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Reproduction and Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes on Perennial Ornamental Plants in Florida

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Reproduction and Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes on Perennial Ornamental Plants in Florida REPRODUCTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES ON PERENNIAL ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN FLORIDA By ROI LEVIN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Roi Levin ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my chair, Dr. W. T. Crow, and my committee members, Dr. J. A. Brito, Dr. R. K. Schoellhorn, and Dr. A. F. Wysocki, for their guidance and support of this work. I am honored to have worked under their supervision and commend them for their efforts and contributions to their respective fields. I would also like to thank my parents. Through my childhood and adult years, they have continuously encouraged me to pursue my interests and dreams, and, under their guidance, gave me the freedom to steer opportunities, curiosities, and decisions as I saw fit. Most of all, I would like to thank my fiancée, Melissa A. Weichert. Over the past few years, she has supported, encouraged, and loved me, through good times and bad. I will always remember her dedication, patience, and sacrifice while I was working on this study. I would not be the person I am today without our relationship and love. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................1 Introduction...................................................................................................................1 Meloidogyne spp...........................................................................................................2 Relationship with Ornamentals...................................................................................14 Objectives ...................................................................................................................30 2 REPRODUCTION OF FOUR MELOIDOGYNE SPP. ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF PERENNIAL ORNAMENTAL PLANTS...........................................................31 Introduction.................................................................................................................31 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................33 Results.........................................................................................................................40 Discussion...................................................................................................................60 3 IDENTIFICATION OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES ............................................67 Introduction.................................................................................................................67 Objectives ...................................................................................................................69 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................70 Results.........................................................................................................................95 Discussion.................................................................................................................103 APPENDIX A PICTURES OF MELOIDOGYNE SPP. ESTERASE AND MALATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYME PHENOTYPES UNVEILED THROUGH POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ON PHASTSYSTEM AND MINI-PORTEIN 3 CELL APPARATUSES............................................................107 iv B COLLECTIVE RECORD OF THE HOST STATUS OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS TO MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA, M. JAVANICA, M. ARENARIA, AND M. HAPLA........................................................................................................123 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................184 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................197 v LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Crop and source of liners used for growth room and greenhouse experiments .......34 2-2 Crops, experimental sites, liner planting dates, inoculation dates, and study lengths for all crops in the growth room and greenhouse Meloidogyne spp. studies carried out at the University of Florida during 2003 to 2005 ......................38 2-3 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the first Liriope muscari cv. Evergreen Giant growth room trial ..........................................................................41 2-4 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the second Liriope muscari cv. Evergreen Giant growth room trial ..........................................................................42 2-5 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the Liriope muscari cv. Evergreen Giant greenhouse experiment .................................................................44 2-6 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the first Pittosporum tobira cv. Variegata growth room trial .....................................................................................45 2-7 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the second Pittosporum tobira cv. Variegata growth room trial ...............................................................................46 2-8 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the Pittosporum tobira cv. Variegata greenhouse experiment ............................................................................47 2-9 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the first Salvia leucantha growth room trial ..................................................................................................................49 vi 2-10 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the second Salvia leucantha growth room trial......................................................................................................50 2-11 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the purple-corolla Salvia leucantha greenhouse experiment............................................................................52 2-12 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the white-corolla Salvia leucantha greenhouse experiment............................................................................53 2-13 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the first Odontonema cuspidatum growth room trial ..................................................................................55 2-14 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the second Odontonema cuspidatum growth room trial ..................................................................................56 2-15 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g roots, and dry shoot weights from the Odontonema cuspidatum greenhouse experiment.............................................................................................57 2-16 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the first Musa acuminata ssp. zebrina growth room trial.........................................................................................58 2-17 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the second Musa acuminata ssp. zebrina growth room trial.........................................................................................59 2-18 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the Musa acuminata ssp. zebrina greenhouse experiment.............................................................................................61 2-19 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root weights, number of eggs per plant, number of eggs per g of roots, and dry shoot weights from the first Codiaeum variegatum cv. Gold Dust trial ....................................................................................................62 2-20 Treatments, root-gall indexes, root
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