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Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers No DOCUMENT RESUME ED 398 760 FL 024 069 AUTHOR Kaplan, Lawrence D. TITLE Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers No. 6. INSTITUTION Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Alaska Native Language Center. REPORT NO ISBN-0-933769-36-9; ISSN-0883-8526 PUB DATE 81 NOTE 287p. AVAILABLE FROMAlaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, P.O. Box 757680, Fairbanks, AK 99775 -7680. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Alaska Natives; Contrastive Linguistics; Descriptive Linguistics; Diachronic Linguistics; English; Eskimo Aleut Languages; *Inupiaq; *Language Patterns; *Linguistic Borrowing; Morphology (Languages); Orthographic Symbols; *Phonology; Regional Dialects; Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS *Language Contact ABSTRACT The monograph on .the North. Alaskan dialect of . Inupiaq, an Eskimo language," Makes a phonological comparison of the two sub-dialects, Barrow and Kobuk. An introductory section outlines basic word structure and standard orthography, and gives an overview of the dialects' phonology. Subsequent sections give an extensive phonological analysis of these patterns and processes: consonant assimilation; assibilation and palatization; and consonant gemination. In general, a synchronic perspective is taken, although some consideration is given to historic factors. Loan words and changes possibly attributable to contact with English are also explored briefly. Contains 54 references. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** ALASKA NATIVE LANGUAGE CENTER RESEARCH PAPERS Number 6 PHONOLOGICAL ISSUES IN NORTH ALASKANINUPIAQ Lawrence D. Kaplan PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL Office of Educational Research and Improvement E?UCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) r i document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 1981 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. This series of linguistic papers is published at irregular intervals. The papers deal with advances and problems in linguistic research in Alaskan and related Native American languages: Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlin- git, Eskimo-Aleut, Haida, and Tsimshian. The papers are often of greater length than those normally pub- lished in journals. Early drafts of some papers have been circulated informally among specialists, and the final revised works are here made generally available for the first time. Alaska Native Language Center's work in education, folklore, and second-language teaching has resulted in more than 200 publications. The basic research aspect of ANLC, essential to these other activities, is reflected in the present series, and in comprehensive dictionaries now in preparation. Address correspondence and orders to: Alaska Native Language Center Box 111 University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775-0120 ALASKA NATIVE LANGUAGECENTER RESEARCH PAPERS Number 6 PHONOLOGICAL ISSUES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ by Lawrence D. Kaplan 1981 , 4 Alaska Native Language Center University of Alaska Fairbanks P.O. Box 900111 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-0120 Kaplan, Lawrence D. Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq Alaska Native Research Papers Number 6 © 1981 by Alaska Native Language Center All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 0883-8526 ISBN 0-933769-36-9 First Printing, 1981 150 copies Second Printing, 1990 50 copies The University of Alaska is an EO/AA employer and educational institution. 3 CONTENTS Page Abbreviations 6 Preface 7 Acknowledgments 14 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Basic word structure 17 1.2 The standard orthography 19 1.3 Introductory phonology 28 1.31 Representation of segments by distinctive features 28 1.32 Surface constraints 1.4 31 Goals of this work 34 2 Consonant Assimilation 37 2.1Introduction 2.2 37 Regressive assimilation inBarrow 39 2.21 At morpheme boundaries 39 2.22 Morpheme-internal assimilation 2.3 42. Regressive assimilation inKobuk 43 2.31 Failure of assimilationbefore cluster-initial suffixes 45 2.32 Failure of assimilationconditioned by syncope 50 2.33 Additional suffixes beforewhich assimilation fails 55 2.4 Progressive assimilation 2.5 57 Collapsing the assimilationrules 59 2.6Assimilation precedingenclitics 2.7 62 Assimilation in thesubordinative verb mood 65 2.8 Assimilatory changes in pointof articulation 69 2.81 The case of nigig 70 2.82 Other cases 73 3 Assibilation and Palatalization 76 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Palatalization in Barrow 3.21 79 Palatalization following verbstems . 79 3.22 Palatalization followingnoun stems . 82 3.23 A synchronic approach topalatalization 83 3.24 The palatalization rule 85 3.25 Non-alternating palatals 87 3.251 i preceding non-coronals . 87 3.252 Accounting for non-alternating palatals 88 5 5.23 Lenition 171 5.24 Alternation involvings and y 176 5.25 Alternation involving t 180 5.3 Alternation of continuants withzero . 182 5.31 Stem-internal alternations 182 5.32 Discussion of the data 184 5.33 Continuant deletion 188 5.331 Velar deletion at morpheme boundaries 188 5.332 Velar deletion in plurals. 193 5.333 Stem-internal velar deletion . 197 5.334 A solution to velar deletion . 202 5.34 Alternations ofr withzero 205 5.341 Alternations at morpheme boundaries 205 5.342 Stem-internal alternations ofr with 0 . 208 5.343 Gemination of . 210 5.4 Consonant gradation . 212 6 Consonant gemination 221 6.1 Introduction 221 6.2 Gemination preceding additivesuffixes . 225 6.21 Selectively truncating suffixation . 229 6.211 Pluralization in nouns 233 6.212 Weak versus strong consonants. 241 6.213 Vowel epenthesis with suffixes consisting of a single consonant 245 6.22 The (u)t(!) suffixes 247 6.3 Replacive suffixation and gemination . 250 6.4 Demonstratives 254 6.5 Analysis of gemination 256 6.6 Conclusion 265 Conclusion 269 Appendix 1: Map of Alaska 275 Appendix 2: List of Rules 276 References Cited 279 6 ABBREVIATIONS 1 first person mod modalis case 2 second person neg negative 3 third person nom nominal 4 fourth person opt optative abl ablative case p, pl plural abs absolutive case PB Point Barrow aeq aequalis case PE Proto Eskimo AI North Alaskan Inupiaq poss possessive B Barrow real realized BS Bering Strait rel relative C consonant rep reportative cop copular s, sg singular CY Central Yupik SLI St. Lawrence Island d, dl dual SP Seward Pen- fut future insula I Inupiaq sub subordinative imp imperative term terminalis case inst instrumental tr . transitive int intransitive unreal unrealized inter interrogative V vowel K Kobuk WG West Green- KI King Island landic loc locative 7 PREFACE The Eskimo-Aleut language family hastwo branches, Aleutian Aleut and Eskimo. Within Eskimo are four lan- guages of which three are Yupik-- Central Yupik, Siberian Yupik, and Alutiiq (also called Sugpiaq)-- and the other Inupiaq. Inupiaq is the Alaskan name for thecontinuum of dialects spoken from Unalakleet, Alaskaacross the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic to Greenland. The Inupiaq branch of Eskimo is otherwise knownas Eastern Eskimo and has also been called "Inupik" by Morris Swadesh, who erroneously identifies "inupik" as theBarrow word for "real person" (1951:69). The correct word with this meaningis inupiaq, and it is doubtful thatany dialect actually uses "inupik." Alaskan Inupiaq can be divided intotwo major dialect groups, each of which can be further subdividedinto two dialects. The first group, North AlaskanInupiaq, is spo- ken from Unalakleet at itssouthernmost boundary, north along the head of Norton Sound,through the Kobuk River valley, around Kotzebue Sound andthe northern shore of the Seward Peninsula and northalong the Arctic coast, in- cluding the inland village ofAnaktuvuk Pass, and into the Mackenzie River delta region ofNorthwest Canada. Within North Alaskan Inupiaq, wecan identify a North Slope dialect 8 spoken from Kivalina north and east along the Arctic coast into Canada (see also 3.1), and a Malimiut dialect spoken south of Kivalina, predominantly in the Kobuk River area, Kotzebue Sound, and the head of Norton Sound, excluding most of the Seward Peninsula. The dialect of Anaktuvuk Pass, home of the Nunamiut Eskimos, represents in several respects a dialect transitional between Malimiut and North Slope, with individual speakers tending in one direction or the other. The division between these two dialects is based principally on differing degrees of consonant assimilation and palatalization. While all forms of North Alaskan Inupiaq have some degree of consonant palatalization, it is the lack of this feature, together with the development of an elaborate "conso- nant weakening" system, which characterizes the other major dialect group, Seward Peninsula Inupiaq, in phonological terms. Consonant weakening affects alternate syllables, causing lenition or deletion, and this syllable-skipping mechanism, rather than its result, is reminiscent of pro- sodic processes of Alaskan Yupik, a probable substratum. Seward Peninsula Inupiaq comprises the Bering Strait and Qawiaraq dialects: the Bering Strait variety is found in the western portion of the Seward Peninsula, including King Island and the Diomedes. The southern
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