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The Dodo and Its Kindred

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The Dodo and Its Kindred 4ti € Kl 4;fii,v Cd 4 S C tx • V V (1 (^ S <^' « ^C i>i» <rr*i. C'^'^ ^ ^ r<rv I' c(t ^*^ CM Jl^ljf ..r.f -I- i,t C Cffi'l <Vi cr- die C^J^ V:? i^''» ^^» :^^ ^ 2--,// \rrC /^fL /" v/ V y^£,x^- y.^c.^>-^ x)c^ 7 /OH THE DODO AND ITS KINDRED. .a pq 4^ '+2 q-io CD O PHr-H '^cn CO o CO o —: ff^-' THE DODO AND ITS KINDRED; HISTORY, AFFINITIES, AND OSTEOLOGY DODO, SOLITAIRE, OTHER EXTINCT BIRDS or THE ISLANDS MAUKITIUS, KODRIGUEZ, AND BOURBON. ^^-^ H. E. STRICKLAND, M.A., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., PRESIDENT OF THE ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY, &c., A '-X > U^'^^' A. G. MELVILLE, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. "Pes et Caput uni Eeddentur fornije." Hor. LONDON EEEVE, BENHAM, AND KEEVE, 8, KING WILLIAM STEEET, STEAND. 1848. REEVE, BE?iHAM. AND REEVE. PRINTERS A:<D publishers OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND, TO P. B. DUNCAN, ESQ., M.A., KEEPER OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, Cftig seaorfe IS! fingcnbrli, AS A SLIGHT TOKEN OF REGARD AND ESTEEM, BY HIS SINCERE FRIENDS, THE AUTHORS. ilist Of ^ubsrrtbfrs. H.R.H. PRINCE ALBEET, K.G. HEll GRACE THE DUCHESS OF BUCCLEUCH (two copies). THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS OF NORTHAMPTON, Pres. Brit. Assoc, Pres. R.S. THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF DERBY, Pres. Z.S., F.R.S. The Eadcliffe Library, Oxford. Mrs. Dixon, Govan HUl, Glasgow. The Belfast Library. Mrs. A. Smith, Edinburgh. The Edinburgh College Library. Mrs. C. Clarke, Matlock. The Signet Library, Edinburgh. Mi-s. Hodder, Leith Links, Edinburgh. Zoological Society of London. Miss Christie, Balmuto, Edinburgh. York Philosophical Society. Miss Wedderbm-n, Berkhill, Edinburgh. Worcestershire Nat. Hist. Society. Miss Porter, BirUngham, Worcestershire. King's CoUege Library, Aberdeen. Miss L. Strickland, Dawlish, Devonshire. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, Mauritius. P. B. Duncan, Esq., M.A., New Coll. Oxford, (liro copies). The Chevalier Dubus, Brussels. James Yates, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. The Baron de Selys Longcharaps, Liege. C. Stokes, Esq., F.R.S. Admiral !Mitford, Hunmanby, Yorkshire. John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S. Sii- Robert HaiTy Ingbs, Bart., M.P. John Gould, Esq.," F.R.S. Sir John G. DalyeU, Bart. WUliam Spence, Esq., F.R.S. Sir W. R. Boughton, Bart., ftwo copies) J. S. Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., F.R.S. John Arrowsmith, Esq., F.R.G.S. Sir William Jardine, Bart., F.E.S.E. WUliam YarreU, Esq., F.L.S. Sir T. Tancred, Bart. P. J. Selbv, Esq. F.L.S. Sir James S. Menteath, Bart. Adam White, Esq., F.L.S. The Very Reverend the Dean of Westminster. G. R. Gray, Esq , F.L.S. Reverend The Master of University CoUege, Oxford. T. C. Eyton, Esq., F.L.S'. Rev. Dr. Dunbar, Applegarth, Dumfriesshire. Major P. T. Cautley. Rev. Professor Walker, F.R.S., Oxford. Lieut. John Croker. Rev. Professor Hussey, Oxford. T. B. L. Baker, Esq., Hardwick Court, Gloucester. Professor Daubeny, F.R.S. J. WoUey, Esq., Edinburgh. Professor BeO, F.R.S. A. Carruthers, Esq., Warmanbie, Dumfi-iesshirc. Professor Lizars, Aberdeen. Andi-ew Murray, Esq., W.S., Edinburgh. Professor Ansted, F.R.S. John M.Fenwick, Esq., GaUow HUl, Morpeth. Professor J. PhUlips, F.R.S. G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., British Museum. Professor J. F. Johnston, Dui'ham. W. Thompson, Esq., Belfast. Professor H. Lichtensteiu, Berlin. A. Johnstone, Esq., HaUeaths, Dumfriesshire. Professor Schinz, Zurich. G. Shuttleworth, Esq. Professor Goodsir, Edinljurgh. W. Bell Macdonald, Esq., Rammerscales, Dumiriesshire. Professor Cai'l J. Sundevall, Stockhobn. Archibald Hepburn, Esq. Rev. J. Hannah, Rector of the Edinburgh Academy. D. W. intcheU, Esq., Sec. Z.S. Rev. A. D. Stacpoole, New CoUege, Oxford. Robert Ileddel, Esq. Rev. F. O. Morris, Nafferton, Yorkshire. H. N. Turner, Esq. Rev. A. Matthews, Weston, Osfordshii-e. T. Stevenson, Esq., C.E., Edinbm-gh. Rev. W. C. Fowle, Ewias Hai-old, Herefordshire. Samuel Maunder, Esq. Rev. W. W. Cooper, Claines, Worcester. W. H. Lizars, Esq., Edinburgh. Rev. J. JI. Prower, Pvrton, Gloucestershire. J. W. Salter, Esq. Rev. J. Griffiths, Wadham College, Oxford. C, Winn, Esq., NostaU Priory, Yorkshire. Rev. T. Ewing, Hobart Town. J. D. Murray, Esq., JIurraythwaite, Dumfriesshire. Rev. T. A. Strickland, Bredon, Gloucestersliii-e. H. B. W. MUner, Esq., AU Souls' CoUege, Oxford. Rev. W. H. Stokes, Caius CoUege, Cambridge. W. V. Guise, Esq., Elmore Com-t, Gloucester. Rev. W. Little, Kirkpatrick Juxta, Dumfriesshire. And. Jardine, Esq., Lanrig Castle, StirUngshire. W. J. Hamilton, Esq., M.P. Edward Wilson, Esq., Lydstip House, Tenby. R. ParneU, M.D., Edinburgh. John Henry Gurney, Esq. G. Lloyd, M.D., Warwick. P. L. Sclater, Esq., C.C.C, Oxford. H. W. Acland, M.D., Reader in Anatomy, Oxford. J. H. Wilson, Esq., Wadham CoUege, Oxford. Dr. Charlton, Newcastle. Henry Deane, Esq. J. Scouler, M.D., Dublin. George Peevor, Esq. Dr. CogsweU. T. A. Knipe, Esq., Clapham. W. A. GreeuhUl, M.D., Oxford. M. Fairmaii-e, Paris. C. Hastings, M.D., Worcester. C. W. Orde, Esq., Nunnykirk, Morpeth. Dr. G. Hartlaub, Bremen. Samuel E. Cottam, Esq., Brazennose Street, Manchester. Dr. Davis, Bath. H. Hussey, Esq., 6, Upper Grosvenor Street, London. Dr. Bennet, Sydney. LoveU Reeve, Esq., F.L.S. T.Horsfield,M.D.", F.R.S. E. Benliam, Esq. Hugh Falconer, M.D., F.R.S. F. Reeve, Esq. CONTENTS. Page. Pakt I. — History and external characters of the Dodo, Solitaire, and other Brevi- pennate birds of Mauritius, Eodriguez, and Bourbon 1 Introduction 3 Chap. I. The Brevipeiuiate Bird of ilauritius, the Dodo ...... 7 Section I. Historical E\'idences 7 Section II. Pictorial Evidences 28 Section III. Anatomical E\adences 31 Section IV. Affinities of the Dodo 35 Chap. II. The Brevipennate Bird of Eodriguez, the Solitaire ..... 46 Chap. III. Brevipennate Birds of the Isle of Boui-bon 57 Postscript to Part 1 63 Part II. Osteology of the Dodo and Solitaire 67 Introduction 69 Chap. I. Osteology of the Dodo 71 Chap. II. Osteology of the Solitaire 113 Postscript to Part II 120 Appendix A. Translations of foreign extracts in Part 1 123 —— B. Bibhography of the Bidina 127 Explanation of the plates 135 Index 139 PART I. HISTORY AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERS DODO, SOLITAIRE, AND OTHER EXTINCT BREVIPENNATE BIRDS MAURITIUS, RODRIGUEZ, AND BOURBON. H. E. STRICKLAND, M. A., F. G. S. INTRODUCTION. Among the many remarkable results connected with Organic Life which modern Science has elicited, the chronological succession of distinct races of beings is one of the most interesting. Geology exhibits to us the vast diversity of organized forms which have supplanted one another tlu-oughout the world's history, and in deahng with this remarkable fact, we are led to search out the causes for these exits and entrances of successive actors on the stage of Nature. It appears, indeed, highly probable that Death is a law of Nature in the Species as well as in the Individual ; but this internal tendency to extinction is in both cases Uable to be anticipated by violent or accidental causes. Numerous external agents have affected the distribution of organic life at various periods, and one of these has operated exclusively during the existing epoch, viz. the agency of Man, an influence peculiar in its effects, and which is made known to us by testimony as well as by inference. The object of the present treatise is to exhibit some remarkable examples of the extinction of several ornithic species, constituting an entire sub-family, tln-ough Human agency, and under circumstances of peculiar interest. The geographical distribution of organic groups in space is a no less interesting result of science than their geological succession in time. We find a special relation to exist between the structures of organized bodies and the districts of the earth's surface which they inhabit. Certain groups of animals or vegetables, often very extensive, and containing a multitude of genera or of species, are found to be confined to certain continents and their cii'cumjacent islands.' In the present state of science we must be content to admit the existence of this law, without being able to enmiciate its preamble. It does not imply ' containing hundreds of species, is To cite one instance among a thousand : the group of Humming Birds, exclusively confined to the American continent and the West Indian Archipelago. ; iv. INTRODUCTION. that organic distribution depends on soil and climate ; for we often find a perfect identity of these conditions in opposite hemispheres and in remote continents, whose faunae and florae are almost wholly diverse. It does not imply that allied but distinct organisms have been educed by generation or spontaneous development from the same original stock for (to pass over other objections; we find detached volcanic islets which have been ejected fi'om beneath the ocean, (such as the Galapagos for instance,) inhabited by terrestrial forms allied to those of the nearest continent, though hundreds of miles distant, and evidently never connected with them. But this fact may indicate that the Creator in forming new organisms to discharge the functions required from time to time by the ever vacillating balance of Nature, has thought fit to preserve the regularity of the System by modifying the types of structure already estabUshed in the adjacent localities, rather than to proceed 2^er saltmi by introducing forms of more foreign aspect. We need not, however, pursue this enquiry further into obscurity, but will merely refer to the law of geographical distri- bution, as bearing on the subject before us. In the Indian Ocean, to the east of Madagascar, are three small volcanic islands, which, though somewhat scattered, are nearer to each other than to any neighbom-ing land.
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