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A Comparative Study on English and Mandarin Chinese Speech Sounds

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A Comparative Study on English and Mandarin Chinese Speech Sounds A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH AND MANDARIN CHINESE SPEECH SOUNDS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By APRILIANA BETA ULINA Student Number: 044214060 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENGLISH AND MANDARIN CHINESE SPEECH SOUNDS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By APRILIANA BETA ULINA Student Number: 044214060 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 i ii iii This Thesis is dedicated to: My lovely parents, brothers and sister, and also all my friends wherever they are… iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude and praise to the Almighty Jesus Christ for His endless love, blessing and guidance during the process of completing my thesis. I always believe that there is nothing impossible in Him. My great gratitude is for my beloved parents, S. Sembiring Brahmana and S. Sebayang, and also my two brothers, Firdaus Sembiring and Rio Mustika Sembiring, and my only sister, Nindy Rizki Octaviani for their prayer, love, support, and encouragement which help me very much. I would also thank my big family in Medan, especially my grandmother, Iting, and my aunt, Salimah for their prayer. My deepest gratitude is also addressed to Dra. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.S., as my advisor, for her guidance and ideas in this thesis. I thank her patience in helping me to accomplish this thesis and spending much time and energy to read, criticize, and correct this thesis. I would also like to thank Anna Fitriati, S. Pd, M. Hum who has been so kind to be my co-advisor of this thesis, and has given some suggestions for the completion of this thesis. I am also particularly grateful for all lecturers in English Letters Department who have spent their invaluable time in teaching me in the years of my study. I should also like to thank my Mandarin Lecturers; Anita Xiăojie and Rusli Lăoshī for borrowing me their books. I also thank my 65 X friends; Mba Sari, Dhita “Nenek”, Yeni “Emak”, Wella, Putri “Iput”, Bona, and Della for being such good friends. I also thank my Karate friends; Sempai Agus, Sempai Yohanes, Sensi, Nency, Dhita, Adi, Eric, Resy, Onel, v Ayub, Nila, Umar, Andri, Donny, and Agus for being me confidence, and always optimism. I would also love to thank my old best friends in Batulicin, South Kalimantan; Abidin “Julak”, Rita, Samsul Alam, Bambang, and Yadin for the time, guidance and support. I would also express my gratitude to all members of English Letters especially Pita, Dhita, Atik, Angga, Desy, Caty, John ‘02 and not to forget to my partners in work; Rini (PBI), Nia, Rita, Bekti, Irma, mba Tya (Happy Bear), Tiwi, and mba Dewi (Lingua International) for their support. I also thank everyone who supports me, but I can not mention them one by one in this page. Apriliana Beta Ulina vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iii DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………………. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………… v TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… vii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. viii ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study ………………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………… 3 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………… 3 D. Benefits of the Study ……………………………………………… 3 E. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………….. 4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………. 5 A. Definition of Phonetics …………………………………………... 5 B. The Classification of English Phonetics ………………………….. 6 C. The Classification of Mandarin Chinese Phonetics ………………. 23 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………….. 33 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………….. 33 B. Approach of the Study ……………………………………………. 33 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………. 33 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………………………………………………… 35 A. The Similarities and Differences ………………………………….. 35 B. The Problems which Cause the Difficulties ………………………. 70 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………… 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………. 80 vii ABSTRACT APRILIANA BETA ULINA. A Comparative Study on English and Mandarin Chinese Speech Sounds. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009. Language is a part of communication system. Everybody uses language in their communication with other people to convey their ideas, wants, emotions, and also their intentions. One way to master a language is learning the sound system because the sounds of a language have a system in combining them into a certain form, so that they have a special meaning. To know about the sounds of language deeply, learners have to learn the science of the speech sounds that are utilized by all human language to represent meanings which is called as Phonetics. Each language has its uniqueness which differs from other languages, for example, English and Mandarin Chinese. Both languages have some similarities and differences on the speech sounds. Because of that, this thesis has the objective. The objective is identifying and comparing English and Mandarin Chinese speech sounds. It is done to find out the similarities and differences between English and Mandarin Chinese speech sounds. The methodology used in this study is Library research. The data were from English and Mandarin Chinese phonetics books and all the references about English and Mandarin Chinese speech sounds. The first step the writer did was collecting data and references from library. Then, the writer read those English and Mandarin Chinese phonetics books and all the references to get better understanding. Then, the writer analyzed the data by comparing English and Mandarin Chinese speech sounds. After that, the writer found and analyzed some problems that cause difficulties in pronouncing the English words for Chinese people. The result of the study shows that there are some differences and similarities in English and Mandarin Chinese speech sounds. One of the similarities is about the concept of phonetics that it is as the study of speech sounds. Besides that, English and Mandarin Chinese are similar on the total of speech sounds. Moreover, most of the consonant sounds of English and Mandarin Chinese can be placed in the initial and final position. The differences of those two languages can be seen from the distribution. For example, all English vowel can be placed in the initial, medial, and final position, while in Mandarin Chinese, there is only initial position that vowel can be placed or before consonant sound. viii ABSTRAK APRILIANA BETA ULINA. A Comparative Study on English and Mandarin Chinese Speech Sounds. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009. Bahasa merupakan bagian dari sistem komunikasi. Setiap orang menggunakan bahasa untuk mengungkapkan ide, hasrat, perasaan, dan maksud mereka terhadap orang lain melalui komunikasi. Cara untuk menguasai suatu bahasa yakni dengan mempelajari sistem bunyi karena bunyi bahasa memiliki sistem dalam mengkombinasikan bunyi tersebut kedalam suatu bentuk, sehingga menghasilkan makna. Untuk memahami bunyi bahasa lebih dalam, para siswa harus mempelajari ilmu tentang bunyi bahasa yang digunakan oleh semua bahasa manusia yang disebut dengan Phonetics. Setiap bahasa memiliki keunikan yang berbeda dengan bahasa lainnya, sebagai contoh, bahasa Inggris dan Mandarin. Kedua bahasa tersebut memiliki beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan bunyi bahasa. Karena itu, skripsi ini memiliki tujuan, yakni untuk menemukan persamaan dan perbedaan bunyi bahasa antara bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Mandarin. Metode yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini yakni penelitian pustaka. Data-data berasal dari buku-buku dan referensi bahasa Inggris dan Mandarin. Tahap pertama yang dilakukan penulis yakni mengumpulkan data-data dan referensi dari perpustakaan. Kemudian, membacanya untuk memahami lebih dalam. Setelah itu, penulis menganalisis data-data tersebut dengan cara membandingkan bunyi bahasa antara bahasa Inggris dan Mandarin. Kemudian, penulis mencari dan meneliti masalah-masalah yang menyebabkan kesulitan bagi siswa Cina untuk melafalkan kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa perbedaan dan persamaan bunyi bahasa antara bahasa Inggris dengan bahasa Mandarin. Salah satu persamaan antara bahasa Inggris dengan bahasa Mandarin adalah mengenai konsep phonetics, yakni sebagai ilmu yang mempelajari bunyi bahasa. Selain itu, kedua bahasa tersebut memiliki persamaan jumlah bunyi bahasa. Ditambah lagi semua bunyi konsonan dapat terletak pada awal dan akhir kata. Perbedaan dari kedua bahasa tersebut dapat dilihat dari distribusinya. Sebagai contoh, semua bunyi vokal dalam bahasa Inggris dapat berada di depan, tengah, dan akhir kata, sedangkan dalam bahasa Mandarin, bunyi vowel hanya dapat terletak didepan kata atau sebelum bunyi konsonan. ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study The importance of language is naturally very great. Language is a part of communication system. People can use it in their communication with other people to convey
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