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<I>MELOIDOGYNE</I> SPP. INFECTING ORNAMENTAL

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 2010 MELOIDOGYNE SPP. INFECTING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN FLORIDA J. A. Brito Division of Plant Industry, [email protected] R. Kaur University of Florida R. Cetintas Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University J. D. Stanley Division of Plant Industry M. L. Mendes University of Florida See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Other Plant Sciences Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Brito, J. A.; Kaur, R.; Cetintas, R.; Stanley, J. D.; Mendes, M. L.; Powers, Thomas O.; and Dickson, D. W., "MELOIDOGYNE SPP. INFECTING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN FLORIDA" (2010). Papers in Plant Pathology. 441. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/441 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors J. A. Brito, R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, Thomas O. Powers, and D. W. Dickson This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/441 MELOIDOGYNE SPP. INFECTING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN FLORIDA J. A. Brito1*, R. Kaur2, R. Cetintas3, J. D. Stanley1, M. L. Mendes2, T. O. Powers4, and D. W. Dickson2 1Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL 32614, USA; 2Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; 3Department of Plant Protection, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, 46060, Turkey; 4Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, T. O. Powers, and D. W. Dickson. 2010. Meloidogyne spp. infecting ornamental plants in Florida. Nematropica 40:87-103. A total of 206 root samples were collected from ornamental plants growing in ornamental nurseries and various landscapes in Florida. Isozyme phenotypes, especially esterase (EST) and malate dehydro- genase (MDH) were the main methods used to identify the root-knot nematode species. When needed, the morphology of female perineal patterns, morphometric characters and mitochondrial DNA were used to aid in the identification. Six Meloidogyne spp., M. arenaria, M. floridensis, M. graminis, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. mayaguensis were found infecting ornamental plants in Florida. As previously report- ed EST activity was of highest diagnostic value to identify Meloidogyne spp. found in this study; however, MDH was helpful to distinguish M. mayaguensis and M. graminis from the other root-knot nematode spe- cies identified. Five new EST phenotypes were detected associated with 17 unidentified root-knot nem- atode populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ornamental plants in the genera Dracena and Hibiscus, and Ligustrum and Washingtonia being host of M. floridensis and M. mayaguensis, respective- ly. New plant species host records for M. mayaguensis were Ajuga reptans, Amaranthus tricolor, Buddleja da- vidii, Caryopteris × clandonensis, Clerodendrum × ugandense, Hibiscus grandiflorus, Lagerstroemia indica, Penta lanceolata, Plectranthus scutellarioides, and Solandra maxima. Key words: Esterase isozyme phenotyping, Florida, malate dehydrogenase isozyme phenotyping, Me- loidogyne species, ornamental plants, root-knot nematode. RESUMEN Brito, J. A., R. Kaur, R. Cetintas, J. D. Stanley, M. L. Mendes, T. O. Powers, and D. W. Dickson. 2010. Meloidogyne spp. en plantas ornamentales en Florida. Nematropica 40:87-103. Se colectaron 206 muestras de raíces de plantas ornamentales cultivadas en viveros y en distintos paisajes en Florida. El principal método para identificar las especies fue el de fenotipo isoenzimático, especialmente de esterasas (EST) y malato deshidrogenasas (MDH). En algunos casos, se comple- mentó la identificación con morfología del patrón perineal de hembras, caracteres morfométricos y ADN mitocondrial. Se encontraron seis especies: M. arenaria, M. floridensis, M. graminis, M. incognita, M. javanica y M. mayaguensis en las plantas ornamentales observadas. La actividad de esterasa fue la de más alta utilidad en el diagnóstico de especies de Meloidogyne en este estudio, pero la actividad de malato deshidrogenasa fue útil para distinguir a M. mayaguensis y M. graminis de otras especies de ne- matodo agallador. Se detectaron cinco nuevos fenotipos de esterasa asociados con 17 poblaciones de nematodo agallador no identificadas. Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer registro de M. floridensis en plantas de los géneros Dracena e Hibiscus, y de M. mayaguensis en Ligustrum y Washingtonia. Nuevos registros de especies vegetales para M. mayaguensis incluyen Ajuga reptans, Amaranthus tricolor, Buddleja davidii, Caryopteris × clandonensis, Clerodendrum × ugandense, Hibiscus grandiflorus, Lagerstroemia indica, Penta lanceolata, Plectranthus scutellarioides y Solandra maxima. Palabras clave: especies de Meloidogyne, fenotipo isoenzimático de esterasa, fenotipo isoenzimático de malato deshidrogenasa, Florida, nematodo agallador, plantas ornamentales. 87 88 NEMATROPICA Vol. 40, No. 1, 2010 INTRODUCTION 1987a; De Waele and Elsen, 2007;) has made them a useful tool for nematode In 2007, Florida ranked third among identification. Among the isozyme systems, states in the USA in the production and esterase (EST) has the highest diagnostic gross sale of nursery plants and ranked first value because the majority of the pheno- in production of ornamental grasses, types described are nematode-species spe- woody ornamental plants, preparative cific; however, the use of more than one nursery materials and palm trees (Anony- isozyme may be needed as the result of mous, 2007). Florida led the nation in sales intraspecific variability and differences in of potted foliage for indoor use and hang- migrations obtained from different electro- ing baskets and also was the nation’s leader phoresis apparatus and laboratories. in sales of cut cultivated greens in 2005 Isozyme analysis, specifically EST in combi- (Anonymous, 2008). Many of the orna- nation with malate dehydrogenase (MDH) mental plants currently used for landscap- (Dickson et al., 1970; Esbenshade and Tri- ing are susceptible to several pathogens, antaphyllou, 1985), resolved using poly- including root-knot nematodes (Meloidog- acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) has yne spp.) (Barker and Benson, 1977; Ben- proven to be a valuable, fast and reliable son and Barker, 1985; Sinclair et al., 1987; method to identify the most common root- Martinez et al., 2003). knot nematode species collected from dif- Up to March 2010, 97 nominal species of ferent parts of the world (Dickson et al., Meloidogyne have been described. The proper 1970, 1971; Esbenshade and Triantaphyl- identification of Meloidogyne spp. is very lou, 1985; Fargette, 1987a; 1987b; Pais and important for implementation of plant Abrantes, 1989; Carneiro et al., 1996; 2000; breeding, nematode management, and par- Karssen, 2002, Castro et al., 2003; Cofcewicz ticularly for certification and quarantine in et al., 2004, 2005; Molinari et al., 2005); regulatory programs. Species identification is however, novel esterase phenotypes have primarily based on morphological and mor- been discovered in root-knot nematode phometrics characters of the males, females surveys (Esbenshade and Triantaphyllou, and second stage juveniles (Jepson, 1987). 1985; Hernandez et al., 2004; Adam et al., Accurate and reliable identification using 2005; Molinari et al., 2005). To determine morphology and morphometrics is a difficult whether theses novel phenotypes represent and time consuming task that requires well a new root-knot nematode species, a nema- trained personnel. Morphological charac- tode species already described but with an ters, especially female perineal patterns, are unknown EST/MDH phenotype or an one of the major characters used to aid in the aberrant pattern; a combination of mor- identification of root-knot nematodes in rou- phological, morphometric, host range, bio- tine analysis; however, perineal patterns are chemical and molecular studies are variable, and may lead to misidentification of needed. Currently, several DNA-based aberrant populations and new species. Con- methods such as restriction fragment versely, biochemical markers such as isozyme length polymorphisms (RFLP), random phenotypes used in conjunction with mor- amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), phological and morphometric, allow a more amplification of the ribosomal DNA in the precise and accurate identification of Meloid- intergenic spacer region (IGS) between ogyne spp. the 18S and 5S gene, amplification of the The relative stability of isozymes pheno- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region types within Meloidogyne spp. (Fargette, between the COII and lRNA genes and the Ornamental plants as hosts of Meloidogyne species: Brito et al.89 63 bp repeat region have shown to be use- ing the year of collection and the serial ful to aid in the identification of Meloidog- number to maintain sample identity. Root yne spp. (Powers et al., 1986; 1993; 2005; samples with limited infection were cut Blok et al., 1997a; 1997b; 2002; Zijlstra et al., into ca. 2-cm pieces, mixed with pasteur-
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