RAILWAY AT DALE CREEK BRIDGE, DRAFT

Promontory Summit, Utah Golden Spike Ceremony

Sacramento, CA 869 AY, 1 E R M N E L E A D H E Y E N DRAFT E C T H Ohmaha, NE

t r a in " d i n i n g s a l o o n " NEW E a t i n s t y l e w h i l e t r a v e l i n g t h e t r a c k s . R AL I 4 8 p e o p l e T I C K E T S 1869 - May 10th. - 1869 t o a c a r - $ 1 1 1 F O R F I R S T C L A S S - H E A T E D C A R - B u s i n e s s M e n - GREAT EVENT M e n u - C O M F O R TA B L E B E D S RAIL ROAD FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC GRAND OPENING Fried Salmon Steak ...... T a k e a d va n d a g e - $ 4 0 Boiled Ox Tongue with Tomato Sauce... C L A S S T I C K F OE T R S T H I R d o f n e w ly o p e n e d Pickled Lam’s Tongue...... a s i a n m a r k e t s v i a 35c - W O O D E N B E N C H E S - Boston Clam Chowder...... 35c c a l i f o r n i a YoRK Rhubarb Pie...... 25c O N L Y A F E W THE GREAT TRANS-CONTINENTAL ALL-RAIL ROUTE! Backed Apple Dumplings...... 20c D A Y S O F T R A V E L - S e t t l e r s ! - Cocoa...... 10c T O Y O U R Beef Tea...... 15c D E S T I N A T I O N I t fastest way to go coast to coast - no more wagon trains! ' s y o u r 15c D E S T I N Y t o e x p a n d w e s t . 10c W O R K E R S w e s t c o a s t W A N T E D fa r m i n g a n d b u s i n e s s i s F O R S N O W R E M O VA L b o o m i n g ! 1176 Miles from Omaha to Sacramento O N T R A C K S . G E T P A I D $ 3 0 A M O N T H I N G O L D ! 7 D AY S A W E E K . SHORTEST, QUICKEST, AND CHEAPEST ROUTE WEST TRAIN CUTS DOWN TRAVEL TIME FROM 6 MONTHS TO ONE WEEK! RELAX AND ENJOY THE SCENERY! KID’S FACT Best line for Cheyenne, Wyoming TRAINS TRAVELED Almost MPH in1869 DRAFT v vw

15, 19 on May 18 T egan e vice b J f rst ail ser ce Curtis N-4HM US Air M Servi usi y Air er four ng co S Arm lots. Af month nverted U my pi s “Jen by Ar ht operati ny” b s f own all f ig ons o iplane Army, f th y the artment’ e mai own b ce Dep s Mail w l being f st Of ere US Po taken by the 1918. A over st 12, eria Augu l Mail Service on DRAFT DRAFT

Pilots The planes were always on flown when air mail the lookout for the next service began did not have navigational equipment, thus pilots wayfinding point, a tower with a During beacon and an arrow pointing them in the beginning of had to stop flying at night and wait had nothe instruments, Air Mail service, radios, planes or other until daylight to continue their journey. the direction they needed to go. Air Mail navigational equipment, so pilots had to be The original coast to coast air mail route beacons were placed every ten miles, skilled and courageous to make the long flights took 70 hours. so when visibility was clear, a pilot could see the necessary. next tower from the tower they were at. equipped with bright beacons were built air, so pilots had to dress in in 13 locations across Soon the50 footcountry tall towersto insulated flightThe cockpit uniforms was to open stay direct pilots safely through the night. warm in the air. With the ability hours would have been uncomfortable, night, airmail was shipped coast to but pilots were willing to endure the navigate day and Flying for many to coast in discomfort to deliver the mail. cutting the34 hoursdelivery Outside of Cheyenne lies U.S. Air time in half. , Mail Beacon #38. Most of the towers were disassembled during World War II because steel was in short supply, but the concrete arrows still exist in many locations today, including Beacon #38.

2nd Lt. James Clark Edgerton (1896-1973) Edgerton flew the Philadelphia to Washington,May 15, DC,1918. leg onOver the7,155 the first day of scheduled Air Mail service in the on 52 trips Cheyenne was an important location along the next five months 107as an overhoursArmy a totalAir in theMail of pilotair US Air Mail route, and was one of the original Edgerton flew 13 stops on theYork first to California! flight route from New miles, spending DRAFTand making only one forced landing. United States Oregon tCiy, Oregon DRAFT

Oregon Country Louisiana

DRAFTMexican Cession

Independence, MO De t ! stiny! go Wes Opp 1843 - 1870 ortunity!

Calling All Explorers, Miners, Supplies What will you see on • Food - The average trip consisted of: the trail?> • 200 Pounds of Flour As you journey west you will travel through Ranchers, And Businessmen! • 150 Pounds of Bacon Native American land, and will likely trade ’ • 10 Punds of Coffee goods with local indigenous people along the KID S Do you want a fresh start in the fertile lands of the Oregon • 20 Pounds of Sugar way. In the Great Plains, you will see vast • 10 Pounds of Salt herds of Bison, and travel from fort to fort FACT Country? Join fellow settlers on this incredible 2,170 mile in order to stay supplied for the long journey. • Parts and Tools: Repairs were often needed on The wagon typically used on the the road for the wagon and equipment. While in Wyoming most wagon trains stop at journey from Independence, Missouri, through the Great Fort Laramie, a major resupply stop along the Oregon Trail was the Prairie • Basic Kitchenware: Supply Listroute. As you keep heading west you can • Cooking Kettle Schooner, and it was 4 feet Plains, over the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming, and • list stop and etch your name into Independence wide, 11 feet long, and • Frying Pan rock near Rawlins. You can be assured you across rivers to Oregon City. • Coffee Pot • list are heading in the right direction if you pass 10 feet tall! The back • Tin Plates • list by this major landmark along the Oregon wheels were typically • Cups Trail. As you and your wagon train make your In 5-7 short months, you could be there! • Knives and Forks • list 50” tall and the way through Wyoming you will roll through front wheels • Luxury Items: Emigrants also often brought• list the prairie, cross large rivers including the furniture, books, and personal belongings Green River, and travel over mountain passes, were 44” tall. that eventually were discarded along the including and Thompson Pass. Wagons were pulled by trail to lighten the weight of the wagon. either 4-6 oxen, or 6-10 mules. DRAFT Famous Little America Motel started as a hardened dirt surface OO SS TT C OO A T CC AA TT OO C A SS T

Women found a new sense of freedom driving DRAFT automobiles on the Lincoln Highway. Freedom on the open road! DRAFT Eventually the highway was paved with brick Unique Roadside Billboards

Prior to highways there were no developed roads The Federal Highway Act of 1921 designated for people to easily drive from town to town, and money so that all highways could be paved, thus most of these dirt or gravel roads were impassable creating a safer and faster route of travel. This in wet weather. In 1912, planning for the Lincoln marked the end of the Lincoln Highway, which Highway began with the dream of a transcontinental highway was replaced by , and only small across the U.S. The Lincoln Highway had a hardened dirt LINCOLN HIGHWAY remnants of the old highway exist today. In 1928, the Boy surface that stretched 3,389 miles from Times Square in Scouts of America made one last effort to memorialize the New York City, all the way to Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Lincoln Highway by placing 2,400 concrete markers with Cheyenne was one of 700 cities the highway passed an “L” and a medallion of President Abraham Lincoln. through. In 1913 the highway route was completed and it Restaurants, motels, and gas stations still carry Lincoln- took travelers around 30 days to drive coast to coast. related names, such as the Lincoln Theater in Cheyenne.

Giant Indian Head: Wa-Pai-Shone Reno, Nevada Giant Indian Head: Wa-Pai- Shone Reno, Nevada

Worlds Largest Fishing Fly Locan, Nevada Driving a car in 1913 was slow and tedious, and most cars had a top speed of MILES 45 PER HOUR ! There was NO air-conditioning and NO heat in cars. Most cars did not have springs or shock absorbers, so driving Giant Indian Head: Wa-Pai-Shone on uneven roads would have been very Reno, Nevada Giant Indian Head: B U M P Y ! Wa-Pai-Shone ! Reno, Nevada DRAFT ALL ABOARD!DRAFT DRAFT

How long did it take to build the first transcontinental railway? Why was this railway important? How many tunnels were built to finish the connecting tracks?

TRAINS HOWFAST did TRAVEL in1869 ? DRAFT v vw DRAFT

YHE RMA T I IL LH A DRAFT IT . FW .S Were Pilots able to fly in the dark? U Was it dangerous to fly mail across the country? How did pilots find their way from New York to California?

fly over DID the U.S.AIRMAIL CHEYENNE DRAFT DRAFT Explore the DRAFTOregon trail Why did pioneers travel west on the Oregon Trail? What were they wanting to find? What did the pioneers bring with them on the journey? What was it like to travel in a wagon? Bumpy or soft?

HOW Tall is a Wagon Wheel ? DRAFT DRAFT O AC DC C CT RC CI P DRAFT RC O C

Was Cheyenne along the highway? When was the Lincoln Highway built? How long was the journey when the highway was built? Where did the Lincoln Highway Begin and End?

LIKE WHAT WERE CARS IN 1913? DRAFT DRAFT

American Beaver

Northern DRAFT Indian Paintbrush Southern Cardinal Flying Squirrel Cuthroat Trout Califonia New York City, Condor New York Cleveland, Ohio Chicago, Illinois

Omaha, Nebraska Giant Sequoia Cheyenne, Wyoming Common Salt Lake City, Utah Snapping Turtle

San Francisco, California White Oak Marsh Marigold Rocky Mountain Elk Prairie Rattlesnake Study of life and living organisms What BIOLOGY PLANTS and ANIMALS Text Would you see Text on a trail from Text to ? NEW YORK CALIFORNIA DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT GEOLOGY Study of the history and structure Earth

Sierra Nevada GRANITE From 1866-1869 Mountain Range Igneous rock Tunnels were built formed by the 19on the T.C. Railway. CALIFORNIA cooling of lava At the Rock Type: Granite from a volcano Summit tunnel, 1’-4’ was blased out per day DRAFT

Northern Rocky Mountains Sheridan DRAFT FOREST Cody A forest is a large area of Gillette land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. Forests come in many sizes DRAFTand forms and serve as a home to millions of animals.

Jackson Hole Casper GREAT PLAINS The broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie and grassland. SEMI DESERT The region is known for supporting Great Divide Basin extensive cattle ranching. A Semi Desert is an extremely dry area often located between a desert and a grassland or woodland with very little vegetation. Rawlins

GEOGRAPHY Cheyenne Study of the land, features, and humans on Earth Evanston

WHAT REGIONS HAVE YOU VISITED IN WYOMING? DRAFT DRAFT

HOWWagon wheels were hand crafted TALL TheARE: larger the wheel, the easier for the horses, by a wheelwright Wagon Wheels oxen, and mules to pull the wagons The largest wheel on the train that Driving wheels are connected to coupling rods DRAFT moves the train forward Train Engine Driving Wheels that transfer power to all the wheels The JN-4D had a 43foot 7 3/4inch Wingspan Airplane Wings The JN-4D plane could fly up to 6,500ft high The first Model T car wheels were wooden Steel welded-spoke wheels became available artillery wheels Car Wheels/Tires in 1926

“Jenny” (JN-4D) Wing

UPITER ocomotive IRON JLDrivers Compare sizes of objects SCALE WAGON WHEEL Rear Wheel

Model (Height of plane) 48 60

Car Tire Inches T Inches Feet 9 - 10 Inches30 DRAFT HOW MUCH DOES A DRAFT WAGON, TRAIN, AIRPLANE AND CAR WEIGH DRAFT 2,500 lbs 34 Tons 1,920 lbs 1,200 lbs (74,957 lbs) Fully packed with supplies Loaded with fuel and water Max take off weight Standard

Prairie Schooner Jupiter Steam Train Curtiss JN-4 “Jenny” Model T

Mountain14 Lions Bison Bison1 Grizzly2 Bears WEIGHT “Heaviness” The downward force caused by gravity

DRAFT DRAFT INDEPENDENCE ROCK

Independence Rock is a large, DRAFTgranite, monolith funnel along the historic Oregon Trail route.

Immigrants traveling west would Current Day Independence Rock have used this massive feature in the landscape as a guide along the trail. If they passed this rock, they

knew they were headed in the right Historical Independence Rock direction. Many travelers would INDEPENDENCE stop and etch their names into the ROCK rock, which are still visible today, CHEYENNE over 150 years later! Signatures On Rock Location Map DRAFT DRAFT REGISTER CLIFF DRAFT Register Cliff is a sandstone cliff featured as a major landmark along the Oregon Trail. Emigrants Current Day Register Cliff traveling west would sign their names into the cliff, and many can still be seen today. This prominent feature in the landscape allowed Standstone Rock with Signatures travelers to verify they were on REGISTER CLIFF the correct path as they moved across Wyoming. CHEYENNE Historic Signatures Location Map DRAFT ARE YOU UP FOR A MATH CHALLENGE?DRAFT The Oregon Trail Transcontinental Railway DRAFT 2,170 miles 1,776 miles START: Independence, Missouri START: Omaha, Nebraska FINISH: Oregon City, Oregon FINISH: Sacramento, California If you traveled for 8 hours every day and traveled 14 miles each day: A Section of rail is 30 feet long and weights 560 pounds. How much does one foot of rail weight? Workers were paid $30 a month in gold for working 7 days a week on the railway. If a worker How long would it take to worked for 8 years, how much did he make total? How fast are you traveling? take to go from one end to the other? A ticket in first class costs $111, while a ticken in coach cost $40. How much more would it cost % % for two people to travel in first class than in coach? United States Airmail Lincoln Highway Road Trip 3,000 miles 3,389 miles START: New York, New York START: Times Square, New York, New York FINISH: San Francisco, California FINISH: Lincoln Park, San Francisco, California If gas costs $0.12 a gallon and a Model T car has a 10 gallon gas tank, how much would it cost to fill up your Model T with gas? If a plane travels at 75 miles If a plane travels 300 miles in 5 per hour for 3 hours, how many hours, how fast was the plane flying? If your Model T drives 18 miles on one gallon of gas, how many miles can you drive with a full X miles will the plane travel? % tank of gas (10 gallons)? How many times would you need to fill up your tank if you drove 360 miles? DRAFT