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C OVER FEATURE

THE CEINTON RECORD (IN) SECURITY AT STATE / 49 18 / BARELY PASSING: THE C+ PRESIDENT After a number of well-publicized lapses, State is cracking With the help of a booming economy, Clinton was able to down on security violations. But do the new measures maintain U.S. power and prestige intact, despite much target the real problems? bumbling along the way. By George Gedda By Walter Russell Mead and E. Benjamin Skinner C O L V M N S 25 / HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, CLINTON-STYLE PRESIDENT’S VIEWS / 5 The main foreign policy legacy of this administration Eight Years of Clinton and the may well be a greater U.S. willingness to use military might Foreign Service to achieve humanitarian goals. By Marshall P. Adair By Bob Deans SPEAKING OUT / 13 32 / CLINTON TO AFRICA: I CARE — REALLY Why I’m Paying $250,000 Despite two presidential visits and official expressions to Keep My Job of concern, America remains largely uninvolved. By Susan N. Stevenson By Bill Nichols POSTCARD FROM ARROAD / 92 36 / DID THE CLINTON TE AM “LOSE RUSSIA”? The Discipline of Inaction Although Russia is now more hostile to U.S. interests than it By Paulo Almeida was in 1992, the United States has successfully supported Page 18 important progressive changes in Russian society. D E_ PART M ENTS By Charles William Maynes LETTERS/7 40 / CLINTON WAS RIGHT, THE ESTABLISHMENT WAS WRONG CLIPPINGS / 10 Despite the sniping he faced from foreign policy experts, IN MEMORY / 52 Clinton made the right choices on most international issues. BOOKS / 79 By Leon V. Sigal INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 90

45 / CLINTON, AT BRIGHT AND THE LEARNING CURVE S c H ooLs SUPPLEMENT The president during his first term was inclined HOMESCHOOLING FS KIDS? IT WORKED FOR US / 55 to pursue a low-risk, low-involvement foreign policy. Done right, homeschooling can keep your children’s He never got the chance. skills sharp, while yielding unexpected bonuses. By Roy Gutman By Pat Olsen

SCHOOLS AT A GLANCE / 74 Essential data on educational choices.

Cover and inside illustrations by Dale Stephanos

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS FOBEIGNOERVICE Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0146-3543), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published _1_J O U R N A L monthly by the American Foreign Sendee Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing here¬ Editor Editorial Board in represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the Editorial BOB GULDIN CAROLINE MEIRS, Board or AFSA. Writer queries are invited. Journal subscription: AFSA Members - $9.50 included in annual dues; Managing Editor CHAIRMAN CAROLINE" BENNER others - $40. For foreign surface mail, add $18 per year; foreign airmail, $36 per year. Periodical postage paid at Associate Editor LISA BRODY Manchester, N.H., and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Foreign Service STEVEN ALAN HONLEY WES CARRINGTON Ad & Circulation Matmger ELIZABETH SPIRO CLARK Journal, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service ED MILTENBERCER MAUREEN S. DUGAN (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts, photos or illustrations. Advertising inquiries AFSA News Editor JOHN DWYER SHAWN DORMAN are invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods Art Director AURELIUS FERNANDEZ offered. FAX: (202) 338-8244 or (202) 338-6820. E-MAIL: [email protected]. WEB: www.afsa.org. TELEPHONE: CARYN J. SUKO CAROL A. GIACOMO (202) 338-4045. © American Foreign Service Association, 2000. Printed in the U.S.A. Send address changes Editorial Intern EDWARD MARKS CHRISTOPHER POTHOVEN to AFSA Membership, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Printed on 50 percent recycled ARNOLD SCHIFFERDECKER Advertising Intern paper, of which 10 percent is post-consumer waste. ANNA ROMACNUOLO WILLIAM WANLUND

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 3 J. KIRBY SIMON FOREIGN SERVICE TRUST AN INVITATION TO PROPOSE PROJECTS FOR FUNDING BY THE J. KIRBY SIMON FOREIGN SERVICE TRUST IN 2001 The J. Kirby Simon Foreign Service Trust is a charita¬ • Cultural Programs: A comprehensive art program for ble fund established in the memory of Kirby Simon, a disadvantaged Zambian children; a printmaking studio Foreign Service Officer who died in 1995 while serving in and storage spaces for the National Art Gallery of Taiwan. The Trust is committed to expanding the oppor¬ Uganda. tunities for professional fulfillment and community service • Programs for Foreign Service Children: English- of active Foreign Service Officers and Specialists and language books for a children’s library at the U.S. their families. Embassy in China; safe playground equipment for The principal activity of the Trust is to support projects Consulate and Embassy children in India and Korea. that are initiated and carried out, not in an official capac¬ ity and not on official time, by Foreign Service personnel The Trust now invites the submission of proposals for or members of their families, wherever located. The support in 2001. It is anticipated that most of the new Trust, however, will also consider proposals from other grants will fall within the same funding range as the 2000 U.S. Government employees or members of their fami¬ awards and that projects assisted by the Trust will reflect lies, regardless of nationality, who are located at a variety of interests and approaches, some of which are American diplomatic posts abroad. illustrated by the 2000 grants and all of which further the In 2000 the Trust made its fourth round of grants — general purposes of the Trust, set forth above. 26 in number, ranging in amount from $500 to $3300, Grants provided by the Trust can be used to defray a for a total of $47,350. These grants supported the wide range of project expenses, such as acquisition of involvement of Foreign Service personnel in the following equipment, books and supplies, travel and data collec¬ projects (further described in a Trust announcement enti¬ tion costs, and dissemination of materials. Grant funds tled "Grants Awarded in 2000," available on the Web at from the Trust, however, cannot be used to pay salaries www.kirbysimontrust.org): or other compensation to U.S. Government employees or their family members. Because of the limited • Facilities for the III and Disabled: Sewing machinery resources available to the Trust, it is not in a position to for an income-generating project serving HIV-positive support projects that, in the view of the Trustees, have women in Mozambique; equipment for an HIV-positive reasonable prospects of obtaining all the funds they children’s shelter in Zimbabwe; a medical records sys¬ need from other sources, or that propose to conduct tem for two dispensaries serving low-income activities closely similar to those undertaken by other Ecuadorian families; a physical therapy room for dis¬ public or private programs, or that cannot be carried out abled Pakistani children; a bazaar that funds health effectively with Trust-size grants. The Trust will provide programs for Macedonian children. support for a project operated by a charitable or educa¬ • Other Facilities for Children: For orphanages - a tional organization only where the person applying to the freezer and school desks (Madagascar), mattresses Trust plays an active role in initiating and carrying out the (Mexico), blankets and books (Poland) and a babies’ project, apart from fund-raising. play area (Thailand); a dormitory for Haitian boys A proposal should include a description of the project, imprisoned in a women’s jail. what it is intended to achieve, and the role to be played • Facilities for the Homeless: A generator for a bus by the applicant(s); a preliminary plan for disseminating bringing an intervention team to homeless Chilean the results of the project; a budget; other available fund¬ youth; housing, school and toilet facilities for homeless ing, if any; and a brief biography of the applicant(s). Indian squatters. Proposals should not be longer than five double-spaced • Programs for Victims of Violence: Photo equipment pages (exclusive of budget and biographical material). to document burning attacks on Pakistani women and Proposals for projects to be funded during calendar a shelter for them; occupational training for battered year 2001 must be received by the Trust no later than women in Botswana; laundry facilities at a shelter for February 28, 2001. abused and homeless children in Sri Lanka. • Educational Programs: Literacy and skills training for Proposals should be sent to the J. Kirby Simon "Untouchable" girls in Bangladesh; a library for poor Foreign Service Trust, by mail to 82 Edgehill Road, and homeless children in Mexico; furnishing a class¬ New Haven, CT 06511, by fax to 203-432-0063 room for a Kenyan orphanage and computers for or by e-mail to [email protected]. tutoring in a Brazilian orphanage; an educational- Inquiries should be directed to one of the above addresses recreational excursion to the ocean for Burmese street or by phone to 203-432-2698. children; teaching materials for business planning Further information can be found on the Web at classes in Vietnam. www.kirbysimontrust.org. PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Eight Years of Clinton and the Foreign Service

BY MARSHALL P. ADAIR

This issue of the Foreign Service throughout its tenure. Political Journal deals with the Clinton admin¬ How has this ambassadors averaged 32 percent of istrations record in foreign affairs over appointees, second in the last 35 years the last eight years. In judging success, administration only to the Reagan administration’s 34 it is important to also look at how well percent. The seventh floor of State the administration has managed the managed the tools has been almost exclusively political, tools of government. In what condi¬ and a political deputy assistant secre¬ tion is it leaving that apparatus for fol¬ of foreign affairs? tary has been added to almost every lowing administrations? bureau. While this administration has had Department Management: The some notable foreign policy successes, senior levels of the department have it has paid relatively little attention to engaged primarily in operational Americas civilian foreign policy appa¬ increase stress, reduce career develop¬ diplomacy, leaving little time to man¬ ratus. As a consequence, the nations ment opportunities and restrict the age either the department or strategic diplomatic capability, which has been services effectiveness. planning. What’s more, the political gradually but steadily cut back over Security: Since the Cold War leadership has been unwilling to dele¬ the last several decades, is now weak¬ ended, we have confronted an increas¬ gate responsibility for that manage¬ ening at an accelerated rate. Here are ing threat from international terrorist ment to professional employees. They some of the areas where the adminis¬ networks. The administration failed to have added a plethora of special coor¬ tration has fallen short. heed warnings on the need to upgrade dinators and negotiators that has fur¬ People: For the Foreign Service, security. Then, after the 1998 bomb¬ ther undermined organizational which develops employees’ profes¬ ings of U.S. embassies in East Africa, integrity and professional morale. sional expertise over the course of when its own studies called for sub¬ Resources: More than her imme¬ their careers, a steady inflow of new stantially more investment in security, diate predecessors, Secretary Albright hires is essential. This administration the administration increased its has admirably and publicly attempted aggravated already non-existent work¬ requests only slowly and grudgingly. It to seek more resources for diplomacy. force planning by stopping all hiring is still far behind the curve. Similarly, But her straight talk was effectively for two years in the early 1990s for after several embarrassing security silenced when the administration budgetary reasons. It did not resume incidents at Main State, the adminis¬ made its budget requests to Congress. hiring to meet attrition until later in tration tightened restrictions on active The international affairs account, the decade, and will not make up the duty and retired FS personnel. which was 1.5 percent of the total bud¬ deficit for several more years. The However, it has yet even to provide get during the Bush Administration, budgetary savings were modest, but estimates of what it might cost to declined to only 1 percent under the practical impact was not. Today, structurally adjust Main State or more Clinton. Security, technology, person¬ there are severe shortages in the mid¬ closely monitor the hundreds of non- nel, and international strategic obliga¬ dle ranks, and general shortages cleared personnel, such as cleaning tions are all being shortchanged. throughout the service. These staff, contractors, and journalists, who This record makes the next admin¬ have access to the building. istration’s job more difficult and Marshall P. Adair is the president of Political Appointments: The should be part of any assessment of the American Foreign Service Clinton administration has made very the overall foreign policy performance Association. liberal use of political appointees of the Clinton administration. ■

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 5 DOING SOME SITE SEEING?

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Web site: www.diplosales.com ♦ Phone: 516-496-1806 ♦ Fax: 516-667-3701 ♦ E-mail: [email protected] A Job, Not a Career arially, if not also morally, beyond the mit one violation, and it has bothered The decision on retiree access is reach of recruitment by foreign or my conscience ever since my 1980 not only a slap in the face to every for¬ commercial espionage sendees. If they retirement. Hopefully, widi confes¬ mer member of the Foreign Service; truly had been open to recruitment, sion will come absolution. It hap¬ it has practical consequences. It puts they would have pursued that option as pened one Saturday morning at my another nail in the coffin of the con¬ employees when they had far easier office in the department, where, like cept that, to quote the previous DG access than they enjoy as retirees. so many other eager beavers, I used to Skip Gnehm, the Foreign Service is “a Thus, diis latest decision strikes me come in on weekends to catch up widi career, not a job.” Indeed, there are as part of an effort to satisfy Congress paperwork. On tiiat morning, I took those of us who used to believe it was through cosmetic gestures that the my 12-year-old daughter Hania with a way of life. For many younger offi¬ department is “doing something” to me. When I opened my combination- cers, the sendee has become not a address recent embarrassing and lock file cabinet, Hania asked why I career or an unswerving commitment, indeed serious security lapses — all locked up my papers. “Because we but a revocable option and potential the while avoiding truly effective have enemies,” I explained, “who way-station subject to continuous re- remedies. would like to know what we are evaluation and cost-benefit analyses. Marc E. Nicholson doing.” That seemed to satisfy her. The decision to exclude retirees from FSO, retired Eventually, I had to make a trip the building without escort further Washington, D.C. down the hall to the mens room. highlights that truth, which will not be “Watch my safe,” I asked my daugh¬ lost on current FSOs: The notion of a Watching Out for Enemies ter, “I’ll be right back.” She then posi¬ Foreign Service family or lifetime Following 30 years of service with¬ tioned herself in front of my file cabi¬ career is now a myth; you are a cog in out a single security violation, I retired net, one hand firmly gripping die rung an institutional mechanism which will without any recognition of my blemish- of the top drawer as if to say, “They use your best years and then dispense free record. I had expected a decora¬ shall not pass.” And then, as I was with you. To love that machine is tion, pinned on my chest by die secre¬ going out die door, she asked, “Daddy, supremely naive. tary at a fonnal ceremony, perhaps what do I do if an enemy comes?” State Department retirees as a class with a lass on bodi cheeks in die Yale Richmond now have been deemed untrustworthy French manner, and accompanied by a FSO, retired to “roam” the building. This is a ridicu¬ drum roll from die Marine Band. It Washington, D.C. lous and contemptible insult. People would be somediing like die Good who have devoted up to 30 or more Conduct Medal I received during my Dangerous Retiree Problem years of their lives to the USG are aetu- Army service for not getting caught The department now requires doing anything wrong. For a more retirees to be escorted during visits to security-conscious State Department, I its offices. I can only say, it’s about The Foreign Service Journal welcomes propose that a medal be awarded on time! Who knows what those retirees you r signed letters to the editor. Please retirement to those with good security have been up to? The fact that none mail letters to the Journal, 2101 E St., records — gold for a perfect record, have been caught suggests they may NW, Washington, D.C., 20037; fax to silver for one violation, and bronze for be getting away with more than we (202) 338-8244; or send via e-mail to two. Those widi more violations would ever tiiought. [email protected]. Letters, which are be required to do one hundred I am also concerned about all those subject to editing, should include full pushups. active duty personnel wandering name, title and post, address arid day¬ And now, a confession. I did com¬ freely in the building. I would like to time telephone number.

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8 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL! DEC EMB ER 2000 and dual citizenship despite dieir elements and being branded anti- obvious importance to the conduct of Semitic or a self-hating Jew. foreign affairs. Arthur L. Lowrie That said, I found the main article FSO, retired Mercedes-Benz by the academic Yossi Shain, well, Lutz, Fla, academic. His conclusion diat there is a “growing appreciation that in the Self-Interested Shocker present period of globalization, Yossi Shain’s essay defending America’s ethnic groups can strength¬ American edmic foreign policy lob¬ en and expand U.S. influence around bies was a shocker. The Foreign Diplomacy the world” is highly disputable. It is Service Journal led its October issue my impression that these special eth¬ with an essay by an Israeli defending nic interest groups have more often American ethnic foreign policy lob¬ has its than not distorted our policy and bies, of which die strongest is Israeli- undermined our credibility and influ¬ directed. Wouldn’t anyone call diat rewards. ence. I would point particularly to the essay self-interested? Cuban-Amei'icans of Florida who Shain’s essay did not go back far have dictated our unrealistic policy enough to include George At American Service Center, your toward Cuba for years, not to mention Washington’s injunction against “a diplomatic or official passport* their impact on domestic politics. passionate attachment” to a foreign will allow you to purchase a new Then there is the influence of country. Nor did Shain note that Mercedes-Benz at dramatic Jewish Americans on our Middle East ours is the only democracy in which policy. Sham’s statement diat our all- ethnic lobbies are called “the demo¬ savings. Contact Erik Granholm, Jewish negotiating team has demon¬ cratic process.” our Diplomat and Tourist Sales strated diat “the idea diat committed C. Patrick Quinlan Manager. A native of Munich, Jews cannot be trusted as brokers in FSO, retired the Arab-Israeli peace process is no Edina, Minn. Germany, Erik has been longer viable” would not be convinc¬ with ASC for 33 years. ing to most Arabs. Our team is accept¬ FSOs Fellow Travelers? ed by die Arabs, but only because the General Curtis O’Sullivan, * Applies only while on official business Arabs have no choice. The Israelis responding to the off-base editorial or diplomatic assignment. have insisted for years diat diey will about the police reaction to the deal only through us and have repeat¬ protest against die IMF/World Bank edly rebuffed die Europeans and the conclave in Washington (FSJ, May), UN. The so-called “peace process” far outdid the editorial by using it to encan that our team has engineered has attack die men and women of the service Center changed the long-standing American Foreign Service for “weakness and positions on the core issues of settle¬ weak thinking,” to the point of reviv¬ Mercedes. Just Mercedes. ments, Jerusalem, borders, and ing die “specter of fellow travelers.” refugees, all of them in a way that No one has a patent on wisdom, 585 N. Glebe Road, favors Israel at the expense of the but the Foreign Service often takes Palestinians. The authors statement risks for our country in hard places. Aldington, VA 22203 that “the prominence of these individ¬ Neither the CIA nor die military, uals in Middle East policy-making is a which also suffered from a few spies 703.525.2100 clear indication that in America at in their ranks, gets labeled as fellow least, Jewish identity does not pro¬ travelers. The generals letter smells Telefax: 703.284.2482 voke serious suspicions of divided loy¬ of a McCarthyism, which has never alties” is straight out of the ivory gone away. Mobile: 703.405.4018 tower. The principal reason there is Frank McNeil www.justmercedes.com little outcry about such appointments Ambassador, retired is fear of being artacked by pro-Israeli Boca Raton, Fla. I

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9 CLIPPINGS

IMF PROTESTS HIT Straus observed. She quoted one American demonstrator who griped, PRAGUE, LIGHTLY “They are not so interested in storming Prague was the site Sept. 25-27 of the the conference center. What they really latest round of protests against the like is to have their picture taken.” International Monetary Fund and the The Americans had their own priorities. World Bank, but the tone of the events One young woman from California com¬ was quite different from that of earlier plained, ‘They smoke constantly.” Said confrontations in Washington, D.C., and another, “It is beautiful here. But I would '7/ is worth noting Seattle. According to Tamara Straus in the prefer if there were more vegetables.” that Russia s GDP Oct. 9 New Republic, local police exer¬ cised restraint in dealing with the 8,000 or of today is one- so activists who arrived to protest global¬ OUTSIDERS AT U.N. tenth of America s, ization. “No doubt remembering their own SEEK TO COME IN one-half of recent history of dissent, Czech officials Israeli officials, backed by the U.S. gov¬ India s, and less took pains to be accommodating,” Straus ernment, have begun a campaign to gain wrote. Leading officials tried to take a soft full membership for Israel in the United than that of tone in their public pronouncements. Said Nations Western European and Odrers Brazil. ... The Prague mayor Jan Kasl, “Please be strong Group (WEOG), reports Marilyn Henry in your demands, demonstrate according in the Sept. 28 Jerusalem Post. Israels cur¬ U.N. recently to your beliefs, but be kind with the city rent status in the regional group is limited ranked Russia's and obey the laws.” and temporary; for die last four months it Alter the windows of a McDonalds in has been allowed to participate in health system downtown Prague were smashed, Czech WEOG’s activities in New York. However, 131st, just ahead Prime Minister Milos Zeman declared, “I most of the Western European group’s am with the protesters on one tiling: I am policies are formulated in Geneva, Vienna of Sudan's. ...So against fast food.” and Bonn, and Israel is forbidden from much for Russia Despite the kid-gloves approach, some taking part in tiiose forums. property was vandalized, and several hun¬ “We lose our moral authority being being one of the ched protesters were arrested. But one stu¬ outside. We lose our dignity, our responsi¬ most influential dent from Budapest, describing police bility,” said Yehuda Lancry, Israel’s ambas¬ methods, said, “We don’t think they have sador to die U.N. Though from a stricdy cen ters of the been so brutal,” adding, “You must remem¬ geographical perspective, Israel should be modern world." ber that this place has a different history.” part of die Asian regional group, some The protesters, mostly young people Arab states have blocked Israeli member¬ — ZBIGNIEW from Europe and North America, seemed ship. So becoming a member of WEOG is to have decidedly different national styles, Israel’s best shot at participation in a BUZEZIXKSI AT THE Straus noted. German anarchists vowed to regional group. A/.YYIA I INSTITUTE EOH shut the official meetings down, and some Having a permanent place in one of the hurled stones at the police. A contingent U.N.’s regional groups is botii symbolical¬ ADVAM'ED RI SSI AX of 800 Italians sported “matching white ly and strategically important to Israel, an Sri DIES. JULY 19 bodysuits, helmets and waterguns” and Israeli official told the Foreign Service were “ intent on cutting dashing figures,” Journal. Widiout diat membership, Israel

10 FOREIGN SERVICE J O V RN AL/DEC EM B ER 2000 CLIPPINGS

cannot be elected to U.N. bodies such as appealing. European opinion of the the Security Council, the Economic and United States varies on different issues, Social Council or the board of the U.N. such as trade and security, as well. Development Program. Distaste for the United States often Another government seeking a greater stems from concerns over globalization, role in the U.N. is Afghanistan’s Taliban which some Europeans view as regime, reports Zaliid Hussain in the Sept. “Americanization.” Countries such as 29 Times of London. Abdul Rehaman France, which are especially protective of Zahid, the deputy foreign minister ol their culture and language, tend to object YEARS AGO Afghanistan’s hard-line Islamic Taliban more strongly to the bits of Americana — administration, led a delegation to Paris, such as McDonalds and Hollywood films New York and Washington to drum up — that global trade brings. French support for the Taliban’s claim to Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine has “Speeches bv the Afghanistan’s seat at the United Nations. called the United States a “hyperpower” Afghanistan is currently represented by rather than “superpower,” suggesting that Chiefs of Mission, the the ousted government of Burhanuddin American influence over world events has secretary of State and Rabbani, the former Afghan president. become too great. even the President Rabbani was deposed in 1996 when “It’s true drat some ... have concerns Taliban forces gained control of Kabul, the about a world structure in which the have revealed the capital. The Taliban now controls nearly United States has disproportionate increasing responsi¬ 95 percent of Afghanistan, but Western power,” said Ries, but, though the degree bility which weighs of anti-American sentiment varies from and other governments oppose the upon ambassadors; Taliban’s harsh rule. country to country, “in no place is it fun¬ damental, or even dominant.” and their continued good health, good SURVEY: EUROPEANS humor, and peace of DlPLOMACY.COM: LIKE AMERICANS mind should be the A State Department survey of A RAY OF HOPE? object of our constant Europeans has found that they generally The Internet offers “a liigh tech answer solicitude.” like the United States, says Charles Ries, to basic human needs” like freedom and deputy assistant secretary in the European democracy, media expert Gary Selnow — DICIMHIII 1950 bureau of the State Department. While told a State Department conference in FOREIGN SERV ICE much of the data in the survey cannot be October, according to reports on the made public, the Associated Press report¬ Washington File. He noted drat evidence JOURNAL shows the Internet can play an important ed on Oct. 18 that despite some com¬ “THE CARE ASD plaints about America’s behavior as the role in preparing people for dre transidon world’s only superpower, on the whole, to democracy by freeing information and FEEDING OF there is widespread support in Europe for linking people together. In one recent AMU \SS\DOBS" American values. Another State depart¬ development, dre State Department cre¬ ment official elaborated that the United ated the Kosovo Internet Access Inidadve B) ROBERT Kingdom and Germany have very favor¬ which allows Albanian refugees to com¬ MCCLIXTOCK able opinions of the U.S. while Italy and municate with each other. Selnow was one France tend to find America slightly less of many analysts from the fields of diplo-

DECEMBER 20R0/EORE1GN SERVICE JOURNAL 11 CLIPPINGS

macy and technolog)' who attended the Larson said diat it is up to the private sec¬ “This is the NetDiplomacy 2000 conference and tor to drive information technology expan¬ mulled over the impact information tech¬ sion worldwide. He said diat governments

devilish thins:O nology will have on the way die United will depend on die private sector to create about foreign States achieves its diplomatic objectives. low-cost access to die telephone, comput¬ John Gage, chief researcher and director ers and Internet that will create change. affairs: they are of the science office at Smi Microsystems, The role for government in the process foreign and will confirmed diat the Internet has the poten¬ will be to “judiciously remove barriers to tial to deliver basic needs to die worlds private sector activity” and to “ensure that not always poorest countries. He noted that die G-77 the benefits of die information society are conform to our group of developing countries agree that widely shared.” the “first ray of hope to alter die lives of The conference explored issues ranging whim. " diose in the worlds poorest countries from the digital divide between rich and comes with information technology.” poor to ways die State Department can — JAMES RESTO.X Under Secretary of State for Economic, use die Web to communicate with the Business and Agricultural Affairs Alan public during a foreign policy crisis. ■ Home Suite Home

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12 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL! DEC EMB ER 2000 SPEAKING OUT Why Fm Paying $250,000 to Keep My Job

BY SUSAN N. STEVENSON

The State Department tells us it charged tuition at FSI — used pri¬ is becoming a more responsive, vate language schools interchange¬ family-friendly institution. Recog¬ I am learning ably and had therefore been flexi¬ nizing that flexibility in personnel ble about language training, in matters is essential to attracting and Chinese at my keeping with its “best practices” retaining Foreign Service officers, approach to management. For it has renamed its personnel divi¬ own expense — example, I knew other USIA offi¬ sion the “Bureau of Human cers who had studied Arabic in Resources.” While such changes without a salary! New York City, Italian in the are welcome, the reality still has a Midwest, and Russian in Tbilisi, long way to go before it matches Georgia (the latter as part of a tan¬ the departments rhetoric. Consider dem couple). The case most similar my case. to mine was that of a cultural affairs States idea of a Foreign Service officer in Kuala Lumpur who had family is still limited to either the years of Mandarin Chinese train¬ done all 36 weeks of Malay at a traditional pairing of an anchor offi¬ ing. We were thrilled to be return¬ Malaysian university to accommo¬ cer and a PIT-working or stay-at- ing to Asia (my first tour was in date her husbands private sector home spouse, or a tandem couple Bangkok), though I was concerned job in Kuala Lumpur. USIA provid¬ — not dual career, two-income about balancing long-term lan¬ ed her housing, placed her in households like mine, even though guage training with my husband’s administrative status, and paid her such families are now the norm in job needs and above all, wanted to language costs. the United States. minimize the impact of the transi¬ But it was not until February Still, precisely because the tion on my two small children. 2000 that we were able to confirm Foreign Service is uniquely chal¬ Towards that end, USIA (which I with FSI that the two-year Chinese lenging and rewarding, my husband had joined over State due to its program in D.C. no longer existed (a financial analyst in the private smaller, more creative work envi¬ and that two years in Taiwan would sector) and I have chosen to go to ronment) was optimistic that I be too expensive for State to cover. lengths well beyond the norm to could do both years of Mandarin in Since I would eventually be work¬ facilitate my career while also keep¬ either Washington, D.C. or Taipei. ing in Hong Kong anyway, I then ing our family together. Beyond When I first inquired about my suggested that I pay for the costs juggling my postings to coincide language training options, I still had for language training myself, but in with job opportunities for him, we a year to go in my tour as assistant Hong Kong rather than Taipei. now find ourselves out of pocket a cultural attache in Mexico City. But With no incremental cost to the quarter of a million dollars over the because USIA was about to merge government and what I thought to next two years in order for me to with the State Department, I was be a precedent in the Malaysian stay in the Foreign Service. told to wait until that reorganiza¬ training experience, I did not fore¬ tion took effect on Oct. 1, 1999 see a problem in gaining State Farewell, USIA Flexibility before seeking authorization to Department concurrence once I In early 1999, I was assigned as study Chinese somewhere other obtained FSI’s approval for my pro¬ the assistant public affairs officer in than the Foreign Service Institute. posed course of study. Hong Kong, with the job to start in My request seemed reasonable Unfortunately, the reality was 2002 following the requisite two enough since USIA — which was eminently more complicated. In

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 13 SPEAKING OUT

order to assign me to training in guage training fees. All told, this Hong Kong, the State Department adds up to more than $255,000 I needed to create a training slot EAP/EX decided it did am absorbing to stay in the service. there and determine how to man¬ age all the normal perks that go not want to comply A Better Precedent along with foreign posting: diplo¬ My family is together, however, matic status, housing, coverage with all the restrictions which is what has mattered all under the State medical plan, and along, and things are falling into so forth. I had assured EAP/EX imposed by the legal place. At the beginning of that I would obtain my visa through September, three weeks after my my husbands work and therefore department in order to family was reunited in Hong Kong, I did not require diplomatic status, started my intensive Mandarin and I cited the CAO in Kuala assign me to Hong Kong course at the Chinese University of Lumpur’s experience as a blueprint Hong Kong’s Yale-In-China pro¬ for how the bureau might proceed. for training. gram. Our household effects — which we shipped from Mexico at The Department Says No our own expense — arrived about In the meantime, I was finishing the same time to furnish the empty my assignment in Mexico City and mulling over my request, EAP/EX apartment we have rented, also at preparing to pack out my household decided it did not want to comply our own expense. effects. My husband left at the with all the restrictions imposed by If all goes according to plan, we beginning of June 2000 to start his the legal department in order to will be in Hong Kong for six years, new job in Hong Kong, thereby assign me to Hong Kong for train¬ giving my husband much-needed eliminating my flexibility to study ing. It therefore rejected my career continuity and me a chance anywhere else. My older daughter request, but neither put the reasons to learn a language in situ (though was just two; the younger was not for the rejection in writing nor the lingua franca in Hong Kong is quite seven weeks old. My last five informed my career development Cantonese, Mandarin is more wide¬ weeks at post were consumed with officer or me until pressed. ly spoken since the 1997 handover administrative details (How do you As a next step, I went to the to China). I am also aware of how pack out a house without orders? Committee on Exceptions to fortunate we are that we could even How do you ship a car without request leave without pay status, contemplate paying all these costs orders? How do you book flights to with the idea that the committee on our own; many FSOs do not have depart post without orders?), dis¬ would find LWOP unethical in my that option and would have had to tracting me at a time when the situation and order EAP to find a consider leaving the service. embassy needed me to do my job. way to accommodate my request. State already knows that with the In the end, I wrote IOUs to the Instead, the committee immediate¬ U.S. economy strong, it is facing financial management center and ly approved LWOP. I would have to increasingly heavy competition for the general services officer to get learn Chinese at my own expense young talent from the private sector, my affairs in order, and I left Mexico — including tuition and housing for where international careers such as City this past July 7 with my situa¬ two years — and, to add insult to I previously had (I come from a tion veiy much unresolved. I was injury, I would do it without a business background) are now more officially on annual leave rather than salary! In fact, my “leave without attainable. The department’s own home leave pending resolution, and pay” is not in any sense time off, as recent McKinsey & Co. study I was trapped at my home leave I am engaged in work-related activ¬ found, among many other things, address in Orlando, Fla., thousands ity and am expected to test regular¬ that “young diplomats were dismis¬ of miles away from my husband. ly to show my progress. sive of what they described as Anyone with very small children has Thus, I am forfeiting two years’ demoralized management. They an idea of what this was like, and it salary while paying more than my complained that the department was pretty miserable. salary in housing (a cost I wouldn’t was unresponsive to the demands of Back in Washington, after have had during a year’s training in two-career couples, especially when spending more than two months Taipei), plus nearly $25,000 in lan¬ sending diplomats abroad.”

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“family-friendly ” Diplomatic Corps ■ Embassy Personnel • Foreign Service Professionals Military • World Bank ■ Inter-American Development Bank and responsive Organization of American States to all reasonable Domestic or Foreign • Active or Retired 20 YEARM pMp Contact Dana Martens requests. Diplomatic Sales Director e-mail: p _ _ 4800 Wisconsin Ave NW I Washington DC 20016 [email protected] m website: (202)537-3000 I should state that I have no axe www.martensvolvo.com FAX (202)537-1826 170 to grind about my career thus far. In my eight years of service, I have received two meritorious honor awards and a sustained superior SEVEN MINUTES TO STATE DEPARTMENT performance award. I was promot¬ ed during my first month on LWOP, which I'd like to think indi¬ cates I’m the kind of officer the State Department wants to retain. I am hopeful that my case will COLUMBIA PLAZA not only impel State to adopt APARTMENTS USIA’s “best practices” approach to Capital Living language training, but to be more With Comfort and Convenience “family-friendly” and responsive to all reasonable requests — especial¬ ly those that cost the department SHORT TERM FURNISHED APARTMENTS AVAILABLE nothing to grant. Not only is such Utilities Included 24 Hour Front Desk an approach the only fair and hon¬ Complimentary Voice Mail Garage Parking Available orable way to manage personnel, Courtyard Style Plaza Shopping on Site but it is also the only way State will Polished Hardwood Floors Cardkey Entry/Access ultimately be able to keep good Private Balconies River Views officers in the ever more competi¬ Huge Walk-In Closets Minutes to Fine Dining tive U.S. job market. ■ Walk to the Kennedy Center and Georgetown Susan Stevenson, an FSO since Minutes to Foggy Bottom Metro 1992, has served in Bangkok and (202) 293-2000 Mexico City, with TDY stints in 2400 Virginia Ave., N.W. Vientiane and Doha. She is current¬ Washington, D.C., 20037 ly studying Chinese in Hong Kong in preparation for her tour as assis¬ ty PellhtfA, ^ Qc. tant public affairs officer there.

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 —

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BARELY PASSING: THE C+ PRESIDENT

WITH THE HELP OF A BOOMING ECONOMY, CLINTON WAS ABLE TO MAINTAIN U.S. POWER AND PRESTIGE, DESPITE A FEW MISTAKES ALONG THE WAY.

BY WALTER RUSSELL MEAD AND E. BENJAMIN SKINNER

n our imperfect world, it is difficult for an American president to post a winning record in foreign affairs. Harry Truman, whose administration was responsible for the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift and die formation of NATO, failed to win re-election in 1952 largely because of the unpopularity of the Korean War. Franklin Roosevelt, who won the Second World War and established U.S. dominance globally, was widely blamed for giving Stalin control of Eastern Europe after World War II by signing the Yalta accords. Without the polarizing influence of international conflict on the scale of the Second World War or the Cold War, it is even harder to be a good foreign policy president. Clear-cut victories are rare in peacetime. Perhaps worse from a presidents point of view, the outbreak of peace encourages the Congress to assert itself more vigorously in foreign

18 FOREIGN SERVICE ]OX]RNAL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

affairs — imposing sanctions, sub¬ American interests, President Clinton, might wish, but in jecting appropriations requests to tire last analysis it is enough. close scrutiny, holding up important not conservative or Although partisans in both par¬ appointments for reasons unrelated ties have an interest in concealing to foreign affairs, and generally acting liberal ideology, drove dris fact, the most notable feature of like a co-equal branch of the govern¬ President Clintons foreign policy ment. foreign policy in the has been its fidelity to that of his Decisive failure is as hard to predecessor. At the end of the Cold achieve as unmitigated triumph in Clinton era. War, the elder Bush redefined the contemporary world. The United American foreign policy in largely States is so dominant in international conservative terms — U.S. policy affairs that even a poorly designed and incompetently would change as little as possible following the Soviet executed foreign policy is likely to achieve some plausible collapse. Though American policy no longer needed to shadow of success. contain the threat of international communism, the In practice, this means that when assessing the foreign United States would continue to minimize chaos and policy of peacetime presidents, historians are extremely instability while advancing the principles of free mar¬ stingy with As and F’s, and generally grudging with Bs kets, free government and world order which it had and D s. C is the natural grade for a peacetime presiden¬ advocated during the Cold War. The difference cy like the Clinton administration. between the Bush and Clinton agendas is largely one of Bill Clinton, a high achiever at Oxford and Yale, has rhetoric and political positioning. The policies have struggled against this historical predicament but in vain. been roughly similar, but where Bush administration An A or even a B has eluded this Rhodes Scholar and in rhetoric tended to highlight commercial values and assessing tire record of his administration one must ask downplay human rights, the Clinton administration did whether he achieved a C+ , that is, a flawed success, or a its best to wrap its Hamiltonian policies in Wilsonian C-, a partially redeemed failure. Although there have rhetoric. been many eloquent and accurate attacks on various The reality is that American interests, not conserva¬ aspects of the Clinton foreign policy, the final verdict is tive or liberal ideology, drove the key strategic deci¬ that Clinton s foreign policy record has been a mixture of sions of the Clinton era. Candidate Clinton denounced successful and failed policies that maintained American President Bush’s policies of seeking commercial peace and prosperity. accommodation with China at the expense of human On Clintons watch, tire United States avoided major rights issues. Once in the Oval Office, President international conflict while retaining its position as the Clinton changed course and embraced the older Bush’s most powerful nation on earth. The power and prestige policy of pursuing change in China through trade. On which the United States enjoyed at the time of Iris inau¬ major issues like the Balkans, it probably made little guration will be passed, essentially intact, to his successor, difference who won the 1992 or 1996 elections. A re¬ and the chances of major international conflict are, if any¬ elected President Bush and a President Dole would thing, somewhat less in 2000 than they were in 1992. have found themselves similarly entangled in the That may not be as dramatic a legacy as some, including Balkans: American interests simply did not permit the U.S. to avoid involvement in an issue of such vital con¬ Walter Russell Mead is senior felloiv sequence to key allies like Germany. for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the author of a forthcoming The Economic Basis for Foreign Policy book on the history of U.S. foreign policy Clintons greatest success in foreign policy, ironically, and also author of Mortal Splendor: The American was an achievement on the home front: The spectacular Empire in Transition [Houghton Mifflin, 1987], performance of the American economy in the last eight E. Benjamin Skinner is research associate for U.S. for¬ years more than any specific diplomatic maneuvering was eign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. the prime impetus behind the rise of American power

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 19 Focus

and prestige. Lloyd Bentsen, Robert The spectacular geographic regions on the American Rubin, Alan Greenspan and Charlene map of dre world — Europe and East Barshefsky in some ways had more to American economy Asia — saw an eminently mixed per¬ do with the international success of the formance by dre Clinton administra¬ United States in the last decade than was the prime impetus tion. At least in some part thanks to did Anthony Lake, Warren U.S. efforts, most of the former Christopher, Sandy Berger and behind the rise of Warsaw Pact nations have continued Madeleine Albright. Had the U.S. — to move toward dre consolidation of or the world — succumbed to financial American power and stable democratic governments. This crisis, inflation or other serious prob¬ progress has not only included dre rel¬ lems, the foreign policy record of the prestige. atively “easy” cases of such Central last eight years would read veiy differ¬ European states as the Czech ently. The pull of the American eco¬ Republic, Hungary and Poland, but nomic model and the vital importance of the U.S. market some of the harder cases as well — notably Bulgaria and to Asians, Europeans and Latin Americans enhanced tire dre Baltic states. While local forces and dre attraction of position of American diplomats in dealing with other EU membership have sometinng to do with this success, countries during the Clinton years. the United States has clearly played an important, benign Furthermore, the strength of the American economy and much appreciated role in the region. Over the long enhanced Clinton's ability to deal with the most danger¬ tenn, dris cannot but help U.S. interests. The Central and ous, implacable foes his foreign policy ever encountered: Eastern European states are eager to see the United his domestic critics. Economic growth and full employ¬ States remain politically, militarily and economically ment weakened opposition to NAFTA, tire WTO, and active in Europe in part to balance the potentially exces¬ permanent normal trading relations with China. At the sive power of the larger Western European states in dris same time, economic success gave him tire standing in region — and in part to safeguard against the possibility the opinion polls which kept his international authority of a renewed Russian challenge to dre European security intact during tire impeachment trial and frequently order. As these states move into EU institutions, tire forced his Republican adversaries in Congress to yield Atianticist element in tire EU is likely to grow stronger ground on policy disputes. with lasting and beneficial consequences for U.S.- The success of tire administration’s economic policies Europeair relations. should not, however, blind us to the continuing political problems of its international economic policy agenda. Failure in Russia The failure to renew fast track negotiating authority was Set against this success, however, must be tire relative a major blow to the president’s ability to conduct foreign failure of U.S. policy toward Russia. By any reasonable policy; time will tell whether this ground can be recov¬ measure, the United States has fewer friends and less ered. The screeching halt to progress towards agreement influence in Russia today than it did in 1992. The United on tire Free Trade Area of the Americas proposal and dre States allowed itself to be too closely associated with a failure to launch a millennial round at tire WTO revealed group of “reformers” whose agenda was never as trans¬ a striking loss of momentum and direction in American parent and democratic as the United States appeared to tr ade policy. Yet despite these failures, and despite the believe. U.S. confidence hr the policies of the IMF and fact drat a strong economy at home did not always trans¬ the Russian reformers was clearly misplaced, and the cat¬ late into dramatic victories abroad, American prosperity astrophic failure of Russian refonn from the standpoint under Clinton has set the groundwork for future strategic of ordinary Russian citizens has dealt a serious blow to and diplomatic successes. American prestige in Russia. Furthermore, such U.S. Despite dre foreign policy-making power that pros¬ policy stands as supporting tire exparrsion of NATO and perity helped to create, Clinton’s record in foreign rela¬ attempting to make the United States a major player hr tions is a not atypical mixture of striking successes, great tire oil and regional politics of Centr al Asia lent unneces¬ disappointments and muddles. The two most important sary credence to those in Russia who argued drat U.S.

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

and Russian interests doomed the Don’t tell anyone, for not losing sight of this basic truth states to inevitable conflict. The so-far despite the domestic pressure to avoid fruitless effort to help Ukraine stabilize but Clinton’s foreign becoming further involved in the its independence has also irritated Balkans. Russia without contributing to policy was very On tlie other hand, it is unlikely American security or prosperity in any that the historical judgment on the significant way. similar to means as opposed to the ends of Given Russia’s relative weakness Clinton policy in Yugoslavia will be and its dependence on Western invest¬ President Bush’s. favorable. Had the Clinton campaign ment and trade, these failures have not and administration supported the resulted in massive international set¬ Vance-Owen peace plan for Bosnia, backs for the United States. They certainly contributed to the war there might have ended sooner and on better Russia’s intransigence over relations with Yugoslavia, dan¬ terms than it ultimately did. The diplomatic record in the gerously aggravating tire Kosovo crisis, but in the end, run-up to the Kosovo war is profoundly unsettling; look¬ Russian weakness meant that its ability to frustrate U.S. ing at the difference between NATO’s original “non- plans was minimal. In the event, when NATO needed a negotiable” demands and the terms on which the war was mediator to end the Kosovo campaign, Russian diploma¬ actually settled, it would appear that Milosevic forced cy actually played a useful role. Nevertheless, unless NATO to improve its terms and accept a compromise future administrations can put U.S.-Russian relations peace. Thanks to Milosevic’s stubborn persistence, back on firmer footing more in keeping with the funda¬ NATO has now accepted the principle of continued Serb mental interests of both states, the United States will face sovereignty in Kosovo — a commitment that will be hard unnecessary Russian hostility and suspicion. to break now that a post-Milosevic regime is in power in NATO expansion had another unfortunate conse¬ Belgrade. quence. By rushing to expand NATO, the U.S. unwit¬ Moreover, the cost of the Kosovo war to the NATO tingly played into the hands of the powerful interests in alliance was extremely high. At least for the present, the the EU which want to postpone EU expansion into the idea of NATO acting out-of-area now appears to be dead. indefinite future. Because an expanded EU is at once a It seems almost inconceivable that any future German better guarantor of the peace and prosperity of an undi¬ government wall participate in a NATO campaign without vided Europe and also less capable of fulfilling misguid¬ a Security Council resolution. In that sense, although ed European ambitions of forming a ‘rival’ superpower Milosevic lost the battle in Kosovo, Russia and China won to the United States, encouraging the rapid expansion of the Kosovo war, successfully asserting the principle that the EU should be an important priority of U.S. policy. die Security Council can veto out-of-area NATO action. NATO membership was a kind of pacifier tossed to Even so, defenders of Clinton policy can and will point Central European countries, reducing the pressure on out that through it all the Clinton administration defeat¬ the EU to do the right thing and expand. A better ed Serb expansionism, ultimately stopped ethnic cleans¬ approach, then and now, would be to say that the U.S. ing, and saw Milosevic thrown out of power — without supports NATO expansion pari passu with EU expan¬ losing a single U.S. life in combat. sion into the east. The Clinton administration’s grades in East Asia are The Clinton record in the wars of the Yugoslav suc¬ similarly mixed. The administration’s North Korea pol¬ cession will be debated for many years to come. It is icy must provisionally be judged one of its greatest suc¬ much too early for a definitive assessment, but certain cesses and one for which it has not yet received suffi¬ tilings seem clear. The administration was correct to see cient credit. Clinton’s refusal to be stampeded by that events in Yugoslavia affected key American interests. domestic critics into more confrontational policies The security of Europe is of vital concern to our closest toward this difficult state and his steadfast support for allies; it therefore inevitably matters to the U.S. That Kim Dae Jung’s “sunshine policy” have gone a long way insight, which many domestic critics vigorously disputed, toward reducing tensions in what remains the single was correct, and the administration deserves high praise area where U.S. forces are closest to a direct combat

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 21 Focus

role. While the North Korean The financial crisis in might have significantly increased the endgame remains complicated and presidents historical stature. dangerous, conditions on the Korean Indonesia has left the Clintons other successes in the peninsula are clearly much more region are mostly due to economics. favorable than they were in 1992. United States largely Robert Rubin and Larry Summers If matters in Korea continue to go helped to stabilize Asia in the wake of well, this success will assume increas¬ without a policy the 1997-1998 crisis. The negotiation ingly greater importance in current pol¬ and final ratification of the PNTR icy and in historical memory. The toward this important agreement with China undoubtedly Korean confrontation, after all, is the strengthened the hands of those in real justification for a U.S. military country. Beijing who counseled patience on the based on the need for a “two-war” Taiwan issue and identified Chinese capability. As the danger in Korea con¬ interests with peaceful economic tinues to diminish, a fundamental re-thinking of defense progress based on close relations with the West. policy may become possible, with significant budgetary Yet the economic success in Asia was limited. The U.S. and political consequences. In assessing the administra¬ failed utterly to anticipate the potential for economic cri¬ tions record in Korea, one must give full credit to the sis, and well after the Asian economies had begun dieir administration’s steady political courage in choosing a dif¬ descent, U.S. officials were defending the economic per¬ ficult path and walking it with a strength of conviction formance of countries like Indonesia and Korea. Given that, if extended to other difficult foreign policy issues, that where Asian economies have recovered they have

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largely done so without making the The United States By contrast, our Cuba policy has sweeping reforms U.S. officials been ill conceived. The administra¬ claimed were necessary, it may be drat supported democratic tions hasty and poorly considered dre U.S. government has not yet devel¬ response to die 1996 Cuban shoot- oped a full understanding of the poten¬ change in Mexico down of two civilian American planes tials and pitfalls facing Asian was somediing that future administra¬ economies. without making U.S. tions will have reason to regret. The The political fallout from the finan¬ Helms-Burton Law weakens the insti¬ cial crisis continues and could ultimate¬ interference an issue tutional autiiority of the presidency, ly be extremely costiy for U.S. interests. complicates the task of future adminis¬ The most dramatic case, of course, is in Mexican politics. trations attempting to manage what Indonesia, where die financial crisis will always be a difficult U.S.-Cuba and the collapse of the Suharto regime relationship and has introduced have left the U nited States largely witiiout a policy toward unnecessary strains in U.S. relations with major this strategically important country. Less dramatic, but in European allies. The president should not have signed it the long term perhaps more important, were the broader - and should have done a better job of managing U.S.- political consequences of the crisis. Many in East Asia Cuban relations in die preceding months. were embittered by the slowness and, as they saw it, the insufficient U.S. response to Asia’s crisis — especially A Sad Record in Africa when they contrasted U.S. policy in the Asian crisis of In die Middle East and Africa, the Clinton record was 1997-1998 with U.S. policy toward Mexico in 1994-1995. also mixed. In the Middle East the administration con¬ The veto of Japans proposal for an Asian fund, the sup¬ tinued to wresde with die problems of containing Iran port for IMF programs tiiat were later abandoned by the and Iraq while continuing to advance the Arab-Israeli IMF as too restrictive, the relatively small amount of U.S. peace process first inaugurated by Henry Kissinger. funding available for resolving the crisis, and die percep¬ Aldiough a breakthrough on Jerusalem eluded the tion that U.S. policy was to some degree driven by the administration (as of the date of diis writing), die outlines commercial interests of major U.S. banks and financial of a comprehensive settlement seemed clearer in 2000 service companies created a legacy of bitterness and dis¬ than ever before. trust that, over time, may seriously impair U.S. policy in In Africa, the record was sadder. Clinton became Asia. It may be premature to say so, but some say that the the first U.S. president to set foot in Africa while in 1997-1998 shock in Asia will have a long-tenn effect com¬ office, and sought to heighten U.S. awareness of and parable to that of the collapse of Bretton Woods on commitment to the second-largest continent. Europe, driving Asian countries to new forms of regional Unfortunately, the results were almost uniformly poor. financial coordination to end their economic dependence There are many more failed states in Africa than when on Washington. Clinton took office; HIV is a much more serious prob¬ lem than it was; what remains of the international order Mexico Si, Cuba No in Africa is closer than ever to collapse and no real Mexico policy represents a strong success. The decision progress has been made in addressing the continent’s to bail out the Mexican economy following die crisis and many economic problems. devaluation of 1994-1995 was politically risky, required On balance then, die president gets a C+ or, perhaps great courage and skill, and was entirely correct. in tiiis era of grade inflation, a B-. Clinton will not be Throughout die Clinton administration, U.S. policy toward remembered as one of the most outstanding practitioners Mexico achieved a standard often sought but rarely of U.S. foreign policy. Though disappointing to the pres¬ attained elsewhere: The United States managed to support idents friends, diis is not necessarily bad for die United forces making for democratic change in Mexico without States. Happy die nation whose annals are blank and, in making U.S. policy and U.S. interference an issue in general, the United States was a happy country on Mexican politics. President Clintons watch. ■

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24 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O V RN A L/D E C E M B E R 2000 Focus ON THE CLINTON RECORD

HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION CLINTON-STYLE

THE MAIN LEGACY OF PRESIDENT CLINTON’S EIGHT YEARS IN OFFICE MAY WELL BE THE USE OF U.S. MILITARY MIGHT TO ACHIEVE HUMANITARIAN GOALS.

BY BOB DEANS

n a warm June morning last year, less than two weeks after NATO bombs forced an end to the Serbian repression of ethnic Albanians, President Clinton journeyed to Macedonia to address American troops assigned to join the international peacekeeping force just across the border in Kosovo. Looking out over a sea of youthful soldiers dressed in camouflage fatigues, the commander-in-chief defined their mission and, in clear yet lofty tones, gave the troops their charge. T hope to the day you die, you will be proud of being a part of the nation and a democratic alliance that believes that people should not be killed, uprooted or destroyed because of their race, their ethnic background, or the way they worship God, Clinton said to exuberant cheers. “I am proud of it, and I hope you are.”

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 25 Focus

Rising to the occasion and The first test of were trying to do was the right thing expanding on his theme, Clinton laid to do, and the people who were there out one of the most sweeping justifi¬ President Clinton’s on the ground did the best they cations ever articulated for foreign could,” Clinton said. “But I would military intervention. “Never forget,” willingness to have handled it in a different way if I Clinton told the troops. “If we can do had more experience, I think. I know this here, and if we can then say to intervene on such I would.” the people of the world, ‘Whether That experience only reinforced you live in Africa, or Central Europe, grounds was actually Clinton’s initial determination or any other place, if somebody (again like President Bush before comes after innocent civilians and inherited from his him) to keep the U.S. out of the tries to kill them en masse because of rapidly spreading conflicts in the their race, their ethnic background, predecessor. Balkans. By his own admission, he or their religion, and its within our had taken office knowing little power to stop it, we will stop it. ... about the region, relying largely on [That] can make a huge difference to our children in his reading of journalist Robert Kaplan’s 1993 non-fic¬ the new century.” tion work, Balkan Ghosts. That book painted a grim As striking as that pronouncement was, Clinton has tableau of centuries of ethnic violence, a view that proven that it’s far more than mere rhetoric. supported the belief of many opponents of U.S. Specifically, he has deployed American troops to oust involvement, who claimed that the various ethnic and a coup leader from Haiti, to end the slaughter of civil¬ religious groups in that troubled region had always ians in Bosnia and to halt ethnic bloodletting in hated and fought each other and always would. Kosovo, and has expressed regrets for not intervening Influenced by Kaplan’s account, for nearly three similarly in other trouble spots. years Clinton assauged his guilt over inaction in Bosnia by telling himself there was little to be done to Balkan Ghosts stop the cycle of murder and revenge that afflicts the The first test of the new president’s willingness to land. “And I regret it now more than I can say, for I intervene on such grounds was actually inherited from have spent a great deal of time in these last six years his predecessor. A month before he left office, then- reading the real histoiy of the Balkans,” Clinton con¬ President George Bush had sent U.S. forces on a mis¬ fessed last year during a speech at the National sion focused exclusively on helping stave off famine in Defense University in Washington. “The truth is that Somalia. By the following October, however, as that a lot of what passes for common wisdom in this area is mission became progressively more difficult due to a gross oversimplification and misreading of history,” fierce fighting, it fell to Clinton to approve sending Clinton said. “The truth is that for centuries these U.S. troops to try to capture Somali warlord Gen. people have lived together in the Balkans in Mohammed Farah Aidid in Mogadishu. But the oper¬ Southeastern Europe, with a greater or lesser degree ation went badly awry and 18 U.S. soldiers were of tensions, but often without anything approaching killed, in part because U.S. forces there lacked the the intolerable conditions and conflicts that exist armored vehicles needed to pull trapped troops from today.” harm’s way. Thus, by the time Clinton ordered NATO air strikes to To this day, the debacle weighs heavily on Clinton. press Serbs to the negotiating table in 1995, an estimated “I will always regret that,” Clinton said in a recent 250,000 people, most of them civilians, had already been interview with The New Yorker. “I don’t know if I could killed in Bosnia. Americans had become disgusted with have saved those lives, or not, because I think what we nightly news footage of tire mounting toll. Women and children were being shot down with impunity on the Former State Department correspondent Bob Deans streets of Sarajevo; schoolyards, markets and hospitals covers the White House for Cox Newspapers. had become targets of artillery fire; soccer fields had

26 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL/DEC EM B ER 2000 Focus

been plowed under to inter the dead. Clinton has added Like its Bosnian predecessor, the But not until Serbs massacred thou¬ 1999 Kosovo peacekeeping force sands of civilians in tire Bosnian town a new ingredient to was structured under NATO com¬ of Srebrenica in July 1995, under the mand, and now includes 46,000 noses of a largely feckless United the traditional recipe troops from 39 NATO member and Nations Protection Force, did public partner countries, including 6,000 pressure finally compel the Clinton for making U.S. Americans. administration to act to stop the blood¬ shed. foreign policy: Lessons Learned Its willingness to do so had been In each of those operations, bolstered in 1994 by the success (at empathy. Clinton’s foreign policy team has least in dre short term) of American made an effort to claim that impor¬ intervention in Haiti. Junta leader Raul tant national interests were at stake. Cedras was refusing to leave Port au Prince so that the They stopped short, though, of claiming that those country’s democratically elected president, Jean Bertrand interests rose to the standard of “vital” that have tra¬ Aristide, could return from exile. In response, Clinton ditionally driven the decision to deploy military force assembled an invasion force that was in the air and en overseas. Of Haiti it was said that Florida couldn’t sus¬ route to Haiti when Cedras bowed to a negotiating team tain a wave of refugees abandoning their troubled Clinton had dispatched to the Haitian capital. Cedras land. In fact, Clinton ordered camps to be opened at soon fled to Panama, and U.S. troops were allowed into the U.S. base in Guantanamo, Cuba, to deal with the Haiti without firing a shot: More than 16,000 soldiers, Haitian refugees in the months leading up to the backed with armored vehicles, moved in to take control American troop deployment to Haiti. Other U.S. on the tiny Caribbean nation, the poorest in the Western presidents had witnessed decades of political and eco¬ Hemisphere. nomic failure in Haiti, however, without giving serious When U.S. and other NATO peacekeepers deployed thought to sending in the troops. to Bosnia in 1995, they, too, went in strong: some 60,000 In Bosnia, Clinton belatedly made the case that troops, backed with armor and extensive air support allowing the conflict there to continue to burn would helped implement the provisions of the Dayton peace risk exploding a Balkan powder keg that might ignite accords. Five years later, there are now some 20,000 all of Southeast Europe. If that were true, though, the peacekeepers in Bosnia, including 4,600 Americans and administration never explained how it was that the forces from 29 other NATO member and partner coun¬ war festered for nearly four years with little sign of tries, according to Pentagon and NATO figures. spilling beyond the borders of the former Yugoslavia. The Bosnia intervention, in turn, while long in And, similarly in Kosovo, the administration made coming, set the stage for the 1999 American-led air the case that continued atrocities against Albanians in campaign to stop the Serbian ethnic cleansing of Kosovo would invite a military response from neigh¬ Albanians in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo. “We boring Albania proper. That, in turn, could spark a watched for four years while reasoned diplomacy wider war, the White House warned, that could con¬ tried to save lives, and a quarter of a million people ceivably draw in Greece, perhaps even Turkey, in a died and 2.5 million refugees were created before conflict whose consequences might quickly spin out of NATO and our friends on the ground in Croatia and control. “This was not simply a humanitarian interven¬ Bosnia forced a settlement there and ended the hor¬ tion,” Secretary of State Madeleine Albright told a ror there,” Clinton told the Kosovo-bound peace¬ group in Milwaukee in a speech on Aug. 21 of this year. keepers in Macedonia, shortly after the 11-week She cited a pledge former President Bush made to pro¬ NATO air campaign over Kosovo ended a bloody Serb tect the people of Kosovo and the need to preserve campaign against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. Balkan stability. Yet even Albright, famously hard- “This time we didn’t wait,” Clinton said. “It took 79 nosed as she is about projecting U.S. power, ultimately days — but that’s a lot better than four years.” defined the mission chiefly by its humanitarian intent.

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 27 Focus

“We reinforced the principle that massive violations of with impunity by armed thugs backed by Serb troops human rights by their very nature cannot be ignored; and police — but now it is those few Serbs remaining they must be opposed,” she said. “America did the right in Kosovo who live in constant fear of retribution and thing in Kosovo.” attack from Albanians. But if the lesson from the Clinton era is that U.S. Perhaps the best way to sum up the Clinton admin¬ troops can be used, under certain circumstances, to istration’s approach to armed intervention on human¬ check humanitarian outrages, it’s just as clear that mil¬ itarian grounds is to note that it has avoided acting itary force, by itself, can’t knit conflict-ridden areas unless it seemed clear that U.S. military force could back together again. While Clinton can claim some prevail with a low probability of American casualties. measure of success in Haiti, Bosnia and Kosovo, none “The expectations are that U.S. involvement is veiy has been an unqualified victory. U.S. troops were able selective,” said Carl Conetta, co-director of the to run out Cedras and return Aristide to office, but, Project on Defense Alternatives at the six years later, Haiti remains, tragically, an economic Commonwealth Institute, a non-profit policy research and civil basket case where violence is up and outfit in Cambridge, Mass. “The message the world prospects for a functioning democracy are down. In gets is that we aren’t intervening everywhere.” Bosnia, the U.S.-led NATO air strikes ended Eui'ope’s Thus, President Clinton sent no forces to contend worst carnage since World War II, though the roots of with the Hutu militia butchery that left some 800,000 genuine peace in Bosnia have yet to take hold. And in ethnic Tutsis dead in Rwanda in 1994. Nor did Kosovo, ethnic Albanians no longer fear random mur¬ Clinton act to head off the violence in Sierra Leone ders, torture and the burning of homes carried out last year that claimed, according to the New York- Need Auto Parts HOW?

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based investigative group Human President Clinton has The Clinton Legacy Rights Watch, some 50,000 lives, left Still, whatever else is ultimately tens of thousands of others maimed been willing to risk said of Clinton’s foreign policy, this and at least a million people home¬ much is clear: He established less either in Sierra Leone or bor¬ American lives to save beyond all doubt his willingness dering countries. And he refrained under certain circumstances to from dispatching Americans to help the lives of others wield military might to achieve what protect civilians in East Timor, when were previously considered largely paramilitary forces backed by the abroad. humanitarian aims. Clinton was will¬ Indonesian army ran amok in 1999, ing, in other words, to risk American killing hundreds and running thou¬ lives to save the lives of others sands from their homes. abroad, and to expend enormous political capital Finally, perhaps most tellingly, he has never so toward that end. In doing so, Clinton added a new much as hinted at the use of military force to halt ingredient to the traditional recipe for making U.S. Russia’s bloody offensive in Chechnya, even though foreign policy: empathy. Moscow’s indiscriminate attacks on civilians have To be sure, that empathy is tempered by the fact that caused the deaths of more than 4,000 people this year our nation, rich as it is, lacks the resources to right all of alone, Human Rights Watch estimates, and made humankinds wrongs, and by the reality that we periodi¬ refugees of half a million more over the past five cally drift in and out of intervention fatigue, with many years. Americans calling for policy-makers to focus more on

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30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

domestic issues. Nevertheless, during “Massive violations of bound by Clinton’s approach, of the final, fractured decade of the course, he will face pressure to bloodiest century on record, the human rights by their explain to the country, and even the United States is more than ever a bea¬ world, why he chooses not to act each con of hope for much of the world. very nature cannot be time a foreign conflict results in a The thorny question of under what humanitarian crisis. As Clinton told conditions to intervene militarily on ignored; they must be cheering Albanian refugees at the humanitarian grounds will soon be put Stenkovac Camp in Macedonia on to a new president. “The new adminis¬ opposed. ” June 22, 1999, where they waited for tration will either approve these things the day they could return to their (or not) on a case by case basis, and in —Madeleine Albright homes in Kosovo: “We’re proud of every one there’s likely to be a debate,” what we did, because we think it’s said Richard Haass, director of foreign what America stands for: that no one policy studies at the Brooldngs Institution, a Washington ever, ever should be punished and discriminated think tank. “How serious is the situation? How serious is against, or killed or uprooted, because of their religion the human rights problem? Are we likely to have others or their ethnic heritage,” he proclaimed. “And the pres¬ help us? Can we design an operation that is likely to ident of the United States never acts alone. It is the achieve some goal at a limited cost? Is the military option American people who care about you, who believe in better than any other option?” you, who want you to be free, who want you to be able Although the next president will by no means be to go home.” ■

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DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 31 Focus ON THE CLINTON RECORD

CLINTON TO AFRICA: I CARE — REALLY

CLINTON VISITED AFRICA TWICE AND FELT ITS PAIN, BUT IN PRACTICE THE U.S. REMAINS LARGELY UN INVOLVED.

BY BILL NICHOLS

s President Clinton’s gleaming motorcade headed toward Arusha, Tanzania in late August of last year, the shadow of Kilimanjaro fell on a remarkable scene: tens of thousands of ordi¬ nary Africans lining the narrow roadway to wave flags, pieces of clothing and even simple tree branches as Clinton and his entourage passed by. At times, the crowds were so thick that the motorcade slowed to a crawl. White blouse aides said later that the president was transfixed by the 45-minute ride, waving to the crowds and continually remarking on how glad he was that he had been able to visit Africa for a second time. No American president has ever engendered the kind of passion, respect and even adulation that Bill Clinton managed to create during the two trips he made to the African continent, in 1998 and then last fall. In the second

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

trip, prior to Clinton’s visit to a small village outside the “’Clinton has ... demonstrated quite clearly that Nigerian capital of Abuja, a Nigerian state legislator Africa is a region that deserves attention and respect,” told reporters she had had no difficulty explaining to says Leonard Robinson, a former State Department villagers just how important a visit from the president of official in the Bush and Reagan administrations and the the United States was. “I told them the king of the current president of the National Summit on Africa. world was coming to see them,” said Khairat “Africa matters like Latin America and like Europe. ... Abdulrazaq-Gwadabe, a state senator who represents Clinton has established a level of engagement, a dia¬ Ushafa, a village of 8,000 made up of farmers, fisher¬ logue with the continent that is unprecedented.” men and potters. “And I told them he would accept them just the way they were, that they didn’t need to Talk Versus Action put on airs.” What is less clear is the Clinton record of concrete achievement in Africa — and whether tire incoming “A Great Personal Commitment” administration finds an Africa that is better off, in terms As the new administration looks at Africa and begins of security, economic growth and the rise of democrat¬ to devise a set of policies for this beautiful but deeply ic stability, than when Clinton took office in 1993. troubled continent, the personal charisma and commit¬ Senior officials from the Clinton administration ment of the outgoing “king of the world” set a very high argue that Clinton brought substantive achievements as standard indeed. Clinton visited Africa twice. Vice well as simply shining a brighter spotlight on Africa. For President Gore co-chaired a bi-national commission example, Clinton’s administration devoted more than with South African President Thabo Mbeki. Both $200 million in federal funding to peacekeeping or pro¬ Clinton’s secretaries of state, Warren Christopher and motion of democracy in Africa in the last two years of Madeleine Albright, visited the continent, as did scores his presidency alone. of other Cabinet officers. Anthony Lake, Clinton’s first Clinton’s support was instrumental in the passage of national security adviser, has such a keen interest in the African Growth and Opportunity Act, which he African affairs that he became Clinton’s special envoy to signed into law last May, a bill that offers African the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict after he left the adminis¬ economies new, lower-tariff access to U.S. markets for tration in 1996. Richard Holbrooke, Clinton’s third and their apparel. final ambassador to the United Nations, sponsored an During the Clinton years, Washington became a unprecedented “month of Africa” in January 1999, in central broker in several African conflicts, such as the which the Security Council focused exclusively on Ethiopia-Eritrea war, the brutal conflict in Sierra African matters. Leone and the civil war in Burundi. Clinton’s second “’No president in history has had a greater personal trip to Africa, in fact, was undertaken in no small mea¬ commitment to Africa,” Holbrooke told me in an inter¬ sure because former South African President Nelson view last fall. Indeed, when Nigerian President Mandela had asked Clinton to come to Arusha to wit¬ Olusegun Obasanjo toasted Clinton at a state dinner in ness the signing of a peace accord for Burundi, where Abuja last August, he made reference, with utter seri¬ more than 200,000 people have died since 1993. Sadly, ousness, to the fact that Clinton has been hailed by that peace process broke down and several key Tutsi some black Americans as the “first African-American leaders refused to sign the accord, despite Clinton’s president” both because of his devotion to African- presence and a biting public dressing down by American causes and because some African-American Mandela. Democrats liken the many investigations into the Clinton’s post-Cold War foreign policy for the first Clinton administration to the kind of discrimination a time encompassed issues like AIDS, poverty and envi¬ black president might be subjected to. ronmental practices as key forces in determining stabil¬ ity and security. And there are few other places on earth Bill Nichols covers the State Department for USA where those issues matter as much as in Africa. In his Today and covered the Clinton White House from 1993 presidency’s final months, Clinton signed legislation to through 1999. set up a global trust fund for AIDS patients. AIDS is

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 33 Focus

now the leading cause of death in Guilt over inaction Of the 4 to 5 million people who have Africa. died in regional conflicts worldwide Clinton also found himself the during the genocide in over the past decade, State beneficiary of an unusual bipartisan Department officials say more than 3 coalition on Capitol Hill in favor of Rwanda haunted million have died in Africa: more than global debt relief for poor countries, 1.5 million in Sudan, a million in the a majority of which are African. Last Clinton. Great Lakes Region, half a million in year, Congress provided all of Angola, perhaps a quarter of a million Clintons request for $435 million for in Sierra Leone and Guinea-Bissau. debt relief, the U.S. portion of a $100 billion debt relief In Sierra Leone, the United States — and Clintons project agreed to in 1998 by the G-7 industrial nations. African envoy, the Rev. Jesse Jackson in particular — Of the first 20 countries that are in the pipeline for was a crucial force in pushing government forces led by approximately $40 billion of that aid, 16 of them are in President Tejan Kabbah to sign a peace accord with the Africa. rebel leaders of the Revolutionary United Front in But Clinton administration officials also privately Lome, Togo on July 7, 1999. The agreement brought a admit that the White House often talked the talk but temporary end to one of Africa’s most brutal conflicts, failed to walk the walk when it came to Africa. When where the guerrilla bands of RUF leader Foday Sankoh Clinton arrived in Accra, Ghana, to start a six-nation wreaked indiscriminate terror on civilians, sometimes trip to Africa in March, 1998, he proclaimed "the begin¬ amputating the arms and legs of tiny children. ning of a new African renaissance” before a crowd of Though the U.N. sent thousands of peacekeepers to more dian 100,000. But since then, there has been lit¬ Freetown to try to enforce the shaky peace, the Lome tle good news out of Africa. agreement unraveled totally early last year. The ulti¬ And when the United States did send troops to inter¬ mate success of the roughly 13,000-member U.N. vene in an ethnic conflict during the Clinton years, it peacekeeping force there is seen as a crucial test of was to Europe, to Kosovo, while Washington steadfast¬ future U.N. deployments in Africa and elsewhere. ly refused to risk American lives in African crises. In the That story is a familiar one as one looks back over the wake of the deaths of 18 U.S. service members in course of the Clinton administration. In Congo, the end Somalia in 1993 — an event one senior administration of the decades-long regime of Mobotu Sese Seko in official said had more impact on Clintons foreign poli¬ 1997 has brought not peace, but a long civil war in cy, particularly in his first term, than any other factor — which a number of neighboring nations have become Clinton’s foreign policy team refused to send troops on involved. The U.N. has been reduced to the role of a U.N. peacekeeping missions to Africa, though it fre¬ helpless bystander. And again, Washington plans to play quently urged other nations to commit their own no hands-on role in the Congo peacekeeping force, if forces. Meanwhile, Congress continues to balk at even there is ever a peace to keep. meeting the full financial commitment for U.N. peace¬ The most harrowing African tragedy of the Clinton keeping. years — the genocide in Rwanda in which Hutu South Africa has continued on a relatively stable extremists slaughtered more than 500,000 Tutsis in post-apartheid path. And Nigeria has made progress in 1994 — continues to haunt U.S. policy-makers as well. moving from military dictatorship to democracy. Both Clinton and Albright publicly apologized for Chnton and Albright traveled to Nigeria to show their Washingtons failure to respond during the Rwandan support for Obasanjo, a former political prisoner who is massacre, and that guilt was a major reason Chnton trying to bring order to a huge and chaotic nation riven chose to answer Mandela’s call and lend his influence to by deep religious and economic fault lines. the peace process in Burundi. Unfortunately, peace in Burundi remains elusive. War Without End Pessimists point to this lack of progress on many Otherwise, Africa remains in the worlds headlines fronts in Africa since Clinton’s proclamation of a because of wars — in Congo, in Sudan, in Sierra Leone. “renaissance” as reason enough for the United States

34 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL! DEC EM B ER 2000 Focus

and other industrial powers to withdraw from the con¬ substantive successes in Africa — or even continue tinent. The Economist went so far as to call Africa the Clinton’s focus on the continent — remains to be seen. “hopeless continent” in a cover story last year. As Clinton leaves office, the riddle of reconciling In an interview last May on PBS’s “News Hour,” Africa’s promise with its tortured past and present U.N. Ambassador Richard Holbrooke bristled when remains vexing to policy-makers. What is clear is that asked about the Economist piece. “I simply think the Clinton s feelings for Africa have changed the way the idea that you write off an entire continent from United States is viewed by many African leaders, given Morocco to Cape Town with countries like Morocco Africa more of a prominence within the State and Tunisia, Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, South Department and National Security Council and begun Africa and dozens of others, struggling to make to change the perceptions of average Americans that progress, stabilizing themselves, showing real econom¬ Africa is a place of plagues, poverty and persistent strife ic growth, trying to deal with the problems of AIDS, — and little else. that you write off an entire continent is completely At the state dinner that Obasanjo held for Clinton in incomprehensible to me,” he said. Abuja, he announced that the road from the interna¬ “Those people in the West who wish to draw a large tional airport into Abuja would be called President Berlin-type wall around an entire continent are going to Clinton Drive. Obasanjo also bestowed three Nigerian leam the hard way that the problems they’re trying to names upon Clinton, including “Omowale,” which seal off exist already on the other side of the wall.” means “child who has returned home.” Whether the new administration can translate “On this visit,” Obasanjo told the president, ’’you Chntons personal commitment and visibility into real have come home.” ■

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DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 35 Focus ON THE CLINTON RECORD

DID THE CLINTON TEAM “LOSE RUSSIA” ?

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WHILE RUSSIA IS MORE HOSTILE TO AMERICA THAN IT WAS A DECADE AGO, THE U.S. HAS FOSTERED POSITIVE CHANGES IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY.

BY CHARLES WILLIAM MAYNES

ver since the Russian economic crisis of August 1998, some critics have charged that the Clinton administration “lost” Russia. Of course, if that were true, it would be a terrible black mark on the administration s overall foreign policy record. At first glance, the criticism seems to have some merit. Consider the following: • Russians today as a people are more hostile toward the United States than they were even during the Cold War. Then the government was hostile, but the people were not. Now both elites and masses together view with suspi¬ cion American intentions and policy. • The Clinton administration entered office with a man in power in Russia, Boris Yeltsin, who seemed to accept

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

virtually every foreign policy demand The Russian people West. (One must concede that this Washington advanced. The adminis¬ sense of affinity is now more with tration leaves office with a man in by overwhelming Western Europe than with the power, Vladimir Putin, who seems United States, but the commitment determined to thwart American initia¬ numbers continue to the West remains.) tives. Looking through these two very • The Clinton team started off with to link their fate with different lenses at what has taken Russians admiring Western political place over dre last eight years, differ¬ and economic models. The team that of the ent analysts of course reach radically leaves office with the Russian people different conclusions. Some continue deeply distrustful of words like democratic West. to argue that the opportunity to forge “democracy” and “free markets.” a true partnership with Russia has • The team entered power pro¬ been irrevocably lost and they suggest claiming a new “strategic partnership.” It leaves office a new policy of resumed containment or contemptuous with Russia adrift geopolitically, moving closer to China, neglect. Others urge that the democratic West just give stressing its reliance on nuclear weapons, presumably current policies more time. The West should press against a Western attack, and opposing U.S. policy on ahead with those measures first undertaken in the last such issues as Iraq and Iran. two years of the Bush administration and then contin¬ But there is another side to this story. A supporter of ued throughout the Clinton administration. In fact, the Clinton administration, viewing the past eight years both approaches are mistaken. Neither renewed con¬ through another lens, might cite this evidence: tainment nor enhanced engagement under the current • While Clinton was in office, Russia carried out the policy makes sense at this stage. The first approach first democratic transfer of power in its 1,000 years of would be dangerous and the second would be futile. It existence as a nation. would be dangerous to build a wall between Russia and • During the Clinton administration, Russia with¬ the rest of Europe. That has been attempted in the past drew its troops from the Baltic states, recognized its and Russia has always found a way either to tear it down borders with Ukraine, and cooperated in dismantling or get around it. Yet if tire policies of the last 10 years much of the Soviet military structure. have failed to deliver as promised, it surely does not • The Clinton team took the controversial decisions make sense to continue them or reinforce them. to expand NATO and bomb Serbia, both measures Moscow vehemently opposed, and then through skillful Destruction, Then Affirmation diplomacy persuaded Moscow to put aside its initial bit¬ To understand what we ought to do, it is essential to terness to accept an enlarged NATO and a cooperative see more clearly what has really has been taking place in role in containing Belgrade. Russia over the last decade. During that critical period, • And while it is true that the pain of the recent the countries that emerged from the former Soviet reforms has soured many Russians on “democracy” and Union began to address two essential challenges: cre¬ “free markets” as formal goals, the majority of the ative destruction of the past and national affirmation of Russian people are hardly lost to the West. On tire con¬ the new political system. Now that 10 years have been trary, the Russian people by overwhelming numbers devoted to these two essential tasks, the stage is set for continue to link their fate with that of the democratic a different approach, which should now begin. Creative destruction immediately after the Soviet Charles William Maijnes is president of the Eurasia Union collapsed was critical because lasting reform Foundation and is the former editor of Foreign Policy could not take place until the all-pervasive security magazine. A Foreign Service officer from 1962 to 1971, apparatus of the Soviet past in these countries had been he served in Vientiane and Moscow. From 1977 to 1980 disabled, if not dismantled. Creative destruction was he was the assistant secretary of State for international also required to disassemble the economic control organization affairs. apparatus, which shackled every economy in the region.

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 37 Focus

No doubt, both tasks were imperfectly accomplished. heroic and horrible things to sustain it. Now that faith No doubt, grave mistakes were made, both by the gov¬ has totally collapsed. ernments in the region and by outside advisers. But one Though the patii to the future itself regrettably cannot evade the fact that these steps of creative remains uncertain, diere is no road back to the past. destruction were the first priority of the new regimes When Gennady Zyuganov, die head of die Russian and that initial task has been by and large accomplished. Communist Party, decided that he needed greater National affirmation was tire second priority. Many of domestic acceptance and international legitimacy for these states had never existed before as independent his presidential race against Boris Yeltsin in 1996, he countries, or if they had, it was for only brief moments in chose not go to Beijing or Pyongyang to re-forge prole¬ history. Russia itself, the most secure, had only existed as tarian solidarity. Instead, he went to the meeting of the an empire, not as a nation-state. The immediate priority worlds leading capitalists in Davos, Switzerland. There, everywhere therefore was the establishment of national I watched with my own eyes as he attempted to reassure identity and firm borders. For some states in tire region, the bankers and financiers attending — the people who the national challenge seemed even more pressing than in a globalized world really count — that he did not the economic and democratic challenges. Indeed, much have horns. as Americans may find it difficult to accept, immediate It may be tiiat die Wests approach to macro-reform steps toward elections without adequate constitutional could never have worked in Russia or elsewhere. The checks and balances in some countries — Georgia is a West was not prepared to put up the necessary funds, nor prime example — immediately yielded highly nationalis¬ was it willing to offer sufficient market access to make it tic and intolerant governments that threatened to outrage work. And even if it had been willing to do so, the scope many national minorities and cut short the very existence of what was needed may have been beyond the ability of of that independent state. A more authoritarian interlude outside powers to influence to any significant degree. then emerged to manage the transition. Reform in Russia had to come from within. Now, in many of these conflicted countries, these two fundamental priorities, destruction and affirmation, Grassroots Transformations have been met. If the Bush and Clinton teams made a But the Clinton administration, like die Bush admin¬ mistake, it was in not understanding these priorities. istration before it, did devote a portion of the fluids tiiat Both administrations misread what happened in 1991. were available to one sector where outside help has They were haunted by the specter that the former worked — at the grassroots. Soviet system might return. In the U.S., the impulse For all the turmoil and negative news diat the out¬ toward seeing its destruction was not creative, simply side world sees at the top, Russia at the bottom has been destructive. The Bush and Clinton teams wanted the in the process of significant change that is promising if Communist Party gone, the Soviet nuclear arsenal dis¬ it is sustained. Consider that on the economic front, in mantled, and the military-industrial complex torn down. 1991, a small fraction of the Russian economy was in That is why the American embrace of Boris Yeltsin private hands and there were almost no small indepen¬ was so tight. U.S. government officials believed that he dent businesses. Today, approximately 70 percent of alone stood between the past and the future. economic activity is in the private sector and there are But there was never a chance that the old system around 900,000 small businesses. (Of course, were would be restored once the Soviet Union broke up. Like Russia doing as well as Poland, that number would be some states in Central Europe, Russia and its neighbors three to four times higher. Lending greater hope to the may someday put die communist party or a successor future is the fact diat 75 percent of the population back in power but they are highly unlikely to put the between 18 and 29 now agree with the statement tiiat communist system back in place. The faith that held the “it is important to achieve success with a business of old system together is dead. your own.”) No system can be held together by force alone. The In the late 1980s, not a single Russian child was Soviet Union existed as long as it did because millions of schooled in modern business methods. This year, Junior people believed in the system and were willing to do Achievement International celebrated the fact that the

38 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OURN AL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

one-millionth Russian had passed The next use and impact of their assistance. As through its programs. Junior a result, corrupt government officials Achievements program in Russia is administration must and elites were able to control access now its second largest worldwide, after to these resources and divert them for the United States. find ways to spread their own purposes. In 1989, there were no free news¬ A primary focus from the start at papers and television stations. Today further the creative the grassroots and on microlending there are more than 600 entirely inde¬ might have instead enabled closer pendent media outlets across the ferment that is now monitoring, reduced opportunities Russian Federation alone — admit¬ for corruption, and given new social tedly most of them are small in scope, evident at the groups beyond the established elites but they are alive nonetheless. both a stake in reform and a means of Only a few years ago, there were grassroots. generating wealth. In turn, this virtually no non-governmental organi¬ would have enhanced the ability of zations unless they were under the new elites to demand a say in politi¬ control of the Communist Party. Today, close to 65,000 cal decision-making, increasing the prospects for NGOs are up and running. Surveys suggest that as many democratization. as 80 percent of them are Russian-supported. This being said, the U.S. government still must be In the field of human rights, the Russian Helsinki given credit for some pioneering efforts. It has encour¬ Committee has seen its database of human rights orga¬ aged a number of instruments, including the Eurasia nizations swell from 50 regional organizations in 1996 to Foundation whose work I direct, that are designed to more than 1,200 today. increase the chances that democratic norms will take Meanwhile, the outside world and this previously root. When our foundation began to establish offices in isolated people are learning about one another to an the former USSR in the early 1990s, one of the first unprecedented degree. The Western press focuses on questions our new field directors encountered was: the oligarchs, the wealthy “new Russians” and the activ¬ “What will the foundation do to protect us if the politi¬ ities of the “mafiyas.” We read little about the fact that cal winds shift?” It is a mark of positive change that we Russia today is the ninth-largest tourist attraction in the do not hear questions like that any more. world. (America is first, Mexico is eighth and Poland is For more than 80 years, Russia was in political dark¬ tenth.) Russia, in other words, is slowly, steadily becom¬ ness. Citizens were taught that change, like sunlight, ing a normal state. Borders are opening, students are could only come from one source, the Communist Party. learning, citizens are travelling. What Western engagement at the grassroots means Against this backdrop, the next administration must is that the power to illuminate is being placed in the find ways to spread further the creative ferment that is hands of ordinary citizens. Though this level of activity now evident at the grassroots, since from this ferment seldom makes headlines, these kinds of work at the will emerge the forces in society that will determine grassroots will almost certainly make a difference in whether democratic practices and free markets develop Russia’s future. deep roots in Russia or remain constantly under siege. I would argue, therefore, that not only is Russia not It is unfortunate that, in pursuing the more grandiose “lost,” but also that U.S. programs during the last 10 project of Russian macro-economic reform, the U.S. years have been valuable in furthering a constructive, over the last decade focused so much of its assistance at benign subversion of the archaic Soviet-style system. the top rather than at the grassroots, where these suc¬ If the Clinton administration can be said to have been cesses were both possible and actually occurring. In at least partially successful in its policies toward Russia, it emphasizing funding at the top, and disbursing huge has been largely because of its ongoing support for these sums through impersonal international and bilateral grassroots initiatives. Focussing efforts at this level is the agencies like the IMF and the World Bank, the U.S. and way forward for a new administration in formulating its other international donors lost the ability to monitor the policy toward Russia. ■

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 Focus ON THE CLINTON RECORD

CLINTON WAS RIGHT, THE ESTABLISHMENT WAS WRONG

DESPITE THE HARSH CRITICISM HE FACED FROM THE FOREIGN POLICY ESTABLISHMENT, CLINTON MOSTLY MADE THE RIGHT DECISIONS.

BY LEON V. SIGAL

uring the Clinton years, the most damaging political development for American foreign policy has not been partisan division or public disinterest, but the foreign policy establishments dis¬ dain for the presidents policies. Members of the establishment — former officials, would-be officials, and so-called experts in think tanks and universities who comment in tire leading foreign policy journals or the news media — have subjected Clinton to unremitting criticism since he first took office. Most of his establishment critics are realists, but some are liberal internationalists or members of neither school of thought. Establishment criticism was amplified by the “he- said, she-said style of news reporting, emboldening the presidents partisan opponents in Congress and constraining his freedom of maneuver.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OV RN AL/DEC EMBER 2000 Focus

The critics were wrong about both Clinton rightly withdraw all his forces from Kosovo, ends and means. On most major issues, permitted deployment of an interna¬ President Clinton chose the right poli¬ understood that the tional force to provide security for dre cy. Although he was sometimes hesi¬ refugees to return home, and enabled tant to make decisions and stumbled in values Milosevic stood dre people of Kosovo to move toward implementing them, opposition from self-government. Yet the critics stayed the foreign policy establishment helps for posed the gravest Clintons hand and made it difficult for account for his initial tentativeness and him to muster congressional support the flawed execution. Even in tire threat to stability. for intervening. Establishment criti¬ face of establishment opposition and cism also impeded die deployment of public unease, however, Clinton was ground troops and may yet prompt willing to show leadership and do the right thing. their premature wididrawal. Kosovo is a case in point. A substantial majority of the establishment agreed with Michael Mandelbaum, a pro¬ No Support for Intervention fessor at tlie School of Advanced International Studies at The target of the criticism was not just NATO bomb¬ Johns Hopkins, when he assailed the intervention there as ing in Kosovo but so-called humanitarian intervention in “a perfect failure.” Instead of preventing edmic cleansing general. President Clinton was mistaken, writes or saving lives, it caused them, he argued in Foreign Mandelbaum, to use force “on behalf of universal values” Affairs in fall 1999. By his reckoning, 2,500 people had instead of “narrower national interests.” Yet Clinton right¬ died and 230,000 had been displaced in Kosovo’s civil war ly regarded American values as national interests and before NATO began bombing; 10,000 more died and 1.4 rejected cynical realism as the basis of our nations million more were displaced thereafter. approach to tire world. So do most Americans. Public A more egregious example of post hoc ergo propter opinion polls over the last half century show diat a major¬ hoc reasoning would be difficult to find. More than a year ity7 has supported military interventions on principled before NATO began bombing, Slobodan Milosevic had grounds — and not for reasons of state. Clinton rightly ordered the Yugoslav army to draw up plans for an all-out understood that die values Milosevic stood for, not dre campaign to cleanse Kosovo of Albanians and destabilize forces at his disposal, posed the gravest direat to stability neighboring Montenegro and Macedonia. In January in die post-Cold War world — a point realists deny at 1999, months before tire NATO bombing began, Serb America s peril. By waging war over Kosovo and winning, forces murdered 45 Kosovar- Albanians in Racak, an event Clinton demonstrated drat he was more attuned to the drat marked the start of Milosevics campaign of mass new global reality than were Iris establishment critics. expulsions. Once NATO bombing began, Milosevic accel¬ Establishment criticism impeded other interventions erated his ethnic cleansing. For Mandelbaum to assume as well. In Somalia and Haiti, Paul Wolfowitz, former that no mass expulsions would have taken place absent undersecretary of defense and dean of the School of NATO bombing is absurd. Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, argued Far from the perfect failure Mandelbaum says it was, “tire administration has engaged American military pres¬ NATO bombing achieved the objectives President tige on issues of little or no importance to U.S. national Clinton set forth at the start: It compelled Milosevic to interests; on Bosnia, it has failed to develop an effective course of action tiiat balances the considerable national Leon V. Sigal is director of the Northeast Asia interests witir die significant risks involved.” In die face of Cooperative Security Project at the Social Science such criticism, Clinton wavered on Haiti and Bosnia, but Research Council in New York and author of after initial indecision, he acted wisely. Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North In Somalia, die most ill-advised of die interventions, Korea published by Princeton University Press and the establishments criticism of Clinton drove him to Hang Separately: Cooperative Security between the abandon his efforts to end die communal violence before United States and Russia, 1985-1994, published by the they had a chance to work. It was not Clinton, but Century Foundation. President Bush who, at die very end of his term, commit-

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41 Focus

ted, to use Wolfowitz’s phrase, “American military pres¬ Clinton orchestrated invasion preparations and sent Gen. tige” and 28,000 troops, leaving his successor to find a way Colin Powell, former President Jimmy Carter, and Sen. out. President Clinton was wrongly blamed for expanding Sam Nunn to persuade the military junta to go into exile. the mission from feeding Somalis to nation-building, for It was a proud moment: The United States had ousted abandoning neutrality and siding against warlord Haiti’s military junta and restored a democratically elect¬ Mohamed Farah Aidid, and for letting peacekeeping slip ed black leader to power for the first time in history. into peace enforcement without providing the requisite No sooner had the intervention succeeded, however, reinforcements. In fact, mission creep began before than the critics demanded that Clinton cut and run. Clinton took office. In October 1993 he tried and failed to “Another attempt at nation-building will trap us in an end¬ limit it. As the U.S. troop presence dropped to 5,000, the less enterprise before it ends in a fiasco,” former secretary fighting flared. A request from CENTCOM for rein¬ of State Henry Kissinger warned in The Washington Post forcements, intended to get the remaining troops with¬ within days. He demanded that U.S. troops be withdrawn drawn, prompted President Clintons decision to stop by year's end. Such strong opposition from the establish¬ going after Aidid, but administration officials, in contra¬ ment and Congress curtailed any sustained American vention of his decision, authorized the ill-fated Delta force involvement in Haiti to restore democracy and restruc¬ operation in Mogadishu that cost the lives of 18 American ture the military. Instead, U.S. involvement was rapidly troops. scaled back, letting Haitian democracy flounder. The American people did not turn against involvement in Somalia at that point; the foreign policy establishment Wavering on Bosnia and Congress did. Opinion polls, which had been regis¬ Establishment vacillation on Bosnia was also damag¬ tering some erosion of public support for the intervention, ing. It fueled congressional opposition, which made it dif¬ firmed up after the attack, but expert commentary, which ficult for Clinton to pursue a steady course. That had trag¬ had been cautiously supportive when Bush intervened, ic consequences for the people of Bosnia. For over two turned overwhelmingly negative. Congress, which had years, the Clinton administration talked Bosnia to death, never signed on to the dispatch of troops, was now free to preferring picking a fight with the European allies to tak¬ criticize. ing on Milosevic. Much of the foreign policy establish¬ After Somalia, support for humanitarian intervention ment favored a European Community plan to partition evaporated in the foreign policy establishment and Bosnia. Writing in the fall 1993 National Interest, for Congress. As a result, a divided administration vacillated instance, scholars Robert Tucker and David Hendrickson on whether to intervene in Haiti to restore Jean-Bertrand derided the idea of a “war of righteous indignation to Aristide to power. A compromise decision to send a light ‘restore Bosnia’ and punish the Serbs” and called for armed military training contingent to Port-au-Prince “strong American support for the principle of partition,” ended in a fiasco in September 1993 when the ship was an unprincipled notion if there ever was one. A muscular turned back by several dozen armed Haitians at the port. minority in the establishment, meanwhile, wanted to lift Establishment criticism became vitriolic. Former national the arms embargo against the Bosnian Muslims and con¬ security adviser Brent Scowcroft’s comment to The duct bombing strikes against the Serbs. Their proposal, Washington Post in September 1994 was mild by com¬ too, was an evasion, because it failed to face up to the need parison: “Since we would have restored Aristide, we for U.S. troops on the ground. would be politically and morally responsible for his actions Clinton appeared to embrace “lift and strike” in April — not necessarily a comforting thought.” 1993, only to hesitate and send then-Secretary of State In the face of mounting criticism, the administration Warren Christopher to sound out the European allies, followed its shameful about-face with others, as it leaned knowing they would disapprove. Soon, saving NATO, not on Aristide to water down the Governor’s Island accord, Bosnia, became the watchword. In March 1994, the then imposed a blockade on Haiti that only further impov¬ administration brokered a fragile entente between the erished its people, then compounded the error by return¬ Muslims and the Croats in the hope of counterbalancing ing refugees fleeing repression and deprivation to Haiti. the Serbs. Not until after it sat still for the massacre of At long last, in a coup de theatre in September 1994, 7,000 Muslims at Srebrenica did Washington threaten the

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 Focus

serious use of air power against Serb Strong opposition though such a fateful step would antag¬ forces. At the same time, it was cutting onize Beijing. Unbridled enthusiasm a deal with Milosevic to dismember from the establishment for missile defense was to be expected Bosnia, a process which culminated in from the right wing of the Republican the Dayton Accords. A contingent of curtailed American Party, which has espoused a go-it-alone U.S. ground troops was sent to Bosnia approach to the world and was spoiling but with a drastically curtailed mission. involvement in Haiti for a fight with China and Russia. The It “will not be a police force,” Joint surprise was how many in centrist Chiefs of Staff Chairman John to restore democracy. establishment circles saw missile Shalikashvili told Congress. “It will not defenses as practical, beneficial, and conduct nation building. It will not inevitable. have tire mission of disarming, and it will not move After an initial period of indecision, Clinton came refugees.” The troops, in short, would do little to secure a down firmly on the side of engagement with China — eas¬ just and lasting peace in Bosnia or nurture multiedmic ing import restrictions on technologies, opening military democracy there. Even that was too much for some in the exchanges, and pursuing trade ties — and did so with establishment, who wanted to withdraw them altogether. greater consistency than the establishment. He withstood With tepid establishment support for sustained U.S. election-year pressure from the GOP and entreaties from involvement, hopes for stability in die Balkans are likely to Defense Secretaiy William Cohen and rejected deploy¬ be short-lived. ment of missile defenses in favor of a more prudent poli¬ cy of negotiating with would-be proliferators and threat¬ Success in Ireland, China, North Korea ening to preempt missile tests as a last resort. He recog¬ Clintons tachcs for negotiating a cease-fire in nized that deploying ballistic missile defense would alien¬ Northern Ireland also met with initial establishment criti¬ ate allies Japan and South Korea and hinder efforts by cism. In January 1994, sensing Sinn Feins readiness to Taiwan to reach a political accommodation with China. end die sectarian violence, President Clinton granted a He declared, “We must work with our allies, and with visa to Gerry Adams to visit Washington over the strenu¬ Russia, to prevent potential adversaries from ever threat¬ ous objections of a Conservative government in London. ening us with nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.” The establishment castigated Clinton for pandering to Clintons course of action preserved the possibility of Irish-Americans and slighting an ally. Writing in Foreign cooperation with China and Russia to curb the spread of Affairs, Joseph O’Grady, a LaSalle University professor, nuclear arms, a vital national interest. dismissed Clintons action as motivated solely by his need No effort at cooperative threat reduction was more for “Irish-American votes” and “the help of such Irish- successful, or more widely disparaged in the foreign American congressional leaders as Kennedy and policy establishment, than the administration’s effort to Moynihan.” The Anglo-American special relationship was negotiate an end to North Korea’s nuclear and missile expendable in administration eyes, O’Grady claimed: programs. Former secretary of defense Caspar “Clintons advisers saw no reason why the British should Weinberger told a Heritage Foundation symposium receive special treatment.” To the contrary, the presidents that diplomatic give-and-take with North Korea was out far-sighted gesture was the start of his sustained personal of the question: “There is nothing you could really offer involvement and opened the way to successful negotia¬ that is going to please them.” Establishment voices were tions. overwhelmingly opposed to negotiation and in favor of The establishment was of two minds on China. Much imposing sanctions. Some, like former secretary of State of the establishment was enthusiastic about engagement Lawrence Eagleburger, even talked about threatening and backed most-favored nation trade and other ties (only war: “If you’re not prepared to use force, then you’re an alarmist minority favored containment). At the same nowhere,” he told The Washington Post. As the crisis time, many of the same establishment figures who favored with North Korea intensified in May 1994, hawks in the engagement, like Henry Kissinger and former CIA direc¬ news media demanded that Clinton discuss war. “War tor John Deutch, wanted to deploy missile defense, even — conventional sooner or nuclear later — is topic A,”

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 Focus

wrote columnist William Safire in The Neiv York Times. revived Russia; others believed that NATO expansion Flayed by critics for daring to talk to North Korea and would impede cooperation with Russia, which they for not resorting to force, Clinton nearly stumbled into regarded as essential not only to European security but war in June 1994. He was spared by an extraordinary pri¬ also to U.S. nonproliferation efforts. Establishment voices vate diplomatic initiative by former president Jimmy in favor of NATO expansion like former national security Carter, who publicly condemned sanctions and opened adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and Hemy Kissinger domi¬ the way to a diplomatic resolution of tire issue by securing nated the debate in 1993; opposition from perennial Kim 11 Sungs personal pledge to freeze tire Norths senior official Paul Nitze, former NATO commander Jack nuclear program. Within four months, Ambassador Galvin, and others was muted until after Clinton made his Robert Gallucci negotiated the Agreed Framework, decision to expand NATO. which is intended to dismantle the Norths nuclear pro¬ Without unified opposition from the establishment, gram. die president was freer to implement his preferred policy The accord was greeted with skepticism, if not outright in a series of subtie steps choreographed by then-National hostility, by the foreign policy establishment. In October, Security Adviser Anthony Lake. According to scholar Washington Post foreign affairs columnist Jim Hoagland James Goldgeier’s authoritative account of the decision, disparaged Clintons “tendency ... to reward its adver¬ Lake saw expansion as a way to reunite the left and right saries for hanging tough” and former defense secretary wings of tiie Democratic Party on foreign policy, keep James Schlesinger denounced the deal as “a negotiated Poles and other ethnic groups in critical Midwestern surrender” in The New York Times. With little support in swing states in the Democratic fold, and head off the establishment for deals with North Korea, tire admin¬ Republican attacks on Clintons leadership. Yet NATO istration was slow to deliver heavy fuel oil, provide expansion needlessly alienated Russia’s westemizers while replacement reactors, and ease sanctions, as promised antagonizing its ultranationalists. If expanding NATO pre¬ under the accord. Pyongyang responded by warning it cludes sustained cooperation with Moscow on European would abandon tire nuclear accord unless Washington security and nuclear disarming, it could turn out to be tire lived up to its promises. In contrast to the lack of support president’s worst foreign policy mistake. for deal-making in the establishment, a substantial major¬ The dominant view in the establishment is that the ity of the public favored normalizing diplomatic relations Clinton administration was an abject failure in foreign pol¬ with North Korea and opposed going to war. icy. Most Americans disagree. According to the 1999 In tire face of establishment criticism, Clinton has also Chicago Council on Foreign Relations survey of been reluctant to negotiate with North Korea on missiles. American public opinion, 55 percent of Americans rated In August 1998, Pyongyang conducted a test of the Taepo- tiie administration’s handling of foreign policy good or Dong I, a medium-range missile, which prompted many excellent. They have a point. President Clinton was right in tire foreign policy establishment to argue for missile to recognize that American values are national interests; defenses. Instead, tire administration quietly convinced right to nurture democracy and human rights as a way to Pyongyang to suspend missile testing. A deal to end North promote peace; right to favor concerted international Korean export, testing, production, and deployment of action against genocide; and right to engage in coopera¬ missiles is in the offing. tive threat reduction to prevent tiie spread of nuclear arms. His critics in die foreign policy establishment were NATO Expansion: A Mistake wrong to dismiss die importance of national values for Clintons decision to expand NATO was an exception American security; wrong to discount the corrosive effect that proved tire rule that his foreign policy successes came of state-sponsored communal violence on international in tire face of overwhelming establishment opposition. In stability; wrong to let the virus of genocide spread; and contrast to tire preceding examples, tire establishment was wrong to prefer empty threats over diplomatic deals in split down the middle on whether NATO should expand, curbing proliferation. As an outsider, President Clinton leaving Clinton more leeway to choose, but in this case he was smart enough to question establishment dogma, failed to choose wisely. Some believed an expanded which made him better able to adjust to international real¬ NATO was necessary to protect Eastern Europe from a ities after the Cold War. ■

44 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O V RN AL/D EC EMB ER 2000 Focus ON THE CLINTON RECORD

CLINTON, ALBRIGHT AND THE LEARNING CURVE

CLINTON WAS INCLINED TO PURSUE A FOREIGN POLICY OF LOW RISK AND LITTLE INVOLVEMENT, RUT EVENTS SOON CONSPIRED TO CHANGE THAT PLAN.

BY ROY GUTMAN

, hree-and-a-half years ago, during a fast and furious tour of the Balkan towns associated with ethnic cleansing, Madeleine Albright flew into Sarajevo on her first visit since becoming secretary of State. It was familiar territory, for she had been die first Cabinet-rank officer to visit during die war. The challenge before her was to help shape Bosnia’s future and to win public support. At the U.S. Army’s Camp McGovern near Brclco, in north Bosnia, Albright told the troops dieir mission was nodiing less than to finish the Cold War. So much had been achieved in die revolutions of 1989 to 1990, when the West proclaimed a Europe whole and free, she said. “What was missing from this Europe whole and free was Bosnia-Herzegovina. What we have to fix now is diat one piece which was left out.”

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 Focus

Today, astonishing change has occurred throughout Taiwan. Frequently, Clinton paid attention only when it the Balkans. NATOs intervention in Kosovo in spring was a political necessity. 1999 saved the ethnic Albanian majority from a massive His appointment of a “tiaccid, almost purposefully deportation and genocide, sealed Milosevic’s biggest obscure foreign-policy team,” in the words of writer Joe defeat, and effectively separated the province from Klein in The New Yorker, refiected his lack of interest in Serbia. Croatia, after the death of President Franjo anything other than the budget, trade, and health care. It Tudjman in December 1999, elected a reform govern¬ consisted of former Deputy Secretary Christopher as sec¬ ment. And in response to intense U.S. and European retary of State, Congressman Les Aspin at the Pentagon, pressure, it turned over all indicted war criminals to the fonner State Department official Anthony Lake at the Hague Tribunal and agreed to resettle Serbs who fled National Security Council. Naming Albright to be U.N. Krajina during the Croatian re-conquest in 1995. On ambassador was a clear exception. Sept. 24, Milosevic lost Yugoslav elections and was oust¬ ed from power in a peaceful national uprising. The Economics First replacement, a multi-party opposition headed by avowed This was the first post-Cold War administration, and it nationalist Vojislav Kostunica, falls far short of the arrived on the scene amid a security crisis over NATO’s Croatian model, but tire administration moved smartly to inability to respond decisively to the Bosnian carnage. assert its priorities and convey them to the new govern¬ Clinton ducked die issue. In his January 1993 confirma¬ ment, with tire backing of allies and friends. tion hearing, Christopher disclosed that Clinton’s broad Finally, diere is the prospect of a Europe whole and aim was to dispense with traditional diplomatic goals. free. Under Clinton’s “entirely new” foreigi policy, “eco¬ How did Bill Clinton, a president with no manifest nomic security” was a “primary goal,” Christopher said. interest in foreign policy during his first tenn, lead die The guiding principle of the administrations “strategic NATO alliance into two international interventions? The approach” was to “advance America’s economic security answer is, in part, a tale of the learning curve at work — with the same energy and resourcefulness we devoted to for it is only a matter of time before events force a presi¬ waging the Cold War.” In odier words, to get rich. dent with a populist, follow-tiie-polls approach to take on The second “pillar” of the foreign policy “effort” was international issues. It is also a tale of two essential per¬ military strength — not to achieve anything in particular, sonalities: die rise of Richard Holbrooke to a critical trou¬ but to be “preserved” and “adapted” to unstated new ble-shooting and policy role in the first term, and security challenges. And the third “pillar” was to promote Madeleine Albrights succession of Warren Christopher the spread of “democracy and markets abroad” — that at the helm of the State Department in the second. is, flacking American ideology and products in the same Clinton has been a remarkable president, capable of unconvincing breath. It sounded more like the mercan¬ great political feats. He was able to bridge die Protestant- tilism of a bygone colonial era — trade follows the flag — Catholic chasm in Northern Ireland, to secure congres¬ than the policy of the sole remaining superpower, with sional passage of the North American Free Trade primary responsibility for global peace. Agreement, and Permanent Normal Trade Relations for More likely, the platitudes were the projection on the China. He achieved tangible results at times of crisis in world at large of a neophyte president’s poll-driven die Arab-Israeli dispute. But too often, the dominant pat¬ domestic concerns. Looking back, the statement had a tern was inattention to an issue until it was too late or dreamlike quality, for it focused on the tools of foreign almost too late, as with Bosnia, Somalia, and the enor¬ policy while mostly avoiding the goals and priorities for mous dap witii China over a visa given the president of using them. Significantly, the first two pillars in Clinton’s “strategic approach” — economics and the military — Roy Gutman is a diplomatic correspondent for were the responsibility of departments of government Newsday, and is the author of several books on foreign other than State. policy. In 1993, he received the Pulitzer Prize for his Turning to the Arab-Israeli dispute, Christopher reporting on Bosnia. He is also the director of the promised only to “build upon the accomplishments of Crimes of War Project, based in Washington, D C. our predecessors” and “maintain the momentum” behind

46 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN A L/D E C E MB E R 2000 KEEPING IN TOUCH WITH MEMBERS AFSA Hosts Town Hall Meeting This Issue in Brief: NEWSBRIEF: AFSA hosted a town hall meeting and addressed the promotion list hold. Fie SCHOLARSHIPS, AFSA REPS 2, 3 Sept 28 at Main State, filling the also discussed the deficit of mid-level offi¬ EDITORIAL BOARD’S auditorium with approximately cers and the response from management SEFTEMBER SONG 3 150 people. Both AFSA President Marshall to remove positions from the bid list and HONEST FEEDBACK 4 Adair and AFSA State Vice President John Continued on page 9 Naland stressed the need for members to PCM GRIEVANCE UPDATE 4 be in touch with AFSA, voicing concerns, Q& A SERVICE NEED making suggestions, and calling attention DIFERENTIAL 5 to issues that AFSA should address. The EYE ON SECURITY 5 best ideas come from members in the READER SURVEY 6 field, Naland commented. Naland said AFSA was becoming more assertive and MEDICAL LEAVE BANK FOR FAS 6 more pro-active in its roles as a union and AAFSW 9 a professional association. INSIDE THE FS COMMUNITY 10 Naland gave an overview of the new security policies, including retiree access, CALI FOR AFSA RETIREE (LACK OF) ACCESS TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT AWARD NOMINATIONS AFSA and Retirees Respond to New Policy It is time to recognize the excellence and integrity of our colleagues and acknowl¬ State management revoked retiree for it, and establishing a plan for structural edge publicly the contributions they unescorted access to Main State on changes at Main State to expand the pub¬ have made and the risks they have taken. Sept. 1, and it wasn’t long before lic access area. Adair has met several times All awards include a cash prize of $2500, retirees let State know how they felt about with State management to push for a re- and winners will be honored at a ceremony this. The reaction has been overwhelm¬ evaluation of the policy. Thus far, little in the Diplomatic Reception Rooms of the ingly negative. Letters of outrage from progress has been made. AFSA will keep Department of State. Please consider your retirees have poured in to AFSA. AFSA members informed of any developments. colleagues and get your nominations in has voiced strong opposition to the new Here are summaries of some of the let¬ now! policy. AFSA President Marshall Adair ters addressed to Secretary Albright on the submitted a letter to Assistant Secretary for subject: Challenging the System Diplomatic Security David Carpenter The four awards for Foreign Service along with a proposal for measures to Marshall Adair’s Sept 6 letter: employees are aimed at encouraging improve security and ensure proper AFSA President Marshall Adair those who take chances, possibly even put retiree access. The proposal included sug¬ expressed concern on behalf of AFSA, the their careers at risk, to advocate a posi¬ gestions for ways to allow limited access American Academy of Diplomacy, the tion they think is right even though it may to retirees to those areas of the buildings Associates of the American Foreign Service differ from the views of higher levels or where they have business, unlimited Worldwide, DACOR and the USIA conventional wisdom. access for certain retirees who have a need Continued on page 7 Continued on page 8 Legislative Action Fund You have seen the monthly graph that shows the total contributions made to the Legislative Action Fund. Have you ever wondered where the money goes? The fund directly supports the legislative affairs department of AFSA, which has an annual budget of about $130,000. A large part of the budget goes towards the staff that support AFSA’s efforts on the Hill - one full-time staff member, Congressional Relations Director Ken Nakamura, and one part-time con¬ sultant, h/o Spalatin. Five years ago, AFSA did not have full-time help with legislative affairs. Because of increased threats to the Foreign Service and decreased funding for foreign affairs, the Governing Board decided to put more resources into legislative affairs in spite of a tight budget AFSA turned, successfully, to members to help support the legislative affairs efforts. The Legislative Action Fund is one place where members can give directly to an activity that directly benefits them. If you would like to contribute to AFSA’s legislative efforts, please mail your contribution to AFSA Legislative Action Fund, P.O. Box 98026, Washington, DC 200900026 or go to the Website at http://www.afsa.org/laform.html.

New AFSA Staff Member

Barbara Berger has joined the AFSA Staff Get Involved... as Coordinator for Professional Issues, and Be a Post Rep for AFSA! her responsibilities include the AFSA Awards and Memorial Plaque programs. AFSA aims to have an AFSA post representative at every mission overseas to Barbara served as a CLO in The Hague serve as the link between and Tel Aviv and has recently returned to FS employees at post and Washington from New York, where she AFSA headquarters. While worked for a non-profit organization. employees increasingly contact AFSA’s Washington office directly when they need assistance, it is still vital that each post have We Want to Know a rep to watch over local What do you want to hear more Correction: quality-of-life issues and about, or less about in AFSA News? Due to an editing error, the closing make sure that members see Let us know your ideas via date for retiree health benefits open important AFSA messages. If there is no rep at your post, please consider volunteering. e-mail to [email protected], season was incorrectly listed as Dec. 11. This position does not require much of In fact, retirees have until Dec. 31. phone (202) 33B4045 ext 503, your time. For more information on what fax (202) 338-8244, or mail to Active duty FSOs have until Dec. 11, reps do and how they are elected, see AFSA News, 2101 E. St NW, or, if they are overseas, 31 days from www.afsa.org/postreps/index.html or contact Washington, DC 20037. the time they receive the materials. AFSA’s Kris Spaulding at [email protected] or call 202-3384045 ext. 525.

jn AFSA News Editor. Shawn Dorman Governing Board: Staff: ~ (202)3384045 x 503 President Marshall P. Adair Executive Director. Susan Reardon Business Department <3 State Vice President John Naland S Internet Addresses: Controller Kalpna Srimal USAID Vice President Frank Miller Accounting Assistant Thomasina Johnson S [email protected] (Association) Labor Management CS Vice President Peter Frederick O [email protected] (President) General Counsel: Sharon Papp FAS Vice President Evans Browne Labor Management Attorney: Zlatana Badrich •S [email protected] (FSJ) Retiree Vice President Willard De Pree Specialist James Yorke £ [email protected] (AFSA News) Labor Relations Specialist Carol Lutz o Secretary: Aurelius Fernandez Grievance Attorneys: Harry Sizer, Tracy Smith HJ AFSA Headquarters: Treasurer Thomas Tieman Law Clerk: Neera Parikh (202)3384045 FAX: (202) 3388820 Office Manager Naida Harrington; Christine Warren State Representatives: Marilyn Bruno, Daniel Geisler, Member Services State Department Office: Stephen J. Klein, Lauren May, David Robinson, J. Riley Director Janet Hedrick Representative: Christine Spaulding (202)647-8160 FAX: (202) 647-0265 Sever, Adviser Bruce Byers Administrative Assistant Ana Lopez USAID Representative: James Dempsey Outreach Programs 1ISAID Offirp* Public Outreach/Retiree Liaison: Ward Thompson Retiree Representatives: Harry Cahill, Garber Davidson, (202) 712-1941 FAX: (202) 2163710 Congressional Affairs Director Ken Nakamura George Jones, Robert Lamb Communications Coordinator Lauren McCuen SA44 Office: FAS Representative: Ed Porter Scholarship Administrator Lori Dec Corporate Relations: Barbara BowieWhitman (202)4016405 FAX: (202) 4016410 CS Representative: Eric Sletten Professional Issues Coordinator Barbara Berger

2 AFSA NEWS • DECEMBER 2000 AFSA NEWSBRIEF EDITORIAL BOARD’S SEPTEMBER SONG Putting a Face on the Foreign Service The important work of the Foreign Service is under-appreciated and often misunderstood Press Guidance by the American public. AFSA is sponsoring a public relations campaign, “Putting a Face on Close to Home the Foreign Service,” designed to spread the word to the American public about the role of the Foreign Service. Part of the campaign he Foreign Service Journal Editorial involves placing stories of Foreign Service employees in their Board got a new chairman and hometown newspapers and alumni magazines. AFSA needs to I some fresh energy in September, as hear from you in order to make this campaign a success. Have you experienced a newsworthy event on the job? Have three members departed for their onward you had a career or are you starting a career that would interest assignments. your hometown paper? Do you have a message for the American Caroline Meirs, a retired USLA FSO, public? took over as chair of the board from If so, we want to know. We will write the articles - all you have Edward Marks. Meirs has been a mem- to do is supply us with the information. Or, we can help you pub¬ lish articles you write. Either way, we want to get your story out. Please contact us by email at [email protected], fax (202) 338- The Editorial 6820 or phone (202) 338-4045 ext. 523. Another option is to fill out a form on the AFSA Website at www.afsa.org/pflfe.html and submit it directly or print Board evaluates it out and send it to AFSA’s Public Affairs Department, 2101 E. St. NW, Washington, articles, and DC 20037. decides on

It’s Friday, I Must Be in Warsaw Dreyfus Scholarship Program topics for future With summer transfer season over, make Children of FSOs are eligible to apply for sev¬ focus issues. sure that AFSA has your new address. eral scholarships and fellowships to study at the Hotchkiss School and Yale University for There are several ways to update your the 2001-2002 academic year. The DAC0R ber of the board the last three years, and address: online at www.afea.org via e-mail to Bacon House Foundation sponsors the also chaired the Editorial Board in the [email protected] by telephone (202) 338- awards, made possible by a bequest from the 1980s. Marks will remain on the board as 4045 ext. 525; or mail to AFSA Membership, late Ambassador Louis G. Dreyfus, Jr. a regular member. 2101 E. St NW, Washington, DC 20037. The Hotchkiss School seeks to select one Please include your e-mail address as well. qualified enrolled student for a $5000 scholar¬ The board’s new members are Lisa Keep your address updated so that you will ship. Applicants should contact the Director Brodey, a State FSO working on envi¬ of Admissions, The Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, continue to receive the Foreign Service Journal ronmental policy in the East Asia and CT 060394)800. and other AFSA mailings. Pacific bureau; Wes Carrington, a former Yale undergraduates who apply for the award can receive up to $5000, while gradu¬ USLA officer now working in public diplo¬ ate students can receive up to $10,000. macy at State; and John Dwyer, coordi¬ AAFSW donates $25,000 for Scholarships Applicants may apply for the Dreyfus awards nator of International Information at the time of their application for admission Through proceeds from its 1999 BOOKFAIR, Programs at State and also a former USIA the Associates of the American Foreign Service to Yale. The award is contingent upon confir¬ mation by Yale that the student has been FSO. Worldwide donated $25,000 to fund 11 admitted or is a current student in good The board appreciates the many con¬ undergraduate college scholarships for the standing. For more information about the tributions of its three departing members: 2000/2001 school year under AFSA’s Financial Dreyfus awards at Yale, contact the DACOR Mitchell Cohn, now studying Indonesian Add Scholarship Program. These scholarships Bacon House Foundation, 1801 F St, NW, at FSI and then bound for Jakarta; Ted ranged from $1,500 to $3,500 depending on Washington, DC 20006. the family’s financial situation. The application deadline is March 15, 2001. Craig, who has moved on to a posting at Embassy La Paz; and Wayne Molstad, whose viewpoint as a member of the AFSA Scholarship Fund Benefits from a Planned Gift Foreign Agricultural Service was much val¬ In September, the AFSA Scholarship Fund was the recipient of a $108,000 gift from the estate of ued, and who is headed for Warsaw. Elizabeth Norma Landeau. This is a great example of a planned gift Landeau, who began work¬ The JoumaFs Editorial Board evaluates ing with the State Department in 1945 and ended her career as a USAID officer in 1971, estab¬ lished a trust in 1980, prior to her death. Upon the death of the last benefi¬ articles, decides on topics for future focus ciary in the trust, the trust dissolved and a portion of its assets were distrib¬ issues, and weighs in on matters of FSJ uted to the AFSA Scholarship Fund. Ms. Landeau was bom in Russia in process, style and content. If you are inter¬ 1918 and served in Washington, Montevideo, and Saigon. ested in serving on the board, keep an eye If you would like more information on how to make a planned gift to the out for announcements of openings, AFSA Scholarship Fund or the Fund for Aunerican Diplomacy, which edu¬ cates the public on the importance of a U.S. leadership abroad, contact Lori which are published in the Journal every Dec at 800-704-2372 ext 504 or [email protected]. spring. 0

DECEMBER 2000 • AFSA NEWS 3 UPDATE ON DCM STATE ■ BYJOHN NAIAND ASSIGNMENT GRIEVANCE Honest Feedback Grievance Board’s Three commonly voiced complaints about the State Final Ruling Department are that some managers can’t manage, the evaluation process doesn’t promote honest feedback, Recommends and assignments are often made based on the bidders “know- who” instead of “know-how.” To tackle the first problem Curtailment while setting groundwork for possible future action on the On Aug. 18, in response to a griev¬ other two problems, the department recently announced a ance filed by AFSA, the Foreign “360-degree feedback” pilot program. Service Grievance Board ruled in It is called “360” because, unlike the traditional Employee Evaluation Report, which favor of AFSA’s position that department only documents the views of superiors, this mechanism incorporates the perceptions management had violated the Open of colleagues at other levels. In this pilot program, all Foreign Service employees at a Assignments Agreement and the handful of posts and bureaus may volunteer to select up to ten peers and non-FSN Agreement on Foreign Service subordinates (current or past) to fill out an evaluation of them. Their colleagues do Appointments when assigning a non- so anonymously via an Intranet survey containing 25 questions on management and Foreign Service employee to be DCM at leadership skills. The ratings will be on a scale of one to six without narrative. Finally, a U.S. embassy. The board ordered the the employee will complete a numerical self-evaluation on those same questions. department and AFSA to attempt to nego¬ If at least five colleagues agree to fill in tiate provisions for the curtailment of the the evaluation (thus guaranteeing that the assignment, taking into account personal The department hopes employee’s summary ratings cannot reveal and professional interests of the employ¬ how any one colleague ranked him/her), ee and staffing needs of the embassy. that participants who then the evaluated employee will receive a The department response to the score below average will “participant eyes only” report. For exam¬ FSGB decision stated “we believe that the ple, on the item “empowers others to devel¬ DCM assignment we made is in the best use their results to op their own ways of doing work,” an interest of the department and we stand establish personal employee might score 3.5. The average for by that assignment.” The department other participants at the same pay grade held the position that it needs to main¬ action plans for might be 4.2, and the employee’s self-assess¬ tain full control over filling senior man¬ improvement. ment might be five. This candid, confi¬ agement positions regardless of existing dential feedback will help employees iden¬ negotiated agreements concerning assign¬ tify areas for personal development. ments. AFSA met with department man¬ Post-survey assistance from the department will include advising interested employ¬ agement on several occasions, and ees of FSI courses that might be beneficial. The department hopes that participants expressed willingness to show compas¬ who score below average will use their results to establish personal action plans for sion in allowing for a non-immediate improvement. That, in turn, would improve management and leadership capabili¬ curtailment, but did not agree to let the ties department-wide. assignment stand. AFSA supports this pilot program. We actively participated in the working group On Oct. 31, the FSGB issued its final that devised it. We are confident that its structure guarantees confidentiality for all ruling, recommending the individual be participants. Again, only the evaluated employee will see the ratings. Management curtailed after one year, and directing the will not see the ratings, let alone use them for promotion or assignment purposes. department to put the position on the That said, if this experiment proves successful, there is at least the possibility that open assignments list as part of the nor¬ some 360 feedback mechanism could be used one day to increase honesty and effec¬ mal 2001 cycle. The department has 30 tiveness in the much-criticized evaluation and assignment processes. Currently, those days to respond to the ruling, which can processes arguably favor employees whose top priority is making their boss look good only be overturned if the Secretary of rather than doing the best possible job. Such an expanded use of360 feedback could State herself rejects it on legal, foreign pol¬ only come after the current pilot and likely follow-on pilots have proven the useful¬ icy or national security grounds. ness of 360 feedback in the Foreign Service context. It would only come via revised Meanwhile, AFSA has filed an unfair promotion and assignment rules negotiated with AFSA. labor practice charge against the depart¬ Given this background, AFSA supports the 360 pilot and encourages participa¬ ment for the first time in nearly a decade. tion by employees at selected posts and bureaus. □ Continued on page 5

4 AFSA NEWS • DECEMBER 2000 GL Can I check my security record? However, if any one of them is subsequently A Yes. Active duty State employees designated to receive Danger Pay above 10 • are encouraged to check their percent, the Service Need Differential security records by sending an e-mail to would be reduced by the equivalent per¬ Jack Gibbons (DS/ISP/APB). You must centage, since the sum of the Service Need give your date of birth, and only request Differential and Danger Pay may not your security record. A memorandum giv¬ exceed 25 percent of basic pay. The exist¬ Personnel Issues ing your name and date of birth is also ing Post Differential is not affected by this BY JAMES YORKE, acceptable. If, after receiving the infor¬ restriction and will remain unchanged. LABOR MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST mation, you find that your record contains infractions or violations which you did not CL What if I am already at post? Q. If I had a “security violation” in 1993, how commit, this is the time to identify such A The department apparently felt will that be classified today, now that secu¬ errors and to try to get them put right • that it could not afford to make rity incidents are divided into “violations” and the program retroactive, so anyone already “infractions'? Q. How does the new pilot “Service Need at post will not receive the Service Need A Prior to March 1,1995, all secu- Differential” program work? Differential unless they can either, a) suc¬ • rity incidents were classified as A The department has identified a cessfully bid on their own position in the “violations.” After that date they were • need to recruit bidders to fill 2001 summer cycle for a third year at post, divided into violations and infractions, positions at 38 most-difficult-to-staff posts or b) successfully extend for a third year by depending on the probability of com¬ in the summer 2001 assignment cycle. submitting an extension request for the promise of classified information. A These posts are identified in the Oct. 14 Summer 2002 cycle by the necessary date department notice and State cable 168052, cable, State 198919. Employees who agree in May2001 (assuming that the pilot pro¬ both dated 9/1/00, give guidance on this to take a three-year assignment at one of gram is extended beyond the 2001 cycle to aspect. DS has assured us that, when these posts will receive an extra 15 percent cover future years). Those who extended either the Human Resources bureau or Service Need Differential in addition to the in May 2000 for a third year from 2001 to the employee makes a request for a secu¬ existing Post Differential, up to a maximum 2002 will thus not be eligible for the dif¬ rity history, incidents prior to 3/1/95 are 40 percent combined Post and Service ferential. Since the differential is applica¬ reclassified according to the current Need Differential. None of the selected ble to the 2001 summer cycle it will not be rules. posts are presently authorized Danger Pay. paid before May 1,2001. □

DCM • Continued from page 4 EYE ON SECURITY your office routine to avoid security inci¬ In it, AFSA alleges that the employee dents. Seek your RSO’s suggestions for improperly assigned as a DCM made Following New Rules avoiding incidents, if necessary. statements at a staff meeting that had the • Notify your supervisor of anything that effect of encouraging members to resign As of Oct. 1, State Department hinders your ability to do your job in a from AFSA and pressuring them to sign employees have been operating secure way (for example, balky safe or a petition urging AFSA to abandon sup¬ under significandy tougher locks) and ask for remedi¬ port for the FSGB decision. The security rules. Anyone who accumu¬ al action. If management is Washington regional office of the Federal lates three or more infractions with¬ not responsive to your Labor Relations Authority will now in three years will suffer consequences requests for assistance, noti¬ investigate and, if appropriate, issue a that could damage their careers. fy AFSA. complaint against the department. If they Given these stakes, AFSA has issued • Do not accept respon¬ find enough evidence to issue a com¬ the following guidance for employees: sibility for infractions plaint, the issue will go before the • Familiarize yourself with the new chargeable to others. Foreign Service Labor Relations Board for rules and urge your colleagues to do • Promptiy appeal any a hearing. If the hearing results in a find¬ likewise (details are found on the DS infraction that you believe is ing of improper behavior, the board can Intranet site at isp.ds.state.gov). invalid or is not chargeable order the department to cease and desist • Contact your security officer or to you. If you would like from such unfair labor practices and to the DOSNet DS Help Desk if you need assistance, contact AFSA post notices informing senior managers clarifications. • Inform AFSA if you see these policies of that order. □ • Make any adjustments necessary to Continued on page 6

DECEMBER 2000 • AFSA NEWS 5 Security • Continued from page 5 CSCBB^ FASB BY EVANS BROWNE being implemented selectively. It’s Time for a Medical Leave Bank • If you receive three infractions and get a proposal for disciplinary action, Since all of us Foreign Service folk work in agencies contact AFSA if you would like assis¬ that have more than one personnel system in place, tance in the discipline process. It is bet¬ it is not often that the employees of the various per¬ ter to contact AFSA sooner rather than sonnel systems can see eye to eye on an employment prac¬ later. tice. There is one concept on which the partnership coun¬ • Review your own DS security inci¬ cils within the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services can dent record, (see Q and A, p. 5) agree, however, the creation and implementation of a med¬ ical leave bank program for qualifying personnel. Promotion List Hold Release of the 2000 promotion list for HOW WILL IT WORK? employees promoted to FS-01 and The leave bank would be voluntary, with employees individually electing to join, above was delayed by the DG’s office and it would complement, not replace, the current leave transfer program. Employees because of concerns about the security would be eligible to join during the annual open season, or when they first enter records of some of the people on the list. on duty in Washington. Participating employees would contribute one pay-peri¬ The names of eight employees (out of od’s worth of annual leave (4,6, or 8 hours) per year. In order to continue mem¬ 359 selected for promotion) were tem¬ bership, an additional donation of porarily removed from the list. AFSA annual leave is deducted from the successfully convinced the department to In order to continue membership, first pay period of each new year. extend the deadline for submission of an additional donation of annual Members of the leave bank may bids for onward assignments, because of make additional donations of any the disadvantage to all employees on the leave is deducted from the first “use or lose” category annual list that the delay in publication of the pay period of each new year. leave. promotion list would cause. AFSA is urg¬ Only members that have been ing the department to create a system for Members of the leave bank may determined to have an eligible security screening and training that will make additional donations of medical emergency may apply for help ensure that such a hold does not leave from the FFAS leave bank, happen again next year. □ any “use or lose” category and only after they have exhaust¬ ed all annual and sick leave. This annual leave. READER SURVEY determination would be made by the bank’s board, based on a pub¬ Who Are You? lished set of criteria, and on the amount of leave available in the bank. Thus, in contrast to the leave transfer program, a person’s request for leave would be known AFSA has the results of the 2000 only by the board and not published for the whole agency to see. If approved, the Foreign Service Journal Reader plan is to have the open season for joining the leave bank in November/December Survey, which was designed to 2001 for a bank that will be operational in the 2002 calendar year. help the Journal collect information that would be useful in attracting advertisers. WHERE DID THIS IDEA COME FROM? We thought you might want to know The Federal Leave Sharing Program (Public Law 103-103, Oct. 8,1993) became who you are. a permanent program effective Jan. 31,1994. Leave sharing programs allow fed¬ Surveys were sent to 578 subscribers, eral employees to donate annual leave to other federal employees who have med¬ or five percent of the total Journal read¬ ical emergencies, or have family members with medical emergencies, and who ership of 11,560. The surveys went to five have exhausted their own leave. Federal law requires agencies to operate a leave percent of each membership category (all transfer program, but a leave bank program is optional. Federal leave banks allow FS levels and retirees). The 20 questions employees to contribute a specified amount of annual leave every year to their included topics such as education level, agency leave bank, and for members to be granted leave from the bank under purchasing habits, and car ownership. To defined circumstances. A number of agencies including the Departments of Justice boost the response rate, the chance to win (DOJ) and Labor, the Office of Personnel Management and the CIA have already a grand prize of $125 or one of 20 other instituted medical emergency leave bank programs. It’s time for FAS to have prizes was offered. The response rate was one too. □ 30 percent, quite high for this type of sur-

6 AFSA NEWS • DECEMBER 2000 Retiree Access • Continued from page 1 sighted and dispro¬ retired, frequendy continue to visit the Alumni Association. Adair noted portionate response Department for substantive, protocol and in his letter, “We strongly support to the security prob¬ persona] reasons. The department sure¬ efforts to strengthen security, but lem.” ly has an obligation to facilitate that access, are convinced that scarce an obligation that rests fundamentally on resources must not be wasted in Willard DePree, a degree of trust reflecting their long years trying to guard against popula¬ AFSA VP for of service in and to the Department of tions that pose little or no threat Retirees: State. An escort requirement does not to national security.... Foreign In his letter, reflect that trust.” Service retirees are being restrict¬ DePree highlighted ed while, at the same time, the the important work Foreign Service Retirees Association of cleaning force and the construction con¬ retirees do to push for adequate resources Florida: tractors in the building walk about for American diplomacy, including out¬ The Chair of the Foreign Service unescorted, and the press is allowed to reach as speakers, as Elderhostel instruc¬ Retirees Association of Florida, Irwin work on an honor system.” tors, and as contributors to local media. Rubenstein, wrote that the 850-member “Several leading retirees, busy men and organization “strongly protests the recent Diplomatic and Consular Officers, women who make time available for out¬ decision that requires retirees to be Retired: reach, have expressed concern that the escorted on visits to the Department of DACOR President Kenneth Rogers, Jr. new restrictions on retiree access to State State.... To imply that retirees who have wrote, “We find it very hard to believe that create an unnecessary physical and psy¬ devoted their lives and careers to, as our men and women who have served their chological obstacle to their activities as full motto states, ‘serving America abroad country for many years, often in difficult and supportive members of the Foreign with dignity, honor and love of country,’ or dangerous circumstances, and who Service community.” have suddenly become potential securi¬ have passed numerous security investi¬ ty risks is a gratuitous and public slap in gations, will in retirement suddenly American Academy of Diplomacy: the face to our members, totally unde¬ become security threats. ... By further AAD President Bruce Laingen and served and totally counter-productive to restricting its institutional ties to retired Chairman Joseph Sisco wrote “to record the department and the Foreign Service. personnel, the department will con¬ the Academy*s concern over the directive ... Our members strongly feel that the pol¬ tribute to its isolation from the American conveyed by Assistant Secretary icy of escorts for retirees must be rescind¬ people. That is almost certainly a short¬ Carpenter. ...Many of our members, now ed or seriously modified immediately.” □

vey, and responses were anonymous. You have something to say: 70 percent have used a travel agent. On We received a reasonably representa¬ non-official travel, you have flown an tive sample of FSJ readers, so we can make 44 percent of you have written average of four times internationally dur¬ some generalizations about you. You are an article or book for publication; ing the past three years, and 5.5 times a well-educated group: 61 percent of you domestically. Ten percent of you had have advanced degrees, and 48 percent of 53 percent of you have written a flown internationally ten times or more your spouses do. You are a potentially on non-official travel. During the past letter to the editor. influential group: 90 percent of you have three years, 66 percent of you have rent¬ worked with foreign officials; 70 percent 78 percent of you have given a ed a car. On average, you eat out 7.5 times have worked with foreign business lead¬ per month. A quarter of you eat out ten speech at a public meeting. ers; 51 percent of you have advised or more times a month. The average American businesses. You have some¬ number of vehicles per household is 1.5, thing to say: 44 percent of you have writ¬ and the most popular brands of cars you ten an article or book for publication; 53 do you use? Annually, you spend over choose are Toyota and Ford. percent of you have written a letter to the $500 on catalog purchases and about $400 Your comments about the Journal editor. You are involved in your com¬ shopping online. When you shop online, were generally positive. You spend munities: 62 percent of you have played it is primarily to purchase books, music about 47 minutes reading the Journal each an active role in a civic or social issue; 78 and airline tickets. During the past three month. Thanks from AFSA to those who percent of you have given a speech at a years, 56 percent of you have gotten help participated in the survey, and congrat¬ public meeting. from a tax adviser, 64 percent have ulations to our grand prizewinner, Anna How do you shop and what services worked with an investment broker, and Bay of Alameda, Calif. □

DECEMBER 2000 • AFSA NEWS 7 Nominations • Continued from page 1 being nominated, nominee’s name, These awards go to three FSOs and grade, agency, and position (or fern¬ an FS specialist “who have exhibited 's ily relationship). extraordinary accomplishment involv¬ Part IL Nominator’s name, grade, ing initiative, integrity, intellectual agency and position, and description courage and constructive dissent.” The demonstrated outstanding dedication, of assodation with the nominee. Christian A. Herter Award is for a mem¬ energy and imagination in assisting the fam¬ Part Ht Justification for the nomination. ber of the Senior Foreign Service, the ilies of Americans serving at an overseas This narrative should discuss the actions and William R. Rivkin Award is conferred on post” qualities which qualify the nominee for the a mid-career officer (FS 1-3), the W. Averell The Avis Bohlen Award recognizes the award, with specific examples of accom¬ Flarriman Award goes to a junior officer (FS accomplishments of “a member of the fam¬ plishments that fulfill the criteria 4-6) and the Tex Harris Award is for Foreign ily of a Foreign Service employee whose rela¬ Nominations should be returned by Service specialists. tions with the American and foreign com¬ pouch or mail by Feb. 9, 2001 to Awards munities at a Foreign Service post have done Committee, AFSA, Room 1251, Main State, Awards for Exemplary Performance and the most to advance the interests of the or to 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC Professional Contributions United States.” 20037. They may also be sent by AFSA The Delavan Award recognizes a Foreign channel cable, by fax to 202-338-6820, or Service secretary “who has made an extra¬ Format for Award Nominations by e-mail to [email protected]. Any ques¬ ordinary contribution to effectiveness, pro¬ The nomination should indude the ele¬ tions should be directed to Barbara Berger, fessionalism and morale.” ments below and not to exceed 500 words AFSA coordinator for professional issues The M. Juanita Guess Award is conferred or one page. (Tel: 202-338-4045 Ext. 521, fax and e-mail on a community liaison officer “who has Part I: Award for which the person is as above). □

WHERE THEY ARE NOW ■ BY LORI DEC AFSA Scholarship Recipients Influenced by FS Experience Being born and raised in the master of fine arts degree from Florida Foreign Service has an impact on State University following completion of your worldview for life. That’s the her B.A. in painting and poetry at Bryn message we get from past AFSA schol¬ Mawr College in Pennsylvania. “I hope arship winners when they talk about their to do something creative in my job while career choices. Although there is the getting paid for it,” she says. She is con¬ occasional student who wants to plant sidering going into cinematography firm roots and never move, most AFSA after she graduates in August 2001, “since scholarship recipients want a career the language of pictures transcends cul¬ that involves international travel. tural borders more easily than other Maria Ferreira Sachero, who attends forms of communication.” Since the age Ithaca College, cannot get enough of it. The old saying is true of 10, Brierley has lived in Pretoria, Berlin, She spent a semester in Paris her junior Stuttgart, and Toronto. Ellen Prespare, that you are indeed a product year and is now exploring the opportu¬ a senior at the University of Richmond, nity to study abroad after she completes of your environment. wants to enter the Foreign Service like her her undergraduate journalism degree in father William Prespare. “International 2001. She wants to pursue a career over¬ studies not only gives you a basic under¬ seas that will utilize her writing talents. her determine if pursuing a Foreign standing of different cultures but of the Jennifer Gibson, a senior at Syracuse Service career is right for her. relationships between each that affects the University, says, “I find that every two to Influenced by the many cultures, lan¬ global system. I continue to crave new four years I want to pack up and move.” guages and customs to which they were experiences, ideas, viewpoints, etc., and She spent last spring break with her exposed growing up overseas, many stu¬ the stimulating process of adjusting to roommate exploring Germany staying in dents choose to pursue a profession in new places.” youth hostels. During the summer of the arts or to follow in their parents’ foot¬ The old saying is true that you are 2000, she worked at Main State to help steps. Brierley Ostrander is pursuing a indeed a product of your environment. □

8 AFSA NEWS • DECEMBER 2000 Town Meeting • Continued from page 1 AFSA MAGAZINE DISCOUNTS

Looking for a last minute holiday gift? Give a magazine subscription through AFSA. To subscribe, contact Member Services: tel: (202) 338-4045 ext. 525 or (800) 704-2372 ext. 525; or send an e-mail to [email protected].

MAGAZINE TITLE REG. RATE AFSA RATE The one question that elicited a

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Mediterranean Quarterly 24.00 18.00 move entry-level employees into mid-level The Washington Quarterly 38.00 30.40 jobs. He said the department was still hir¬ ing below attrition. The Washington Post National Several questions and comments from Weekly Edition 52.00 39.00 attendees focussed on security: the new incident policy; the promotion list freeze; and the lack of adequate resources to work NOT JUST FOR WOMEN ANYMORE securely. One question addressed the retiree access issue, and Adair elaborated AAFSW Serves the Foreign Service on AFSA’s efforts to convince-management to re-think the policy. Another question Community related to the public diplomacy employ¬ Founded in I960, the Associates of the American Foreign Service Worldwide (AAFSW), ees’ personnel files. People were hearing that formerly known as the Association of American Foreign Service Women, is a non¬ some of the files of USIA officers who had profit organization representing the interests and concerns of Foreign Service offi¬ moved over to State had not been ade¬ cers and their families. It is not just for women anymore. AAFSW lists among its accom¬ quately converted to match State files and plishments the establishment of the department’s Family Liaison Office in 1978. AAFSW had items missing, possibly disadvantag¬ helped establish the Overseas Briefing Center and the Foreign Service Youth Foundation. ing them in the most recent promotion AAFSW promoted the first Bilateral Work Agreement and the Foreign Service Associates board sessions. Former USIA AFSA VP proposal, and has led the fight for the rights of divorced spouses. Riley Sever responded that AFSA was aware AAFSW has made significant contributions to scholarships for Foreign Service youth, of the concern about the files and was to D.C.-based non-profit organizations focusing on family welfare, and to other projects. working on a proposed solution to present The Evacuee Support Network provides help to anyone in a foreign aflairs agency who has to management returned to Washington due to an international or personal emergency. In Washington, The one question that elicited a full- the Foreign-Bom Spouses Group, the Virginia-based playgroup, and writing groups serve house applause was from a mid-level offi¬ to bring members together. AAFSW has a Neighborhood Network and a Housing Office cer who said she’s “mad as hell” about how in the State Department to help people transition to the Washington area. AAFSW runs State treats its people. the Book Room and sponsors the Bookfair. Over 200 people responded to the offer AAFSW communicates with members through its monthly newsletter, Global Link, and given in the invitation letter to sign up for its listserves, [email protected], and [email protected]. The AAFSW Website, AFSANET Internet e-mails to better keep www.aafsw.org, is a great source of information for Foreign Service families. If you would abreast of AFSA’s efforts on their behalf. like to join AAFSW, please call 202-362-6514 or e-mail [email protected]. If you have not signed up for AFSANET Membership is open to adult family members or employees of U.S. foreign affairs agen¬ and would like to, send your name and e- cies, active and retired. Annual dues are $35. □ mail address to [email protected]. □

DECEMBER 2000 • AFSA NEWS 9 for their first reunion since 1963. Interest in getting together was sparked by the pub¬ lication of Charles T. Williamson’s book, The U.S. Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. The naval mission “alumni” hope to have another reunion within two years. Anyone interested should contact Col. C.T. Williamson, USMC (ret.), by mail: 2510 Virginia Ave. NW, Apt 314N, Washington, Former FSO Attends on Sept 26 at the first program event of the DC 20037; or by email: ctwmson@earth- Republican Convention 2000-2001 DACOR Forum series. The link.net. Former FSO Barbara Bowie-Whitman Forum, a monthly lunch with a guest speak¬ attended the Republican National er focusing on current foreign affairs Researching W. George Hayes Ginvention as a Virginia delegate. She par¬ issues, usually meets on the fourth Tuesday Donald W. McGraw is conducting ticipated in the International Republican of each month at noon. DACOR members research on the life of W. George Hayes, a Institute’s foreign policy briefing which fea¬ can call the DACOR office (202) 682-0500 deceased FSO who served from 1918 to the tured George Shultz, Lawrence Eagleburger, to make reservations. mid- 1940s. He served in Belgium, France, Brent Scowcroft, Paul Wolfowitz, Bob Japan, Mexico, and presumably in other Zoelleck, and Richard Armitage. Bowie- U.S. Naval Mission to Haiti, posts as well If you knew Hayes, please con¬ Whitman is corporate relations director for 1959-1963: Reunion tact McGraw at P.O. Box 265, Glendale, SC AFSA. In August, the first reunion of those who 29346. served during the U.S. Naval Mission to DACOR Forum Haiti (1959-1963) was held in Quantico, Send Us Your News Ambassador William Harrop, recipient Va. Several retired FSOs, more than 60 Do you have news about an AFSA of the “Year 2000 DACOR Foreign Service retired Marine and Navy personnel and member or an event of interest to the FS Cup” and a former chairman of AFSA, was their families, as well as three former Haitian community? Fax it to (202) 338-8244, or the guest of honor at DACOR Bacon House army officers and their families, gathered e-mail [email protected]. □ AFSACLASSIF1EDS S ATTORNEY GRIEVANCES ft DISCRIMINATION GRIEVANCES: MANDATORY RETIREMENT OR FORMER FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER ATTORNEY PRACTICING IN areas of FS SEPARATION? DEFECTIVE EER? NOW PRACTICING LAW IN DC/MD. General grievances at State, Commerce, USAID; ATTORNEY WITH 21 years successful practice; estate planning: wills, trusts, living wills, MSPB and Employment Discrimination actions experience SPECIALIZING IN FS GRIEV¬ powers of attorney; probate administration; under Title VII; the Rehabilitation Act; and ANCES will represent you to protect vital inter¬ domestic relations; FS grievances. Gregory V. Privacy Act/FOIA litigation. Will write and file ests in these or other career matters including Powell; Furey, Doolan & Abell, LLP; 8401 Conn. your claims, appeals and complaints, represent non-promotion, selection out, non-tenuring, dis¬ Ave., #1100, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 (301) you at hearings, and counsel you in challeng¬ ciplinary actions at State, AID, and Commerce. 652-6880 fax (301) 652-8972. ing adverse employment decisions. Offices in Call Bridget R. Mugane at Tel. (202) 387- VA (Arlington) and DC (Indiana Ave. NW 4383 (Farragut Square), Tel. (301) 596-0175, Wash., DC 20004). Call George Elfter at (202) WILL/ESTATE PLANNING by attorney or e-mail: [email protected] Free initial con¬ 628-7758, Fax (703) 354-8734. E-mail: who is a former FSO. Have your will reviewed sultation. and updated, or new one prepared: No charge [email protected] for initial consultation. M. Bruce Hirshorn, TAX ft FINANCIAL SERVICES Boring & Pilger, 307 Maple Ave. W, Suite D, GRIEVANCE ATTORNEY (specializing ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA Vienna, VA 22180 (703) 281-2161, Fax (703) since 1983) Attorney assists FS Officers cor¬ 1091 Chaddwyck Dr., 281-9464 E-mail: [email protected] rect defective performance appraisals, reverse Athens, GA 30606 improper tenuring and promotion board deci¬ Tel/Fax (706) 769-8976 sions, secure financial benefits, defend E-mail: [email protected] PLACE A CLASSIFIED AD: Rate: against disciplinary actions and obtain relief • U.S. income tax services $1/word (10 word min). First 3 words Bolded from all forms of discrimination. Free Initial • Many FS & contractor clients free, add'l bold text $2/word, Header, box, Consultation William T. Irelan, Esq. Tel: (202) • Practiced before the IRS or shading $10. Contact Adv. & Circ. Mgr: 625-1800 Fax: (202)625-1616. • Financial planning Fax (202) 338-6820, E-mail: miltenberg- E-Mail: [email protected] • American Institute of CPAs, Member [email protected] FIRST CONSULTATION FREE

to AFSA NEWS • DECEMBER 20CX) i j -i AFSACLASSIFIEDS

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12 AFSA NEWS • DECEMBER 2000 Focus

current negotiations. He did not hint Too often, Inexperience does not explain that a leading U.S. role was indispens¬ Clinton’s passivity when the key deci¬ able to avert another Middle East war. the administration sions had to be made on Bosnia. The In die case of Bosnia, Christopher fact is that the president, left to his ignored Clinton’s election-season criti¬ didn’t pay attention devices by the national security team cism of the Bush administration and he had handpicked, let polls and poll¬ promised only to “vigorously pursue to an issue until it sters guide policy — if the account of concerted action with our European one-time Clinton political adviser Dick allies and international bodies to end was almost too late. Monis is to be believed. die slaughter.” But diis lawyerly for¬ In 1995, as atrocities in Bosnia mulation spelled paralysis because mounted, the administration made Britain and France made clear they would resist. As for numerous mistakes. It failed to coordinate its policies NATO, he made no commitment to expanding the with key European allies, failed to win congressional sup¬ alliance and promised only to “support the evolution of port, and vacillated on whether and when to use military new security arrangements” incorporating die emerging force democracies in Eastern Europe. Finally, with Clinton, Christopher, Lake and every One of the most spectacular foreign policy advances in other top adviser other than Albright on vacation, it was the first tenn occurred in September 1993, when Israeli left to their- principal deputies to preside over tire U.S.- Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian leader led bombing raids of Bosnian Serb military targets. Yasser Arafat shook hands in a White House ceremony Special envoy Richard Holbrooke took charge of the and opened direct relations. But this was the outcome of diplomacy, and the result was the Dayton peace accords, their own direct diplomacy, assisted by Norway, and it a highly imperfect document whose content he ham¬ was driven by the paralysis in U.S.-sponsored talks in mered out, by his own credible account, largely on his Washington. own. When the Israeli-Palestinian peace process came Holbrooke played a key role in tire odrer major policy unglued this fall, at a moment when a final settlement advance of Clinton’s first tenn, the expansion of NATO seemed within grasp, no one in the administration quite and die developing of the “Partnership for Peace” into an knew what had gone wrong. It became evident that the outer waiting room for NATO membership. In the brief diplomacy, devised by academics and foreign affairs func¬ period between mid-1994 and early 1996 when he served tionaries, and conducted at that level and above, had as assistant secretary of State for European affairs, he omitted any effort to reach out to public opinion among organized the bureaucracy, marshaled U.S. allies, and Israelis and Palestinians and win broad support for fur¬ ensured popular and political support at home. ther risk-taking. Nor had the administration consulted key Arab states before, during, and after negotiations and .Albright and the Second Tenn crisis. In contrast to Christopher, Madeleine Albright was driven to act. She had strong and definite Hews and was Post-Somalia Paralysis ready to go to the ends of the earth to state them. Clinton blamed inexperience for his calamitous deci¬ Reacting to the horrors of “ethnic cleansing,” she helped sion to withdraw U.S. forces from Somalia after 18 sol¬ establish a vital new institution — the International diers were killed while trying to capture a local warlord. Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The This failure seems to have paralyzed U.S. Africa policy Hague. In spring 1994, she told Sarajevans not to fear the from that time forward, most notably during the Rwanda plans of European mediators to divide die capital along genocide, when the administration refused to act. It led ethnic lines, for Sarajevo would remain undivided. “Ja to abject passivity and the appeasement of war criminals sam Sarajevka,” (I am a Sarajevan,) she told die besieged in the Liberia and Sierra Leone conflicts and in the fail¬ city, echoing John F. Kennedy in Berlin. “America’s ure ever to tackle seriously the enonnous human cata¬ future and your future are inseparable.” Two years later, strophe in the Sudan. she returned in triumph. “Some diought it was a litde

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 47 Focus

visionary,” she said, understating the extent to which she than anyone thought possible. It took 78 days of bombing had pushed die policy envelope. and the credible threat — particularly by Britain — of the Nominating Albright as the first female Secretary of introduction of ground troops before Milosevic withdrew State in history, Clinton praised her “steely determina¬ his own force from Kosovo. It took another 15 months tion.” With a new national security team in place, con¬ before the people of Serbia rendered their verdict on his sisting of former Sen. William Cohen at Defense and leadership. And today, the region is poised for integration Lake’s deputy, Sandy Berger, taking over the National into Europe, slowed only by vestigial nationalism in Security Council, she took a conventional approach to Kosovo, Serbia, the Republika Srpska and Croat-domi¬ foreign policy, focusing on problem areas. nated Herzegovina. Addressing the Senate Foreign Relations The policy that evolved during the Clinton years will Committee, she set her priorities: controlling the threat not endure unless accepted across the political spectrum. of weapons of mass destruction, followed by settling George W. Bush, at the time of writing still a candidate dangerous regional conflicts, maintaining American for president, endorsed the NATO intervention that pre¬ economic strength, and advancing principles of democ¬ ceded Milosevic’s ouster as a “triumph” and said it was racy and law. She said key alliances have a central role the strategically necessary to keep NATO “strong and in upholding U.S. foreign policy and the entire interna¬ confident.” At some “point in time,” U.S. troops should tional system, and placed Europe at the top of the fist be withdrawn, he said. “I’d very much like to get our of regions whose stability was of vital U.S. interest. It troops out of there. But I recognize we can’t do it now.” was a decidedly different take than Christophers To which Gore replied: “I certainly don’t disagree that we emphasis on economic security. ought to get our troops home from places like the After successfully winning Senate approval of the Balkans as soon as we can, as soon as the mission is com¬ Chemical Weapons Convention, she launched a formal plete.” Gore went a step further, saying that if a genocide Bosnia policy review. The review concluded, according to is taking place in Rwanda or elsewhere, “that, to me, can diplomat Robert Gelbard, that if indicted war criminals bring into play a fundamental American strategic inter¬ were not arrested and refugees were not free to return to est, because I think it’s based on our values.” their homes, war would break out again by mid-1998. With both major candidates appearing to accept the value of U.S. involvement in tire former Yugoslavia, the “Madeleine’s War” debate appears — however tentatively — to have By 1998, it became clear that the next showdown with advanced. It is no longer in question whether the United Milosevic would occur in Kosovo, and Albright argued States should mount a “humanitarian intervention” to energetically that the only language he understood was halt a genocide in Europe. The debate today is whether the credible threat of force. First she had to get the to respond similarly elsewhere in the world. administration on board. “What is it with you people at And East Central Europe, the region that spawned the State Department, always wanting to threaten force five wars in the past century — World Wars I and II, the and bombing?” State Department spokesman James Cold War, the Balkan wars of 1912-13, and the wars over Rubin quotes an unnamed official as saying in a high- Yugoslav succession in 1991-1999, has come under the level internal debate that spring. “I remember five years U.S.-led Western security umbrella. NATO’s expansion ago when I was ambassador, Tony Lake cut me off time into the vacuum left by the departure of the Red Anny a and time again and he wouldn’t let us really discuss tins decade ago is not a matter of debate at all. issue,” Albright replied. “Well, now I am secretary of Thus, the Central Europe question, which bedeviled State and we are going to have this discussion.” die continent throughout die 20th century, is well on the In July 1998, a senior NATO official expressed aston¬ way to resolution. The question mark hanging over die ishment at her investment of energy. “We Europeans are enterprise is that like so much hi the Clinton era, it hap¬ divided about what to do,” said the diplomat. “I cannot pened largely without presidential engagement or lead¬ believe what effort you Americans are putting into this ership, without articulated goals or plan. Clinton has thus issue when we can’t decide.” left it to his successor to define whether his achievement “Madeleines war,” as her critics called it, lasted longer will be seen as historic or fleeting. ■

48 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN Ah! DEC EM B ER 2000 (IN)SECURITY AT STATE: ACTION AND REACTION

STATE IS CRACKING DOWN ON SECURITY VIOLATIONS IN RESPONSE TO WELL-PUBLICIZED

LAPSES AND CONGRESSIONAL PRESSURE. BUT ARE THE NEW MEASURES LIKELY TO HELP?

BY GEORGE GEDDA

avid Carpenter has been running the before locating the radio signal the bug sent from the OES D State Departments diplomatic security conference room to Gusevs car. The device was found in a bureau since Aug. 11, 1998 — just four section of wooden chair rail molding halfway up the con¬ days after the terrorist bombings of ference room wall; disturbingly, the paint on the section U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. holding the bug had been matched almost exactly to that of Carpenter, a Denver native who spent the rest of the molding, indicating a sophisticated opera¬ 26 years in the U.S. Secret Service before joining State, tion. Once die bug was discovered, Gusev, an agent of understandably focused his initial attention on ways to Moscow’s SVR spy operation, was ordered home. make America’s overseas facilities more secure. But a series Scores of meetings were held in the conference room of events over the past year has forced him to devote more while Gusev was lurking outside, so all participants were time than before to security at Foggy Bottom. The most interviewed in an effort to determine what he might have notable of these were the discovery of a Russian spy opera¬ heard. Fortunately, no sensitive information is believed to tion inside the State Departments headquarters in 1999 have been compromised. The conference room was located and the disappearance of a laptop computer with highly on the same floor as Albright’s suite of offices, but that was classified information from one of the department’s most not cause for concern because the two locations are hun¬ sensitive areas earlier this year. dreds of feet apart. However, die question of who planted The 1999 incident involved use of a sophisticated eaves¬ die device is still unanswered more tiian a year later. dropping device planted in the seventh floor conference As embarrassing as it was, the Russian spy operation room of the Bureau of Oceans and International did not compare with the anguish caused by the missing Environmental Scientific Affairs. The bug might never laptop. In the former case, the operation was exposed, die have been found were it not for the work of a government spy was sent packing and no secret information is believed surveillance team which spotted a Russian diplomat loiter¬ to have been exposed. In the case of the computer, whose ing near the State building in the summer of 1999. disappearance from the Bureau of Intelligence and Additional surveillance showed that the agent, Stanislav Research was discovered around Feb. 1, the losses Gusev, was turning up outside the department on roughly a involved highly classified information about arms prolifer¬ weekly basis. His actions fueled suspicions he was receiving ation issues and about sources and methods of U.S. intel¬ transmissions from a device planted inside the building, ligence collection. While it is not clear whether this was a using equipment installed in his car. case of someone trying to pilfer state secrets or a simple The problem was to find the device. The most oppor¬ theft motivated solely by the intrinsic value of the equip¬ tune times for locating it occurred when Gusev was outside ment, the laptop mystery remains unsolved despite an all- and had the bugs transmitter turned on. U.S. investigators out investigation and the offer of $25,000 in reward covertly prowled State Department halls for weeks earning money for information. a disguised detector about the size of a Geiger counter These incidents caused deep reverberations on die sev¬ enth floor. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright acknowl¬ George Gedda, a frequent contributor to the Journal, edged she was “humiliated” by diese lapses and ordered covers the State Department for the Associated Press. Carpenter to find ways to make die building safer. At the

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 same time, she recognized that there sitive to security concerns.” Chimed six, wondering in a letter to Albright was just so much that her Diplomatic in House Intelligence Committee how her newly stated emphasis on Security personnel could do on their Chairman Porter Goss, R-Fla., security could be reconciled with the own. The overall effort had to include “There is not sufficient awareness, or presidents nomination of individuals all employees. And that was her mes¬ sufficient attention, to security” at the not always attentive to security regu¬ sage on May 3 when she convened a department. lations. Grams agreed in September meeting of department to permit the six — their employees in the Dean names were never dis¬ Acheson Auditorium. For closed — to be confirmed a building accustomed to but only in exchange for diplomatic ambiguities, written promises from die her words were uncom¬ State Department to monly straightforward: “I tighten procedures for don’t care how skilled you dealing witii security are as a diplomat, how infractions. brilliant you may be at The new emphasis on meetings, or how creative security also led to you are as an administra¬ reviews of security tor; if you are not a pro¬ records of almost 400 fessional about security, employees who were up you are a failure.” for promotion this fall. Albright further recog¬ State reviewed each offi¬ nized that the strikes were cers DS security incident not limited merely to records using a point sys¬ keeping the nation’s tem not unlike that used secrets safe from prying by most state depart¬ eyes and ears. The impact ments of motor vehicles, of the issue was much and identified a handful broader. At a time when of individuals (fewer dian she was frustrated to the 10, Marc Grossman, point of bitterness over director general of the Congress’s refusal to pro¬ | Foreign Service, told The vide the State New York Times) whose Department with what career-long security she believed was ade¬ ~ record merited their quate funding, the last being temporarily diing she wanted was to removed from the pro¬ give lawmakers an excuse to be more Getting ahead of the curve has not motion list. Those FSOs all have the parsimonious. been easy for Albright. Just weeks right to appeal incidents that were after she had admonished employees improperly attributed, but if no We Care About Security about the need for vigilance, Sen. appeals are made or an appeal is Rightly or wrongly, the depart¬ Rod Grams, R-Minn., a member of unsuccessful, each employee will be ment already suffered from the the Senate Foreign Relations required to attend a targeted, multi¬ impression that building security was Committee, complained that six day security-training course. Upon a secondary issue. Rep. Benjamin Foreign Service officers nominated successful completion of that course, Gilman, R-N.Y, chairman of the for ambassadorships had committed the employees name will be reinstat¬ House International Relations a total of 62 security infractions, ed on the promotion list. As for the Committee, said, “The missing laptop including one with 22 on his record. others, the 200 or so mid-level offi¬ is the latest in a long string of securi¬ Their transgressions were never cer! have already been cleared for ty failures at the State Department. It revealed but they are assumed to be promotion, but some 200 senior is obvious that the department lacks a minor. FSOs are still on hold as of this writ¬ professional environment that is sen¬ Grams held up confirmation of the ing.

50 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL/DEC EM BER 2000 SECURITY 101 Less than three weeks after control officer.” Secret and confiden¬ considerably more, can’t. Secretary Albright’s May tial materials can only be copied on In his briefings, Tromatter says speech to State employees designated machines. that of the various threats the depart¬ about making security their top pri¬ There are several ways of dispos¬ ment faces, none is greater than what ority, the department initiated a pro¬ ing of secret documents, Tromatter he calls “sigint,” or signals intelli¬ gram of mandatory briefings on secu¬ tells employees. One is to use gence. This can occur when the rity' issues in the East Auditorium. “electronic transmission of unen¬ The main briefer is James D. crypted1 classified materials is sent by Tromatter, 42, a Williamsburg, Va., Television scenes from facsimile, cell telephone or other native and self-styled “Army brat” communications equipment.” who followed his fathers footsteps by Tehran showed Iranian Electronic transmissions are, for all making the Army his career as well. intents and purposes, “thrown into After retirement four years ago, he militants painstakingly the air for any entity with the desire joined the State Departments and tools to intercept,” Tromatter Diplomatic Security bureau. piecing together warns. Another threat in the “seri¬ Amiable but no-nonsense, Tromatter ous” category is “imint” or image seems well suited to his task. He thousands of shredded intelligence, which is the collection leaves no doubt that he personally of information by hand-held photog¬ believes in die importance of keeping U.S. documents raphy of employees and facilities that secrets secret. His briefings essential¬ may be used to “target or exploit ly restate long-standing policy. weaknesses.” Between May 22 and Sept. 11, “Humint” or human intelligence Tromatter gave 77 briefings to 8,160 machines that “pulverize” paper is another concern. The summary employees. The sessions usually run down to what looks like talc. An alter¬ describes it as “nothing more than a little more than an hour, and each native is a shredder, which must trim one human being exploiting another, State employee (whether Civil or paper to no more than 1/32 by 1/2 to the detriment of the target country Foreign Service) is expected to inch. Gone are the days when docu¬ and the benefit of the nation the col¬ attend one such briefing over a 12- ments were shredded lengthwise lector works for.” Tromatter admon¬ month period. (Top officials too busy only, leaving the finished product ishes his listeners during briefings to attend one of Tromatter s sessions with a spaghetti-like look. That not to tell strangers about money get a private briefing.) Next spring, change was instituted in the early problems because foreign entities computer-based training is sched¬ 1980s after television scenes from might try to exploit the information. uled to begin, and DS is designing a Tehran showed Iranian militants He seems pleased with the results of testing system to ensure everyone is painstakingly piecing together thou¬ the first four months of mandatory' up to speed. sands of shredded U.S. documents briefings. Reports of infractions, he Tromatter makes ample use of which had been run through old- says, are already down 20 percent. visuals in his briefings, which consist style machines just before the (An infraction occurs when informa¬ largely of reminders: Top secret embassy was seized in 1979. tion is put at risk but is not compro¬ material is always covered by a spe¬ As Tromatter points out, there mised. A violation is more serious cial sheet that identifies it as such. also are rules for the type of contain¬ because that signifies that the infor¬ Use red “secret” labels on computer ers that can be used for storing mate¬ mation has come into unauthorized disks that have been used on classi¬ rials. Bar lock containers are accept¬ hands.) fied computers. To hand-carry top able for storing secret material. Safes Incidentally, Tromatter says that secret information requires a top weighing 500 pounds are the nonn the most common security lapse is secret clearance. for top secret material. The differ¬ also one of the most easily pre¬ Copying of top secret materials ence is that bar lock containers can ventable: leaving a classified docu¬ must be earned out by a “top secret be rolled away' but safes, which weigh ment uncovered on a desk. —GG

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 51 Word of the promotion delay came some toes if he wants to make State as as the U.S. ambassador to Israel, invulnerable as the CIA. For Martin Indyk, came under FBI inves¬ A year later, instance, he may well request that C tigation for suspected security lapses. Street (which runs directly in front of While his supposed negligence did we still don’t know the department’s main entrance) be not occur within State Department closed to all but official traffic. That confines, the episode seemed to rein¬ who planted the Russian would create some inconvenience but force the notion tiiat security is less not nearly as much as similar restric¬ than the highest priority for some listening device on tions Caipenter is contemplating for State officials, particularly those in 21st and/or 23rd Streets, both heavily the most demanding positions. the seventh floor. used during rush hours, particularly Indyk, a former assistant secretary 23rd. He may also ask that the trunks of state for Near Eastern affairs who of all cars tiiat use the building garage is on his second tour as ambassador to be inspected each day, a 12-second Israel, is alleged to have taken brief¬ process on average, according to his ing books and other classified materi¬ demands of Indyks job caused him to calculations. als back to his residence and other disregard some security procedures. Anodier major issue is building unsecured locations in order to pre¬ access. Until 1982, journalists were pare for meetings. Another allegation Who has Access? able to roam State Department halls is that he used an unclassified, gov¬ Making the building more secure freely. Starting that year, reporters ernment-issued laptop computer to involves not only more employee vig¬ were supposed to have an appoint¬ prepare, while in transit, memoran¬ ilance but money, and the State ment if diey wanted to go abov e the dums about discussions with foreign Department is asking the Congress second floor, where die press room is leaders. for three annual increments of $100 located. But the regulation was never Accordingly, the Australian-born million. Much of the money, if appro¬ enforced. Beginning nearly a year political appointee was temporarily priated, will be used to double the ago, however, escorts have been stripped of his security clearances and number of diplomatic security agents required for journalists who needed denied access to classified docu¬ to 1,500. There also are plans to access above the second floor. ments. Also off-limits were all discus¬ upgrade electronic turnstiles and to Violators can be stripped of their sions with Israeli Prime Minister introduce devices that scan human building pass. That threat seems to Ehud Barak and other leading features as a means of controlling have cowed reporters into compli¬ Middle Eastern figures. access to sensitive areas. ance. “I regret that my trying to do the These steps would supplement Like journalists, cleaning and con¬ best possible job under very difficult measures already taken over die past tract personnel at State do not have conditions has led to the temporary two years, many of which are aimed security clearances, on the grounds suspension of my security clear¬ more at countering terrorists than that they have no “need to know” ances,” Indyk said in a statement. catching spies. These include sur¬ which would justify the effort and “Jeopardizing the national security rounding the State Department with expense of doing background checks. interests of the U.S. is absolutely security barriers and closing D Street However, unlike reporters, they have abhorrent to me, and I would never to public traffic. unescorted access to hallways and do anything to compromise those Carpenter recognizes drat more other common areas throughout die interests.” must be done. He is almost wistful building. While there has always been As it turned out, his suspension when he considers the difficulty of a requirement that such personnel be coincided with the clashes between making die State Department safe, accompanied whenever they work in Israelis and Palestinians in early fall. compared with, for example, the CIA, areas with sensitive materials — Eager to have Indyk back on the job out in leafy Langley, Va., six miles which is most of die building — until during this tumultuous period, away. There visitors are screened recently, this was not consistently Albright decided to reinstate his secu¬ almost a half mile away from die main done in Foggy Bottom. (This rule is rity clearance after just two weeks. But entrance. By contrast, diere is no strictly enforced at U.S. diplomatic the investigation into his alleged lapses screening at State until visitors actual¬ facilities overseas, where Marines or continued. Whatever the outcome, it ly pass tiirough the front door. embassy officers accompany cleaning seems clear that the extraordinary Carpenter would have to step on crews and contractors everywhere

52 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL/DEC EM B ER 2000 they go.) Now, however, individual about those who work for lobbying bureaus have been tasked to ensure groups or other foreign governments that non-cleared employees are “If you are not a that may be hostile to U.S. interests. supervised whenever they enter a In addition, officials told Adair, the secure area. professional about AFSA president, another concern is For non-government employee that disgruntled former employees visitors who are not journalists, security, you are a cannot automatically be counted on Carpenter has imposed a compre¬ to behave properly when visiting hensive escort policy. The rule allows failure State. no exceptions — not even for In his letter to Albright, Adair said Foreign Service retirees, who histor¬ die department has an obligation to — Secretary of State ically have been required only to give retirees access to retirement and have a retiree badge for unescorted Madeleine Albright AFSA offices. “Retirees also need access to the building. This puts access to the State Department State in line with the CIA. In con¬ library and the Credit Union as well trast, the NSA is even more restric¬ as to special events such as Foreign tive, permitting retirees access only Service Day and the Book Fair,” he to the cafeteria even when escorted, “l haven’t been as upset by any¬ wrote. He also noted that retirees are while the Pentagon allows veterans thing as this in a long time,” he said. asked to consult with the substantive unescorted access except for the “We didn’t lose the laptop, they did. offices of the department on foreign most sensitive areas. ... This has been nagging at me for policy matters. In an Aug. 15 letter mailed to the days.” If the retirees keep up the heat, nearly 11,000 retirees, Carpenter said Gilbert Johnson, who served for Carpenter and his colleagues may that effective Sept. 1, all “must sign in many years in Africa and Latin have to reconsider. One senior official and be escorted during visits to the America and retired after 27 years, outlined a possible compromise: department and its annexes...We said, “We’re not trusted as much as Those with a demonstrated need regret any inconvenience to you, but the newspaper people are.” (It might should have unescorted access and we are facing new challenges on the interest Gilbert to know that one those who don’t, shouldn’t. Of greater security front and must adapt our journalist with a building pass once concern to this official was the possi¬ practices to fulfill our requirement to worked for Pravda, a main propa¬ bility of someone hitting an employee protect national security information.” ganda outlet in the former Soviet over the head and taking off with his The new restriction quickly Union.) or her building pass. Since there is no touched off a firestorm of protest. Robert Fritts, 66, a two-time routine mechanism other than ran¬ Marshall Adair, president of the ambassador in Africa, asked, “Can dom hallway checks to ensure the American Foreign Sendee you imagine Larry Eagleburger hav¬ badge picture matches that of the Association, protested in a Sept. 6 let¬ ing to be escorted?” He was refer¬ bearer, turnstile access to the depart¬ ter to Albright that the measure will ring, of course, to the career diplo¬ ment under such circumstances do nothing to enhance security at the mat who retired in 1984, then came would be relatively easy. (Of course, State Department. back eight years later as secretary of the same has long been true for every “We strongly support efforts to state under President Bush. (Efforts State employee.) strengthen security but are convinced to reach Eagleburger for comment Past drives to crack down on secu¬ that scarce resources must not be on the retiree policy were unsuccess¬ rity lapses have run out of steam over wasted in trying to guard against pop¬ ful.) A senior State Department offi¬ time, and this latest one may prove to ulations that pose little or no threat to cial said that even if the department be no exception. But the new policy national security,” Adair wrote. did not require escorts for visitors, has already accomplished at least two The measure elicited other Eagleburger would be given one as a objectives: it has demonstrated to responses that were much less diplo¬ courtesy. Congress that Secretary Albright is matic. Ambassador Michael Smith, Despite the uproar, State serious about enhancing security at formerly the No. 2 official in the Department officials seem wedded to State, and it has brought home to office of the U.S. Special Trade the escort policy. They recognize that, employees the potential damage to Representative, said the requirement as a group, retirees are as loyal as any their careers if they fail to protect was insulting. Americans, but there is concern classified material. ■

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

A FOXCROFT EDUCATION PREPARES YOU FOR A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITY

At Foxcroft, young women prepare for college and for life. They discover and enhance their best academic and personal strengths in this community of learners where 95% of the faculty live on campus. Annual events such as the Goodyear Fellow Program, a two-week Interim Program, and the Poetry Festival enrich the rig¬ orous curriculum. In small classes, the faculty focuses on the collaborative way girls learn best; a Learning Center is available. Outstanding extracurricular opportunities include the Leadership Program, Senior Projects, and eight sports teams—one of which is a Champion Riding Team. Foxcroft’s 500-acre campus provides a beautiful and safe setting located just 50 miles from the cultural and educational resources of Washington, D.C. FOXCROFT S C H O O L Foreign Service Scholarships Available

Foxcroft is a college-preparatory boarding and day school for girls in grades 9-12. For more information, please contact: The Admission Office Foxcroft School, Post Office Box 5555, Middleburg, VA 20118 1-800-858-2364 • 540-687-4340 • [email protected] www.foxcroft.org Foxcroft School admits qualified students regardless of race, religion, and national and ethnic origin.

WK,ST row's For Two Hundred Years

A Quaker, co-ed, day Sc boarding Rigorous academics A College Preparatory School for Girls Grade* 6-12 Diiy & Boanfing strong arts and athletics programs. Outstanding Equestrian Programs Call lor information. <510-399-7900. www. westtown. edu 38588 Mentor Avenue • Willoughby. OH 44094 I 440-942-3600 • I 800-753-4683 www.andrews-sdwol.oj'g

54 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN Ah! DEC EM BER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

HOMESCHOOUNG FS KIDS? IT WORKED FOR US

DONE RIGHT, HOMESCHOOLING CAN KEEP YOUR KIDS’ SKILLS UP TO GRADE, PLUS YIELD UNEXPECTED BONUSES.

BY PAT OLSEN

ack in 1989, if you had asked me whether independent study skills which prepared him for entering homeschooling might be a good option high school at our next post. Our fourth/fifth grader enjoyed B for my children, I would have answered tlie extra challenge and quick pace of Iris own math class. with an emphatic “No!” A Foreign Our second/third grader worked quickly and spent many Service spouse with three young boys, I extra hours reading while school was in session. He may was sure that homeschool was an option have terrible handwriting, but he is an arid reader. chosen only by missionaries and a few Little did I realize at the time how few Foreign Sendee counter-culture types. families actually chose to homeschool. I couldn’t help but What did it take to change my mind? The availability of laugh when 1 realized that I had fallen for the Foreign a posting to Majuro, on an atoll in the Services quiet whisper of “home- Marshall Islands, where the house school” to sell exotic (and underbid) had its own palm-treed beach, a coral locales, thinking that it was tiien a reef off tire back deck, a bridge over When I first considered common practice. When I briefly passed through Washington after the water to reach tire front door, sail¬ homeschool, I believed it ing and snorkeling eveiy day of the the tour, the Family Liaison Office year. Water shortages? No telephone? was just for counterculture expressed surprise at finding some¬ Questionable school? I was suddenly one who really had successfully and enthusiastically willing to teach types and missionaries. homeschooled. No statistics were our kids so drat we could have the available in 1991 (nor are tiiere any adventure opportunity of a lifetime. now) and the Office of Overseas And so for two school years, 1989-1991,1 homeschooled Schools suggested to me that fewer than 10 Foreign Service grades 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8. And what a time we had! We families then homeschooled their children. explored remote atolls, dove with sharks, snorkeled among Times have changed. Homeschooling is now a popular giant clams, and swam through pristine coral reefs. and culturally acceptable choice in the United States. Many Our decision and dedication to making homeschool work resources exist to support homeschools and state education were well worth it. We carefully followed and completed tire laws have been written to respond to tire rise in home- Calvert School curriculum, which includes textbooks, schooled children. school supplies and instruction manuals for a solid American-style education. As a result, all three boys later Talk it Over First entered with ease an American international school at grade Before deciding to homeschool, members of a Foreign level. In addition, each boy picked up a little something Service family should talk over the choice carefully and extra that we think was a direct result of our homeschool. thoroughly. If schooling is not available at a given post, are After six months, our seventh/eighth grader realized diat there compelling reasons to take the assignment? Are local procrastination was not a useful habit, so he developed good school options so unsatisfactory that students and parents prefer to homeschool? Pat Olsen recently arrived at Embassy Chisinau, And perhaps most important, is there a family member Moldova, where her husband Norm is DCM. She wel¬ dedicated to being the homeschool teacher? The students comes comments at [email protected]. She previously need active teaching. If they are to give school first priority, served in Kingston, Oslo, Washington, Majuro (Marshall so must the teacher. Islands), Tel Aviv and Geneva. Keep in mind that elementary and high school children

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 55 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

have different academic, social and STROKES of GENIUS ART of COMMUNICATION extra-curricular needs. Young stu¬ dents need to master reading and learn social skills such as cooperation. Teaching upper elementary math and science may be challenging to a homeschool teacher. Students should have experience with drama, art, music and sport. Students of any age need to make friends. Many experts believe that homestudy is more appropriate for elementary students because few of us as parents can offer the expertise needed to teach a com¬ plete high school program. Choosing a good curriculum is very For over a century, we have prepared our important. With the rise in popularity students for college in an environment of homeschooling in the United which has enriched them through the arts and sciences, strengthened them through athletic States, more choices have become pursuits, and matured them in thought available. The goal of short-term and action. Today, Pomfret still effectively homeschooling (which is entirely prepares its students for their futures. achievable) is to enable die child to * * move smootiily back into school at die expected American grade level. When reviewing programs, compare with w the curriculum from your stateside Pomfret, CT 06258 • (860) 963-6120 school to determine what students study in a particular grade. Some cur¬ ricula offer an advisory service, where students send in their work and tests Saint Johns to an assigned teacher for grading and recording. At die end of the course, Preparatory School the sendee will provide a transcript of Founded in 1857 by the Benedictine work completed, simplifying transfer monks of Saint Johns Abbey, Saint into a new school. The State John's Prep is well known for its Department offers limited funding for challenging college, preparatory curriculum in a quality, structured homestudy, designed to cover the cost environment. of curriculum and any associated advi¬ Academic Rigor sory service. (Refer to Standardized 4* Regulation 270.) P Spiritual Growth Honors classes; 8 advanced Bring it With You * placement classes All states now have regulations on Courses for college credit at Saint homeschooling. The requirements P John’s University and the College vaiy, but many require certification of y of Saint Benedict subjects to be taught and examination Enrolling boarding students in of student work and instructional * grades 9-12 materials. In addition, many states Campus is located on 2,400 acres now require of all students specific P of woods and lakes, just 10 achievements tests during selected minutes west of St. Cloud, Minnesota and 1 l/i hrs west of grades covering subjects and informa¬ the Mpls/St. Paul Airport tion which your child will be responsi¬

Saint Johns Preparatory School ble for Inning learned. (Not all will be PO Box 4000 as easy as the 6tii grade literacy test Collegeville, MN 56321 (320)363-3321 (continued on page 58) Email: [email protected] • Web Site: http://wvvw.csbsju/sjprep

56 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL/DEC EMBER 2000 EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY

THE AMERICAN OVERSEAS SCHOOL OF ROME

Preserving a half-century of academic excellence by teaching children to learn how to learn. Challenging curricula including the Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs. Dedicated to teaching respect and understanding in an edu¬ cational community with 600 students from 49 countries - of whom 40% are native English speakers - ensuring a smooth transition for Americans and a rich English language envi¬ ronment for ESL students Committed to developing all the talents and abilities of stu¬ dents through rigorous academics, art, music, drama, athlet¬ ics and support for students wTith special learning needs. Preparing students for the future through cutting edge tech¬ nology - featuring three computer labs and over 70 new Pentium computers. Boarding program for 30 selected high school students. Computer labs powered by: micronpc C0IT1 American Overseas School of Rome Special support provided by: Via Cassia, 811 - Rome, Italy 00189 Tel: 06.3326.4841 Fax: 06.3326.2608 Providing Outstanding Education For The Rome website: www.aosr.org International Community For Over 50 Years email: [email protected] SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Homeschooling 1245 E. Grand Ave. (continued from page 56) Carbondale, IL 62901 618-457-0371 my high school senior was required to Fax: 618-529-1248 take upon entering the Virginia school brehm I @midwest.net system.) www.brehm.org Many families who choose to homeschool do so because of the lack Orton/ of educational opportunities at a small post. That means that families will Wilson/ probably have no resources except Lindamood those they bring with them. A com¬ Bell/ puter is essential today and the Scientific Internet provides unlimited opportu¬ Learning nity to access information, adding a Trained Staff. new dimension to homeschooling. Unlike our days in the Marshall Islands, American homeschoolers Accredited by the: today are widely networked, offering ♦ North Central Association of ♦ Co-educational assistance and support for students, Colleges & Schools teachers and families. Also bring ♦ Maximum class size is 8-10 ♦ Independent School Association maps, a globe, dictionary, thesaurus, a of the Central States ♦ College Prep. Curriculum teacher supply catalog, a large selec¬ tion of age-appropriate literature, an ♦ Speech & Language Therapy electric pencil sharpener, games and ♦ Social Skills Enhancement arts and craft supplies. Successful homeschooling needs the entire family’s support and coop¬ eration. And be sure to include fun as an essential element. Homeschool, if It's About Them. done right, can be an adventure for you and your children. ■ Visit our beautiful campus located in the Hudson Valley ONLINE RESOURCES just 75 miles from NYC. The following Web sites are excellent sources of • Grades 6-12 information, including articles written by home¬ • Boarding Options Available schoolers, books, FAQs, and links to curricula:

• 8-to-1 Student/Faculty Ratio WWW.1I0ME-ED-MACA7.INE.COM Library, resources, on-line newsletter, monthly publication. Look at their on-line Pocket Field Guide to Homeschooling. Click on “Resources - Oakwood State Laws and Regulations.” FKIENDslsCHOOt

www.oakwoodfriends.org WWW.MIEN.ORC The National Home Education Network

WWW.UNSCIIOOUNC.COM Creating non-school learning environments

WWW.CAI.Vi.HT.SCllOOL.OIiC The Calvert School has offered home- study courses for almost 100 years.

WWW.STATE.COV/ W W WVli O/EDl CATION.HTML Family Liaison Office, Education. See Direct Communication Project Paper No. 30, The Home Poughkeepsie, New York 1-800-843-3341 or [email protected] Study Option, available online.

58 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O U RN AU DEC EM B ER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

WELCOME

Where intellect and character Where a part are developed can be played on together. stage and behind the scenes.

Where NYC is easy to visit and exciting Where sports to experience. are competitive and fitness is the focus. THE

Where activities abound Where bonds in-house and of lifelong friend¬ off-campus ship are estab¬ lished. MASTERS SCHOOL

49 CLINTON AVE. • DOBBS FERRY, NEW YORK 10522 • (914) 479-6420 • WWW.THEMASTERSSCHOOL.COM

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 59 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

CARDIGAN study... MOUNTAIN SCHOOL music

AN INDEPENDENT BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS IN GRADES 6 - 9, LOCATED IN CANAAN, NEW HAMPSHIRE, 30 MINUTES FROM DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. dance visual arts Cardigan Mountain School seeks to educate adolescent boys in mind, body, and spirit, in a small theatre arts residential community that values each student in its care. creative Canaan, New Hampshire 03741 '*■ 603.523.3548 *» www.cardigan.org writing at BRENTWOOD COLLEGE SCHOOL interlochen Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada A summer arts camp for students ages 8-18 420 students, BOYS and GIRLS: Grades 8-12 Founded 1923 - An independent Boarding School committed to excellence in education WHERE IN THE WORLD ARE YOUR CHILDREN GOING? What are they going to need? - A sense of self-worth - A feeling of competence - Every opportunity for personal growth - A passport For years, Brentwood College graduates have continued their studies at all major Canadian universities, at American universities, including Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Stanford, the University of California, the University of Washington, and at many prestigious institutes of higher learning in Europe.

It’s not just what we do that is so important; It’s how we do it!

Our ideas on education are providing students with a passport that will enable An arts academy for 435 high school students them to choose where they want to go for the rest of their lives.

For further information, please contact: The Admissions Office, Brentwood College School, Interlochen Center for the Arts Box 1000, Mill Bay, B.C. VOR 2PO Canada. TEL: (250) 743-5521 FAX: (250) 743-2911 telephone 23 1.276.7472 e-mail [email protected] 12.mi.us Visit our website at http://www.brentwood.bc.ca web www.interlochen.org

60 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL/DEC EMBER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

“Where Education and Tradition Form The Perfect Balance” We are committed to academic excellence and to the For a free catalog, contact the Marine Military Academy development in our cadets of self discipline and a sense of Admissions Office at 320 Iwo Jima Boulevard, Harlingen, Texas responsibility toward the community at large. We instill a system 78550 or call 956/423-6006, Ext 252. of values and a work ethic which will continue to serve them after their school years. Ninty-eight percent of our graduates are accepted into the MARINE Country’s leading universides and service academies. Discover the difference we can make for your boy in grades 8 through 12 plus MILITARY ACADEMY post graduates. 320 Iwo Jima Boulevard / Harlingen, Texas 78550 (956) 423-6006, Ext. 252 A summer camp program is available. E-mail: admissions @mma-tx.org or visit our web site at: www.mma-tx.org

MMA does not discriminate on the basis oj race, color, national or ethnic origin.

^Concentrate - on Demand/ ffV 1

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 61 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

College/Career Assessment 8c Exploration Post-Secondary •''Monitored, Community-Based Strategies Program Acquisition of Learning Skills Money & Time Management OPTOiS Social Skills Development Academic Enhancement Remediation MCZL

PROGRAM at Brehm ■r Emphasis r at lireltm is placed on developing advocacy skills vh and organizational strategies that will allow students to Brehm is "Empowering cope with the demands in the students with learning classroom, the job market, disabilities to recognize and in family and personal and optimize their full adjustments. potential. ’’

1245 E. Grand Ave. ^j^-Carbondale, IL 62901 Ph: 618-457-0371 Fax: 618-529-1248 Christchurch Episcopal School’s latest crop of cheerleaders. You can’t find a more enthusiastic bunch. But it’s no real surprise. They know they’re getting just what they’re paying for - a leg up for their sons and daughters in college and in life. Christchurch is a safe haven, a focused atmosphere, a tailored challenge, a new start; and it has an enviable track record. So give Christchurch a call and join the cheering. Parents, CHRISTCHURCH EPISCOPAL SCHOOL 1-800-296-2306 • www.christchurchschool.org 75 years oj College Prep * Grades 8-12 • Boys Boarding & Coed Day Our campus borders the Rappahannock River near the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. Christchurch is non-discriminatory in admission and financial aid practices. We also offer Coed Boarding & Day Summer Camps and Skills Programs.

62 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL! DEC EM BER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Educating today’s youth for tomorrow’s challenges At Dublin School we foster those values, attitudes, and skills that enable a student to make a difference. A co¬ ed college-preparatory school, students and adults live and work together at Dublin School, promoting a bal¬ ance of individual freedom and community responsi¬ bility. Despite its small size, the school offers a wide range of academic and co-curricular offerings. And be¬ cause of its small size, faculty accessibility and individual attention are guaranteed. Dublin is dedicated to devel¬ oping young men and women who are compassionate, self-reliant, contributing members of society; men and women who seek truth and act with courage; and men and women who are self-directed, lifelong learners. New Harrisville Road Dublin, NH 03444-0522 • Grades 9-12 • Community service Voice: 603-563-8584 • Co-ed • Varsity athletics Fax: 603-563-8671 • 5:1 student-teacher ratio • Visual and performing arts E-mail: admission@dublinschool. org • Small, nurturing community • Extracurricular activities www. dublinschool. org

FREDERIC L. CHAMBERLAIN SCHOOL Every student can succeed. Compassion, caring and counseling lead the way F.L. Chamberlain School is a private, non-profit, coeducational, MA- 766 approved residential school for moderate to severely emotionally disturbed adolescents ages 11-18. Many of our students also have accompanying learning and communication disorders. Located on a beautiful, 11-acre campus between Cape Cod and Boston, Massachusetts, we offer a highly structured 24 hours per day program geared toward family reunification and transition to community based living. We utilize a state of the art behavior management system that consists of a structured level system, repair contracts, and proactive For more information contact: plans to help students improve individual behavior and develop age- appropriate social skills Patricia A. Ferris The Chamberlain School is a diploma granting institution licensed Director of Admissions by the Office of Childcare Services and the Department of L Chamberlain School Education. F www.chamberlainschool.org PO Box 778 Middleboro, MA 02346 [email protected] Tel: (508) 947-7825 ext. 22 Fax: (508) 947-0944

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 63 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

yy«ia« ward Military Academy

College Prep In An Atmosphere of Discipline and MILITARY Respect Since 1898, the Academy continues to provide a structured, small school environment for 6th-12th grade boys stressing academics and self-discipline. Visit our website to see how your son can be all he can be.

r /‘-cz T'irrrfar i f n-rrn'nr': y'HJTfzrr L 'rrrr,?rm

r T * fFrr —CTC ■ - - / /• r-r\ ; C W 1 College Credit

www. lwma. org European Travel P.O. Box 550 • Camp Hill, AL 36850 • Tel: 256-896-4127 Sailing

Flight Students from 30 states and 10 countries meet at Shattuck-St. Mary’s School for an outstanding academic experience Scuba in a secure, midwest campus community. The student-faculty ratio is 7-1 Competitive Sports Teams and all teachers live on campus. Other features include: Naval JROTC ♦ Grades 6-12 ♦ Coed ♦ Boarding and Day ♦ Separate Middle School and Boarding 6-12 Upper School programs ♦ Outstanding coaching in drama, (great weather) music and athletics ♦ 45 minutes from Admiral Farragut Minneapolis/St. Paul airport Academy Call 507-333-1618 St. Petersburg, FL Fax 507-333-1661 E-mail: [email protected] www.s-sm.org www.farraaut.orQ 727-384-5500

SHATTUCK’STMARYS SCHOOL FARIBAULT, MN, 55021 U.S.A.

64 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/DECEMBER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Fountain Valley School of Colorado 70-year Tradition of Excellence Academics, Arts and Athletics

Coeducational, College-preparatory, Boarding and Day, Grades 9-12

■ Rigorous academics—AP and honors classes in every discipline—prepare students for highly selective colleges and universities (100% college matriculation). ■ Outstanding programs in art, athletics, horseback riding and outdoor education ■ Average class size 12, and 5:1 student to faculty ratio Fountain Valley School ■ Magnificent campus with excellent science, technology, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80911 arts, athletics and residence hall facilities Phone: 719-390-7035 Fax: 719-390-7762 ■ Strong advising system with student leadership E-mail: [email protected] opportunities Web site: wunv.fvs.edu ■ 225 students from 13 countries and 23 states

A Trep Scfioof ivith A (Mifitary Tradition

Spar!£ your son's or daughter's mind with strong academics, an award-winning hand, 22 sports, optionalffight training, Office of Admissions Air ‘force Junior ROTC, and the chance to lead and succeed. 200 Academy Drive Randolph-Macon Academy is a college prep school for day front Royal, VA 22630 and hoarding students in grades 5-12. founded in 1892, we're affiliated with the Please call or e-mail us ‘United Methodist Church. Located 45 minutes from or visit our weh site: Dulles International Airport, the campus is surrounded hy Virginia's Blue ‘Ridge Mountains (800) 272-1172 (540) 636-5200 in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley. [email protected] www.rma.edu

DECEMBER 2000/FORE1CN SERVICE JOURNAL 65 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

\AUnhL-clfi44 . Vv

WASHINGTON INTERN A World-Class

^NATIOHN American > Pre-K through Grade 12 day school > Bilingual and second language programs in Education with English/French and English/Spanish > Advanced math and science preparation > International Baccalaureate Diploma program European Style >■ Extended day and summer options > Selective, competitive admissions Leysin American School in Switzerland

Primary School: Reservoir Road at 36th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007 • Building a Middle and Upper Schools: 3100 Macomb Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 Harmonious Community Admissions: (202) 243-1815 Fax: (202) 243-1807 [email protected] • Providing an Academic Challenge • Offering a Balanced Educational Program • International A FUTURE OF Understanding Coeducational, boarding, GREAT POSSIBILITIES grades 9-12 and PG year. Located in a beautiful & safe Alpine Resort, above Lake Geneva, close to Montreux, Lausanne, & Geneva Excellent US and International university / college placement @ Leysin American School in

FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CALL 214 - 360-6522 Switzerland - US Admissions PO Box 7154 (F) GIRLS: PRK-K - 12TH GRADE • BOARDING: 8TH - 12TH GRADE Portsmouth, NH 03802 THE 603-431-7654 Fax 603-431-1280 HOCKADAY e-mail [email protected] SCHOOL Visit Our Website 11600 WELCH ROAD, DALLAS, TEXAS 75229 • 214-363-6311 at www.las.ch

66 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN Ah/DEC EMB ER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

TASIS ik*

THE TASIS SCHOOLS IN EUROPE

Founded in 1956, TASIS is the longest established American boarding school in Europe. ♦ Magnificent campuses near Lugano, Switzerland, and London, England ♦ Co-educational; Day Students, Pre-K-12; Boarding, 7-12; Post Graduate year ♦ Challenging and diverse curricula: US College Prep, Advanced Placement Program, International Baccalaureate ♦ Extensive Travel, Sports, Art, Drama, Music, and Activities ♦ Outstanding university placement record ♦ Exciting summer programs offering foreign language and enrichment courses ♦ Scholarships for Foreign Service children

Please contact: The TASIS Schools, 1640 Wisconsin Ave, NW, Washington. DC 20007 • Tel: (202) 965 5800 • Fax: (202) 965 5816 E-mail: [email protected] • Web site: www.tasis.com

The more the world changes, the more your child needs the classical curriculum only Calvert home schooling offers. Some learning tools may change, but the strongest foundation for your child’s education remains a curriculum that’s solidly designed and academically complete. For nearly a century, Calvert School has helped parents teach and children excel through a classical curriculum that ensures not only the basics, but a fully rounded, values-based education for life. Each curriculum package, available for grades K-8, includes easy-to-follow lesson manuals, textbooks, workbooks and school supplies — everything you and your children need to explore the joys of learning. So prepare your family for the home-schooling experience of a lifetime. For more information or a complimentary course catalog, call 888-487-4652, or visit our Web site at www.calvertschool.org.

Calvert %r® School Easier for you to teach. Easier for them to learn.

105 Tuscany Road • Baltimore, MD 21210 • Fax: 410-366-0674

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 67 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

QUALITY WYOMING EDUCATION IN A CHRISTIAN ENVIRONMENT

San Marcos Baptist Academy is a private boarding school for boys in grades 6-12 and girls in grades 8-12. Day school enrollment is available for boys and girls in grades 6-12. The Academy seeks to guide, assist, and inspire students to discover, appreciate, and realize their full potential in a values-oriented, structured environment. The Academy offers: pre-AP, AP and regular curricula For more information LD support contact the leadership Admissions Office: opportunities 2801 Ranch Road 12 through JROTC and San Marcos, TX 78666 C.O.E.D.S. programs 1-800-428-5120 student activities fax: (512) 753-8031 and trips e-mail: technology courses a school ~ [email protected] athletics that will prepare you for a web: www.smba.org great college experience fine arts

a home - where students from 22 countries and 12 states build GARRISON a community that's caring, FOREST challenging and fun A Boarding and a lifetime ~ Day School for Girls where teachers who live in the dorms are mentors who Small, nurturing environment prepare you for life Boys 9-16 Oldest junior boarding school for language conveniently located in Based learning differences Now offering a formal 9th grade program Northeast Pennsylvania Founded 1961 SUMMER PROGRAM Regular School Year: Well balanced program combining August 28, 2001 - May 24, 2002 morning academics with afternoon traditional camp activities and Performing Arts Summer Sessions: weekend overnight trips. June 26 to August 4, 2001 Boys & Girls 7-16 luly 1 - August 1 Academic Summer Sessions: • excellent college placement Brochure available June 29 to July 21, 2001 • advanced placement courses in Michael P. Holland every discipline Headmaster and Executive Director Accreditation: New England Association of Office of Admission • superb offerings in arts, athletics Schools and Colleges • full riding program with polo Wyoming Seminary Linden Hill School & Summer Program • 100 acre country campus 154 South Mountain Road 201 North Sprague Ave. Northfield, MA 01360-9681 Kingston, PA 18704 Please call (410) 363-1500 Toll free admissions: 888.254.6336 (570)270-2166 In Owings Mills, Md. two miles north Office: 413.498.2906 of Baltimore Beltway exit 20. www.gfs.org Fax: 413.498.2908 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Intellect. Integrity. Spirit! Web site: www.lindenhs.org www.wyomingseminary.org

68 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL! D EC EM BER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT HUDSON HIGHLANDS A GREAT PLACE TO “HOME” SCHOOL YOUR KIDS

Since 1889, New York Military Academy has been home - and school - to thou¬ sands of young men and women, from seventh to twelfth grades. Many come for f -f the structured, nurturing environment. Many come for the small classes where the focus is on individual attention and motivation. Still others come for the rich sports and extra-curricular programs we're famous for. Whatever the reason, the results are the same: New York Military Academy Graduates are disciplined, self- motivated leaders. Ninety-nine percent go on to college and select candidates are nominated to our Nation's Service Academies. New York Military Academy is located on 165 scenic acres in the historic Hudson Valley. If your son or daughter needs a change for the better, please take a closer look. Call New York Military Academy today to schedule a tour.

Now Interviewing For February and September, 2001 Admissions

NEW YORK MILITARY ACADEMY ★ Our Second Century of Excellence ★

78 Academy Avenue Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY 12520 E-mail: [email protected] www.nyma.org CALL l-888-ASK-NYMA(275-6962) SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

The Forman School am Litchfield, CT

I've always been curious - getting into things, taking things apart. When I got to the Rabun Gap-Nacoochee School, Offering students with learning differences I found out how much I love science. My teachers helped me discover the opportunity to achieve academic where my real talents and interests lie. excellence. They have encouraged me to explore. I know that I will keep the spirit of • 180 Students adventure that this school has nurtured •Co-ed, Boarding e alive for the rest of my life. I have •College Preparatory grown from an inquisitive kid to an ^jilorer ready to take on the world. •Daily, Direct Remedial and Strategies To learn more about the Instruction Rabun Gap-Nacoochee School, •4:1 Student:Teacher Ratio just call or visit our web site. •Programs Tailored to Individual Learning Needs and Styles ip- RABUN GAP RABUN CAP - NACOOCHEE SCHOOL (860)567-1802 P.O. Box 80, Litchfield, CT 06579-0080 339 Nacoochee Drive • Rabun Cap, GA 30568 [email protected] www.formanschool.org 1-800-543-7467 • www.rabungap.org

WE BELIEVE... Tallulah Falls School in young people, in academics, Founded in 1909 by the Georgia Federation of in leadership, in character, Women’s Clubs, Tallulah Falls School continues in challenges, in tradition. . . to offer an affordable alternative for young men and women in grades six through twelve. With a maximum enrollment of 150 and a student-teacher ratio of 12:1, Tallulah Falls School provides a quality education in the Northeast Georgia Mountains. For information contact: Paul Fisher Office of Admissions co-ed • college prep • structure • P. O. Box 10 • boarding/day • 100% college acceptance • Tallulah Falls, Ga.30573 • 11:1 student/teacher ratio • (706)754-3171 • faculty supervised study halls • • full athletic program • www.tallulalifalls.org Oak Ridge Military Academy The Light in the Mountains Since 1909 ~ 1-800-321-7904 Oak Ridge, NC MMHII www.oakridgemilitary.com

70 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OURN AL/DECEMBER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

QUEEN MARGARET’S SCHOOL L. ui&LV An Exceptional Education

Challenging, Structured Academic Girl's Senior School Program Girl’s Boarding Small, Friendly, Inspiring Co-ed Junior School Kindergarten to Grade 7 The Grier School ~ .Fine arts Duncan. BC, Canada A Boarding School for Girls Athletics ~ Since 1921 — — Canada’s (250) 746-4185 E-mail: [email protected] Equestrian www.qms.bc.ca URL:http://www.grier.org School [email protected] phone: 814 684 3000 (Optional program) fax: 814 684 2177 college-prep academics, athletics, arts, dance, horseback riding PV *< 4 ©

LAWRENCE ACADEMY ST. JOHNSBURY, VERMONT J&t EST. 1842

St. Johnsbury Academy is a coedu¬ cational boarding and day school for honors, advanced placement students in grades 9-12 and PG. Our unusually broad curriculum independent study options includes nearly 200 offerings and 12 Advanced Placement courses. state-of-the-art athletic center St Johnsbury is a traditional small town set in one of the most beautiful and unspoiled corners new arts center of New England.

Call us at 802.751.2130 For more information, please contact the Admissions Office at or visit us on the web at www.stj.k12.vt.us 976-448-6535, e-mail [email protected], or fax 978-448-9208. Powderhouse Road, P.O. Box 992, Groton, Massachusetts 01450-0992 1000 Main Street, St. Johnsbury, VT 05819

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 71 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

iW ' * - «!» EPISCOPAL Lives in the kJM HIGH SCHOOL

Just minutes from the nation’s capital on a beautiful 130-acre campus, Episcopal High School is a dynamic college prepara¬ tory boarding school for boys and girls in grades nine-12.

Diverse student body representing 30 states and 15 countries Strong and broad offerings in arts and athletics Access to Washington’s cultural and educational resources Gow is a boarding school for young men grades 7 through Fully integrated technology 12 with dyslexia and other language based Dynamic academics learning issues. We offer a strong academic college preparatory Commitment to personal growth curriculum with a diverse fine arts and One-hundred percent residential full interscholastic athletic program. Small, interactive classes To receive an information packet and video, call (716) 652-3450 or Douglas C. Price, Director of Admissions e-mail: [email protected] visit our web site at Episcopal High School www.gow.org 1200 North Quaker Lane ♦ Alexandria, VA 22302 phone: 703-933-4062 e-mail:: [email protected] The Gow School web site: www.episcopalhighschool.org PO Box 85, South Wales, New York 14139-0085

FLORIDA AIR ACADEMY A coeducational, college preparatory school, Northfield Mount Hermon enrolls 950 boarders and 200 day students in grades 9-12 and EDUCATION postgraduate. With an innovative educational program, incredibly diverse and talented people, and world-class YOU CAN resources, the school enables students to leam better and BELIEVE grow more as people. NMH provides focus (take only two major courses per term/six courses per year), individual IN attention (residential, academic, and college counseling), opportunity (nearly 400 courses, 23 AP courses, 65 athletic teams, 35+ student groups, eleven study-abroad options), real-world context (every student receives a laptop), and values (work program, volunteerism, religious studies courses). Boarding tuition: $26,950; day tuition: $19,950. Head of School Richard W. Mueller (NMH ’62) is the former United States Consul General to Hong Kong and a > Boys boarding and day, grades 7-12 32-year Foreign Service officer. > AP and honors classes available > Eleven service academy nominations Contact: Admission Office > SACS accredited; all teachers state certified Northfield Mount Hermon > Numerous weekend trips and activities SCHOOL > Excellent flight, scuba, martial arts programs 206 Main Street Fall, Spring & Summer Enrollment Opportunities Northfield, Massachusetts 01360-1089 413-498-3227 Call (321)723-3211 * www.flair.com E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.nmhschool.org 0950 South Academy Drive * Melbourne, Florida 32901 ■

72 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL/DECEMBER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED 45 Dana Road • Wellesley, MA • 02482 COED BOARDING SCHOOL for Students with Dyslexia, LD, and ADD Where students nith learning problems become young adults of promise! Facilitating Student Success Since 1966 Skill Remediation and Acceleration One-on-One Reading Tutorials Individualized Instruction Grades 5 to 12, Post-Grad Post-Secondary Counseling SACS and FCIS Accredited Interscholastic and Intramural Sports Student Council, Clubs, Weekend Activities

THE Y VANGUARD SCHOOL Lake Wales, Florida Dana Hall School ; Phone 863-676-6091 FAX 863-676-8297 An independent, college preparatory boarding E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.vanguardschool.org Students admitted without regard to race, creed, sex, or ethnic origin. and day school for girls in grades 6-12

Milton Academy Fishburne Military School 170 Centre Street, Milton, MA 02186 SINCE 1879 Small, Structured, Supportive www.milton.edu [email protected] 0 Enrollment limited to 200 0 College-prep 617-898-2227 0 How-to-study program 0 Active, very structured days A boarding and day school eight miles south of 0 9 to 1 student/teacher ratio Boston, Milton develops confident, independent 0 Parental involvement thinkers in a setting where students and faculty alike encouraged and facilitated understand that the life of the mind is the pulse of 0 Summer program available the school. 0 All male, grades 8-12

Fishburne Military School has been providing young men an excellent college-preparatory education for over 120 years. It's reputation for helping students reach their potential in a safe, family-like environment is known world-wide. Located in the small town of Waynesboro, Virginia, Fishburne attracts students from all over the United States as well as 17 different countries. Miltons white fences are not our boundaries. The Milton community connects purposefully with the Fishburne Military School world s events, issues and developments. Students P.0. Box 988 Waynesboro, VA 22980 graduate with a clear sense of themselves, their 1-800-946-7773 o Tel. 540 946-7703 0 Fax 540-946-7702 world, and how to contribute. www.fishburne.org 0 email: [email protected]

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 73 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

See our web page WWW.afsa.org and click on the marketplace tab.

JUNIOR-SENIOR HIG SCHOOLS Andrews School, The 205 All girls 28 13 6-12 Y N 30 miles Y Y N $21,750 Cardigan Mountain 203 All boys 92 8 6-9 N N 130 miles Y Y N 27,700 Dana Hall 435 All girls 50 14 6-12 N N 12 miles Y Y N 28,940 Delphian School 230 50/50 60 9 3-12 N N 50 miles Y Y Y 24,748 Grier School, The 174 All girls 100 50 7-12, PG Y Y 120 miles Y 1 Y Y 24,250 Linden Hall 120 All girls 75 25 6-12, PG Y Y 30 miles NA Y Y 24,100 Linsly School, The 400 58/42 25 6 7-12 N Limited 60 miles Y Y Y 18,150 Oakwood Friends 140 55/45 55 5 6-12 Y Y 35 miles N N N 25,900 School Oldfields 188 All girls 80 14 8-12 Y Limited 35 miles N N Y1 26,900 Rabun Gap School 275 48/52 55 10 7-12 Y N 100 miles Y Y Y 21.000 Randolph Macon 475 70/30 84 13 6-12, PG Y N 60 miles Y Y N 16,000 Academy Shattuck - St. 310 61/39 80 15 6-12, PG Y N 45 miles Y Y N 22,300 Mary’s School St. John’s 292 55/45 38 18 7-12, PG Y N 75 miles Y Y Y 18,800 Preparatory Stony Brook 375 60/40 50 11 7-12 Y N 55 miles Y Y N 22,900 Tallulah Falls School 150 50/50 99 9 6-12 Y N 90 miles N N N 15,300 Vanguard School. The 148 63/37 95 30 5-12. PG N All ADD/LD 50 miles Y Y N 27,800 Washington Int'l 802 49/51 0 37 PK-12 N Limited 8 miles Y NA NA 16,400 School West Nottinaham 125 67/33 75 20 6-12 N Y 50 miles Y Y Y 29.460

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS Christchurch 225 85/15 66 10 8-12, PG Y Y 120 miles Y Y N 21,750 Episcopal High School Dublin School 116 58/42 74 12 9-12 Y Y 80 miles v Y Y 27,400 Episcopal High School 410 60/40 100 6 9-12 v Y 2 miles N Y N 24,300 Fountain Valley School 230 48/52 64 14 9-12 Y N 70 miles Y v Y 25.300 Foxcroft School 160 All girls 75 13 9-12, PG Y N 30 miles Y N Y 26,940 Garrison Forest School 213 All girls 46 9 9-12 Y N 35 miles Y Y N 26,950 Hockaday School, The 432 All girls 16 3 9-12 Y N 25 miles Y Y 26,990 * Idyllwild Arts Academy 250 40/60 90 27 8-12. PG N N 120 miles Y Y 28,700 Interlochen Arts 447 27/73 92 13 9-12, PG N N 16 miles Y Y Y 26,200 Lawrence Academy 377 55/45 50 48 N 50 miles Y Y Y 27,800 Masters School, The 395 48/52 43 15 9-12, PG Y NA 20 miles N l N 25,950 Milton Academy 660 53/47 40 14 9-12 N N 10 miles Y Y Y 26.950 Northfield Mount 1139 53/47 82 25 9-12, PG N Limited 60 miles Y Y Y 25,950 Hermon Pomfret School 335 55/45 75 12 9-12, PG N N 60 miles Y 28,350 Sandy Spring 207 50/50 18 12 9-12 Y N 20 miles Y Y Y1 19,500-24,050 Friends School

1 w/ host family

74 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL/DEC EMB ER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

See our web page WWW.afsa.org and click on the marketplace tab.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS Saint Johnsbury 956 50/50 18 9 9-12, PG Y Y 75 miles Y Y Y $21,875 Academy Subiaco Academy 205 All boys 75 32 9-12 N N 50 miles Y Y Limited 12,300 Verde Valley School 95 45/55 80 17 9-12, PG Y Limited 105 miles N Y Limited 25.400 Westover School 195 All girls 70 20 9-12 ! Y Limited 55 miles Y Y N 25,800 Westtown School 386 46/54 74 10 9-12 N Limited 20 miles Y Y Y 24,250 Wyoming Seminary 425 54/46 33 15 9-PG V N 15 miles Y Y Y 25,000 MILITARY SCHOOLS Admiral Farragut 345 75/25 50 10 6-12 N N 20 miles Y N Y | 18,000 Fishburne Military School 200 All boys 90 8-12 Y Limited 90 miles Y Y Y 17,400 Lyman Ward All boys 100 5 6-12 N Y 100 miles N Y CD CD CM N 13,350 Military Academy Marine Military 370 All boys 100 15 8-12, PG NA N 1.5 miles N N Y 15,600 Academy ' New York Military 304 47/53 85 20 7-12, PG NA Y Y N 23,500 Academy V ; Oak Ridge Military 220 80/20 69 15 7-12, PG N 6 miles Y Y Y 16,985 Academy San Marcos Baptist 280 66/34 72 24 6-12 N N 30 miles Y Y Y 17,998 Academy

SPECIAL NEEDS SCHOOLS Brehm Schools 95 70/30 98 3 6-12, PG N All ADD/LD 110 miles N Y N 36,950 Forman School 180 70/30 87 7 9-12 N Y 45 miles Y Y N 36.000 Frederic L. 80 77/23 80 2 7-12 N All ADD/LD 45 miles N N Y 99,499 Chamberlain School Gow School. The 143 All boys 100 12 7-12, PG N AIILD 20 miles Y Y N 28,450 Linden Hill 46 All boys 100 12 6-12 N 70 miles Y Y 33,900 ' Nawa Academy 70 55/15 100 2 7-12 N Y 120 miles Y N Y 23,500 HOMESCHOOLING Calvert School Homeschooling program. K - 8. For more information, go to www.calvertschool.org

OVERSEAS SCHOOLS American Overseas 600 50/50 7 70 Pre-K-PG j N Y 30 miles Y Y N 21,000- School of Rome 25,000 Brentwood College 425 58/42 78 22 8-12 N N 42 miles Y Y N 16,500 School Leysin American 315 55/45 100 60 9-12, PG I Y N 75 miles Y Y N 25,000 School in Switzerland Queen Margaret’s 160 All girls 50 15 6-12 Y N 60 miles Y Y Y1 18,000 School TASIS-American 740 50/50 50 30 Pre-K-12 N Limited 15 miles N Limited N 16,470 School in England TASIS-American 215 50/50 90 65 7-12, PG N Limited 60 miles N Limited Y 27,800 School in Switzerland l

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DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 75 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

AS H ADMAST R, YOU WOULD THINK Learning Has No Boundaries. R NO DIORIO WOULD B URGING Nawa Academy TH LINSLY SCHOOL TO G T Fully Accredited Small Classes BACK TO BASICS. College Preparatory Coed, Grades 7-I2

Internationa! Traveling Program BUT HE’S NOT. The Linsly School never left them. persistent curiosity necessary for lifelong Showcard Program After 186 years. Linsly still learning. And where lectures, laboratories, concerns itself with what colleges arid par¬ computers, competitions, discussions ami Outdoor Adventure Skills Training ents want, and most importantly, dehates provide different ways for students what children need. It promotes an lo discover the world and their place in it. adventure summer school also available environment where young men and women But above all. Linsly still gain self confidence and develop character. concerns itself with one hash: mission: Where a rigorous curriculum ensures the bringing young minds to life. That is the intellectual foundation, thinking skills and reason we're here.

Next Admissions valuation AND/OR Open House jan. 13th, Feb 17th. Match 24th, Apr2lst& May 12th. 2001 Ca« 1-304-233-1436 n. ot to arrange a visit.

The Linsly School BRINGING YOUNG MINDS TO LIFE. imHP.linsly.org Located in Whaling, WV, lanty is a co-educational college preparatory school for grades 5-12 with 5- or 7-thy hoarding. The Linsly School is an equal opportunity school.

OLDFIELDS Washington, D.C. Area 1500 GLENCOE ROAD • GLENCOE, MARYLAND 21152 • (410)472-4800

FIVE OR SEVEN DAY BOARDING OPTIONS GRADES 9 THROUGH 12 • AP classes • 4:1 student-to-teacher ratio PRE-K THROUGH 12 DAY SCHOOL • Riding program • Outstanding arts program • 185 girls in grades 8-12 0 AP COURSES 0 QUALITY FACULTY • Integrated laptop technology 0 SMALL CLASSES 0 QUAKER VALUES 0 STRONG ARTS, ATHLETICS Beautifully situated on 200 acres, Oldfields School is nationally 0 SUMMER FRIENDS CAMPS known for its individualized college preparatory curriculum and warm, supportive environment. Located 25 miles north of 16923 NORWOOD ROAD, SANDY SPRING, MD 20860 Baltimore, Oldfields has been committed to the intellectual, ethical, Phone: (301) 774-7455 Fax: (301) 924-1115 and social development of girls for 134 years. WWW.SSFS.ORG [email protected] • www.01dfieldsSchool.com

76 FOREIGN SERVICE J OV RN AL! D EC EMBER 2000 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

A leader in girls' education... WESTOVER SCHOOL Middlebury, CT Westover is an academically rigorous school dedicated to challenging and encouraging young women in all aspects of academic, community, and athletic life. Girls’ boarding & day. Joint grades Math/Science 9- 12 program with Rensselaer Outstanding Polytechnic performing & Institute visual arts Joint program Students with the representing Manhattan 14 countries and School of Music 21 states Competitive Joint program with the School sports Academic Excellence including dance, of Dance an outdoor Connecticut Girls’Day & Boarding School ~k Grades 6 thru 12, PG program, and 8 Advanced College Preparatory, ESL ~k Financial Aid Available varsity sports For more information contact: Placement in 17 Summer WISE subjects Camp for girls Preview Day held entering 7th,8th, The Office of Admission or 9th grades on December 8 Westover School for prospective P.O. Box 847 students and New athletic Middlebury, CT 06762 complex opening parents. Please LINDEN HALL Fall 2001 tel: (203) 758-2423 call for details. fax: (203) 577-4588 Lititz, PA • USA 800*258%5778 ?ir mmv.lindenhalLcom e-mail: [email protected]

THE HALLOCK SCHOLARSHIP FOR AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE STUDENTS APPLICATIONS NOW BEING ACCEPTED FOR THE 2000-2001 SCHOOI.-VTAR.

WEST NOTTINGHAM ACADEMY

The Oldest Boarding School in America, I iwm founded 1744

Coed Boarding and Day Programs for Grades 9-12 Day Program for Grades 6, 7, 8 • E-enabled *8:1 Student/Teacher Ratio Strong Advisor Program • 100% College Acceptance • AP Courses • Independent Study 90 minutes North of Washington DC in Colora, Maryland CALL HEIDI K. L. SPRINKLE - 1-410-658-5556 x210 - FAX 1-410-658-6790

email - [email protected] • www.wna.org

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 77 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

SUB! ACO A World of Opportunities We live in a diverse Just a few of the many or by regular mail to: world. opportunities you’ll Patrick Weaver find at Subiaco. Director of At Subiaco, our Admissions students reflect that For more information Subiaco Academy diversity, coming from and an application, 405 N. Subiaco Ave. nine different coun¬ contact our Director Subiaco, Arkansas tries around the of Admissions. 72865. globe. Imagine. Patrick Weaver, at 1-800-364-7824. Cultural exchange. by E-mail at Learning a new [email protected]. language. Keeping on an Independent School with a Public Purpose top of world politics. Founded in 1948 All before first Co-educational, grades 9-12, PG period. Boarding and Day Students/College Preparatory 160 of Northern Arizona’s most spectacular acres 110 miles from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport 99 students— representing 15 states and 10 countries 19 Outstanding Faculty "A Benedictine Education www.verdevalleyschool.org for the Leaders of [email protected] Tomorrow. ” (520) 284-2272

Education that makes a difference.

Our 700-acre private school is dedicated to high Academic standards, a rigorous sports program, And a strong work ethic, allowing children to be Well-prepared for college, careers, and life. 9-month Fall & ESL Programs Students use the innovative study methods of 4 to 6 Week Summer Session Author and educator L. Ron Hubbard. Personalized Approach to Students ThG Delphian School 20950 SW Rock Creek Sheridan, Oregon 97378 coastal Oregon www.delphian.org

Boarding Ages 9-17 Ca|| Now: (503) 843-3521 Fax: (903) 843-4158 [LXJ n qflpPLIEUq c 2000 Delphi Schools, Inc. - All Rights Reserved. Delphi schools, Inc. admits students of any race, color, and national uGHDIASTICu origin. The Delphian School is licensed to use Applied Scholastics'” educational services. BAMOOti TiiE Sm0ROW HUBBM

78 FOREIGN SERVICE J O V RN AL/D EC E M B E R 2000 BOOKS

HURRICANE nuclear confrontation, then on die Jordan, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, red-eye back to Geneva to confer with Thailand, Denmark, Nepal and MADELEINE Russia’s Yevgeny Primakov on how to Uzbekistan as regional environmen¬ make Saddam Hussein accept tal hubs where a Foreign Service Madeleine Albright and the weapons inspectors in Iraq. Then it’s officer is assigned to address region¬ New American Diplomacy. on to the difficult problems of Middle al concerns. Another achievement Thomas W. Lippman, Westview Eastern peace and decisions about he credits to Albright’s efforts is the Press, 2000, 372 pages, hardcover, Bosnia, Kosovo, Cyprus, and passage of the Kyoto Protocol to $27.00 Indonesia. reduce greenhouse gases in 1997 Lippman’s reporting throughout is (though the agreement was dead on BY CAROLINE BENNER first-rate. He tracks speeches and arrival in the U.S. Senate). Lippman also covers Albright’s travels to In his policy-intensive biography, refugee camps and small villages to Madeleine Albright and the New Albright is no stujfy, champion women’s rights and chal¬ American Diplomacy, reporter lenge customs that hurt women. Thomas Lippman of The Washington However, Lippman does not Post argues that Albright “has tried to tradition-bound spend much time on what many renovate diplomacy in theory and might assume the new American practice.” Specifically Lippman prais¬ diplomat. diplomacy is all about — the increas¬ es her for tackling transnational issues ing economic and technological inte¬ that cannot be resolved by bilateral gration of nations. He short-changes deal-cutting, such as terrorism, public interviews to expose (and sometimes, the secretary of State’s role in health, organized crime, the environ¬ re-expose) the gritty detail of individ¬ addressing the interdependence of ment, die oppression of religious and ual policy decisions over the last four the world’s economies. American pol¬ ethnic minorities and the status of years. He demonstrates that, if noth¬ icy aimed at solving the epidemic of women. ing else, Albright has consistently financial crises in 1997-1998 is cov¬ Yet the bulk of his narrative reflects promoted America’s political and ered in just a handful of pages; the reality that Albright has had to economic interests in an era of new Albright, Lippman argues, had a devote most of her time and energy to rules, if not always new priorities. smaller role to play than Treasury a host of strategic and political chal¬ It is not until his penultimate officials in crafting American lenges requiring the “old” kind of chapter that Lippman finally exam¬ responses to foreign financial disas¬ diplomatic attention — bilateral nego¬ ines new diplomacy in detail, and ters. tiations to enhance American security then only addresses a handful of In addition, even though partici¬ and address complex political prob¬ Albrights priorities (though there pants in the State Department’s lems. are scattered references to various NetDiplomacy 2000 conference this Like other Clinton administration policy initiatives throughout the past October predicted that techno¬ officials, Albright has frequendy been book). He makes a strong case that logical innovation will radically trans¬ accused of lurching from crisis to Albright has made international form the way foreign policy is made geopolidcal crisis, and he lurches right environmental issues one of her in the information age, Lippman fails along with her. He Hies with her to most prominent causes, noting that to consider technology’s impact on Soudi Asia to tame die India-Pakistan she has designated U.S. embassies in foreign policy

DECEMBER 2000/EOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 79 B 0 0 K s

Ultimately, Lippman shows us that UP FROM THE small, mutually exclusive groups into what may really be the newest thing increasingly large, multicultural about American diplomacy is the STONE AGE societies in which cooperation woman wielding the carrot and the replaces competition as the primary stick. Albright is no “stuffy, tradition- Culture Wars and the Global mode of human interaction. bound” diplomat. She rocks out with Village: A Diplomat’s Perspective. Throughout this process, Coon a gospel choir in the Dean Acheson Carl Coon, Prometheus Books, notes, man’s prehistoric survivalist auditorium at the State Department Amherst, N.Y., 2000, hardcover, instincts, seemingly hard-wired into to celebrate Black History Month 256 pages, $27.00 our brains and spoiling for violence, and chats about makeup with high constantly war against those coopera¬ school girls. While big picture issues BY ARNIE SCHIFFERDECKER tive impulses. So in this framework, will continue to dominate the agen¬ should the brutish behavior of Serbia’s das of foreign policy-makers and the Not many diplomats would be so Milosevic and others of his ilk around journalists who cover them, the force bold as to try to chart human the world be regarded as mere devia¬ of “Hurricane Madeleines” personal¬ progress from the Stone Age into the tions from the norm? ity may have been just enough to 21st century, but then Carl Coon, Coon seems to think so, though he nudge U.S. diplomatic priorities in former U.S. ambassador to Nepal, is readily acknowledges that current out¬ new directions. no ordinary diplomat. In this anec¬ breaks of ethnic violence in at least dote-rich, compact account, Coon three continents have muddied the Caroline Benner is the managing edi¬ examines the evidence of waters. But, taking a longer perspec¬ tor of the Journal. humankinds cultural evolution from tive, he argues that the worlds remain-

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ing despots represent the last vestiges and foster a more equitable world TIME OF TROUBLES of age-old intercultural competition, community. U.S.-Russian Relations at the now beginning to fade with the rapid In die final chapter of tiiis book, Turn of the Century: Reports of spread of revolutionary new technolo¬ “The Millennial View,” he offers a the Working Groups gies and modes of cooperation. In par¬ favorite vista, die view from a moun- Organized by the Carnegie ticular, he cites the second of two taintop, as a metaphor for his passion¬ Endowment for International Peace, information revolutions (the first ate, yet practical, faitii in the future of Washington, D.C., and the Council being the development of written lan¬ humankind. Coon’s argument that on Foreign and Defense Policy, guage, the second the computer), world understanding is gradually com¬ Moscow. Washington, D.C., which is rapidly transforming societies ing into focus cannot be confirmed by Carnegie Endowmen t for World — helping to erase ethnic-based dis¬ the daily fare of beastiy behavior in a Peace, 2000. Both English and tinctions, spurring creative thinking, cruel world. Nor will his optimism be Russian texts are included; fostering new forms of cooperation — fully shared by many of his hard-bitten paperback, 206 pages, $9.95. and ending forever that handmaiden colleagues. Yet his generous vision of of dictators, the monopolization of humanity’s potential, as described in BY BENJAMIN R. JUSTESEN information. this remarkable book, is powerfully How, more precisely, does Coon persuasive. Useful as it is, one can hardly put believe the spread of global coopera¬ down this book without an intense tion will proceed? Here he is on less Amie Schifferdecker, a retired FSO feeling of foreboding. The U.S. and certain ground. As an experienced now living in Washington, is a mem¬ Russian working groups which pro¬ diplomat, he understands that the bet¬ ber of the Journals Editorial Board. duced these complementary ter angels of our nature may be no match for perennial disputes in the Middle East, Cyprus, South Asia or Western Sahara (he labels them “cul¬ All New Suites, Same Great Prices! tural wars”). Yet he remains convinced that a global civil society is emerging amid flare-ups in these crisis-prone regions. Dismissing the notion that contem¬ porary religions offer any hope of heal¬ ing current societal conflicts, he makes a case for “progressive humanism,” an evolving secular force that can create a “new framework for the future.” Coon Starting at suggests that our cooperative impulse he Virginian Suites has just undergone ♦ Spacious suites is already moving humankind away a major room renovation. Everything's with full kitchens $68 from exclusivity and conflict and that new, from floor to ceiling.We’ve heard ♦ Pool and exercise Based on a 30 day minimum slay this process will evolve naturally, over the suggestions of our loyal guests and facilities die span of anodier generation or two. we’ve responded. ♦ Free local phone calls, on-site parking, Ever the pragmatist, Coon Now you’re not only staying just minutes and cable TV with HBO acknowledges that sentiment in the from National Airport, the National Foreign ♦ Complimentary Continental U.S. does not favor the development Affairs Training Center, most government Breakfast on weekdays of major new global institutions. So, buildings, and Metro—you’re getting a great ♦ Free shuttle to NFATC weekdays like most American analysts, he stops price for a brand new suite! at 7:30am, returning at 4:30pm short of advocating world government, 1500 Arlington Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 favoring instead the elaboration of a The _AJ Lfnnnannnmuh 703-522-9600 • 800-275-2866 • Fax: 703-525-4462 global ci\il society, utilizing the U.N. E-mail: [email protected] where appropriate, to contain conflict, Virginian Suites www.virginiansuites.com promote international understanding

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 81 B 0 O K s

reports sought to put the best possi¬ American and Russian policy ana¬ of new Russian leaders, centered on ble face on the future of U.S.- lysts and former senior government Boris Yeltsin. Thus American short¬ Russian bilateral relations, offering officials. The Carnegie group was sightedness and Russian ineptitude constructive advice to leaders on chaired by resident scholar Arnold converged, just in time for the both sides for managing the rela¬ Plorelick, formerly a top Soviet ana¬ Chechnya debacle and the resulting tionship. Yet they concur that by lyst for the intelligence community; political strains. the end of 1999, what began under the Council on Foreign and As one might expect, the the first Clinton administration as a Defense Policy group co-chairs Carnegie report argues that only “strategic partnership” had deterio¬ were CFDP chairman Sergei persistent engagement will help rated so badly that prospects were Karaganov and Yuli Vorontsov, for¬ transform Russia into a peaceful, uncertain even for limited bilateral mer Russian ambassador to the constructive major power. It is a cooperation. In fact, the Russian United States. common sense conclusion, on its group describes the current situa¬ Roth sides agree that Russians are face, and lowering expectations is tion as “a state of sluggish crisis that primarily to blame for their own the critical first step. But construc¬ has the potential to intensify dan¬ recent internal failings. Rut there is tive engagement is possible only gerously.” significant indirect blame for the when dealing with a reasonably Members of the groups — the United States, as well, for favoring friendly (and functioning) Russia Carnegie Endowment for an inappropriate and unrealistic eco¬ which accepts its less exalted place International Peace and the nomic reform movement for Russia in the post-Cold War world — by no Council on Foreign and Defense after the Soviet collapse, and then means a sure thing. Policy — included leading pinning its hopes on a narrow circle The Carnegie group offers lour

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82 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OV RN AL/DEC EMB ER 2000 possible visions, ranging from stabi¬ though the Russian working group FS AUTHORS lization without real improvement in did predict that the “Who lost the near future (the most likely, in Russia?” debate would become a Note: The following title was inad¬ their view) to a total collapse. The major issue in the presidential cam¬ vertently omitted from last months only encouraging aspect of their paign. (That this did not happen roundup of books by Foreign Service assessment is the prediction that if perhaps says more about the U.S. authors. Russia does “muddle through,” new electorate’s lack of interest in for¬ leadership will have a better chance eign policy than anything else.) Welcome Home: Who Are You? of pursuing constructive engage¬ Thoughtful and thought-provok¬ Gene and Kathryn Schmiel, Metheia ment with Washington than the cur¬ ing, if incomplete, U.S.-Russian Publications, 1998, paperback, $12.95 rent climate allows. Relations at the Turn of the Century plus $4 shipping and handling Since the reports were written is worth the attention of everyone Retired FSO Gene Schmiel and his just before Yeltsins resignation (but interested in this complex issue — as family spent 24 years in places includ¬ not published until this year), it is we all should be. ing Djibouti, Iceland, South Africa, understandable — if regrettable — Sweden and Kenya. Any FSO or fam¬ that none of the analysts speculate Benjamin Justesen, a former Foreign ily member will appreciate the dozens on the possible effects of then- Service officer, is a freelance writer of amusing, touching and sometimes prime minister Vladimir Putin on and editor in Alexandria, Va. Flis just plain bizarre vignettes he and Iris the equation. Nor do they address book George Henry White: An Even wife recount in this book, as well as the prospective policy changes in the Chance in the Race of Life is sched¬ insights dre Schmiels draw from their next U.S. administration, even uled for release this month. experiences. ■

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DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 83 IN MEMORY

Seth John Foti, 31, an active Ms. Williams was born in 1934 in Thomas F. Killoran, 71, retired State Department diplomatic Longmont, Colo. She joined the FSO, died of leukemia Oct. 4 in courier, was among 143 passengers Foreign Service in 1954 as a com¬ Hyannis, Mass. who perished aboard the Gulf Air municator. Postings included Mr. Killoran was born in flight that crashed in Bahrain on Rhodesia, Pakistan, Indonesia, Waltham, Mass, in 1929. He served Aug. 23. Gabon, Lebanon, the Philippines, in Japan as a U.S. Army Signals Mr. Foti died in the line of duty, Hong Kong, Zaire, and Ghana. She Intelligence soldier from 1947 to while delivering diplomatic pouches retired in 1984 and joined a small 1952 and was a Korean War veter¬ originating in Cairo and bound for the community of Foreign Service an. He received a B.A. with honors State Department in Washington. He friends in Tavares. She is survived from Northeastern University in had been a diplomatic courier for only by a sister, Berniece, and a nephew 1956 and was sworn in as an FSO 14 months. Prior to that, he served in and niece. that same year. Moscow as a contractor for die U.S. Memorial contributions may be Mr. Killoran served as consul government. made to the Senior Living general in Luanda, Angola, from Mr. Foti was bora May 21, 1969, Foundation of the American 1974 until leftist forces took control on Long Island, N.Y. He was a 1987 Foreign Service, 1716 N. St., N.W., of the city in 1975. Other foreign graduate of Warren County High Washington, DC 20036 or to your posts included Rio de Janeiro, School in Brown town, Va., and local hospice organization. Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, and received a B.S. degree in Russian Bogota. In the department, he was Studies from George Mason officer in charge of Guatemalan University. He attended Calvary affairs from 1966 to 1968 and direc¬ Episcopal Church. Gilbert Douglas Dietz, 68, tor of the Office of Central Mr. Foti is survived by his wife of retired FSO, died Aug. 26 in Fond American Affairs from 1968 to only two months, Anisha Olivia Foti du Lac, Wis. 1970. He attended the National of Manama, Bahrain; mother Deyann Mr. Dietz was born in Fond du War College in 1971 and served on Demarest Davis of Browntown; Lac in 1931. He served aboard the the Board of Examiners from 1976 father Dominick Foti, Jr- of Shawnee, aircraft carrier U.S.S. Boxer for to 1977. From 1977 to 1980, he Kan.; step-father Maxwell S. Davis of four years during the Korean War. served as faculty adviser to the Browntown; step-mother Stephanie He was a policeman in Fond du Lac Inter-American Defense College in Foti of Shawnee; step-sister Shona for 10 years prior to going to work Washington. Mr. Killoran retired in Foti of Mission Viejo, Calif.; maternal for USAID in 1963. Among his 1980 in order to care for his ailing grandparents Dey C. Demorest and postings were Kabul, New Delhi, wife, the former Joan C. Horton Doris V. Demorest of Front Royal, and Saigon. He retired in 1992. (deceased), who had contracted Va.; and paternal grandparents He is survived by his wife Helen cancer a year earlier. In retirement, Dominick Foti, Sr. and Mary Foti of Mitzalis; son Gilbert Peter of Mr. Killoran worked as the student Irvine, Calif. Cambridge, England; step-son Jim job developer at Cape Cod Bramstedt of Rosholt, Wis.; step¬ Community College. His hobbies son George Bramstedt of Fort included gardening, composting, Atkinson, Wis.; two grandchildren; walking and reading. Beverly C. Williams, 66, died one great-grandchild; and seven Mr. Killoran is survived by his Sept. 28 at her home in Tavares, Fla. brothers and sisters. four children; Kathryn of

84 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL/DEC EMBER 2000 Cambridge, Mass; Nancy of Hope, Maine; Matthew of Columbia, Md.; and Amy of Nashua, N.H. Other AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION survivors include three grandchil¬ dren: Matthew, Nathaniel, and Leah; and sister Barbara of Boston. TERM LIFE

V. Miro Morville, 75, retired LONG TERM CARE FSO with the former USIA, died Sept. 5 at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C. Insurance for today- He was born in Anzio, Italy in 1925. He served in the Italian army during World War II. He graduated and tomorrow from the Scientific Lyceum in

Rome, and later worked in the FOR MORE INFORMATION: AMERICAN exhibits section of the U.S. Embassy AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE in Rome for five years, becoming a FOREIGN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION noted linguist. He received a B.A. in 1716 N STREET, NW SERVICE WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2902 international studies at George PROTECTIVE (202) 833-4910 - FAX: (202) 833-4918 Washington University (magna cum E MAIL: afspa @ afspa.org laude), and did graduate work at ASSOCIATION WEB SITE: vww.afspa.org Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. He became a U.S. citizen in 1961, and in 1962 joined USIAs Voice of America, working in the Italian sec¬ tion in Washington. In 1968, he went to Ivory Coast as a foreign cor¬ respondent for USIA. In the early 1970s he was commissioned as a Foreign Service officer with USIA and served in Mexico, Spain, and Pakistan. He served as cultural attache in his last two posts, Argentina and Zaire. He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Janna Morville of FARA Washington, D.C. Foreign Affairs Recreation Association FARA Housing Division, Managed by ECMC 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314 James Edward Hoofnagle, 88, Ph: (703) 684-1825 Fax: (703) 739-9318 retired FSO, died Oct. II in Sarasota, Fla. from complications of diabetes. We are proud to provide the best hotel values in the Washington, DC Mr. Hoofnagle was a native of metropolitan area! You can choose from properties offering studios, Southwest Virginia and attended one bedroom, 2-bedroom apartments, suites & hotel rooms. Marion College and later the Our locations have unique proximity to FSI, State Department, the University of Virginia, where he Pentagon, NFATC, National Airport, Old Town , Alexandria, received a B.A. and M.A. in educa¬ White House and Georgetown tion. He joined the Department of Agriculture in 1938 to work as a For more information call for features and rates of participating FARA hotels. junior clerk in personnel manage-

DECEMBER 2000/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 85 IN MEMORY

ment. He rose rapidly in USD A, and Rock Creek Cemetery next to his wife Germany and Great Britain. by 1942 was an assistant director in Evelyn. Mrs. Clingerman was the author of the Office of the Budget, Food eleven cookbooks, including the best¬ Production and Distribution. selling, award-winning Kitchen During World War II he volun¬ Companion. More than one million of teered for the U.S. Navy and saw William H. Christensen, 91, her books are in print. She was a con¬ action as a lieutenant on the U.S.S. retired FSO, died Aug. 30 in Whately, sultant to the recent revision of The Blue Ridge in the South Pacific. Mass. Joy of Cooking. Her latest book, co¬ After the war, he returned to US DA. He was bom in Wilmont, S.D., in authored with Sheila Kaufman, The In 1953, he joined the newly formed 1909, and studied at the University of Pie Companion, is to be published in United States Information Service Manitoba in Canada, and Trinity die fall of 2000. In addition to her and was posted to Bonn, where he College in Dublin. He joined the cookbooks, Mrs. Clingerman pub¬ was promoted to deputy director of Foreign Service in 1940 and retired in lished travel and food articles in The USIS Germany. Mr. Hoofnagle 1964. He served in France in the late Washington Post, Vogue, Made¬ returned to the U.S. in 1956 and 1940s, and received a medal from the moiselle, Stars and Stripes, and the served as assistant director for city of Sete for his role in Marshall Foreign Service Journal. Mrs. administration at USIA until 1960. Plan assistance to France. He spent Clingerman was also a familiar televi¬ In 1960, he returned to Bonn as much of his career in Canada and the sion personality on QVC and the USIA Germany director. In 1965, Caribbean. His postings included Home Shopping network. Mr. Hoofnagle transferred to the Toronto, Calgary, Antigua, Barbados, Survivors include her husband Department of State, serving as the Martinique, Marseille, Dublin, Port John R. Clingerman of Lake of the deputy director of the Foreign of Spain, and Luxembourg, where he Woods, Va.; and three nieces: Janet Service. From 1969 to 1972, he was was DCM. Kleigel of Lindsay Calif.; Marilyn DCM in Dublin. After retiring from the State Griffiths of Bridgman, Mich.; and VIr. Hoofnagle retired from the Department, Mr. Christensen Gail Levy of Baltimore, Md. Foreign Service in 1972 and worked became executive assistant for the Memorial contributions may be as a realtor and a special assistant to Great Lakes Gas Transmission Co. in made to the American Cancer Virginia state Sen. William Spong. In Detroit, where he served until 1975. Society. ■ 1974 he was elected clerk of the He is survived by his wife of 62 court for Fairfax County, a position years, Flora McRae; a daughter; two he held for eight years. He retired a sons; six grandchildren; and two AFSA Elections second time in 1983, living part of great-grandchildren. the year in McLean, Va., and part in If you are an AFSA member, remem¬ Sarasota, Fla. His wife of 62 years, ber to vote in the upcoming election Evelyn Houston Hoofnagle, died in December 1999. Ruth “Polly” Clingerman. 68, for the AFSA Governing Board. Survivors include three sons: wife of retired FSO Ambassador John John E. Hoofnagle of Orlando, Fla.; R. Clingerman, died of cancer on The schedule for elections: Jay H. Hoofnagle of Bethesda, Md.; August 13 at Lake of the Woods, Va. Nov. 6, 2000 — Deadline for and Van R. Hoofnagle of Tallahassee, Mrs. Clingerman was a native of nominations Fla.; a sister, Ann Cline of Rural Michigan and a graduate with honors Jan. 10, 2001 — Ballots mailed Retreat, Va.; a brother William S. of Michigan State University. She Hoofnagle of Daytona Beach, Fla.; accompanied her husband to posts in Feb. 28 — Deadline for receipt of and 10 grandchildren: James, Holly, Nepal, the fonner Belgian Congo, ballots Reed, Holden, Chris, Mark, Drew, France, Dahomey Belgium, Zambia March 1 — Ballots counted Nathan, Eric and Emily Hoofnagle. and Lesotho, and after his retirement July 15 — New board takes office Mr. Hoofnagle was' interred in in 1987, to military bases in Greece,

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DECEMBER 2000 / F O REIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 91 POSTCARD FROM ARROAD

The Discipline of Inaction

BY PAULO ALMEIDA

After working overtime at an A caretaker appeared. We international conference, I exchanged a few words of elemen¬ rewarded myself with a little Amidst the tary English; I followed him sightseeing in Kyoto, the “city of a monotonous through a back door and along a thousand temples.” Happily, I path that ran under the eaves of the found myself there during the cher¬ houses, I saw the buildings in the temple complex. ry blossom season; unfortunately, Rainwater was now pouring off the finding a hotel vacancy was diffi¬ graceful arch roof tiles. The caretaker stopped cult. A Japanese-speaking friend of a Japanese and slipped aside a paper screen to arranged lodging at a Buddhist tem¬ show me my room. A low table ple which still practiced the tradi¬ gate. stood in the center of the room, a tion of offering hospitality to way¬ scroll hung on the wall. The care¬ farers. taker revealed my bedding behind a I was concerned about the second paper screen: a futon, a instructions I received for finding quilt, and a small sack of soybean the temple. They seemed to reflect husks that was to be my pillow. He the oblique wisdom of Zen: They gave me a pot of green tea, and left offered some general directions but myself in a warren of low, compact me in this cold, empty room. left out details in order to test the houses. As I hunched under my Sightseeing in such a downpour awareness of the seeker. I had been umbrella in the quickening rain, I seemed unpleasant at best, and I told to take a bus from Kyoto’s train wondered at the folly of my quest. was disturbed bv the realization station to a remote part of the town, Then I remembered that the seeker that I had nothing to do. Then a get off at a certain intersection, and should maintain awareness of his voice came to me from the past. then follow a “little street” until I surroundings. As I focused on that Years before, I served as a staff found the “great gate.” task, I saw before me two orange assistant in the State Department, Raindrops streaked the windows columns rising above the monoto¬ and a fellow junior officer and I of the bus as it droned along a thor¬ nous landscape. The columns were were often beleaguered by impa¬ oughfare as unremarkable as K surmounted by the graceful arch of tient individuals asking who had Street. My temple, I assumed, lay a Japanese gate, and I was embar¬ “action” on issues that proved to somewhere behind a screen of rassed to realize how easily I might have little lasting importance. One bleak office blocks. Exiting the bus, have walked passed such an obvious especially hectic day, my friend I opened my umbrella, and opted to landmark had I continued with eyes sighed philosophically and para¬ follow an alley that lay wedged downcast. I stepped through the phrased Pascal: “It seems to me between two tall buildings. I found gate and into a spacious gravel that the troubles of the world are courtyard. Across the courtyard due to man’s inability to sit quietly Paulo Almeida is a former FSO with stood a building, and inside, a row in his own room.” I considered his service in Lisbon and Harare. He now of shoes rested neatly arranged at words and then I took advantage of works for the Environmental the base of a step. A small bronze this rare opportunity to practice the Protection Agency. The stamp is cour¬ bell with a wooden mallet stood on discipline of inaction. Settling onto tesy of the AAFSW Bookfair “Stamp the step. I removed my shoes, and the floor, I savored a cup of bitter Comer. ” struck the bell. tea. ■

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