669, 710–12 670, 684 Star Chamber, court of 831 social change, reflections of: early Middle Starkey, Thomas 802, 840 English language 67; Old English literary Stationers’ guild 294 forms 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 74–5 Statius’ Achilleid 137, 326, 341, 382, 383

Index 1037

status of languages, see hierarchies Syon, nunnery of 145, 307, 343; works (linguistic) written for 334–5, 338, 380, 560, 561 Statutes, see under Kilkenny; labour legislation; Pleading; praemunire; Tacitus, Cornelius 267, 282 Salisbury; Wales; Winchester; Worcester Taillefer (minstrel) 35–6, 40 Stephen, King of England 9–10, 259, 265–6; Tailors’ guild 302 Peterborough Chronicle on reign of 10, 11, Táin Bó Cuailgne (‘Cattle-raid of Cooley’) 212 70, 260 Talbot, John (1st Earl of Shrewsbury) 700, Stephen of Easton 328 703, 705 Stewart, Murdoch 234 Taliesin of Rheged 184, 185, 198, 206, 324; Stewart, Robert (1st Duke of Albany) 233–4, inﬂuence 186, 195 236, 244 A Talking of the Love of God 552 Stewart, William 714 Tarrant, anchoresses at 144 Stoicism 638, 811–13 Tasso, Torquato 703 Stokes, John 374 taverns 204, 436, 441, 756, 757–8 Stone, Sta◊s, shrine at 627 Tavistock, Benedictine monastery at 324 Stonor, John 414–15 taxation and peasant unrest 433, 434 Stonor Letters 614 Taylor, William (Lollard) 681 Stow, John 610, 652 Ten Commandments 218 Strasbourg, printing in 828 Tenison Tracts 679–80, 684 Strata Florida Abbey 193, 206, 324, 329 Terence (P. Terentius Afer) 754 Strata Marcella Abbey 193 text, ‘open’ and ‘closed’ 517–18 Strathclyde, kingdom of 229 textual communities: East Anglian 626–7; Stricerius, Johannes 773 Gavin Douglas’ sense of 247; Lollards Strode, Ralph 287, 574, 657, 729 686–7; monastic 349–50; university- studium generale 529 associated 529; women’s religious Stury, Sir Richard 669, 670, 672, 673 109–19, 121, 307, 350; see also reading subjectivity, individual 236, 307–8, 569; practices Tudor period 772–4, 788, 791, 814, 815 textual criticism 722, 732–8 Sudbury, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury theatrum 739, 740–3 595 Thebes, siege of 691; see also under Lydgate Suddene 162 theology, academic 666, 667, 676 Su◊olk 435–6, 436 ‘Thirty-Seven Conclusions’ 681 Sulien, Bishop of St David’s, and descendants Thomas; Romance of Horn 155–6, 160 192–3 Thomas, Antiphon of St 78 ‘Sumer is icumen in’ (‘Cuckoo’s Song’) 78 Thomas of Britain 42, 155, 163, 164, 413–14 summae, confessors’ 391 Thomas of Eccleston 354 Surigonus, Stephen 731–2, 736 Thomas of Erceldoun 494 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of 638, 813–20, Thomas of Hales 79–80, 81n37, 352, 363–4 850; biblical paraphrases 816–17; elegy on Thomas of Kent 156 Thomas Clere 818; execution 819–20, Thomas of Woodstock 54, 164, 165 850; ‘London thow hast accused me’ 817; Thoresby, John, Archbishop of York 333, as national poet 817–18, 819–20; poems 397, 494n21, 759 in persona of wife 818; translation of Thorney, Roger 302, 303n32 Virgil 818–19; ‘Wrapt in my carelesse Thornton, Robert 509, 696, 697 cloke’/‘Gyrt in my giltless gowne’ 815–16 Thorpe, William 683, 685, 688, 848 Susannah 477, 480, 496, 510 though 66 Suso, Henry 358, 560, 650 The Thrush and the Nightingale 78, 120 Swinderby, William 669 Thynne, Francis 846 syllabic patterns, Irish 211 Thynne, William 252, 639, 786, 788, 845, Symeon of Durham 19–20 846, 849 Symeon Symeonis 226 Tickhill, Thomas and Agnes 685–6 syntactic change 66 Tikell, Cecily 289

1038 Index

tiles, Chertsey 164 mystics, between English and Latin 336, Tirant lo blanc 717 544; of Petrarch 810; Piers Plowman and Titchfield monastic library 326 528, 534; reciprocal movement between Titus and Vespasian 697 languages 100–1, 328–9, 336, 544; Torkington, Sir Richard 615–16 romance 187, 691, 692, 696; scientific torture 117, 744, 762, 839, 849 writings 584; for women, into Anglo- Tostig, Earl of Northumbria 3 Norman 45, 46–7, 50; see also Berners, Tottel, Richard; Songes and Sonettes 814 2nd Baron; Bible translation; Trevisa, Towneley manuscript, see Wakefield cycle John; and under Caxton, William; plays Chaucer, Geo◊rey; Gower, John; Lydgate, towns: friars’ focus on 313, 351, 355, 369; John; Tremulous Hand; Wales records, language of 48, 52, 221; see also transmission xviii–xix; alliterative poetry chronicles (urban); customaries; guilds; 509, 627–8; Arundel’s Constitutions a◊ect merchants; schools; and under Peasants’ 486–7; of English speech and culture 37; Revolt; Wales heretical books 830–1; institutional near- tract volumes, Caxton’s 726 monopoly 313; monastic networks 350; tradition, literary: authority 343, 493–4, Old English writing 8–9; see also libraries; 654–5; conception of excellence 340–1, manuscripts; printing; and under 343, 344, 345–7, 348 individual authors tragedies, de casibus 487 transubstantiation 456, 664, 666, 761 trailbaston commissions 422–3 travel: accounts of 487, 615–16; travelling Trajan, Emperor 520 historians 271–2 transience 13, 14–15, 506 treason trials 428–9 translatio, translation: Anglo-Norman from Tredington 417 English 40–1, 46–7; Anglo-Norman to Tremulous Hand of Worcester 5, 8, 22–6, English 50–1, 55, 166–7, 332–5; Arabic- 73–6, 99; cultural translatio 74, 75–6; Latin 132; biblical literature into Middle glossing and marginalia 29–30, 73, 324; English 476–82; complexity and variety Worcester Fragments 22–6, 74–5 of motives 486; confessional texts, Trentham manuscript 171 (French to Latin/English) 336, 395, 486, Tresilian, Sir Robert 416, 417 (from Latin) 397–8; continental French to trespass on the case 416 English 163, 171, 576, 721, (Froissart) Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge 679, 739, 745, 748 700, 708–9, 716–17, 811, (romance) 691, Trevet, Nicholas, see Trivet 692, 696; into continental French, under Trevisa, John 227, 500, 583, 684, 721; Charles V 577–9, 579–80; 14th-century translation of Higden 276, 277–8 485; friars’, into vernacular 350, 370; Y Tri Chof 203 Latin from Arabic 132; Latin from Triads of the Island of Britain 184, 195 vernacular 328–9, 336, 544; Latin to trials: by battle or ordeal 412, 426–30; heresy Anglo-Norman 45, 46, 50; Latin to xviii, 449, 452–3, 677, 682–3, 686, 827–8, English, (under Alfred) 8–9, 14–15, 830; under statute of labourers 449; (classical texts) 180, 244, 245–7, 802, 805, witchcraft 226 818–19, (see also Cato; Cicero; Virgil), Trinity Homilies 82, 83–4 (exposes ambiguities of Latin) 473, 486, Tristan romances 157–8, 159, 169, 697, 717; (Geo◊rey of Monmouth) 101, (hymns) Thomas’s Tristan 155, 163, 164 364–5, (monastic) 332–5, 338, (political Trivet, Nicholas 51, 54, 147, 261–2, 365–6, problems under Henry VIII) 806–7, 831, 366–7 (prose) 499–500, (religious works) 336, troubadour poetry 199, 204–5 350, 370, 397–8, 486, 625, 682, (slanted, Troy legends 133; of Aeneas 42–3; of quotations) 528; Latin to Welsh 187, continental Latin poems on 136; in 191; levels of literality 463–4, 470, 472, Geo◊rey of Monmouth 266; in Giraldus 476–82; of liturgy, by Cranmer 454; Cambrensis 224; Gower’s use 595–6, 602; Lollard 682; monarch’s prestige bolstered Joseph of Exeter on 137; and legitimation by 486, 579; monastic 324, 332–5, 338; of rulers 41; and London 298–9; in

Index 1039

romance 172–3, 691, 709, 713; Statius on uchelwyr (Welsh gentry) 180, 202–3, 205, 382–3; see also Brut tradition 206, 207, 486 Troyes, Treaty of 642, 651, 659–60 Ulster Cycle 212 Tryamour 174 Underhill, Evelyn 540 Tudor, Owain 180, 201 universities xvi–xvii, 379; Arundel attacks Tudor Aled 205 668; Caxton’s advisers 722; continental Tudor period 637, 793–820; centralization of 230, 379, 731; drama 639, 778–9; friars in power 775, 793, 797; control of literature 314, 331, 354, 355, 369, 370; heretical ix, 639, 806–7, 809, 811–13, 824, 826, literature spread through 827, 828; 840–5, (see also censorship); court poets independence 664, 667, 668; Latin prose 793–4, 797; diplomacy 802; feudalism studies 389; laureates 722, 731, 735–6, ended by 775; imprisonment of poets 807, 797; literate culture preserved by 320; 808, 815; legitimation 637, 706–8, 793, Scottish 230; social composition 378; 805; Parliament 793; political changes textual communities 529; and women’s 850–1; propaganda 793, 825, 847; education 379; see also individual institutions proverbs 813; romance 706–8; words, ‘Upland, Jack’: Jack Upland 494n21, 846; interpretation of individual 806–7, 809, ‘Upland’s Rejoinder’ 679 819, 826–7, 837–8; see also individual Urban V, Pope 579, 682 authors and monarchs and humanism; new Ursula, St; de Worde’s Life 628 men; Reformation; social mobility; and Usk, Thomas 287, 288, 289–90, 292, 524; under antiquarianism; court; drama; Testament of Love 276, 515, 583–4 subjectivity Uthred, John, of Boldon 343 Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of London and of Utopianism 638 Durham 827, 830, 831, 832–3 Turbervile, George 817 Vae Octuplex (Lollard sermon) 679 The Turk and Gowin 692 Vale, John 303n32, 308 Turks 638, 698–9, 703, 712 Valla, Laurentius 845 Turner, William 844 Valle Crucis Abbey 193, 194 Turpin, Welsh translation of chronicle of 190 Vatican Mythographer, Third 136 ‘Twelve Conclusions’ (1395) 571, 672–3, Vaux, Nicholas 345 674, 680 Vegetius 648, 650, 690, 699, 700 Twynham, Benedictine monastery at 324 Vergil see Virgil Tyball, John (of Steeple Bumstead) 688, 689 Vernon Manuscript 91, 479n61, 480–1, Tyler, Wat 425, 442–3 513n2, 533, 620; compilation 340, 341; Tyndale, William: Bale on 847; death 454, hagiography 623, 624 829, 834; on education 473; and Erasmus verse forms: absorption of continental 494; 833; hostility to literature 482; and blank verse 818–19; religious drama 752; literalist exegesis 456; More’s Skeltonics 798, 800, 839; written controversy with 457, 464, 832–3, presentation of 9, 32–3; see also alliterative 836–8; style 458; works proscribed poetry; couplets; metres; rhyme (1543) 842–3 Vespasian Homilies 81–2 bible translations 454, 800, 826, Vices and Virtues, The Book of 81, 394, 396, 548 (circulation) 825, 827–8, 830, (New Victorines 119, 546, 549 Testament) 460, 826, 827–8, 829, 830, Vikings 153, 166 832, 833, (Old Testament) 829, 831, Vindicta Salvatoris 500 (Prologues) 460, 472–6, (scholarship) 473, violence, textual, in Reformation 838–9 (and Wycli√te Bible) 473, 474–6 Virgil 256, 268, 345, 389; Aeneid 42–3, works: Answer unto Sir Thomas More’s (Caxton’s Eneydos) 721, 734–8, (Douglas’s Dialogue 833, 837–8; The Obedience of a Eneados) 180, 244, 245–7, (Eneas) 42–3, Christen Man 828, 833, 838–9; The Parable (Maphaeus Vegius’ continuation) 245, of the Wicked Mammon 828, 833 (Surrey’s translation) 818–19; typefaces 722, 723, 732 commentaries 136, 141; Eclogues 366; Tysilio, St, Welsh poem to 197 familiarity 135, 326, 340, 341, 369

1040 Index

Virgil, Polydore 278, 282, 715, 805 195, 206, 324; and British tradition 179, Virgin, Little O√ce of the 151 184, 189; Cambro-Normans 65, 183, The Virtues of Herbs 220 193–4, 327–8; cantrefs 182, 183, 189, 190; vision genre 213, 526, 534 castles 182, 200; Charlemagne cycle visionary writing 531, 536, 547; see also 190–1; church 183, 185, 202, 322; clausau mystics 185, 186, 192–3; clergy, poetry by 191–2, visual aids for readers 88n53 200; compilations, manuscript 206–7; Vita Edwardi Secundi 274 continuity from dark ages 195; Vitry, Geo◊rey of 383, 384 conventional/specific tension 186–7; Vitry, Philippe de 578 courts 186; cultural revival 179, 182, 187; Vives, Juan Luis (Ludovicus) 694–5 deathbed songs 198–9; education 185, vocabulary, see lexicon 203; Edward I’s conquest and settlement vowels, levelling of unstressed 69 183, 200–7; English language in 183; vox populi 314, 432–53; background 432–7; gentry, see uchelwyr; gorho◊edd Hawisia Mone 452–3; Piers Plowman and (‘boasting’), poems of 200; hagiography 438–9; outlaw poems as irrelevant to 194, 197; historiography 180, 194, 207; 451–2; ruling classes’ response to 436–7; internal boundaries 183; kinship system Skelton’s Colyn Clout 800; see also 201; language hierarchy 327–8; Latin Chaucer, Geo◊rey (Parliament of Fowls); culture 132, 183, 185, 187, 191, 192–4; Gower, John (Vox Clamantis); Peasants’ law 183, 185, 186, 193, 200–1, 207; Revolt learning 186, 191, 207; literacy 206, 207; Vulgate Bible 456, 457, 458, 473 literary language, pre-Norman 184–5; love lyrics 199, 204–5, 206; mabinogion Wace: Angevin patronage 42, 261; and 187–90; March 65, 182–3, 187, 193–4; Geo◊rey of Monmouth 84, 105, 154, medical texts 185, 191, 207; metres 186, 267–8; influence on romances 158; lives of 196, 198, 204, 205; monasteries 193, 197, St Margaret and St Nicholas 108; 205, 207, 321–2, 324, 329; national manuscripts 163; on Taillefer 35–6 consciousness 183, 184; Normans and works 108; Conception Nostre Dame Norman French language 65, 182, 183, 108, 119; Roman de Brut 5, 42, 108, 121, 193–4, 199, 327–8; north–south divide 704, (English reworkings) 51, 84, 95, 96, 179–80; oral tradition 185, 186–7, 187–8, 97, 331, (Laamon’s) 42, 98, 101–2, 189, 190; patronage 180, 196, 202–3; (presentation to Eleanor of Aquitaine) 95, poetry 184–5, 186, 194–200, (political) 96, 97, 267; Roman de Rou 43, 108, 261, 197, 201–2, 205; prose 185–6, 187–90, 268 206–7; prosody 186, 198, 204; Pura Wallia Waddon, John 452 183, 187; religious writings 191–2, 198, Wade 169 200; restitution theme 180, 184, 201; Wakefield cycle plays 748–9, 750, 752–3, revolts against English 201; satire 191, 760–1, 765 197; society 183–4, 205; Statute of (1284) Waldeby, John 352 183; towns 180, 204; translation 187, Walcher of Malvern 140 191–2, 206; Welsh language 183, 184–5, Waldef 40–1, 43, 156, 157, 159, 163n25; 198, 327–8; women 196, 198, 199, 206 claims Old English source 152, 153, 176 Waleys, John (John of Wales) 366 Waldegrave, Sir William 447–8 Waleys, Thomas 360, 366 Waldensians 459 Walker, Richard 303 Wales xii–xiii, 182–207; Acts of Union with wall poems 297 England 207, 822; administration 186, Wallace, William 232, 234–5, 253 189, 190, 200–1, 202, 207; Arthuriana The Walling of New Ross 215, 227 180, 184, 188, 190, 191, 194; backward Walsh, James 542 look of literature 186; bards 179, 180, Walsingham, Thomas 136, 275, 329, 429; on 185, 192, 194–200, 203, 204–5, (bardd Lollards 670, 674; on Peasants’ Revolt teulu) 196, 199, (croesan or cerddor) 199, 420, 435–6, 438, 442; Ypodigma Neustriae (pencerdd) 195–6, 198; Books, four ancient 275, 329

Index 1041

Walter, abbot of Evesham 38 William of Bernevile 328 Walter, Hubert 138 William of Blois, Bishop of Worcester 390 Walter Bibbesworth 44, 48–9 William de Brailes 143 Walter de Bruge 528 William of Cloudesly 425 Walter of Coventry 43 William of Conches 136 Walter Daniel; Life of Ailred 131 William Fitzstephen 133, 135 Walter Espec 43 William of Longchamp 134–5 Walter Map, see under Map William of Malmesbury: attitude to Walter of Peterborough 343 Normans 40, 264–5, 266; Gesta Pontificum Walter of Wimborne 148, 546 264; Gesta Regum Anglorum 7, 35, 39, 40, Waltheof, Earl 37n5, 40–1 76, 264–5, 329; Historia Novella 265–6, Walton, John 344 329; Matilda as patron 261 Warbeck, Perkin 793 William de Montibus; Peniteas Cito 385–8, Ware, Sir James 222 393, 403–4, 405, 406 Warham, William, Archbishop of William of Nassington 398, 548, 694 Canterbury 830 William of Newburgh 133 The Wars of Alexander 495n25, 501, 502, 503, William of Ockham 352, 369 505; dating 496; lexical richness 493–4 William of Pagula 396–7, 548 Wars of the Roses 201, 300 William of Palerne 55, 170, 495, 503n41 Warwick, Earl of (Richard Beauchamp) William of Poitiers 4, 264 640–1, 652, 705–6 William of Shoreham 332, 398, 408 Wayneflete, William, Bishop of Winchester William of St Thierry 546 615 William of Waddington 51, 395 Waytestathe, Richard 668, 669 Willoughby, Sir Richard 416, 422, 425 wealth, Langland’s critique of 437, 439 wills: books bequeathed in 164, 622, 623; ‘Of Wedded Men and Wifis’ 679–80, 684 ‘lives’ culled from 487; English language Welsh language, see Wales 580, 610; fees for 295; John Burton’s Wemyss, Sir John 233 610–11, 623; oral reception 287 Werburge, St; Bradshaw’s Life 345–7, 628 Wilton, nunnery of 112–13, 145 Westminster: Abbey 646, 793, 798, Wiltshire, armed threat to assizes in 416–17 (scriptorium) 128, 129; Caxton’s press Winchester 278, 428–9; Round Table 701, 721; Henry VIII’s conference on heresy 715; Psalter 143; Statutes of 391n70 831–2; Provisions of 146; sanctuary 798, Winifred, St; Caxton’s Life 628 799, 805 Winner and Waster 495, 498, 504, 510, 520, ‘When Adam delved and Eve span’ 845 770; performance environment 502; on Whethamstede, John, Abbot of St Albans wisdom 501 343, 625 Wisdom 307, 753, 760, 767, 771, 780 White, William (Lollard) 452, 686 wisdom literature, Old English and White Book of Rhydderch 206 Germanic 14, 24 Whitehorn, Thomas 428–9 Wishart, George 248 Whitland Abbey 193 Wit and Will, The Conflict of 494–5 Whitsuntide 748, 751, 756 witchcraft trials 226 Whittington, Richard 294, 301 The Wohing of Our Lord, see The Wooing of Our Whittington, Robert 802 Lord William I, the Conqueror, King of England: Wok of Waldstein 675 charters 68–9; coronation 4, 128; and Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas: attacks on 799, documentary culture 17, 63–4, 68–9; 800, 846; and burning of books 830, 832; landholdings 36; legitimation 39–40, 128; and sanctuary 800, 805; theatricality Scottish wars 230; see also Normans 775–6, 777–8 (Conquest) women: alliterative poetry suppresses voices William II, Rufus, King of England 132, 230 503n41; amulets 94; authors xviii, 307, William I, King of Scotland 230 313, 350, 363, 850, (Gaelic) 254, (post- William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris 394n80 Conquest) 46–7, 120, (of saints’ lives) 46,

1042 Index

women (cont.) Worcester: Chronicle 322–3; Old English 338 (see also Marie of Ely; Nun of antiquarianism 22–6, 31, 71, 99, 325, 509, Barking), (Welsh) 206, (see also individual 532; Statutes of 390; see also Tremulous names); bilingualism 46–7, 119; Chaucer Hand; Worcester Fragments; Wulfstan and 109, 584–5, 622, 703; collections of Worcester, William 615 literature for 83; confession 315, 388; Worcester Fragments 22–6, 74–5; First 22–6, education xvii, 144, 287n6, 378–9, 380, 27–8, 33, 74–6, 323 803; enclosure 114–15, 117; escape from wordbooks 141–2, 146 undesired marriage 109–10; feminism, word order 8 modern Christian 543; feminist and word-play, Old English 8, 21–2 misogynist debate 119, 120, 150; in Worde, Wynkyn de 550, 698; Capystranus foundation myths xviii, 108–9, 120; and 712; extract from Boke of Margerie Kempe historiography 261–2; and Latinitas 46, 561, 628; The Quatrefoil of Love 511; saints’ 47, 50, 119, 144–5, 319, 327–8; literacy lives 628, 697 xviii, 287n6, 306–7; Lollards 471, 672; words, Tudor stress on interpretation of male surveillance 306; and medicine 306, individual 806–7, 809, 819, 826–7, 837–8 307, 308; in mendicant orders 363, (see Worms 639, 828 also individual orders); merchant class Worthies, Nine 165 287n6; monasticism, see anchoresses; Wriothesley, Sir Thomas 849 nuns and nunneries; and individual orders, Wulfstan, Archbishop of Worcester: and under religious writings below; architectural metonymics 7, 16–17; occupations 306, 308; oral reception of echoes of 11, 13, 28; Lives 71, 105; Old literature 94, 115–16, 119; as patrons English antiquarianism 25, 71 xviii, 45–6, 50, 104, 261–2, 267–8, 470, Wyatt, Sir Thomas 494, 638, 808–14, 847; (see also Eleanor of Aquitaine; Beaufort, allusive language 811; and Chaucer Lady Margaret); Piers Plowman and 523, 809–10, 821; diplomatic work 808, 817; 529, 534; plebeian, criticising Church European influences on 818; translation 452–3; and practical literature 308; of Plutarch 812; and Surrey 813–14, 816 pregnancy 94; priesthood of all believers works: Certayne Psalmes 850; 452; and public discourse 307, 443–4, Penitential Psalms 808–9, 814; ‘The piller 452–3; as readers xviii, xx, 144, 306–7, pearisht is’ 810; ‘They flee from me’ 809; 480, 529, 648, 703–4, (of Bible in three Satires 812–13 vernacular xviii), 459, 471–2, 478, 582–3, Wyche, Richard 675, 683, 685 584–5, (of Latin) 144, 148, (post- Wyclif, John: career 663–4; and Chaucer Conquest period) 83, 104, 108–21, 145, 574–5; doctrines 456, 664–7; on dominium 148, (Reformation control) 843, (saints’ 664–5; and endowment controversy 662, lives and pious works) 622–3, 625, 703; 663, 689; English language, strategic use religious writings for xviii, 534, 548, 703, of 292, 666–7; on eucharist 679; Foxe (sacred and spiritual sexuality fused) commends 848; and friars 664, 665; on 78–80, 116–17, (for religious) 92, 110–19, Higden 277; and John of Gaunt 663, 664; 121, 307, 336, 337–9, 350, 546, 557, 560, Latin works 681, 682; on lay religious (see also Ancrene Wisse; Julian of Norwich; discourse 286, 665; Lewis Cli◊ord’s Myroure of Oure Ladye; Rolle, Richard); support for 571; on monasticism 666; and romance xx, 175, 503n41, 702, 703–4; over-attribution of works to 683, 847; at Scots Gaelic poets 254; ‘solitary self ’ 119; Oxford 663, 664, 667; Queen Mother and vernacular xviii, 46–7, 50, 145, 148, protects 664; vocabulary 680 338, 584–5; in Wales 196, 199, 198, 206; bible translation 454, 470–2, see also nuns and nunneries; and individual 665; Apocalypse assimilated to 478; women circulation 561, 825; defined as heretical Woodville, Elizabeth 703 826; Early Version 470; Knighton’s The Wooing of Our Lord 81, 546; associated condemnation 584–5; Late Version 460, texts 116–17 470–2; Prologues 460, 471, 847–8; wool trade 313, 593 Tyndale and 473, 474–6

Index 1043

other works: De Apostasia Contra Yeats, W. B. 540 Cleros 682; On Civil Dominion 664–5; De Ymborth yr Enaid 191–2 O√cio Regis/Tractatus de Regibus 682; De Yonge, James 225 Pauperie Salvatoris (‘Thirty-three York369, 416, 509; Archbishop, and Conclusions’) 665, 666–7, 680; De Veritate Wakeﬁeld drama cycle 760–1, 765; cycle Sacre Scripture 666 plays 746, 747, 748, 749–50, 760, 763, 765; Wyllyams, Robert (Gloucestershire St Mary’s Abbey,see Anonimalle Chronicle shepherd) 844 York Realist 748 Wyntoun, Andrew of 232, 233–4, 329 ‘Yorkshire Partisans’ 408 Wyse, George 216 Young Hunting 427 Wyt and Science 767, 779 Ystoryaeu Seint Greal 190 Ywain and Gawain 171, 426, 427 Y Tri Chof 203 ‘ydiot’ 480 Zurich 829