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2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2(102 CONTENTS June 2002 I Volume 79. No. 6

Focus ON AFSA DISSENT AWARDS FEATURES

16 / HAKKY BINGHAM: A CLASSIC “FIELD DIPLOMAT:” BEYOND THE CALL OF DUTY THOMAS R. PICKERING / 36 While stationed in Marseille from 1940 to 1941, Seven-time ambassador Thomas R. Pickering was a FSO Hiram “Harry” Bingham IV sacrificed his career to Foreign Service officer for 42 years. This month save the lives of least 2,500 Jews and political enemies of AFSA is honoring him for a lifetime of contributions Adolf Hitler. This month, AFSA is conferring a special to American diplomacy. posthumous award for “constructive dissent” on Bingham, By Steven Alan Honley a longtime member of the association. Here is his stoiy. ARAB-AMERIC:ANS IN ISRAEL: By Ellen Rafshoon WHAT “SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP?” / 42 26 / Is THERE LIFE AFTER DISSENT? Israel and the United States have long enjoyed particularly AFSA instituted the first of its dissent awards in 1968, close relations. But that “special relationship” has not and now offers such awards in four categories each year. extended to Palestinian-Americans in Israel. What has happened to the first generation of winners, By Jerri Bird and what is the future of the program? By David T. Jones COLUMNS 32 / FOREIGN SERVICE ADVOCACY AND DISSENT: WHERE WAVE-MAKERS CAN PROSPER PRESIDENT’S VIEWS / 5 A past AFSA dissent-award winner argues that, contrary Help Wanted to popular opinion, dissent may actually enhance a By John K. Naland Foreign Service career. SPEAKING OUT /13 By Edward Peck Lets Put Foreign Policy Back Into Creative Dissent Page 16 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT By Gilbert D. Kulick

51 / AN INTERNSHIP CAN OPEN MANY DOORS POSTCARD FROM ABROAD / 76 Internships offer many benefits, but they do require By Mary Cameron Kilgour careful planning to get the most out of them. Here are PEP ARTMENTS some tips from one of the Journal’s own recent interns. By Tanja Trenz LETTERS/6 CYBERNOTES /10 59 / SCHOOLS AT A GLANCE Essential data on educational choices. BOOKS / 69 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 74

Cover and inside illustration by Ben Fishman

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS

FORETGNQERVICE Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0146-3543), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published _I_J 0 U R N A I Editor Editorial Board montlily by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing here¬ STEVEN ALAN HONLEY CAROLINE MEIRS, in represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the Editorial Associate Editor CHAIRMAN Board or AFSA. Writer queries and submissions are invited, preferably by e-mail. Journal subscription: AFSA SUSAN B. MAITRA Business Manager LISA BRODEY Members - $9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40. For foreign surface mail, add $18 per year; foreign air¬ MIKKELA V. THOMPSON WES CARRINGTON mail, $36 per year. Periodical postage paid at Manchester, N.H., and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Ail & Ci rculation Manager ED MILTENBERGER ELIZABETH SPIRO CLARK Send address changes to Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed AFSA News Editor MAUREEN S. DUGAN by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts, photos SHAWN DORMAN JOHN DWYER Art Director or illustrations. Advertising inquiries are invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the CAROL A. GIACOMO CARYN J. SUKO endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: (202) .338-8244 or (202) 338-6820. E-MAIL: [email protected]. Market Development EDWARD MARKS SUE PARTYKE WEB: www.afsa.org. TELEPHONE: (202) 338-4045. © American Foreign Service Association, 2001. Printed ARNOLD SCHIFFERDECKER in the U.S.A. Send address changes to AFSA Membership, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037- HOLLIS SUMMERS 2990. Printed on 50 percent recycled paper, of which 10 percent is post-consumer waste. WILIJAM WANLUND

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4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2 002 PRESIDENT s VIEWS Help Wanted

BY JOHN K NALAND

If you are a and management component, as well. Foreign Service While AFSA has a The AFSA president directs a 26- member who is member professional staff, monitors due to transfer great staffmuch of annual operating expenditures of $3 next year, here is its success depends million, oversees trust funds (e.g., inside information scholarships) exceeding $5 million, and on some plum jobs on the willingness interacts with members worldwide. that you won’t find of members to serve In other words, the job offers the on any vacancy list. These jobs — some opportunity to make a difference in the of the most personally and profession¬ on its Governing lives of your colleagues and their fami¬ ally rewarding in tire Foreign Service Board every lies. AFSAs staff and officers work — are those of AFSA president and hard with a sense of community and tire constituency vice presidents. two years. enthusiasm born of the knowledge tiiat While AFSA has a great professional AFSA is a force for good. staff and enjoys tire support of more How to Run. Who is eligible to be than 11,000 members worldwide, treasurer slots tiiat will also be open. AFSA president? Any current or much of its success depends on the A Great Job. The AFSA presidency retired member of the career Foreign willingness every two years of a hand¬ is a full-time position with responsibili¬ Service who is a dues-paying AFSA ful of members to step forward to serve ties that are in some ways like that of an member and who has not served as a on its Governing Board. Those posi¬ assistant secretary. The AFSA presi¬ management official with responsibili¬ tions will turn over again in July 2003. dent deals direcdy with senior officials ty for formulating personnel policies The election process to fill them will at State, USAID, FCS, FAS, and IBB; within two years of taking AFSA office. start with nominations this autumn. briefs members of Congress and their How is the position filled? The This column discusses the AFSA top staffers; routinely gives on-the- AFSA election committee will put out president position. For information on record interviews to major national a formal, detailed call for nominations AFSA’s vice president jobs at State, media; speaks before a wide range of by early autumn. Candidates may run USAID, FCS, FAS, or for retirees, groups (student, professional, busi¬ either individually or in slates with can¬ contact the incumbents in drose posi¬ ness); and has frequent representation¬ didates for other AFSA Governing tions or AFSAs executive director al duties. In other words, it is a high- Board positions. After worldwide bal¬ (dreir e-mail addresses are listed in die visibility job requiring strong written loting this winter, the winner will be “How to Contact Us” box in AFSA and oral communications skills. announced by next spring. After four News). In addition, anyone interested The AFSA president navigates for¬ years as an AFSA officer, I do not plan in serving on die AFSA Governing mal and informal authority relation¬ to run for re-election. Board, but not ready to commit to a ships across die foreign affairs commu¬ How do you find out more? Contact senior AFSA leadership job, may run nity in an effort to make the Foreign me at [email protected] or (202) 338- for one of AFSAs 14 constituency rep¬ Service a more effective agent of U.S. 4045, ext. 502, or AFSAs executive direc¬ resentative positions or die secretary or international leadership and a better tor, Susan Reardon, at [email protected] supported, more respected, more sat¬ or (202) .338-4045, ext. .505. We pledge John K. Naland is the president of the isfying place to spend a career. not to reveal identities of potential American Foreign Service Association. The job has a significant leadership candidates to anyone else. ■

/ UNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 5 LETTERS

No Republicans in 1812 least the equal of our inability to con¬ Mississippi River) to combat and Khaled Abdulkareem’s article nect with Arab perspectives. His bla¬ often massacre settlers (among them “U.S. War on Terror — A Middle tantly inaccurate statements about my forebears); by stopping U.S. ships Eastern Perspective” in your April U.S. history cannot go unchallenged. on the high seas and seizing their car¬ issue illustrates how little we know First, the author states that goes and by impressing (making slaves about each other. The author, the “U.S. history books refer to the AVar of) American seamen. British policy Washington, D.C. correspondent for Hawks’ — a group of Republicans in and actions united the settlers in the Egypt’s Middle East News Agency, the United States Congress who advo¬ west, commercial interests in the east correctly points out the misuse of the cated war with Britain in 1812.” He and men of honor all over the country word “crusade” by President Bush. goes on to state that the “War Hawks” in the belief that only a military defeat But he then shows his own ignorance in Congress and the Bush administra¬ of England would deter die British of American history by referring to tion again have the upper hand. Both from terrorist activities. The war was the War Hawks of 1812 as “a group of the histoiy and the analogy are wrong! fought on many fronts, including Republicans in Congress.” In fact, the There was no Republican Part)' in Canada (not a nation but a British Republican Party would not be 1812, and in any case, the “War colony), and was a bloody standoff formed until 1854. Hawks” were led and strongly sup¬ until 1814. In that year Gen. Andrew If someone as educated and articu¬ ported by the Democrats: Hemy Clay, Jackson (before news of a peace late as Abdulkareem can make such a John C. Calhoun and, above all, agreement arrived) destroyed a veter¬ basic mistake, we have our work cut Andrew Jackson. an, elite British force at the Battle of out for us if we want to familiarize Second, Mr. Abdulkareem states New Orleans. That ended British ter¬ other societies with America and that “some historians” believe that the rorism against the United States. thereby further mutual understanding. true motive behind die ‘AVar Hawks” The historical lesson is not that die Da vid Casavis was “the desire to annex parts of U.S. seeks territorial aggrandizement U. S. Department of southern Canada to the United lint that terrorism against the United Commerce States,” and asserts diat this “history” States unites all Americans in the New York, N.Y adds to “Muslim doubts about demand that terrorists be pursued American intentions” in today’s and defeated. Abdulkareem would Getting Histoiy Right Middle East. I guess the argument is serve his pacific purposes better by In his April article, Khaled that today’s ‘AVar Hawks” cannot wait learning die facts of American history Abdulkareem displays an ignorance of to annex Somalia to the United States. in order to help his readers under¬ U.S. history and political dynamics at Let me clarify the histoiy and the les¬ stand the American “street.” son for the author and any readers Thomas Boyatt CORRECTION: Due to an attracted by tiiis argument. Ambassador, retired editing error in the May book The American motive for the War McLean, Va. review (p. 57), tire capitals of the of 1812 was British terrorism. The two Congo,s were transposed. British, unable to accept dieir defeat State’s Cultural Diplomacy? Kinshasa is the capital of the by the U.S. in die Revolutionary War, Kudos to Professor Freedman and Democratic Republic of the terrorized die young republic by arm¬ the FSj for his piece in the March Congo, while Brazzaville is the cap¬ ing and inciting Indian tribes in the issue on cultural diplomacy and the ital of the Republic of the Congo. west (at that time the land between American image abroad. We the Appalachian Mountains and die Americans seem to want instant and

6 FORF.l G:V SERVICE JOURXAL/JUNE 2002 LETTERS

measurable gratification. Perhaps that is why we rarely consider using old- fashioned, slow, difficult to quantify, and unspectacular cultural diplomacy. Having lived abroad, worked with cultural affairs and seen its results, I agree with the Freedman thesis. Cultural diplomacy still means cultur¬ al centers and libraries (what hoary concepts!), books in translation, exhibits, concerts, speakers, English as a second language, classic movies and more. But today it also means Internet informational resources. Freedman’s linkage of the Voice of America to cultural diplomacy is iron¬ ic, because VO A has thrived by secur¬ ing its long-sought divorce from the foreign affairs establishment. Cultural programs by tireir nature are broad, but do need some focus. Our resources are finite, so we must try to determine which foreigners, especially incipient foreign leaders, may be positively influenced by expo¬ sure to U.S. culture. A USIA study, All New Suites, Same Great Prices! done in Colombia and tire Dominican Republic in the 1980s, showed that educational-cultural exchanges effect¬ ed the greatest degree of attitudinal change among pre-college-level stu¬ dents. That is to say, if we want “bang- for-the-buck,” Operation Amigo, American Field Service, etc. should be supported, as they are more effec¬ tive than post-graduate-level

Fulbright programs (talk about he Virginian Suites has just undergone heresy!). Other reasons to concen¬ T a major room renovation. Everything’s trate on high school-level students are new, from floor to ceiling. We’ve heard ♦ Pool and exercise die lower cost and numerous private the suggestions of our loyal guests and facilities organizations with proven track we’ve responded. ♦ Free local phone calls, on-site parking, records that can do the work. Now you’re not only staying just minutes and cable TV widi HBO 7 Despite my support for it, its hard from National Airport, the National Foreign ♦ High speed internet, CD music library , to see the Department of State Affairs Training Center, most government pay movies & video games engaged in cultural diplomacy. Can buildings, and Metto—you’re getting a great 4- Free shuttle to NFATC weekdays anyone imagine a current-day FSO price for a brand new suite! at 7:30am, returning at 4:30pm wanting to get ahead in his or her pro¬ 1500 Arlington Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 fession by choosing die cultural cone? The -AJ 703-522-9600 • 800-275-2866 • Fax: 703-525-4462 To raise die profile of cultural rela¬ E-mail [email protected] tions requires some fresh thinking, Virginian Suites www.virginiansuites.com based on ample USIA and private

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 7 LETTERS

sector experience. Cultural diplomacy I believe the small amount of U.S. FSOs to participate in the local cannot and should not be divorced “trouble” such a program would entail diplomats’ association until it was from our political objectives. It must, would be more than repaid by the opened to women. however, be long-sighted, sensitive goodwill it would engender. When he died on Feb. 24, Amb. and bureaucratically bold, in order to I hope tiie present DG will take a Strausz-Hupe was a month short of his promote our long-term national inter¬ fresh look at this idea. 99th birthday and the oldest surviving ests. We do need to influence the Julius W. Walker, Jr. U.S. ambassador. Although he lived hearts and minds of foreigners. The Ambassador, retired well before and significantly beyond record says we can. Washington, DC “his time” of the Cold War, it was his Sheldon Avenius stance in the forefront of this straggle FSO, retired Thanks, AFSA that makes him significant. For many Arlington, Va. I am retired from the Foreign he was the architect of the intellectual Service, and know first-hand the structure that defined articulate, rather Honor State Retirees, Too excellent service the officers and staff than inchoate, opposition to commu¬ I retired in 1989 and, as a former of AFSA have provided over the years, nism. As a scholar he conceived it; as a chief of mission, was given an but I wanted to take this time to say diplomat, he worked within it. embassy flag. In the years since there “thanks” and tell you how much your Strausz-Hupe, along with a handful have been a few funerals at my church efforts mean for active and retired FS of other seminal thinkers in the 1940s for former Foreign Service employ¬ employees. In our society today, it is so and 1950s, essentially created the aca¬ ees. I have taken the embassy and easy to complain about this or that, but demic discipline of international rela¬ American flags on standards to tire I have no complaints about your tions, melding what previously had church for those funerals. Their rela¬ efforts, as you have always worked for been political science, comparative tives have said how much they appre¬ improving the situation of both tile government, diplomatic history, geog¬ ciated having the flags there. department and its employees. You raphy, and anthropology into a coher¬ I attended a funeral for a former have won some and lost some, but in ent vision for assessing tiie fundamen¬ FS colleague who was in the Marine general, the fact that you are facing the tal relations of states. In Geopolitics Corps in World War II. It was at challenges daily has always made the and The Balance of Tomorrow, Arlington National Cemetery. One difference. AFSA has always worked in Strausz-Hupe weighed these interac¬ would have drought he had spent Iris a veiy professional way, without a lot of tions through the components of state career in tire Corps considering all fanfare, but getting results. Many power as interpreted by national inter¬ done that day in Iris honor. But he was thanks for a job well done, as the fight est. Thus, what was dangerous about in the Corps less than three years and continues, in so many areas, and on so communism was not the thinking of a was a corporal. many levels. second-rate German philosopher, but My mother received a letter from Durwood ‘Woody” Hickson the state power of the Soviet Union. the president shortly after the death FSO, retired In this regard, Strausz-Hupe was of my father, who was a veteran of Ft. Worth, Texas among the first, coolest, and most World War I. All I know of what the articulate analysts of tiie challenge to State Department does on the death Robert Strausz-Hupe tiie West posed by tiie USSR: a chal¬ of a retiree is to adjust downward tire Robert Strausz-Hupe was a man of lenge that he depicted in Protracted annuity the survivor receives. many facets: Conflict as playing out like a global Since tire Department of State • the elegantly attired, perfectly chess match in time and space. Always does so little for its former employees, mannered adult who as a young emi¬ a strategic optimist, he envisioned an I suggest setting up an office that gre framed pictures in a Chicago Atlantic Alliance between Europe and could loan flags, and possibly even the department store; North America that would be tiie core standards, for such occasions. I made • the renowned author and profes¬ of a democratic alternative to commu¬ this suggestion to a former director sor emeritus scholar who, after listen¬ nism. Strausz-Hupe s vision was unsen¬ general who had complimented me ing to a ranting student, responded, timental and unsparing; it infuriated for bringing the flags to a funeral the ‘Tou may be right, I am only a plumber those who saw Moscow as not funda¬ DC attended. The response was that at my trade” mentally in eiTor, but only differently it would be too much trouble for State • tiie professional arch-conservative flawed than Washington; they sought to keep track of such a program. “cold warrior” who refused to permit accommodation and feared that pow-

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 LETTERS PROGRAM FOR ^ INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN ASIA George Washington erful armed forces would invite mili¬ to his ouster as Permrep after less than University tary confrontation and nuclear cata¬ a year. strophe. For Strausz-Hupe only the One would have anticipated ONE-YEAR TEACHING strong could remain free, and weak¬ Strausz-Hupe to settle gently into POSITION IN VIETNAM ness invited aggression. Over tire retirement. Instead, in 1981 he was decades, he counseled politicians such appointed to Turkey where he Search Committee Program International Studies in Asia as Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater remained for almost eight years, 2013 G St, NW and Ronald Reagan to this effect. maneuvering die Turkish military out Washington, DC 20006 USA of politics and orchestrating their When Strausz-Hupe sought to The Program for International return to barracks. During the period, move from the academic to the diplo¬ Studies in Asia (PISA), an inde¬ several senior State officers attempt¬ matic world, he encountered powerful pendent, international, non-gov¬ ed to force him out of Ankara. enemies. For those who believe that ernmental organization based at Senate obstructionism begins and ends Amused at their efforts, Strausz- The George Washington with Jesse Helms, William Fulbrights Hupe had ultimate recourse to University, seeks an experienced President Reagan, who reportedly reign as chairman of the Senate instructor with broad expertise in enjoyed having some officials in office Foreign Relations Committee is international relations to teach in instructive. In 1969, Fulbright blithely who were older than he. a 9-month program in multilateral blocked Strausz-Hupes nomination as In some respects, Strausz-Hupe diplomacy for mid-career profes¬ ambassador to Morocco and labeled was the bane of career FSOs: the sionals in Vietnam. The position well-connected, highly qualified him “the very epitome of the hard-line, requires experience in active political ambassador. He could frus¬ no-compromise [approach].” Finally, learning teaching methods. The as his version of “compromise,” trate his embassy subordinates by courses, taught in English, are Fulbright agreed Strausz-Hupe would operating effectively both with offered in Hanoi and Ho Chi Washington and senior foreign offi¬ be acceptable as ambassador to Sri Minh City beginning January cials. Although, he respected career Lanka (then Ceylon). The proposal 2003. Candidates of any national¬ diplomats, he demanded their pro¬ must have amused Fulbright: send this ity, and especially women and fessional best in return. Recognizing consummate European scholar to the minorities, are welcome to apply, equivalent of the end of the earth and that an elderly conservative political for more details see: force a Republican conservative to appointee might not always be their www.gwu.edu/~pisa deal with a hostile socialist govern¬ preferred choice as ambassador, he ment. One suspects he anticipated was wryly amused rather than irritat¬ Forward application letter, cur¬ Strausz-Hupe would decline. ed at such attitudes. Of one of his riculum vitae, teaching evalua¬ Instead, Strausz-Hupe, then 67, many DCMs, he observed, “He tions, and three letters of recom¬ moved adroitly within Sri Lankan poli¬ attempted to make me his enemy mendation to: tics, developing an effective relation¬ but he did not succeed.” Search Committee ship with Prime Minister As the Cold War recedes into his¬ Program for International Studies Bandaranaike. (This was initially root¬ tory, the impression grows among in Asia ed, so to speak, in common dental revisionist historians that victory for 2013 G St, NW problems.) Moving to Belgium in the West/United States was foreor¬ Washington, DC 20006 USA 1972, Strausz-Hupe explored the polit¬ dained. It was not. A long line of ical effects of small powers, and from diplomats, warriors, and scholars Review of applications begins 1974-1976, he rebuilt U.S. relations conceived and implemented the June 1 and continues until the with Sweden, which during the policies that defeated fascism and position is filled. Vietnam War had deteriorated to tire frustrated communism while avoid¬ extent that the third-ranking embassy ing Armageddon. Year by year they The George Washington official was acting as charge. grow fewer, and Robert Strausz- University is an Transferred to NATO in 1976, Hupes departure into history thins EO/AA Employer. Strausz-Hupes instincts for alliance their ranks still further. management moved him smoothly David T. Jones through the medley of issues there FSO, retired until the defeat of Gerald Ford led Washington, D.C. ■

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9 CYBERNOTES

E-Help for Voters, performance evaluations from diverse Absentee or Otherwise points of view. 50 Years Ago The 2002 election cycle is already Other sites include the League under way and its time to participate, of Women Voters’ DernocracyNet We think too much about especially if you are living abroad and (www.dnet.org), which is comprehensive have to factor anthrax-dictated postal but limited: who’s running for office and physical power. The delays into the process of getting and where they stand, searchable by zip code. submitting an absentee ballot. Remote One site that may see more visitors in this struggle for power in the Internet registration and voting is not yet ‘age of Enron’ is the Center for a reality, but it’s just a matter of time. Responsive Politics’ Open Secrets world conditions our acts, Meanwhile, the Net has some excellent (www.opensecrets.org). To come to resources for the conscientious citizen. grips with the basic issues beneath die our talk, our thoughts. ... Absentee voters have a dedicated link swirl of partisan spin and position But let us never forget, in to the U.S. election process in the Federal mongering, die Adanta-based National Voting Assistance Program, which has Issues. Com (www.nationalissues.com) our preoccupation with the been online since 1996 (www.fvap.gov). is an excellent tool. And for those who In a successful 2000 “Voting on the crave a broader view, Election Notes armed defense of the free Internet Pilot Project” involving 100 (www.klipsan.com) has been providing voters, FVAP concluded that further daily coverage of elections in die U.S. and world, that our greatest development is needed to provide online around die world since 1996. registration and voting effectively, reliably This is just a sampling. Political sites power is still moral power and securely on a large scale, and FVAP is come in great variety: you can find die hard at work on the task. particular flavors that suit you in and our greatest gifts are Meanwhile, the FVAP Web site offers the Politics section of the non¬ intangible. absentee voters the 2002 primary elections partisan government information portal, schedule, the 2002-3 Voting Assistance GovSpot (www.govspot.com) and Guide, newsletters, FAQs, state-by-state at Political Resources on the Net — Editorial, FSJ, instructions for registering and obtaining a (www.politicaIresources.net). June 1952 ballot, links to the House, Senate and National Governors Conference, and an e- Move Over, Peace Corps: mail address for direct contact with the Make Way for the Geek Corps program. The AFSA Web site has valuable The belief diat everyone in the world supplementary information, especially deserves access to the Internet and the on mailing tips (www.afsa.org/news/ economic opportunities it provides is voting.html). spurring a new generation of aid efforts No matter where you are, “abundant aimed at bridging the digital divide. and accurate information” about officials The North Adams, Mass.-based non¬ and candidates is essential. Providing just profit, Geekcorps (www.geekcorps.org), this is the mission of Project Vote Smart launched in March 2000, is arguably die (www.vote-smart.org), which maintains pacesetter. “We’ve definitely taken a lot of a database on 40,000 candidates for our inspiration from the Peace Corps,” public office with details on five co-founder Ethan Zuckennan, one of parameters: background, issue position, Americas pioneering “Net-heads” and a voting records, campaign finances, and veteran of the tech boom, says.

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 CYBERNOTES

he decisions made in “Only we’re looking to send people to live Volunteers, the program is not limited to T GMU students. in cities and work with businesses rather high office are usually than into the fields like the Peace Corps.” Canada has a similar program, Geekcorps has a permanent Net Corps Canada International 51-49 decisions, so it is information technology aid mission in (www.NetCorps.org) that has been Accra, Ghana — where the first Peace funded to the tune of $4.6 million for two quite possible that Corps volunteers ventured in 1961, and years under the government’s Youth where Zuckennan himself spent 1993-94 Employment Strategy. The government mistakes were made. on a Fulbright scholarship. Teams of is interested in showcasing Canadian skilled volunteers on stipend rotate eveiy leadership in the use of information and four months. The group also has geeks on communication technologies for social — Henry A. Kissinger, tire ground in Armenia and Bulgaria, and and economic development. Last year as responding to charges is exploring partnerships in other areas of many as 500 IT-skilled volunteers that he committed war Africa and the Caribbean. Last August, between the ages of 19 and 30 were crimes, April 25, 2002, Geekcorps became an independent placed in six-month internships in all in the Washington Post division of the International Executive parts of the developing world through Service Corps, the worlds largest business Canada’s largest international volunteer development nonprofit, based in organizations. Stamford, Conn, and supported primarily by USAID. In India, E-Mail Crowds Geekcorps makes a point of Out P-Mail transferring IT knowledge and skills in a India’s Auditor General proposes to practical setting: volunteers plug in scrap the country’s Police Pigeon Service directly to local small businesses and work on the grounds that e-mail and electronic with them on their projects. And, says communication has made the service Zuckennan, they’re there to learn as much “redundant,” according to a recent as to serve. “Our people are small: enough report by BBC Online. Since 1946, when to know that their world view is smaller the service was handed over to the police than it needs to be,” Zuckennan told by the army, the carrier pigeons have Business Week Online in February. often been a lifeline. During natural In February 2001 another new disasters — such as the 1982 floods and initiative was launched, an overseas IT the 1999 cyclone — they linked remote internship program that is a partnership police stations in eastern Orissa state between George Mason University and when traditional communications broke the UN (www.ITCoips.org). Partici¬ down. pants, primarily graduate students, earn Local ornithologists reject the college credits while contributing government’s proposal, insisting that die old computer skills during two- to four- pigeon tradition is a vanishing art which month tours on assignment through UN should be protected. Pigeon breeding goes Volunteers in countries from Botswana back to the Mughal days. Emperor Shah to Kosovo. The first group of students Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, was one of traveled this past summer. Though GMU die greatest breeders. Carrier pigeons are is the only U.S. academic institution to prominent in Mughal paintings, carrying have this special partnership with UN love messages into harems or secret military

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 11 Who overcomes by instructions to soldiers in the field. The Quality Distraction birds can fly hundreds of miles to deliver You could easily kill an hour and a force, hath messages on tiny scrolls tied to their legs half at Bored.Com (www.bored.com) before returning to base. playing “Guess the Dictator” — a overcome but half his foe. Officials at the pigeon service version of “20 Questions” where the headquarters in Cuttack say that even two computer asks you to imagine a famous — John Milton, in decades ago, when there were no VHF dictator and guesses at it — and tile time Paradise Lost sets, die pigeon service made practical spent could arguably qualify as job- sense. “But now, all police stations in related. Certainly from a mental health Orissa are on the radio network, reducing standpoint having your dreams the winged service to a museum piece,” analyzed, reading your favorite comic said B.N. Das, superintendent of signals, strips, or entering your lunch into a adding that policemen assigned to pigeon nutrition calculator can be considered duty in far-flung districts view the job as therapeutic. From riddles, jokes and punishment. Under the government plan crossword puzzles to virtual lemonade tiie pigeons would be given to the state stands and online karaoke, Bored.Com wildlife department. According to the has over 100 finks to the most creative auditors report, it costs about 500,000 and obscure corners of the Internet, rupees annually (just over $10,000) to where procrastination is rendered maintain the fleet of 800 birds. high art. ■ Home Suite Home

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12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SPEAKING OUT Lets Put Foreign Policy Back into Creative Dissent

BY GILBERT D. KULICK

Earlier this year, I was asked to cers were convinced could not be serve as one of six judges of the com¬ There are still defeated militarily. petition for the 2002 W. Averell policy issues over After extensive consultation with Harriman Award, the honor my dissident colleagues, I drafted a bestowed annually by AFSA on the which members detailed dissent message, secui'ed nominated junior officer whose the signatures of the majority of actions best embody “initiative, might express junior and mid-career officers who integrity, intellectual courage, and strong dissent. were working closely on the issue, constructive dissent.” I accepted and submitted it through the with alacrity. Having been a recipi¬ Dissent Channel. We recommended ent of that award in 1975, when tire that the U.S provide only enough State Department was embroiled in military aid to get Ethiopia through great internal controversy in the have traditionally (though not the immediate crisis, and only on the wake of the Vietnam War, I was always) been conferred on officers condition that once the military situ¬ eager to see what had changed in the who demonstrated these attributes ation was stabilized, the Imperial interim, and what was now consid¬ while challenging or dissenting from Ethiopian Government enter into ered award-worthy “constructive the official line on substantive mat¬ negotiations with the l'ebels to seek a dissent” in this post-Cold War era of ters of foreign policy, including poli¬ political solution — which at that relative national consensus on for- cies propounded at the highest lev¬ stage could still, I believed, have eign policy. els of the State Department. been reached without ceding inde¬ What I found was a disconcerting pendence to Eritrea. For a variety of manifestation of what seems to me a True Courage reasons, chief of which the presence serious malaise in todays Foreign To offer a personal example: of a putatively indispensable U.S. Service. Allow me to explain. while sei-ving as a desk officer for military communications station in Accordiirg to AFSA’s charge to Somalia and Etiiiopia, I undertook Eritrea, our recommendations (like the judges, the purpose of all four to challenge an Africa Bureau policy those in eveiy other message ever categories of dissent awards (for recommendation — strongly backed submitted through the Dissent senior, mid-level and junior officers, by the Pentagon and about to be Channel) were not adopted. But and specialists, respectively) is “not approved by the Secretary of State they made enough of an impression only to recognize exemplary stan¬ — that the United States provide on the Seventh Floor that we dards of performance, but to go immediate, virtually unconditional received an immediate hearing in beyond that to encourage officers to military assistance to Emperor Haile person by, and a commendation challenge conventional wisdom with Selassie at a moment when the from, the under secretary for politi¬ intellectual coui'age and tenacity ...” Eritrean rebel movement seemed cal affairs. (Footnote: Three years The nomination criteria go on to on the verge of capturing the provin¬ later, the U.S. lost Kagnew Station, state that officers may be nominated cial capital of Asmara. The urgently- anyway, and Ethiopia endured “on whatever issue and wherever requested military aid would have another 16 years of civil war before they may be serving,” specifying that enabled the emperor to stave off an losing Eritrea.) “the issue may be related to foreign imminent rebel victory and encour¬ But my dissent was downright policy, programs, management, or aged him to pursue a stiictly military timid compared to that of the two anything that affects ones work.” solution to the insurgency in Eritrea, mid-career officers who that same However, the AFSA dissent awai'ds which I and many working-level offi¬ year, 1975, won the William Rivkin

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 13 U.S. Commission on S PEA KING 0 U T International Religious Freedom seeks Executive Director USCIRF is an independent govern¬ ment agency devoted to advancing Award. As the United States’ helter- the cause of freedom of religion skelter evacuation from Vietnam In my opinion, abroad. Established by Congress in became ineluctable, FSOs Lionel 1998, the Commission's responsibil¬ none of the Rosenblatt (who was actually still a ities include monitoring the status of religious freedom around the world JO at tire time) and Craig Johnstone, accomplishments on and making policy recommenda¬ who had earlier served at Embassy the basis of which tions to the administration and Saigon, feared that many of the South Congress. Many of its recommenda¬ these FSOs were tions have been adopted as U.S. Vietnamese counterparts with whom policy. they had worked as regional develop¬ nominated came ment officers in the CORDS program Duties of Executive Director: Directs were to be abandoned to certain per¬ anywhere close to the day-to-day operations of the Commission, oversees its staff and secution, if not death, at the hands of the standards set by manages its budget. In addition to the North Vietnamese. Defying managerial skills, seeks the follow¬ orders from Secretary of State Henry generations of ing skills and experience: Kissinger, the two flew at their own past recipients. Foreign policy experience; expense to Vietnam, and, evading an Develop relationships with lead¬ embassy dragnet, succeeded in ership of Congress and staff, rounding up several dozen families, and Administration officials; shepherding them into the U.S. defense attaches compound and get¬ young officers nominated for this Understanding of the principles ting them onto evacuation flights. In year’s Harriman Award, and I have no of freedom of religion and relat¬ the process of heeding their con¬ reason to believe that they are any- ed human rights; sciences, they jeopardized not only tiling but conscientious, intelligent, Capacity to develop and imple¬ their careers, but, I dare say, their hard-working diplomats. But in my ment far-reaching and dynamic lives. Fortunately, thanks in part to opinion, none of the accomplish¬ strategic plan; tire AFSA awards, not only were their ments on the basis of which these careers spared, but their heroic acts FSOs were nominated came any¬ Organize activities of were honored. Commission for developing where close to the standards set by I could go on, citing Tex Harris’s policy recommendations and generations of past recipients. Nor, I generating levels of public much-belated Rivkin Award for bat¬ am confident, were they the sorts of awareness. tling his ambassador to get accurate deeds that the revered Ambassador reports to the department of the Harriman meant to recognize when Should share Commissioners’ thousands of disappearances in he established this award. strong commitment to promote Argentina during the so-called “dirty None of the nominations had respect for the principle of religious freedom for all people, and a strong war” in die late 1970s, actions which anything to do with an issue of sub¬ desire to mobilize the resources of probably saved hundreds of lives, stantive foreign policy; instead, they the Commission to develop and dis¬ while very nearly snuffing out his all dealt with initiatives on adminis¬ seminate policy recommendations illustrious career. trative and management issues. It is designed to achieve that end. technically true that at least some of Send resume to: Original Intent them fit the nomination criteria, and Dean Michael K. Young, These were the kinds of accom¬ I would grant that at least some of Commission Chairman plishments that tiie AFSA awards rec¬ them dealt with important matters GW University Law School ognized 25 years ago: cases where that may well merit recognition in 2000 H Street, N.W. Foreign Service personnel challenged an EER, or perhaps even an in¬ Washington, D.C. 20052 deeply entrenched policies, thereby grade step increase. But I question FAX: (202) 994-5157 demonstrating not only “intellectual whether they are truly worthy of the Compensation is equivalent to an courage,” but also moral courage, American Foreign Service Associa¬ Executive Schedule V and is avail¬ even to the extent of taking risks with tion’s highest honor for “creative dis¬ able immediately. USCIRF is an ones career prospects. sent.” equal opportunity employer. Times have changed, and not for After considering all the nomina¬ tire better. I do not know any of the six tions carefully, I therefore conclud-

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SPEAKING OUT 1 & 2 Bedroom Apartment Homes ed that I couldn’t in good conscience dissent may be even greater today 1 Month to vote for any of them. Some of my dian it was when diey were instituted Extended Leases on fellow judges agreed with me, others in the turbulent conditions of the Furnished Apartments did not, and the award was present¬ early 1970s. I have no doubt diere are ed to the most deserving candidate still a plethora of policy issues, great Unfurnished -12 Month of the lot. and small, over which conscientious I am writing this column not to Foreign Service officers differ deeply Leases take anything away from this year’s and about which they might, if winner, but to call attention to what encouraged, express strong construc¬ 2 Convenient Locations: I believe is a serious dilution of the tive — indeed, invaluable — dissent, standards by which courage and cre¬ whether they concern the Israeli- ativity in the Foreign Service are Palestinian conflict, global warming, measured today. The absence of any or human rights in China. And, I dare nominations of junior officers for say, even junior officers have impor¬ ^Park dissent of the old-fashioned kind tant roles to play in diis process if they bespeaks to me, at a minimum, a choose to. . Center greatly diminished sense of rele¬ Part of the problem may lie with Apartments vance to the foreign-policy process AFSA’s failure to properly explain — among junior FSOs. or perhaps appreciate (to borrow a 2701 Park Center Drive As expressed by one of the judges phrase from constitutional jurispru¬ Alexandria, VA 22302 who rejected the “blank-ballot” dence) — the “original intent” of its 888-372-8798 or 703 379-2000 option, “junior officers today are pre¬ dissent awards. I therefore urge the e-mail: [email protected] sented with very, very few opportuni¬ association to launch a vigorous effort ties to deal with the substance of for¬ to reinvigorate channels of dissent, eign policy, and — seeking out others both formal and informal, and publi¬ is frowned upon, if not actively dis¬ cize its own dissent awards in as many couraged.” In other words, “Why media as possible. For example, to The bother to dissent when nobody pays revive my friend Ed Peck’s evergreen Commons any attention to you, anyway?” proposal, perhaps the award winners of Although I may be on thinner ice could get their pictures on the cover here, I think this phenomenon is a of tins journal every June. But in any McLean consequence of tire continuing mar¬ case, AFSA should make it clear that 1653 Anderson Road ginalization of the Foreign Service as the primary purpose of the Haniman, McLean, VA 22102 a whole in the policy-making process, Rivkin, Herter and Harris awards is to 888-236-3144 or 703 356-0500 as reflected in the catastrophic bud¬ recognize those who “buck the sys¬ SPECIAL SERVICES AVAILABLE: getary starvation of the State tem,” especially on moral, ethical and • Maid Service Department, the deterioration of its prudential grounds, rather than on • Public & Private Transportation physical and technological infrastruc¬ procedural or management issues • Dry Cleaning Services ture, and tire exploding proliferation (particularly where the dissenter’s • On-site Shopping of mini-“foreign services” poaching personal interests are being served). • Fitness Facility On-site or on die department’s historical domain Perhaps thus, AFSA can begin to Gym Membership at major embassies around die world. restore the “Golden Age” of Foreign • Convenient Location One consequence is low morale and Service dissent. ■ diminishing long-term commitment “Managed with Pride” staff by incoming officers to the Foreign Gil Kulick is a retired FSO who Managed With Pride By Service as a career, as opposed to a served in Mogadishu, Addis Ababa short-term adventure along the road and Tel Aviv, and was AFSA’s first to anodier career. Director of Outreach, He is now com¬ Gates, Hudson & Associates, Inc. Be all this as it may, in diese cir¬ munications director for Search for Gates, Hudson cumstances, die need for awards drat Common Ground, a Washington, & Associates EQUAL HOUSING encourage and recognize substantive D.C.-based NGO.

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 15 Focus ON A F S A DISSENT AWARDS

HARRY BINGHAM: BEYOND THE GALL OF DUTY

THIS MONTH, AFSA IS CONFERRING A SPECIAL POSTHUMOUS AWARD FOR “CONSTRUCTIVE DISSENT” ON HlRAM “HARRY”

BINGHAM IV. HERE IS HIS STORY.

BY ELLEN RAFSHOON

he son of a United States senator and a Tiffany fortune heiress, Hiram “Hany” Bingham IV (1903-1988) lived his last 40 years as a Connecticut country squire. He and his wife Rose raised their 11 children in the 200-year-old home he had inherited at the age of nine from his grandmother. He spent his days tinkering with inven¬ tions he failed to sell and playing tennis. He also explored alternative religions, painted landscapes and played tire cello. Yet from an early age, Binghams children had inklings that their fathers eccentricities concealed a more complicat¬ ed interior. He would drop hints about his earlier days as an American diplomat during World War II. Once, during a

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

home movie showing some of Hiram Bingham helped rescue Five years later, his Foreign the childrens first steps, an Service career was over. image of Marc Chagall some of the 20th century’s Saddened by his own treat¬ appeared. Though dieir father ment and by the fate he knew explained he had rescued the greatest artists, writers awaited the refugees he left French painter from the Nazis, behind, Bingham chose to keep the looks on Harry and Rose’s and scientists, including his memories to himself for die faces told the children it was not rest of his life. a topic to be pursued further. “It painters Marc Chagall and was a sore subject with our Saving Souls, Saving Lives mother,” recalled William, the Marcel Duchamp. If Plarry Bingham required youngest son. Bingham himself role models for an exceptional “became ashen,” said his middle life, he need not have looked fur¬ child, Robert “Kim” Bingham. ‘You could see deep frown ther than his extended family. Although Bingham was lines when he discussed drat period.” bom into wealth, money was the least of what made die Not until their parents had passed away — Harry in Connecticut Binghams remarkable. A common trait, his¬ 1988 and Rose in 1996 — did die children lean) the full torian Char Miller has noted in his 1982 biography of the story, when William found some boxes stored in a hidden Binghams, Fathers and Sons: The Bingham Family and pantry behind the living-room fireplace. Labeled “H.B. the American Mission (American Civilization), “has — Personal Notes — Marseille — 1940,” drey contained been die familial devotion to a sense of mission in his fathers wartime journal, as well as letters and photos. American life.” Niece Lucretia Bingham, a writer, has These papers, and other documents that have now been described her kin’s sense of service more bluntly in a examined by historians, reveal that while stationed in recent article about Harry: ‘We are a family of zealots. Marseille as the vice consul in 1940 and 1941, Harry We believe in causes. ” Bingham issued visas that saved die lives of at least 2,500 The original Hiram Bingham, bom in 1789, was the Jews and political enemies of Adolf Hider. In addition to leader of the first band of Protestant missionaries to enter Chagall, Bingham helped rescue some of tire 20tir centu¬ Llawaii during the 1820s. A controversial figure, he ry’s greatest artists, writers and scientists: painters Marcel became enmeshed in island politics through his single- Duchamp and Max Ernst; sculptor Jacques Lipchitz; minded efforts to impose Christian reforms on Hawaiians. poets Andre Breton and Walter Mehring; writers Victor Following in his father’s footsteps, his son, Hiram Serge and Lion Feuchtwanger; and the Nobel Prize-win¬ Bingham, Jr., set up a mission in Micronesia. ning biochemist Otto Meyerhoff. Harry Bingham’s father, Hiram Bingham III (1875- Nor did Bingham simply issue tire prized entry permits 1956), was also groomed to be a missionary. But he found to the United States. He undertook extraordinary mea¬ success in more worldly pursuits. After marrying a grand¬ sures to save Iris charges, including hiding people in Iris daughter of the jewelry magnate, Charles Tiffany, he villa, providing disguises, passing some off as members of embarked on a career as an aviator and explorer in South his own family, and purchasing fake documents. America. In 1915, he achieved lasting fame for rediscov¬ His principled defiance of State’s refugee policies, ering the ancient Mayan city of Machu Picchu. When he which severely restricted European immigration to tire returned to die sprawling family compound in Salem, United States, destroyed his good standing witir tire where he would fatiier seven boys, he entered politics as department, along with his dreams of someday becoming a Republican. He was Connecticut’s lieutenant governor an ambassador. In 1941, his tour in Marseille was curtailed and governor and served in the U.S. Senate from 1924 to over his protest and he was reassigned to Buenos Aires. 1933. When Harry Bingham graduated from Yale in 1925, Ellen Rafshoon, Ph.D., is a writer and diplomatic his¬ he carried on the family tradition of overseas work. He torian in Atlanta. Her last story in the Journal was on found a position as a civilian secretary in the U.S. the use of hwnor in diplomacy. embassy in Kobe, Japan and brietiy taught school. After

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 17 Focus

traveling throughout India and Egypt, he returned to tionist Vichy regime. The refugees were in immediate the U.S. to attend Harvard Law School. But he had no danger: under Article 19 of the armistice signed with intention of practicing law. During his first year in law Germany, France had agreed to “surrender on demand” school, he passed the Foreign Service exam and left to anyone considered an enemy of the Germans. enter the State Department in 1929. He was posted to For most refugees, the United States was their desti¬ Peking, Warsaw and London before reporting to nation of choice. Marseille in 1937. Overwhelmed with applicants, the U.S. consulate’s The Foreign Service also brought Bingham and his visa section had been relocated from the center of town wife together. While serving in the London embassy, he to the suburb of Montredon. From his office window, had escorted Rose Lawton Morrison, the niece of Bingham could see long lines of men, women and chil¬ Georgia Senator James Hamilton Lewis, to an audience dren waiting to apply. with the Queen of England. The pair fell in love and mar¬ Officially, there was little Bingham could do to assist ried in 1934. the vast majority of those seeking to enter the United States. Not only had Congress set low quotas for the The Gateway to Escape number of Central Europeans permitted to immigrate — In June 1940, Marseille was teeming with foreigners 25,957 Germans and 1,414 Austrians — but the State who hoped it would be their gateway to escape the conti¬ Department had issued a series of internal directives fur¬ nent. Paris had fallen to the Germans and millions of ther restricting immigration. For example, refugees had refugees were trapped in the “unoccupied” south of to prove they had the financial backing to prevent them France, which was under the control of the collabora¬ from becoming a “public charge.” A month before Bingham took up Iris post in Marseille, consuls were ordered to demand that refugees produce certificates from tiieir home country’s police about their criminal backgrounds. For the many who had been stripped of their citizenship for any number of “crimes,” this was an insurmountable barrier. By 1941, tire ceil¬ ing on European immigration had been cut to about 25 percent of tire yearly quota. In their 1987 book, American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, historians Richard Breitman and Alan Kraut cite a variety of motiva¬ tions for the mounting obstacles to immigration while war raged on tire continent. They argue that American officials wonied about emigres being a financial drain or subverting the United States in tire war against fas¬ cism. In addition, many officials also held prejudices against Jews and others they associated with radicalism.

Clockwise from top left: The Bingham family takes a trip (1946)! Harry and Rose’s wedding (1934); Whatever their motivations, an elderly Harry Bingham plays the cello (1985); and the Bingham family gathered at home (1951). says Severin Hochberg, a lristo-

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

nan at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum who is cur¬ One such group was the American Friends Service rently researching the actions of consuls during die war, Committee, a Quaker-affiliated organization. The AFSC most consuls complied with the regulations. In particular, had established a refugee assistance office in Marseille to he points to the dramatic decline in the numbers of visas provide food to orphans, and helped refugees find a safe issued to Central Europeans during what was the “most place to live while assisting tiieir escape from France. crucial time” — the beginning of the “Final Solution.” Ralph Hockley, now a retired U.S. Army intelligence offi¬ Figures compiled by Breitman and Kraut show that cer living in Texas, worked for die Quakers in Marseille. 27,370 U.S. visas were issued to Germans and Austrians in He has recounted his experiences with Bingham in his 1939, but just 4,883 were issued in 1942. memoir, Freedom Is Not Free, published in 2000. As for Bingham, from die moment he was confronted Back in 1940 when he met Bingham, Col. Hockley was with die human misery outside die consulate walls, he “Rudi Hockenheimer.” His fadier, a successful business¬ sought to grant as many visas as he could. Eldest daughter man, had relocated the family to soutiiem France in 1935, Tiffany recalls one of die few things her father shared about convinced “that when we left Germany, Hitler was an evil his experiences was his shame over not having helped more diat would go away.” For a time the family lived in peace, of tiiose people. “I remember him saying there were so but when Germany invaded Poland, die French authori¬ many [more] he could have saved and didn’t.” ties sent his fadier to the notorious camps, Les Milles and Word of Bingham’s willingness to bend the rules to Gurs. Rudi, expelled from die lycee he was attending, help people soon spread, and various groups and individ¬ supported his family by becoming an errand boy for the uals involved in helping refugees escape Europe began to AFSC. seek his assistance. One of Hockley s jobs was to check die status of docu-

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merits on behalf of refugees seek¬ “We are a family of zealots. Bingham had a disguise wait¬ ing visas at the American consulate ing for Feuchtwanger — a lady’s and try to fill the gaps. Bingham We believe in causes coat, dark glasses and a head shawl and his staff were entirely sympa¬ — and told suspicious police along thetic to the Quakers’ efforts in —Writer Lucretia Bingham, the route back to his home that spite of tlie bureaucratic obstacles, a niece of Harry Bingham Feuchtwanger was his elderly according to Hockley. Indeed, mother-in-law from Georgia. For Bingham was responsible for saving Hockley’s entire fam¬ the next couple of months, Feuchtwanger and his wife ily. Despite the “holes” in the family’s own file, in 1941, lived in Bingham’s villa. During that time, Bingham was Bingham gave Hockley a letter addressed to the Gurs also hiding the brother, sister-in-law and son of writer Camp commandant announcing the American diplomat’s Thomas Mann, who had already emigrated to the United intention to issue a visa to Hockley’s father. The letter States. instructed the commandant to release him immediately Meanwhile, Bingham had made sure his own family He complied, and the family received the promised visas. would not be endangered by this risky business. Rose, They arrived in New York in the summer of 1941. then pregnant with their fifth child, took the other four children with her back to America on the USS Manhattan Mr. Wetcheek in June 1940. It was the last cruise ship to depart Genoa, That Bingham went beyond the call of duty to save Italy for a cross-Atlantic voyage before Mussolini declared lives is further demonstrated in the escape he arranged for war against England. Lion Feuchtwanger, the German novelist. Feuchtwanger On Sept. 14, 1940, Bingham executed die escape of recounted his escape in his 1941 memoir, The Devil in die Manns as well as that of the historical novelist Franz France, but Bingham’s name appears nowhere in tire text Werfel and his wife, Alma Mahler, the widow of Austrian since the writer feared its inclusion would jeopardize the composer Gustav Mahler. According to William Bingham, future rescue of his peers. However, more recent his father provided die group widi papers permitting accounts by other Marseille rescue workers and a post¬ diem to cross the border between France and Spain. They script to Feuchtwanger’s memoir written by his wife, wired a message to Bingham that they had arrived safely Marta, confirm that the pivotal figure in the escape was in Lisbon and told him diat the Feuchtwangers should Harry Bingham. now join them. A best-selling author of the late 1920s and early 1930s, The next day, Bingham guided die Feuchtwangers’ exit Feuchtwanger was stripped of his German citizenship in from Europe. He had already given the writer a fake iden¬ 1933 for publishing books and articles openly challenging tity, “Mr. Wetcheek” — a literal English translation of Hitler’s regime. He fled to his summer home on the Feuchtwanger. Bingham then had issued an American French Riviera but was interned as an enemy alien after entry visa under die pseudonym. That made it possible for the fall of France in 1940. After a brief release, the author the writer, who was on die Gestapo’s most-wanted list, to was arrested again and sent to a camp known as St. Nicola. obtain a French exit visa. Fortunately security there was lax. Feuchtwanger and Nevertheless, the couple’s escape was harrowing. The other inmates were permitted to leave the camp on short Feuchtwangers eventually took a train to die French- outings to restaurants or to bathe in a nearby river. One Spanish border but were denied entry into Spain. So day in the summer of 1940 when he was returning from a they climbed over the Pyrenees in search of another swim, a woman Feuchtwanger referred to in his memoirs crossing. When they arrived at a Spanish customs house, as “Madame L.” handed him a letter instructing him to only Lion could enter because his wife had no visa of her “do exactly as you are told.” Consequently, Feuchtwanger own. While he was allowed to pass into Spain, Marta silently obeyed when she pointed him to proceed up the waited behind in die hills. Before leaving Marseille, road to a man exiting an imposing American-made car. To Bingham had stuffed her backpack and pockets widi the astonishment of the raggedy-looking writer, the Camel cigarettes and instructed her to bribe die guards. “smartly dressed” man in a white suit telling him to hurry His ploy worked like a charm. When the guards saw was the U.S. vice consul, Harry Bingham. Marta’s stash of cigarettes, she has written, “one of them

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

quickly stamped a paper I gave him without looking at Tiffany Bingham believes her father used his own the name. I have never gone down a mountain so fast.” inheritance to fund his rescue activities. His State The couple then managed to board a cargo ship from Department salary did not even cover the cost of the villa Lisbon to New York. diey lived in. “I imagine a lot of his money was used to Although a 1941 Netv York Times article announcing help pay off border guards or the fellow who was forging Feuchtwangers escape referred to “American friends” visas.” who provided miraculous assistance to the writer, it did One of Bingham and Fry’s most important missions not name Bingham. involved traveling to die southern French town of Gordes to convince Marc Chagall to leave. Despite die worsening Harry’s Friends situation for Jews, the Russian-born painter had been Those “American friends” were members of a group of reluctant to depart until late 1940 when die French intellectuals and journalists who had formed an under¬ revoked all Jews’ citizenships. He and his wife had tiien ground network, the Emergency Rescue Committee. Its moved out of their home to Marseille, where the painter mission was to smuggle out of Europe hundreds of artists, was arrested. By presenting Chagalls American Carnegie writers and scientists whose lives were endangered by the Prize diploma to the Vichy police, Bingham was able to Nazis. Funded and assisted by prominent supporters, the get him released from jail. In May 1941, Bingham and Fry ERC had already sent writer Varian Fry in 1940 to head orchestrated the Chagalls’ escape to the U.S. along with their operation in Marseille, and Bingham soon became crates of the artist’s most recent works. Fiys accomplice. The people whose escapes they Tiffany Bingham recalls having met Chagall in arranged — a “Who’s Who” of Europe’s greatest talents — Marseille when she was about five years old. She guesses were known as “Harry’s Friends.” her father took her and her twin brother Tony along to

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 21 Focus

hide die nature of his dealings widi “I remember him saying ing Winklers arrest because he had the painter. But even diough published numerous anti-Nazi arti¬ Chagall sent Bingham Christmas there were so many [more] cles and a tell-all book by a Nazi cards every year, addressed to “Mon defector. The family of five left Paris Ami,” only recently did she learn he could have saved just before German tanks rolled into just how intimately tiieir lives were the city in 1940. Arriving in Lyons, linked. and didn’t her fatiier went to die American Altiiough Binghams work with consulate to request a visa. They Fiy was not seen as heroic back in —Hiram Bingham’s eldest daughter, thought diere would be no problem; Washington, Jewish groups, who Tiffany Winkler had an office in New York, were quiedy promoting greater after all. “There was no way our efforts on behalf of refugees, were grateful. Hochberg, family could have become a burden on die U.S. taxpayer,” die Holocaust Museum historian, recently came across a Smidi, who now lives in Maryland, wrote in a January document in the archives of the Jewish Joint Distribution 2000 letter to die Foreign Service Journal. Committee that points to Binghams reputation for gen¬ However, the U.S. consul in Lyons placed an intolera¬ erosity among Jewish activists. The document, an Oct. 26, ble condition on his offer of a “visitors” visa: He would 1940, letter from JDC head Monis Troper to George allow their younger sister to depart with the parents but Warren, a member of President Franklin Roosevelts advi¬ Lilian, then 16, and her younger brother would have to sory committee on refugees, praised Binghams work on stay behind in France. This was ostensibly to “ensure you behalf of refugees in Marseille. will return to France and not stay in die U.S. beyond your The story of Lilian Stuart Smith underscores just how visitor status,” die consul told Smiths father. After refus¬ profoundly Bingham differed from his peers in the con¬ ing the demand, Winkler proceeded to try die Marseille sular service. Smith was die daughter of Richard Winkler, consulate. At once, Bingham granted the entire family a prominent French publisher whose press syndicate rep¬ visas, enabling diem to travel to Portugal for a flight to resented the Hearst Corporation. The Gestapo was seek¬ New York.

OTHER COURAGEOUS U.S. DIPLOMATS Hiram Bingham’s work was exceptional, but not unique. The and First Secretary, U.S. Embassy in Berlin, 1929-1939: From Web site of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation 1938 to 1939, Geist helped many Jews and anti-Nazis to emigrate (http://www.raoul-wallenberg.org.ar/english/visaslife.htm) from Germany by personally intervening on behalf of the refugees cites five other U.S. diplomats who saved lives during World War II: with high Nazi officials. In doing so, he went well beyond his offi¬ RIVES CHILDS, U.S. Consul General in Tangier, Morocco, cial duties as consul general. He also helped Jews and others who 1944: Childs, the head of the U.S. legation in Tangier, Algeria, were under imminent threat of deportation to the concentration made connections with the Spanish authorities in Madrid and in camps leave Germany. Morocco and helped save more than 1,200 Jews. He persuaded MILES STANDISH, U.S. Vice Consul in Charge of Visas, Spanish authorities to issue the Jewish refugees visas and access Marseille, France, 1940: Standish, like Hiram Bingham, issued to Spanish safe houses until they could emigrate from Algeria. visas to Jewish and other refugees seeking to escape France to HOWARD ELTING, Consul, U.S. Embassy in Bern. Portugal. He was active in the rescue of Lion Feuchtwanger from Switzerland, 1944: Elting was one of the first diplomats in Europe a French-German internment camp. to recognize the Auschwitz Report (also known as the Auschwitz STEPHEN B. VAUGHAN, U.S. Vice Consul in Breslau, Protocols) as a true document representing the murder of millions Germany, 1938-1939: Vaughan was responsible for issuing visas of Jews in Auschwitz and other Nazi death camps. Elting received to more than 700 Jewish families who were from Breslau in the the Auschwitz Protocols and, with an important endorsement, region of Silesia. Although they were not farmers, he issued them passed it along to Jewish community leaders in Switzerland and visas as agricultural experts for passage to the Philippines, where the U.S. secretary of State. they survived the war. Afterward, many of them emigrated to the DR. RAYMOND HERMAN GEIST, American Consul General East Coast of the United States.

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/] UN E 2002 Focus

Smith, who returned to France during the last year of Hull ordering consular staff in France to refrain from the war to serve as an officer for Charles DeGaulles Free involvement in efforts to smuggle out refugees: “However French Air Force, later married an American diplomat, well-meaning their motives may be, they are carrying on who recently retired from the Foreign Service. She never acts evading the laws of countries with which the United heard anything about Bingham until 30 years later when States maintained friendly relations.” it turned out her son was attending the same boarding In the spring of 1941, officials at State became alarmed school as one of Binghams sons. In a chance encounter at that Hany was actively rescuing so many refugees. They a school function, she was finally able to thank the man unceremoniously ousted him from Marseille and trans¬ who had rescued her family. ferred him first to Lisbon and then to Buenos Aires. The But Smith, like many others familiar with Binghams bad news came in an April 26, 1941, telegram from history, remains troubled by the retaliation he suffered so Secretary of State Cordell Hull that William found among many years ago and the lack of recognition today. “His the hidden documents after his parents’ death. “It said tire courage and generosity cost him much. The Germans transfer was ‘not made at his request,’ ” William reports. complained of his activities to the Vichy government, who “My father’s activities had become embarrassing and con¬ then complained to Washington,” she laments. trary to tire interests of the United States.” Even as the Allied victory approached in 1945, Bingham’s Transfer Bingham ran further afoul of the department when his In fact, the State Department was receiving informa¬ dispatches from Buenos Aires on the transfer of Nazi tion about what Bingham was doing from several different assets to Argentina were greeted with dismay back in sources. William Bingham said Iris fathers papers include Foggy Bottom. The final blow to Binghams career came a Sept. 15, 1940, letter from Secretary of State Cordell a year after the war ended, when Bingham requested an

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 23 Focus

assignment in Washington. Notes in his diary indicate he tance much later swindled $100,000from him). Working had intended to request that the State Department involve alone or in collaboration with Varian Fry, the young tire United Nations in a search for escaped Nazis in Latin American relief worker whose exploits in rescuing Jews are America. His superiors turned him down and offered to better known, Bingham responded sympathetically ami send him to Havana. Bingham, who considered Cuba a courageously to European refugees trying desperately to demotion after nearly two decades of continuous overseas flee German-occupied France in 1940-1941. service, resigned instead and returned to Connecticut in Visiting refugee camps in the Marseille area, Bingham 1946, where he lived for another 42 years. provided disguises (men dressing as women, for example) and false passports and visas to refugees, hid them in his Making Up for Lost Time villa, and got them passage out of the country to safety. Binghams children, backed by a host of family friends Among those he assisted were the French painter Marc and beneficiaries of his help like Lilian Stuart Smith, have Chagall and German writer Lion Feuchtwanger. He foiled been lobbying die United States government to posdiu- official U.S. policy, the Gestapo and the Vichy police, but mously honor their father. There are signs that tireir pleas the department did not appreciate his efforts. In late 1941, have begun to resonate in die State Department. Former Bingham was transferred to Argentina, where he increas¬ Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, herself die child of ingly complained without much effect that German war Czech refugees, briefly reached out to family members in criminals were fleeing to Argentina. May, 2000 at an American Jewish Committee anniversary Having 11 children of his own increasingly complicated dinner they all attended. Albright shook hands widi die Binghams ability to accept overseas assignments, and he diplomats children and asked how their fadier had been resigned from the service in 1946. treated by the State Department. Although Albright s pub¬ Yet while the planned entry praises Bingham’s courage, lic speech, which touched on remembrance of die it still does not acknowledge that State transferred Holocaust, made no mention of Bingham, Harrys children Bingham out of Marseille as punishment for it. And were grateful for her private gesture. “It was like a 180- instead of conceding that he was effectively forced out of degree turnaround,” said Robert “Kim” Bingham. the Foreign Service for his continued efforts to fight fas¬ States deputy historian, David Patterson, grew up with cism, die disingenuous wording suggests his resignation the Bingham children in Connecticut. As a child, he had was linked to his substantial family responsibilities. William no idea his friends’ outspoken father had such an extraor¬ Bingham, who is writing a book about his father, com¬ dinary record, but he welcomes die chance to correct the ments: “The State Department has never said ‘Boo.’ We’ve record now. Patterson says die department will recognize had no formal acknowledgment, no apology for their Binghams humanitarian service by including die following actions or repudiation.” biographic entry in the revised official department history: However, Secretary of State Colin L. Powell is sched¬ Hiram (Harry) Bingham, Courageous Diplomat uled to attend the American Foreign Service Association Despite the Department of State’s bureaucratic caution award ceremony this coming June 27 which will include du ring the European refugee crisis, a few Foreign Service die presentation by AFSA of a special posthumous award officers proactively helped Jewish people who were trying for “constructive dissent” for Bingham, a long-time AFSA to flee from Nazi-occupied, Europe. One such example was member. Several Bingham children are expected to be on Hiram (Harry) Bingham, U.S. vice consul in Marseille. Son hand to accept the award in the ornate Benjamin Franklin of the historian-explorer who had earlier discovered the Diplomatic Reception Room at Main State. Inca ruins at Machu Picchu in Peru and went on to become a U.S. senator, Harry Bingham was also a scion of the Other Recognition Tiffany i? Co. fortune and had independent means. The papers that William discovered have been used in Following his graduation from Yale University, he entered exhibits on “righteous” diplomats. In 1998, an exhibition the Foreign Service in 1929 and served overseas in several tided “Visas for Life” opened in Israel about die Holocaust countries. rescues carried out by 23 diplomats worldwide, including Harry Bingham was, however, a singular personality. Bingham. According to die show’s curator, Eric Saul, die He was idealistic and naive (a casual business acquain¬ envoys saved as many as 250,000 people. The exhibit,

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/] VNE 2002 Focus

which has been displayed at the United Nations, is now been reprimanded by her mother for playing with the con- traveling the world to libraries, colleges, Jewish organiza¬ suls shoelaces under his desk. Her mother feared he tions and Holocaust memorials. would kick them out of his office. “But our father loved Meanwhile, Robert “Kim” Bingham is lobbying to have children. I’m sure she was part of the reason they got out,” a postage stamp created in his fathers likeness. The Postal Tiffany said. Service has informed Connecticut Sen. Joseph Iieberman When Char Miller published his history of the that tire proposal is on this years selection committee Binghams in 1982, the historian, along with most people agenda. A decision is expected by die fall. In addition, sev¬ familiar with the family, thought that Harry's brother eral Holocaust survivor organizations have nominated Alfred was the most notable member of the Binghams’ Bingham to be honored by Israel with a medal for being next generation. A radical writer and political organizer, one of the “Righteous Among the Nations.” Israel has Alfred founded the left-wing journal Common Sense in stringent requirements for awarding this high state honor. 1932 and published it until 1946. However, the discover¬ (Fry was the first American to receive the award.) ies about Harry Bingham’s work as a guardian angel to vic¬ According to Eric Saul, Israeli officials feel they need fur¬ tims of the Holocaust have profoundly changed his stand¬ ther documentation before doing so. ing within the clan. Now he appears to be the one who has But the Bingham children feel ample proof is already come closest to fulfilling the family ethos of mission and available. Tiffany Bingham said that during her brothers’ service. “Harry stood shoulders above his peers. He had 1998 visit to Israel for the Visas for Life opening, they had this missionary background and he had to do something a chance meeting with a woman who claimed their father great for humanity. Our ancestors saved souls, but my rescued her family in Marseille. A little girl then, she had father saved lives,” says Robert “Kim” Bingham. ■

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 25 Focus ON A F S A DISSENT AWARDS

Is THERE LIFE AFTER DISSENT?

iplomats talk about assignments; regard, the department may be unique as a historical enti¬ they scheme for promotions; but ty and government bureaucracy. D they think about dissent. How do Our acceptance of institutionalized dissent has been you make a contrary opinion the consequence of painful experience. As an organiza¬ known, and to whom, without tion representing a nation with far-flung, complex, and blowing a hole in the bottom of occasionally contradictory interests, State Department your career boat? Is it smarter officials have grappled with foreign policies that have to illustrate an independent stimulated sharp differences of opinion at home and view or to practice the old adage, “If you want to get abroad. Not every policy difference has had collegial res¬ along, go along?” Or if you don’t agree with a policy, olution or public acceptance. There are, for example, should you simply find mechanisms not to work in the those who believe that the absence of recognized dissent area for the duration of your disagreement or the “lost” China to the communists and led us to stumble tour/administration of those with whom you disagree? blindly into tire Vietnam swamp. Conversely, there are In this regard, diplomats are hardly unique. The those who believed at tire time and — although the years moment that one person is have thinned tlieir ranks — subordinate to another, AFSA INSTITUTED ITS FIRST DISSENT still believe that the dissenters there are differences of from our China and Vietnam AWARDS IN 1968, AND EXPANDED ON view. In private industry, policies, if not actual traitors, THEM THROUGH THE YEARS. WHAT issues are fought out in the severely undercut U.S. policy marketplace; firms prosper HAS HAPPENED TO THE FIRST at drat time and contributed or fail over differences of GENERATION OF WINNERS, AND WHAT to its failure. opinion, but the costs (and IS THE FUTURE OF THE PROGRAM? Aldrough less desperately benefits) are primarily pri¬ fought as questions of essen¬ vate. In government, how¬ tial U.S. national interest, we ever, the costs (and benefits, BY DAVID T. JONES have seen sharp policy dis¬ nebulous as they may agreement in dre past 25 years appear) are public, and over policy toward the Shah of hence the manner in which dissent and dissenters are Iran, combating apartheid in South Africa, contras and managed is a question of public policy, not private pref¬ Castro in Latin America, tire intricacies of managing tire erence. shards of what once was Yugoslavia, and the enduring For a generation now, the Department of State has straggle between Israel and tire PLO. In the end, some institutionalized dissent. Foreign Service members Foreign Sendee personnel have resigned over policy dif¬ have the opportunity to write a dissenting opinion on ferences, others have sought transfers to avoid earning an embassy telegram, send a policy-oriented dissent out policies with which they disagreed, and still others, message directly to tire secretaiy of State, or “take a foot¬ having expressed their opinions vigorously, faithfully exe¬ note” on interagency intelligence assessments. In this cuted tire policies of the day. Nevertheless, we have not reached any Peaceable David Jones, a retired Senior Foreign Service officer, is Kingdom in which the dissenter and the dissented against a frequent contributor to the Journal. happily coexist. Talk to any Foreign Service member for

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

very long and chances are you’ll hear Talk to any longtime FS least no rewarded) candidate for a stories of dissenters (either the specific categoiy. Nevertheless, speaker or a colleague) who have member and chances are there is a wide enough range of spe¬ been punished for their views. In cific individuals over a long enough one bureau, for example, two mid¬ you’ll hear stories of time span to offer some observations level officers vigorously opposed the on these dissenters and what has views of the assistant secretary on dissenters who have been happened to them. In very rough elements of a report scheduled for tenns we can say drat: publication. Not long afterward, punished for their views. • They are overwhelmingly male their office director was unofficially (91 of 103); discouraged from recommending • Dissenters are willing to dissent awards for the dissenters. again (four won AFSA awards as both mid-level and Thus, the abstract principle of “dissent” begs the senior officers, and one has won three AFSA dissent question of “What next?” Having dissented within tire awards); and parameters of the Foreign Service paradigm, what are • AFSA award winners have often had highly success¬ the consequences for individual Foreign Service offi¬ ful careers. cers (and specialists, since 2000)? Or, more colloquial¬ Of course, “success” is often a matter of opinion and ly, is there a career after dissent? As a mechanism for in the mind of the beholder. How many Foreign examining this question, the Foreign Sendee and AFSA Service employees walk away from their retirement have a rough calculus available. Annually since 1968, party satisfied that they had accomplished all they AFSA has presented awards for “constructive dissent,” desired and reached the heights they foresaw when recognizing “individuals who have demonstrated the entering the Foreign Service? Lives affected, team courage to challenge the system from within, no matter accomplishments, and policies effectively implement¬ the issue or the consequences of their actions ... the ed are often a measure of success that no bureaucratic willingness to confront or challenge conventional wis¬ rank or award can appropriately measure. dom, intelligently and tenaciously, by asking the tough Nevertheless, one achievement is regarded as a cap¬ questions and coming up with some unconventional stone of professional accomplishment in the answers.” These are: the Christian A. Herter Award for Department of State: assignment as chief of mission to senior officers, the William R. Rivldn Award for mid¬ a “real” country. (Since winners of the Herter Award level officers, and the W. Averell Harriman Award for are by definition already senior Foreign Service offi¬ junior officers. (The Tex Harris Award for specialists cers, it would have limited analysis to just Harriman was established two years ago, too recently to be dis¬ and Rivkin winners to make entry into the Senior cussed in this article.) Although the descriptive lan¬ Foreign Service the sole criterion for success by award guage has evolved over the years, AFSA is now clearly winners.) seeking “wave-makers,” “boat-rockers” and “risk-tak¬ In this regard, dissenting senior officers have been ers.” While the point is not emphasized, any Foreign most successful. Sixty percent (15 of the first 25) Service employee (supervisor, peer, or subordinate) can award winners through 1997 became ambassadors. make a nomination, thus introducing a wild card into (Seven of them either were or already had been the process. ambassadors when they received the award.) The time necessary for those not already ambassadors to reach Some Good Deeds Do Go Unpunished that rank after receiving the Herter Award ranged In the 33 years during which the awards have existed, from one to five years and averaged a little less than they have been presented to 103 individuals. In 1980 and three years. Of the 10 award winners through 1997 1981, they were presented corporately to “the Iran who were not ambassadors, one (John Paul Vann) died hostages” and to other groups of named individuals in a in mid-career, but a number of others were still on few other years. In 1983 no award was given in any cate¬ active duty at that point. gory, and in odier years there has been no deserving (or at Of the 39 mid-level officers receiving the Rivkin

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 27 Focus

Award through 1997, nine (a litde more than 23 per¬ singularly unsuccessful to date. Perhaps that is why cent) had become ambassadors. Two of these recipi¬ many of the first group of Harriman Award recipients ents also received the Herter Award for their dissents quickly left the Foreign Service. as senior officers. As would be expected for mid-level officers, there was a wide range (four to 15 years) Dissent in Context between receiving the award and becoming ambas¬ Indeed, dissent appears to be a rather fragile flower — sador, with the average almost 10 years. Substantial or at least one that requires considerable fertilization. numbers of these officers are still on active duty. Despite energetic efforts by a high-powered AFSA In contrast, not a single one of the 29 officers identi¬ Awards Committee and prestigious panels of judges, the fied for the Harriman Award has become an ambassador. number of nominations for the AFSA dissent awards has Nor has any ever received a second AFSA dissent award. largely drifted downward over the past decade. (See table While by definition, junior officers have a long path in on p. 29.) AFSA has repeatedly attempted to stimulate front of them prior to senior rank, this group has been nominations with a steady flow of announcements, indi-

COMMENTS FROM SOME PAST AFSA DISSENT AWARD WINNERS

“When I wrote my dissent, I was wryly assured that ‘at I won? Yes, I’ve always liked the part about intellectual least four people will read it,’ although ... the ambassador's integrity, and the record of the Family Liaison Office executive assistant predicted accurately that my cable speaks for itself.”

would test the system and that I would find it ‘wanting.’ — Stephanie Kinney, 1978 Harriman Award winner Ultimately, I was informed that my tenure in Rome as press attache would end with my departure on home leave, “I received both the Rivkin and the Herter awards. ... although I had originally been slated for home leave and Neither dissent affected my long-term career. ... In both return. ‘Am I being fired?’ I asked. The answer was, No, situations senior officers in the State Department, if not in you’re just not being invited back... I don’t think there was the White House, encouraged me to express my views any lasting damage. One of the most enduring lessons for frankly and forcefully. I was never reprimanded or casti¬ me is that if you want to provoke a dialogue about chang¬ gated for my positions, although undoubtedly in both ing policy you should be prepared to lose. ... At the cere¬ cases there were senior officers who thought I was wrong¬ mony for that year’s AFSA Award winners, Secretary of headed and mistaken.” State Kissinger was persuaded to attend. As I heard it later, — Amb. Anthony Quainton, 1972 Rivkin Aivard and when he arrived he asked, ‘Why am I here?’ The AFSA 1984 Herter Aivard winner president answered, ‘We’re honoring all the people who “The AFSA Award and the subsequent Bill Moyers’ CBS disagreed with your policies.’” television report saved my career.”

— William Lenderking, 1976 Hivkin Award winner — Tex Harris, 1984 Rivkin Aivard winner

“I really appreciated it because it was the only recog¬ “The award came in the wake of the 1982-1984 U.S. nition I received for all the work I did conceptualizing debacle in Lebanon.... I always have been grateful for the and bringing to life the Family Liaison Office... Did the support I had from the bureau at a very difficult time. This award do anything for my career? I don’t think so, was an instance in which dissent actually was rewarded.”

because I don’t think awards were really noticed or paid — Amb. Ryan C. Crocker, 1985 Rivkin Award winner much attention to back then ... As the currency of awards has diminished in more recent times (although “In sum, the award was one of the best and most the financial rewards attached to many have grown), rewarding things that has happened to me in my 35-year AFSA’s awards by their very nature and history have career with State. I feel most fortunate to be a recipient.” remained special... Am I proud of the Harriman Award. —John D. Finney, Jr., 1986 Rivkin Award winner

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

vidual letters and nomination fonns to active A DECADE OF DISSENT: AWARD NOMINATIONS members, director-general cables to the field, Herter Rivkin Harriman Harris* 1992 4 9 6 — and AFSANET messages. At times the initial 1993 7 9 10 — deadline has been extended. Nevertheless, con¬ 1994 8 12“ 6 — sidering tlie magnitude of this pump-priming 1995 3 10 4 — effort and the respectable financial reward for 1996 3 10 3 — 1997 5 7 2 — winners ($2,500), the harvest of nominations has 1998 data not available data not available 2 — been slim. From a high point in 1994, when 1999 2 6*“ 4 — diere were a total of 39 individuals (including a 2000 2 7 4 — 2001 6 6 5 6 group of 13 associated with dissent over U.S. 2002 3 7 6 4 Yugoslavia policy), nominations slumped to a * The Tex Harris Award was not instituted until 2000. "(tagroup nomination of 13) total of 13 individuals in both 1999 and 2000 ***(1 with 2 names) before recovering slightly to 17 in 2001. Only

“The most immediate benefit [of winning the award] me I wasn’t out there on my own. That makes a differ¬ was that I sat next to Pamela Harriman... and had a fas¬ ence. It has given me the courage of my convictions to cinating conversation with her about politics (American) continue to float ideas, to try to make things better, and policy (foreign)...few people at the time seemed even if only on the margins. That’s a plus. But, it’s hard aware of the underlying precept of ‘constructive dissent.’ to tell if it has helped my career.”

Probably the greatest benefit came 10-plus years later, — Janice Weiner, 1995 Rivkin Award winner when I encountered a first-tour officer who demonstrated exactly the right combination of backbone and good judg¬ “I can’t say that the award had much impact on my ment in challenging the inherited policy approach to an career one way or the other. While it opened up some important issue. I nominated him for the Averell Harriman opportunities for me, it also created some problems. In Award, and he won!” fact, in the original draft of my EER that year, the award

— Daniel Russel, 1987 Harriman Award winner was not mentioned until you reached the section on areas for improvement. ... I thought the entire episode “I received the Christian Herter Award in 1991. I was was a great comment on the attitude of the Foreign quite proud of this award, considering it more as an MVP Service toward dissent.” award for senior officers rather than an award for dissent. — Anonymous But dissent was no doubt an important part of it. Although I made some enemies, I nevertheless managed to get an “The award wasn’t for dissent ... I received it onward assignment as ambassador to Oman ... In retro¬ because as a second-tour JO I spent six months as act¬ spect, it was the best thing that could have happened to ing deputy chief of the NIV section....” me.” — Anonymous

— Amb. David Dunford, 1991 Herter Award winner “I was impressed when the ‘Yugo-slaves’ received “The Rivkin Award confirms people’s suspicions but the Rivkin award that AFSA would publicly honor peo¬ is pretty career-neutral. The Service tolerates its mod¬ ple who had the courage to speak up when they est number of nay-sayers and is happy to reward them believed the system was morally wrong — and who with the remote and marginal postings they bid on.” were punished by the system for it.... AFSA is alone in

— Brady Riesling, 1994 Rivkin Award winner honoring such people. I have never felt that what I did to win... compared in any way with the sacrifice made “In a very real sense, the award constituted acknowl¬ by those individuals...” edgment/recognition of the challenges I faced, and told — Anonymous

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 29 Focus

once during the decade did either die Harriman or the dissent diminish across the board; witness tile steady Herter Award attract double-digit fields of nominees; decline in usage of the State Departments own Dissent indeed, twice the Herter Award had only two candidates, Channel, which is 30 years old this year. (See table on and twice only three. p. 31.) Clearly, the intensity of dissent peaked during the In addition, a regular lament among some judges has Vietnam War—the political and social touchstone for the been die dearth of candidates epitomizing creative dissent, “boomer” generation — but the battle for Southeast Asia with many nominations in all categories fitting tire “great is now as historically distant for entering junior officers as EER” mode more than expressing substantive challenges World War II was for die boomers. Todays JOs are no to policy. Even some of the award winners themselves more interested in old Vietnam-era dissent stories believe they were primarily rewarded for their job perfor¬ than the generation of the 1960s was in the “Who lost mance. However, other winners say that being recognized China?” battle. for their dissent has been satisfying, inspiring and even Generational differences seem to apply in another professionally rewarding. (See sidebar, pp 28-29.) sense, as well. To the extent that they choose to take In fact, all observers agree that we have seen official exception, senior officers have learned to dissent “within tiie ‘system’ ” — and their senior status may actually give weight, structure and credibility to such dissent. THE DISSENT CHANNEL Furthermore, such outspokenness appears to have rein¬ The State Department’s official mechanism for policy forced and in some instances may actually have accelerat¬ dissent, the Dissent Channel, dates back to 1971, when ed tiie dissenters’ success. Yet, it is also clear that few even the department revised the Foreign Affairs Manual to give of the senior (and thus already successful and, by defini¬ FSOs the explicit freedom to dissent. In the first three tion, talented) dissenters have reached tiie most senior decades of its existence, the Dissent Channel has received department positions. One became a career ambassador, over 250 messages, ranging from a high of 30 in 1977 to but you do not find dissenters in tiie ranks of under sec¬ a low of three in 1997. Of the first 200 messages from retaries and only rarely as assistant secretaries. 1971 to 1991, about 50 addressed general, non-substan¬ As for newer officers, it may be that they have not tive topics such as housing allowance policy. None of the learned (or appreciated) tiie intricacies of the depart¬ other 150 or so messages can be credited with reversing ment’s bureaucratic system or how to make their discor¬ existing policy; instead, at best, the dissenting viewpoint dant views known and accepted. Perhaps, too, they are may have received some senior-level consideration. still “trying on” the Foreign Service for size, since many of At its peak, during the Carter administration, the chan¬ them appeal- to have found it personally unsuitable and nel logged almost as many dissent messages (75) in four subsequently departed for other careers. years as under Reagan and Bush combined (84). During Alternatively, the rather nominal numbers and tiie cir¬ the past decade, annual totals of contributions have aver¬ cumstances of AFSA dissent award nominations and triv¬ aged in the single digits, even though State issued revised ial Dissent Channel usage may suggest that State new Foreign Affairs Manual regulations in April 1998 gov¬ Department personnel have become supporters of U.S. erning the Dissent Channel. The revised FAM re-empha¬ foreign policy. If so, one must ask whether this tendency sized that the channel is to address only “substantive for¬ is reinforced by “careerism” and an astute appreciation eign policy matters,” but also tightened the security of that tiie much-vaunted “up or out” system makes it easy to channel messages and noted proscriptions against, and “out” (so to speak) those who make waves close to the end penalties for, interference with use of the Dissent Channel. of their time in class. Although there was a blip of increased use in the chan¬ It is undeniable that across tire board, recent dissenters nel in 2001 to 11 (up from two in 2000), an official mon¬ have been far less likely to be professionally rewarded than itoring the channel noted that a number of the 2001 mes¬ their predecessors. Between 1991 and 1997, only one sages still did not accord with the FAM regulations. There Herter Award recipient not already an ambassador crossed has only been one message during the first four months that threshold, and only one of tiie 20 Rivkin Award win¬ of this year. ners prior to 1997 became an ambassador by that date. Moreover, mid-level dissenters appear less willing to dis-

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

sent vigorously in subsequent years. Four of the initial senior AFSA dissent award won his Rivkin Award in 1978. decades Rivkin Award winners (1968-1978) went on to But perhaps the simplest explanation for the decline of win a Herter Award; their second awards came anywhere dissent is this: There has been a corporate conclusion from six to 15 years after their first award. However, the within tire Foreign Service that while (gently) rocking tire last nrid-level dissent winner who subsequently won a boat probably will not trigger obvious, overt retaliation, it also doesn’t do any real good. After all, the evidence to RECENT DISSENT CHANNEL USAGE date indicates that dissent seldom leads to substantive 1994 9 change; of the first 150 Dissent Channel messages that 1995 6 addressed substantive issues, for example, not one suc¬ 1996 6 1997 9 ceeded in reversing existing policy. And there is no rea¬ 1998 8* son to believe that subsequent dissent has been any 1999 5 more successful. (Or to put it anodier way, one can 2000 2 take some bitter satisfaction in martyrdom, but being 2001 11 ignored just makes the dissenter feel ridiculous.) 2002 1** Still, while no one wants “dissent” to equal more "In April 1998 the FAM was revised to re-emphasize that the dissent channel was not to be used for “non-policy issues (e.g., management or creative whining, there is reason to believe there is personnel issues that are not significantly related to substantive matters more legitimate scope for substantive policy difference of policy).” **(as of April) among Foreign Service personnel than is presently in evidence. ■

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 31 Focus ON AFSA DISSENT AWARDS

WHERE WAVE-MAKERS CAN PROSPER

he Foreign Service differs for employees who do this, however, and this is what from other categories of gov¬ sets us apart. T ernment employment in a The specific mechanism is AFSA’s Christian number of ways. That does Herter, William R. Rivkin, W. Averell Harriman, not necessarily make us any and Tex Harris Awards for Constructive Dissent, better or worse, just different. given to senior, mid-level and junior officers, and Opinions may vary markedly specialists, respectively. The low-key, stealthy man¬ on the value or meaning of ner in which we have historically handled them, some of the specific differences, but there is one however, is the one part of the overall exercise that distinction that is as noteworthy as it is — unfortu¬ does fit our image. Consequently, the awards, as nately — obscure. For three decades, unlike every¬ well as their unique nature, remain totally unknown one else, we have successfully facilitated, as well outside the Service, and largely unknown and there¬ as actively encouraged and fore misunderstood even rewarded, efforts to challenge within it. That, in turn, is a the system from within. A PAST AFSA DISSENT-AWARD principal ingredient in the Consider that fact for just dearth of nominations, partic¬ WINNER ARGUES THAT, a moment. Doing battle with ularly nominations that focus authority is certainly not a CONTRARY TO POPULAR on the issue of constructive major facet of our public per¬ OPINION, DISSENT MAY dissent. sona. When outsiders think ACTUALLY ENHANCE A To some extent at least, this may also be a result of the of us at all, they tend to do so FOREIGN SERVICE CAREER. in terms of good manners, a fact that the program is carefully balanced approach, indeed unique. It is the only extensive use of the passive BY EDWARD PECK one, among the extensive lists voice and, perhaps more than of other estimable award pro¬ anything else, conflict avoid¬ grams at State, that is not per¬ ance. In the real world, how¬ formance-based. The AFSA ever, only the Foreign Service, acting through awards are not presented for doing assigned or vol¬ AFSA, publicly commends members who are willing unteer tasks well, or even exceedingly well; after all, to risk standing up and speaking out against U.S. there are many other mechanisms for rewarding policy. Nothing similar takes place elsewhere, not exemplary performance or achievement. To win an in the military, quasi-military, or purely civilian AFSA award for constructive dissent, you must be agencies; just ours, all alone. psychologically prepared to place your neck on the To be sure, there is State’s own Dissent Channel block — and then do it. and Grievance System (see more below). In addition to formal “hot lines” and access to the IG, govern¬ How We Got This Way ment agencies have informal mechanisms for deal¬ This article is primarily concerned with these ing with issues. There are no other award programs “shin-kicker” awards. It may nonetheless be useful.

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

in the larger operational Only the Foreign Service, That objective coincided context, to make a brief ref¬ with the desires of families erence to the fact that the acting through AFSA, closely associated with the Foreign Service (AFSA Foreign Service community again) can also justifiably publicly commends members who were interested in cre¬ claim authorship of the two ating memorials, and willing formal mechanisms in the who are willing to risk to underwrite the monetary State Department for fixing portion of the program. things. standing up and speaking out Any Foreign Service In the late 1960s, when it employee can nominate any was taken over by dissenters, against U.S. policy. other. There is no require¬ the then-“Young Turks,” ment that foreign policy be AFSA changed from a lun¬ the focus of the struggle, cheon club to an activist although it quite often is; employee organization, and subsequently won an any kind of FS-specific issue will suffice. interagency election to become the exclusive bar¬ Furthermore, it is not necessary to prevail, or even gaining agent for the Foreign Service. AFSA fought to be right on the merits, to win the award — for a number of very significant improvements in although those are obviously very important consid¬ Foreign Service personnel management and utiliza¬ erations. (In fact, nominators often overlook the tion: securing the department’s grudging agreement sharp distinction between performance and dissent. to establishing the grievance system for resolving Submitting a glowing EER will not — and should personnel and management concerns at the individ¬ not — win the nominee a dissent award.) ual level, and convincing State to set up the Dissent The basic criterion for winning an AFSA dissent Channel as a mechanism for individual officers to award is clear: you must take up the cudgels, but raise policy issues. AFSA also had an active role in strictly within the system. Resigning eliminates any drafting the Foreign Service Act of 1980, which element of risk, and going public takes the issue codified both of these mechanisms into law. outside the system. Either action therefore Not long after taking office, the new leadership removes eligibility for an award. of AFSA became interested in establishing annual awards to recognize officers who were able to see Risks and Gains things that needed to be changed and were pre¬ The rationale that underlies the program is pared to undertake efforts to try to change them. equally clear. The nation is better served when employees are encouraged to make all aspects of its An FSO from 1956 to 1989, Edward Peck served in international relations more effective. The individ¬ Gothenberg, Tangier, Tunis, Oran, Cairo, Baghdad, ual desire to improve things is the driving force, but Nouakchott and Washington. In 1974, he won the a program that recognizes and rewards those who William R. Rivkin Award for constructive dissent by undertake the effort helps create both a positive cli¬ convincing the Department of State to change the mate and a meaningful addition to the feeling of rules for joint caption telegrams worldwide, in order accomplishment. to clarify and protect the chain of command from the There may well be a potential danger in speaking secretary of State to ambassadors. He may also be out. All organizations, and especially those like the the only officer to win a grievance against the State Foreign Service, whose employees are part of a dis¬ Department and go on to an ambassadorship. For ciplined, professional career, tend to look askance at the past 12 years he has lectured at FSI for A-100 anyone who raises issues or challenges the status and other classes on the subject of “Advocacy and quo. The bearer of bad news, the one who asks the Dissent,” and has been a long-time member of tough questions, is sometimes perceived as the AFSA’s Awards Committee. source of whatever the problem is. This is why

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 33 Focus

Congress passed the Whistleblowers Protection Act • Of the 28 individuals who won the Herter in 1989 to attempt to protect those federal employ¬ Award (given to senior-level dissenters) from 1969 ees who call attention to governmental breakdowns, to 2000, 18 of them — a whopping 64 percent — errors, oversights or idiocy. have already served as ambassadors; others may yet On the other hand — and this is an important as do so. True, some of them were already ambas¬ well as a perhaps surprising point — taking construc¬ sadors when they won, but that fact in itself is high¬ tive risks may actually be of benefit in a Foreign ly instructive. It indicates that high visibility does Service career. Perhaps wave-makers already have, or not always deter officers from challenging the sys¬ perhaps they develop, other characteristics that make tem. them good at their jobs. It may very well be that speak¬ • Eveiy one of the 22 mid-level officers who won ing out helps them to stand out. the Rivkin Award from 1968 to 1992 (a reasonable Whatever the reason, making noticeable waves cut-off date given the length of time normally apparently does not automatically damage the wave- required to make that move) was subsequently pro¬ makers’ prospects for advancement. In fact, there moted into the Senior Foreign Service. Moreover, are some exceptionally compelling statistics to sup¬ fully half of them have already served as ambas¬ port the concept of a strong reverse relationship. sadors, and others can be expected to do so in time. Consider the following numbers (bearing in mind • The 22 junior officers who won the Harriman that the Herter, Rivkin and Harriman Awards have Award between 1968 and 1992 constitute a group twice been given to groups, and that in some years whose subsequent careers are more difficult to evalu¬ there were no winners): ate. While many of them are still in the Foreign

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34 FORE1CN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Focus

Service, several resigned while To win an AFSA award for to be perfect, people design still juniors. Resignations are and operate systems and can more common early in a career, constructive dissent, you make them better — if they and fighting with the system try. The Foreign Service in may act as an accelerator to must be psychologically all its manifold configura¬ departure. An additional factor tions, albeit a small and impe¬ is that constructive waves may prepared to place your cunious organization, oper¬ be perceived as less confronta¬ ates a system that has enor¬ tional when made by someone neck on the block — and mous, far-reaching implica¬ with relatively more experience. tions for America and for the Nonetheless, while many have then do it. world. Ensuring that it func¬ risen to become senior officers, tions at maximum effective¬ none have as yet become ness is a demanding and ambassadors. important responsibility that • The Harris Award for the Service discharges in a specialists was created in 2000, and it is far too early manner that merits praise. Challenging that system, to draw conclusions from the track record of the with the objective of improving it, is an even higher recipients. calling, and all of us in AFSA can be proud of the The point to be made and remembered is that contributions that we have made to the support of although neither systems nor people are likely ever that process. ■

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 35 A CLASSIC “FIELD DIPLOMAT: THOMAS IF PICKERING

SEVEN-TIME AMBASSADOR THOMAS R. PICKERING WAS A FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER FOR 42 YEARS. THIS MONTH AFSA IS HONORING HIM FOR A LIFETIME OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN DIPLOMACY.

BY STEVEN ALAN HON LEY

n June 27, Ambassador Thomas R. Following that assignment, Pickering studied Swahili at the O Pickering will receive the American Foreign Service Institute in Washington and was assigned Foreign Service Associations award in 1965 to Zanzibar. In 1967, he became Deputy Chief of for Lifetime Contributions to Mission in Dar Es Salaam, returning to Washington in 1969 American Diplomacy, in recognition of to become deputy director of the Bureau of Political- an extraordinarily distinguished career. Military Affairs. From 1973 to 1974, he was executive sec¬ A seven-time ambassador to Jordan, Nigeria, El Salvador, retary of the Department of State and special assistant to Israel, the United Nations, India and the Russian Secretaries of State William Rogers and Henry Kissinger. Federation, he also served in Switzerland and Tanzania. From 1974 to 1978, Pickering was U.S. Ambassador to Among his Washington assignments, Pickering was assistant the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, after which he returned secretary for oceans and international environmental and to Washington to serve as Assistant Secretary for Oceans and scientific affairs, and capped his 42-year Foreign Service International Environmental and Scientific Affairs from career by serving as under secretary of State for political 1978 to 1981. He then served as chief of mission five con¬ affairs, the number three position in the department, from secutive times, as ambassador to Nigeria (1981-1983), El 1997 to 2001. He retired as a career ambassador, tire high¬ Salvador (1983-1985), and Israel (1985-1988), dien as est possible rank in the Senior Foreign Service. Permanent Representative to the United Nations (1989- Pickering was bom on Nov. 5, 1931, in Orange, New 1992), and finally as ambassador to India (1992-1993) and Jersey. He received a bachelors degree in 1953 from tire Russian Federation (1993-1996). After a stint as presi¬ Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, graduating cum dent of the Eurasia Foundation, a Washington-based orga¬ laude, with high honors in history, and is a member of Phi nization that makes small grants and loans in the states of the Beta Kappa. In 1954, he attended tire Fletcher School of fonner Soviet Union, he concluded his Foreign Service Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, where he earned a career as under secretary for political affairs, a position he masters degree. He was then awarded a Fulbright occupied from 1997 to 2001. Scholarship to the University of Melbourne and received a Upon his retirement from die Foreign Service in January second masters degree from that institution in 1956. From 2001, Amb. Pickering became Senior Vice President for 1956 to 1959, he was on active duty in the United States International Relations for the Boeing Company. In this Navy and later served in the Naval Reserve, attaining tire newly created position, he oversees the company’s interna¬ grade of lieutenant commander. tional affairs. A member of the company’s Executive He entered the Foreign Service in 1959, working initial¬ Council, he reports to the Office of die Chairman. ly in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and then in In 1983 and again in 1986, Ambassador Pickering won the Anns Control and Disannament Agency. From 1962 to the Distinguished Presidential Award and, in 1996, the 1964, he served in Geneva as political adviser to the U.S. department’s Distinguished Service Award, as well as many delegation to the 18-Nation Disarmament Conference. odier honors, including the Rockefeller Public Service Award. In 1984, he received an honorary doctorate-in-laws Steven Alan Honley is the editor of the Journal. degree from Bowdoin College, and has been similarly hon-

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 ored by 12 other universities. A founding member and the the mid-1980s, when I became ambassador to Israel, I came first president of the American Academy of Diplomacy, to the conclusion that we — and the Israelis — would have Pickering is the current chairman of die board of directors to deal with the Palestinians, and I pushed for that to hap¬ of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (part of pen. Eventually, of course, we did. But it took far too long. Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of FSJ: You observed in an interview with Foreign Policy Foreign Service) and is also a member of die Council on magazine last year that senior career diplomats sometimes Foreign Relations and the International Institute of get in hot water with the president or secretary of State for Strategic Studies. He speaks French, Spanish, Swahili, taking too high a profile in presenting U.S. government pol¬ Arabic and Hebrew. icy. Yet FSOs are also often criticized for being overly cau¬ Ambassador Pickering is married to the former Alice tious. Do you think either criticism is fair, and if so, what can Stover, who was also a Foreign Service officer until forced to FSOs do to counter such complaints? resign by personnel regulations which at the time required Pickering: I always believed diat I owed it to my bosses female FSOs to remain single. They have a son, Timodiy, to be careful and cautious both in carrying out policy and in and a daughter, Margaret. speaking publicly. But diere are times when a Foreign Service Journal Editor Steven more forceful approach is called for and, in Alan Honley interviewed Pickering in his fact, when diat is the most effective way to office at the Boeing Company in Rosslyn, Va. advance U.S. interests or resolve problems. on April 24. When I was U.N. ambassador during the Gulf War, for example, I believe my dealing FSJ: Your award from AFSAfor lifetime with the press covering the Security Council contributions to American diplomacy places proved to be a primary tool in forging and you in the same company as Cyrus Vance, keeping togetiier the coalition. George Bush Sr., and Larry Eagleburger, FSJ: What first drew you to the Foreign among others. What would you say have Service? been your strengths as a diplomat? Pickering: When I was an undergraduate Pickering: I am honored by the award. at Bowdoin College, I was taking a lot of I have always considered myself a “field international relations, history, and govern¬ Thomas R. Pickering, diplomat,” someone who really got to know Moscow, 1996 ment courses as I mulled over several career the people of die various countries I've options, including diplomacy. served in. And that knowledge has enabled me not only One of my government professors encouraged me to to promote American interests more effectively overseas take the Foreign Service exam, which at that time lasted but also to explain local concerns to Washington three days. I passed the written exam in 1953 but for a vari¬ policy-makers. ety of reasons, including delays caused by Senator FSJ: Ron Spiers has described you as “a classic diplomat McCarthy’s activities, the State Department did not offer who takes a policy and implements it with great capability the orals until the next year, which I then took and passed. and loyalty,” a description that implies that you have not In the meantime, I went on to earn an M.A. from die been an innovator. Would you agree with that characteriza¬ Fletcher School and then went to Melbourne, Australia, on tion? a Fulbright fellowship. After earning a second M.A. there, I Pickering: No, I would not. I think I have had lots of dien spent three years in the U.S. Navy. opportunities over the course of my career to be an innova¬ FSJ: What were you researching in Melbourne? tor and put my own ideas in die hopper. As under secretary Pickering: I wrote my master’s thesis on the develop¬ [for political affairs], I suggested a series of steps which ment of Australia’s competence to conduct its own diplo¬ helped lessen tensions widi Pakistan over the status of matic affairs while it was still closely linked to Great Britain. Kashmir. Also, I helped formulate Plan Colombia and die FSJ: If you hadn ’t gone into diplomacy, what might you agreement to try the Libyans indicted for die Lockerbie have done ? bombing. Pickering: I gave serious thought to mechanical engi¬ FSJ: Give me an example of a policy you disagreed with neering, believe it or not. that you felt you had to implement, but also worked to FSJ: Unlike the vast majority of FSOs, you actually change. began your career serving in Washington, first in INR and Pickering: One that immediately comes to mind is the then ACDA, and didn’t go overseas for three years. longtime refusal of the U.S. to talk to the PLO. Well before Obviously, you went on to a stellar career anyway, but do

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 37 you feel you missed out on anything Pickering: You already alluded to by not going overseas immediately? Ron Spiers, whom Ive always found Pickering: Well, following my “I have always tremendously interesting and who Fulbright year in Australia, I joined the always gave me a lot of personal sup¬ U.S. Navy and spent most of the next considered myself a field port. In addition, we lived near each diree years in Morocco. But die actual odier and used to car pool to work reason I ended up staying in diplomat,’ someone who together, so we got a lot done that Washington was that all but live mem¬ way. I’d also name George Shultz and bers of my 1959 entrance class had really got to know the Cyrus Vance, each of whom taught helped out in the U.S. Passport Office me a lot, and Madeleine Albright, during the spring rush. So the deal was people of the va rious who could be quite demanding but diat diey all went overseas and the rest was also very impressive. of us stayed in Washington. countries I’ve served in.” Last but certainly veiy far from FSJ: You were in the Foreign least, there was Kissinger. Henry Service for over 40 years, could be a real terror, all told. Do you have a but I learned a great favorite overseas posting or deal just by being Washington assignment? around him [as a special Pickering: Some of my assistant] and listening assignments were tougher in during the Yom than odiers, but they were Kippur/Ramadan War in all fascinating and reward¬ October 1973 on his ing in different ways. But I thought processes. have particularly fond FSJ: Your last memories of my tour as Foreign Service assign¬ consul in Zanzibar and my ment was as undersecre¬ time as U.N. ambassador. tary for political affairs. FSJ: You served with That’s a position that has and under some impressive been held both by FSOs people. Who are some that and political appointees. particularly stood out in Do you have any feelings your estimation? about whether either background is better preparation for doing that job? Pickering: That par¬ ticular position is ready¬ Top: Amb. and Mrs. made for a career officer, Pickering in Nahariya, someone who has exten¬ Israel in 1988, sive overseas experience and, right, at the but is also familiar with United Nations tire Washington bureau¬ in New York, cracy and has expertise in tire premier 1992. issues of the day. That’s not to say that a political appointee can’t do die job, but I do think FSOs have a natural advantage and should be the primary candidates considered for it. The per¬ son in the position has to be someone who can act as the secretary of State’s surrogate and help him or her man¬ age the critical items on die agenda.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 American Foreign Service Association • June 2002

HONOR AWARDEES AT THE JUNE 27 AWARD CEREMONY

2002 AFSA Award Winners This Issue in Brief. The American Foreign Service Association is proud to announce the winners of the NEWS BRIEFS 2 2002 AFSA Awards. AFSA places great importance on these awards, which serve to AFSA ACHIEVEMENT AWARD WINNERS 3 recognize intellectual courage and outstanding achievement of our Foreign Service personnel. AFSA will confer its annual awards on Thursday, June 27 at 4:00 p.m. in the TAX-FREE 529 PLANS 4 Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Reception Room of the Department of State. Everyone is AFSA TESTIMONY 4 welcome. To RSVP for the awards event, call (202) 338-4045, ext. 515. For more infor¬ AFSA REFORM PROPOSALS ACCEPTED 5 mation, call Awards Coordinator Barbara Berger at (202) 338-4045, ext. 521. TO GRIEVE OR NOT TO GRIEVE 6 Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy: DUAL NATIONALS 7 Ambassador Thomas Pickering WARM WELCOME ON THE HILL 8 (Read the interview with Ambassador Pickering on page 36 of this issue of the Foreign Service Journal) Q&A: LIABILITY INSURANCE 9 CONSTRUCTIVE DISSENT AWARDS EXEMPLARY SERVICE AWARDS These awards are for extraordinary These awards recognize exemplary per¬ AFSA AWARDS accomplishment involving initiative, integri¬ formance and extraordinary contributions to ty, intellectual courage and constructive dis¬ effectiveness, professionalism and morale. sent. Avis Bohlen Award, for a Foreign Posthumous Christian A. Herter Award, for a senior Service family member: Sharon Miles, officer: Theodore E. Strickler, Deputy Embassy Sofia Dissent Award for Assistant Secretary for the Office of Foreign Runner-up: Bonnie Miller, Embassy Harry Bingham Missions Athens FSA has created a special one-time William R. Rrvkin Award, for a mid-career Delavan Award, for an office manage¬ A posthumous dissent award for officer: Peter E. Cozzens, Acting Consul ment specialist Honora L Myers, Consulate General, Embassy Panama General Guangzhou Hiram “Harry” Bingham IV (1903- Runner-up: Jason Davis, Consulate Runner-up: Christine A Kucera, Bureau 1988) that will be General Jerusalem of East Asian and Pacific Affairs presented to his fam¬ W. Averell Harriman Award, for a junior M. Juanita Guess Award, for a com¬ ily during the AFSA officer: Carol J. Volk, Embassy Tel Aviv munity liaison officer: Lynne Murphy and Tex Harris Award, for a Foreign Service Jennifer Watson, Embassy Tokyo Awards Ceremony specialist: Andre de Nesnera, News Runners-up: Kathleen Grey, Embassy on June 27. Division Director, Voice of America, Nicosia and Donna Gorman, Embassy Yerevan Bingham was an Washington, D.C. AFSA ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS FSO who, against The AFSA Achievement Awards honor department orders, Bingham in 1980. two AFSA members (one active and one issued life-saving visas to over2,500 Jews and retired) for their significant contributions to anti-Nazi refugees from 1940 to 1941 in AFSA Calls on State to AFSA and its members during the past year. Marseille, France. His remarkable deeds Modernize Core AFSA Achievement Award, for an Precepts active member Roy Perrin, AFSA Post have only become public during the past Representative at Embassy Caracas few years. His heroic actions during World ... And State Adopts AFSA Achievement Award, for a retiree War II serve as an example of the power of 95 Percent of member Atnb. Willard A DePree, longtime dissent, and AFSA is proud to honor him AFSA activist AFSA Proposals NOTE Please see the articles on the Achievement with this award. (Please see the feature arti¬ (see stories page 5) Award winners on page 3 of this issue. Look for arti¬ cle about Harry Bingham on page 16ofthis cles on the other winners in the July/August issue of AFSA News. □ month’s Foreign Service Journal.) □ AFSA Legislative Action Supports You Deep in the Heart of Texas: AFSA advocacy on Capital Hill is vital to your interests. AFSA legislative action is fund¬ AFSA Public Outreach ed primarily by the Legislative Action Fund. There is no fat in this fund: it pays the salary During an April 8-11 trip to Texas, AFSA President John of Director of Legislative Affairs Ken Nakamura, and directly supports our Hill efforts. Naland continued the long tradition of AFSA officers visit¬ The fund helps AFSA to be highly effective in influencing legislation that directly impacts ing with Foreign Service retirees. In Houston, he spoke to the lives of Foreign Service personnel and retirees. retirees at a dinner organized by retiree William Cunningham at a restaurant owned by retiree Edmund Please mail your contributions to the AFSA Legislative Action Fund, P.O. Box 98026, Parsons. In Austin, Naland met with retirees at a luncheon Washington, D.C. 20090-8026, or go to the AFSA Web site: www.afsa.org/lafform.html. organized by the head of the Central Texas Foreign Service Make checks payable to “Legislative Action Fund.” Every contribution makes a differ¬ Group, Joseph McLean. He also spoke at the first AFSA ence and is appreciated. Elderhostel adult education program to be put on by col¬ leagues in Austin, organized by USIA retiree Vic Niemeyer. Life in the Foreign Service Jofin Naland’s trip also included public outreach to help ■ BY BRIAN AGGELER, FOREIGN SERVICE OFICER & CARTOONIST develop a domestic constituency for the foreign affairs agen¬ cies and assist the department’s recruiting efforts. He met with the associate editor of the Houston Chronicle, which published an editorial strongly supporting funding for inter¬ national affairs a few days after the interview. He spoke to local university students and area civic leaders in Houston. Naland also joined a group of 40 retired ambassadors (38 of whom had been political appointees) for a visit with former President Bush at College Station and former Secretary of State James Baker in Houston. AFSA News on the Web Starting with the May issue, AFSA News will be available every month on the AFSA Web site. To find it, go to either the Foreign Service Journal page on the AFSA Web site (www.afsa.org/FSJ) or click on “In the News” at the bottom of the AFSA home page (www.afsa.org/news/).

AFSA News continued on page 7

AFSA HEADQUARTERS: Staff: Governing Board: Executive Director Susan Reardon: [email protected] (202) 3384045: Fax: (202) 338-6820 PRESIDENT: John K. Naland Business Department STATE DEPARTMENT AFSA OFFICE: STATE VICE PRESIDENT: Louise K. Crane £ Controller Kalpna Srimal: [email protected] So (202) 647-8160; Fax: (202) 647-0265 Accounting Assistant Christa Nyamekye: [email protected] USAID VICE PRESIDENT: Joe Pastic USAID AFSA OFFICE: U Labor Management FCS VICE PRESIDENT: Peter G. Frederick (202) 712-1941: Fax: (202) 216-3710 General Counsel Sharon Papp: [email protected] FAS VICE PRESIDENT: Edwin Porter e Labor Management Attorney Zlatana Badrich: [email protected] Labor Management Specialist James Yorke: [email protected] RETIREE VICE PRESIDENT: Robert W. Farrand AFSA Internet and E-mail addresses: USAID Labor Management Specialist Douglas Broome: [email protected] SECRETARY: FA “Tex” Harris c AFSA WEB SITE: www.afsa.org USAID Office Manager Suzan Reager [email protected] TREASURER: Thomas D. Boyatt AFSA E-MAIL [email protected] Grievance Attorneys HarTy Sizer [email protected], and Neera Parikh: [email protected] AFSA NEWS: [email protected] Office Manager Christine Warren: [email protected] STATE REPRESENTATIVES: John P. Boulanger. FSJ: [email protected] Member Services George W. Colvin, Lisa S. Kierans, Hugh M. a PRESIDENT: [email protected] Director Janet Hedrick: [email protected] STATE VP: [email protected] Neighbour, Lynn G. Sever, Hollis S. Summers Representative Ingrid Hubbard: [email protected] RETIREE VP: [email protected] a Administrative Assistant Ana Lopez: [email protected] USAID REPRESENTATIVE: Woody Navin USAID VP: [email protected] FCS REPRESENTATIVE: James Joy FAS VP: [email protected] Outreach Programs FCS VP: [email protected] Retiree Liaison Ward Thompson: [email protected] RETIREE REPRESENTATIVES: Director of Communications Thomas Switzer, [email protected] William C. Harrop, David E. Reuther, Congressional Affairs Director Ken Nakamura: [email protected] AFSA News Executive Assistant Marc Goldberg: [email protected] Richard C Scissors, Theodore S. Wilkinson, III Editor Shawn Dorman: [email protected] Scholarship Director Lori Dec [email protected] £ IBB REPRESENTATIVE: Vacant (202) 3384045 x 503: Fax: (202) 3388244 Corporate Relations Tema Razavi: [email protected] Professional Issues Coordinator Barbara Berger [email protected] FAS REPRESENTATIVE: Eric Wenber£

2 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2002 AFSA ACHIEVEMENT AWARD FOR A RETIRED MEMBER AFSA ACHIEVEMENT AWARD Bill De Pree Recognized for FOR AN ACTIVE MEMBER Outstanding Service to AFSA Advocacy for Junior Officers AFSA is honored to announce that the building public support for the Foreign 2002 AFSA AcFiievement Award for Service and diplomacy and generating scores Earns Perrin a retired Foreign Service member wifl of requests around the country for Foreign AFSA Recognition go to Ambassador Willard “Bill” De Pree. Service speakers. The award will be presented to him at the As an offshoot of the Foreign Service BY SARAH MARTIN, AFSA NEWS INTERN AFSA Award Ceremony on June 27. Elderhostel program, De Pree is currently Economic officer and AFSA rep for Following 40 years of outstanding gov¬ seeking to create a new organization called Embassy Caracas Roy Perrin will ernment service, De Pree has devoted his “The Friends of the Foreign Service.” This receive the 2002 AFSA Achievement retirement to promoting the Foreign organization will expand the Elderhostel Award for an active member for his Service. Fie has worked tirelessly and enthu¬ outreach base into a constituency organi¬ advocacy on behalf of junior officers. siastically on this goal with AFSA over the zation. Perrin worked tirelessly with AFSA to last nine years. He has served as AFSA inter¬ Amb. De Pree served in Egypt, Cyprus, im president, Retiree Vice President for Sierra Leone, Mozambique and Bangladesh, AFSA, and as an AFSA Governing Board all of which were hardship assignments. member. De Pree’s key contributions to AFSA have focused on outreach efforts to educate the public about the Foreign Service as well as on internal Foreign Service reform, including a look at the personnel needs of the future. He led the highly successful AFSA discussions with State management on workforce planning. Drawing on his experience as director of the Office of Management Operations at State, De Pree Roy Perrin developed schemata for relating personnel ensure that junior officers were given a needs with positions. Much of his research voice in the new salary scale policy devel¬ and analysis on workforce planning was oped by the State Department last fell. In incorporated into the department’s current an effort to attract more recruits to the three-year Readiness Plan. While this work Foreign Service, the State Department may not have been headline-grabbing, it has increased the starting salaries for many been a critical element in the current efforts In Mozambique and Bangladesh, he served incoming junior officers last year. Human by the department to hire enough new FS as ambassador. He told AFSA News he Resources did not inform all JOs about the employees to meet real staffing needs in the found all his tours challenging, rewarding, new policy of bringing in some officers at future. “Thank goodness we’ve got and enjoyable. He is one of those treasured the FS-04 level, however, and once the Secretary Powell in there getting the FSOs who thrive in hardship environments. other JOs heard about those coming in resources to do it,” De Pree noted. In addition to serving as director of the under the new system of higher salaries, On the outreach front, the establishment Office of Management Operations, his there was an outcry. of AFSA’s Foreign Service Elderhostel pro¬ Washington assignments included stints Perrin developed an effective method gram can be largely credited to De Pree’s with the Policy Planning staff and the Office to channel the compensation concerns efforts. Along with retiree Lillian “Petey” of the Inspector General. voiced by his colleagues. Heoiganizedthe Mullin, he proposed and designed this valu¬ Bill De Pree is also active in DACOR JOs at his post and they worked with the able program that brings the Foreign (Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Retired). ambassador to send a cable to the direc¬ Service and foreign policy issues to retirees He is married to Elisabeth Pierrou, who is tor general about the compensation nationwide through weeklong courses. from Sweden. The couple has six children, inequity. Perrin told AFSA News, “When Now in its seventh year of operation, the one of whom is with her FSO husband in confronted with an HR policy that was program is an overwhelming success, Damascus. □ Continued on page 9

JUNE 2002 • AFSA NEWS 3 ON THE HILL C5EP STATE ■ BY LOUISE CRANE Tax-Free 529 Plans Excerpts from AFSA Testimony to the For those of you who are the parents of minor chil¬ dren or are wannabe parents of minor children, House Appropriations these numbers and words are important. Commit Committee them to memory. First, I must digress. The department has been talking On May 1 AFSA submitted testi¬ about instituting a “student loan repayment program” for mony to the Commerce, Justice, almost a year now. The director general has mentioned it and State (CJS) Subcommittee of often since assuming office last July. It’s considered a key ingre¬ the Senate Appropriations Committee in dient in the effort to attract and retain department talent. At support of the president’s Fiscal Year 2003 this writing, the details are still being worked out, but interest in the program is mount¬ budget request for international affairs. ing, especially among untenured officers and specialists. The number of untenured On April 12, AFSA submitted testimo¬ employees will keep growing so long as the Congress continues to provide the secre¬ ny to the CJS Subcommittee of the House tary with funds for the diplomatic readiness initiative. Appropriations Committee. In both, It is safe to assume that many of these new employees - and we are talking about AFSA strongly endorsed Secretary hundreds of new hires over and above attrition — will join the Foreign Service full Powell’s push to continue rebuilding the of enthusiasm, idealism, eagerness to meet the challenges of serving their country and personnel, physical, and information ... student loans. technology infrastructure of the State I confess I have been astounded at the amount of student loans some of our employ¬ Department. Following are excerpts of ees carry. If they are married and the spouses also have student loans, the weight is the April 12 testimony (you can find the that much greater. I have met couples with over $100,000 in student loan debt. full text of the May 1 testimony at Employees routinely tell me loan service costs them $500 a month. This works a par¬ www.afsa.org/congress/testimony2.html): ticular hardship when one is assigned to Washington. JOs expect to double and triple “The American Foreign Service up when they are assigned to Washington, in order to be able to pay the rent plus Association appreciates the opportunity their loans. to share the views of the Foreign Service But this column isn’t about department employees with student loans. It’s about with the Subcommittee as you work on Foreign Service employees not saddling their children with the same burden. the appropriations for the Department The Congress has created vehicles that were not available to your parents. They of State and its programs. The decisions are called 529 plans (after a section of the federal tax code). In the short peri¬ that this Subcommittee and the Congress od they’ve been available, they have become extraordinarily popular. Why? make directly affect our professional and Because, the money you earn on the money you invest is TAX-FREE when you personal lives as we serve in more than withdraw it for educational expenses. (That’s tax-free, not tax-deferred like the 250 posts and missions around the Thrift Plan.) If you invest in the right plan, you can even deduct your contri¬ world to preserve and enhance our coun¬ butions from your state income taxes as well. There is no requirement to use the try’s national interests. The American funds to attend a university in the sponsoring state. Your children can attend Foreign Service Association joins the any college with the funds. Secretary in thanking you for your This is a win-win opportunity. strong support of the Administration’s 1 can’t give you more than an overview of something so complex in this short FY02 request. As the Secretary said [dur¬ column, but the subject deserves more research. One useful Web site is ing his March 6 testimony], the State www.savingforcollege.com. State governments sponsor plans managed by financial Department’s request for FY03 is a con¬ companies like TIAA-CREF and Merrill Lynch. You can find these companies online tinuation of the effort to rebuild the infra¬ to see what they offer. For example, Putnam handles Ohio’s accounts and offers 14 structure of the Department. We fully investment portfolios, while T. Rowe Price handles Maryland’s plan and offers 10 invest¬ support that request as the minimum ment portfolios. Each state’s plan is somewhat different. Out-of-state plans sold by necessary level of funding for people, brokers may have higher fees than home-state plans sold directly to investors. You technology, and security. need to find the plan that best suits your needs. We have one area of concern that we I hope you’ll try to help your kids limit their loan burden. I’d rather they honor hope will be addressed in the Committee’s you for the thrift that gave them the freedom to choose. One of those choices might report accompanying the appropriations be a career in public service without the burden of paying back student loans on a bill. Last year, as the Department explained

relatively low salary. □ Continued on page 8

4 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2002 AFSA Proposes Less Risk-Averse Core Precepts As part of AFSA’s continuing efforts The reaction from members • “Your letter to Ambassador Davis is to promote reform of the Foreign a stroke of genius. The Department of State Service personnel system, a third to the third set of proposals — needs to structure itself so as to inspire package of reform proposals was sent to the courage, honesty, an appropriate level of from JOs to ambassadors — director general on March 25. This pack¬ humility, the utmost integrity, and even a age proposed changes to the Core Precepts has been overwhelmingly certain degree of intellectual curiosity. The —used by State Department tenuring and department steps on its own feet by supportive and positive, promotion panels to evaluate employees— rewarding and over-emphasizing the ‘risk- that would modernize the organizational with only a averse, form-over-substance culture’ that culture of the Foreign Service by altering you mention in the letter.” few exceptions. the abilities and attitudes required for pro¬ • “Kudos to AFSA for the extremely sen¬ motion in the Service. Core Precepts used sible and well-articulated proposals. If by the department are re-issued every three is a sample of the member feedback accepted, they will help reshape the way years, and this is the third year in the cycle. • “This set of proposals easily has the promotion boards — and therefore the AFSA’s first package of reform proposals most important chance of really changing Foreign Service as a whole—look at lead¬ generated 12 personnel reforms, primari¬ the risk-averse, go along, get along, wimpy ership.” ly focused on training, that were announced Foreign Service culture, more than anything AFSA would like to thank members for in a joint AFSA/DG cable on Feb. 7 (02 State else proposed so far. I wholeheartedly sup¬ their input, and is pleased to note that 24682). The second package of reforms, port these proposals and look forward to almost all the proposals are being adopt¬ which focused on specialist concerns, was seeing them adopted.” ed by management presented to the DG on Feb. 7 and is still being considered by department manage¬ ment ... And State Adopts 95 Percent In the third set of proposals, AFSA sought to modernize the Core Precepts. of AFSA Proposals AFSA argued that the absence of moral On April 22, the director general’s office responded to AFSA’s Core Precept proposals, courage, intellectual integrity, and com¬ which included suggestions for ways to alter the risk-averse culture of the depart¬ mitment from the core precepts — cou¬ ment by changing the decision criteria for tenure and promotion guidelines used pled with the absolute premium the pre¬ by Selection Boards. The DG’s office told AFSA that they had accepted 95 percent of AFSA’s cepts place on harmony, respectful behav¬ suggestions, which are reflected in the new Core Precepts adopted May 3. Management ior, and a professional demeanor—serve also added other changes—concerning customer service, institution building, teamwork, to perpetuate a risk-averse, form-over-sub¬ and leadership and management training — that AFSA frilly supports. stance culture in the Foreign Service and The DG announcement of the changes in Core Precepts notes that “starting with infor¬ at the State Department mal discussions with AFSA last fall, we worked together to achieve consensus on key skills, AFSA called on the department to alter knowledge and abilities needed by 21st century American Foreign Service personnel” Changes the core precepts so that they include the in the Core Precepts - in effect for three rating cycles beginning April 16,2002 — include following key attributes: AFSA-suggested language such as the following: * The moral courage to take responsi¬ • encourage employees to speak openly within channels and challenge the status quo ble risks in order to achieve results. by presenting professionally differing and dissenting views. • The intellectual integrity to speak open¬ • encourage employees to demonstrate commitment through working with a sense of ly (within channels) and challenge the sta¬ purpose and caring about the outcome. tus quo in order to improve operations. AFSA changes, along with others initiated by the DG’s staff, will provide additional incen¬ • The commitment to work with a sense tives for employees to perform in accordance with the management principles enunciat¬ of urgency and care about the outcome, ed by Secretary Powell and his management team: to change “from an organization whose rewarding those who exhibit a passion for main job it was to observe and report into an organization that tells America’s story, active¬ their work rather then those who invest no ly promotes America’s interests, and confronts new dangers to our democracy.” emotional energy. The DG’s announcement states, “These changes to the Core Precepts promote the career The reaction from members to the third advancement of those employees who exhibit the skills, outlooks, and abilities needed in set ofproposals—from JOs to ambassadors our new century.” The new precepts signal disapproval of risk-averse, form-over-substance —has been overwhelmingly supportive and modes of behavior. AFSA appreciates management’s openness to making significant changes positive, with only a few exceptions. Here in Core Precepts, and looks forward to further cooperation on reform efforts. □

JUNE 2002 • AFSA NEWS 5 C3E13E FCS ■ BY PETER FREDERICK To Grieve or Not to Grieve I spend over half of my time counseling AFSA members on the mysterious ways of the Foreign Commercial Service per¬ sonnel system. Three basic questions are always raised; How do I file a grievance? What are my chances of winning the grievance? Will “they” get me because I filed a grievance? The “how to” question is easily answered. On the AFSA Web site you can find an outline of the process, including for¬ mats and detailed explanations of what is actually grievable (www.afsa.org/mbr/grievance.html). The other questions are more complicated. Winning is perhaps an inappropriate word: no one ever “wins” a grievance. The grievance can be “upheld,” granting you the requested relief, but in most cases not giving you anything more than you had before the procedure began. BOOKFAIR: Grievances are adjudicated on two levels, the FCS level first, and then, if denied at that level, the Foreign Service Grievance Board (FSGB) next. Since AFSA assumed formal Call for representation of FCS officers in December 1996, there have been 24 formal grievances filed, 19 of which related to EERs. Only one of the 24 grievances was upheld at the Donations Commercial Service level, while the other 23 were denied. It is easy to predict the out¬ The Associates of the American come at the agency level; there is a 96 percent chance you will lose. Foreign Service Worldwide What happens next is more difficult to predict. Not all cases are appealed, and not (AAFSW) need your donations all those appealed are adjudicated by the FSGB. Of all the FCS cases that were appealed for BOOKFAIR 2002, an annual to the FSGB, the FCS decision was upheld in 42 percent of the cases and overruled by October event for over 40 years. granting relief in 26 percent. FCS reached a negotiated settlement with 32 percent of BOOKFAIR proceeds are used for the grievants after they appealed but before the FSGB acted. To summarize, 42 per¬ Foreign Service scholarships and for cent of the cases were denied on appeal and 58 percent of the grievants received some advocacy work on behalf of our measure of relief. Therefore, you’ve got about a 58 percent chance of success on appeal. Foreign Service Community. AAFSW The last question is the most difficult to answer, because I’m not sure who “they” would appreciate donations of artwork are. The people usually involved in a grievance are the individual that committed the and collectibles for the ART CORNER, grievable action, the Office of Foreign Service Human Resources (OFSHR), which adju¬ rare books for the COLLECTORS’ dicates the grievance at the agency level, and the director general’s office. If any of those CORNER, and regular books, stamps involved will write your next EER, there is a risk of conflict. Based on the profession¬ and coins. alism of those currently in management positions, I doubt any of them would try to “get you.” Assignments and promotions are determined by boards, which are struc¬ To donate books: tured to preclude one person having a significant effect on your assignment or peer In the department, donated items ranking. Therefore, while there are no guarantees, experience suggests the only per¬ may be left at “Bookplace” in Main son who will be upset by your grievance is the individual you grieved. State (Basement Room 816) between The grievance procedure is frustrating, time-consuming and usually leaves those 10:00 a.m. and noon, or by appoint¬ involved angry and offended, regardless of the results. Many long hours are required ment (call [202] 223-5796). You can to prepare a grievance, even with AFSA’s help. Commercial officers are good nego¬ also deposit books in book donation tiators on behalf of their clients, and they should use those same skills when discussing bins located around the department, their EERs with supervisors. I strongly encourage you to try to resolve disagreements including one near the D St. entrance, about EERs — the cause of 76 percent of all grievances — before they are signed and and one by the old book room outside submitted. Doing so eliminates the anger and frustration that can keep you from enjoy¬ the cafeteria ing the job you do. I believe the proposed evaluation procedure, currently pending From overseas, donate items by approval, will make it easier to avoid EER grievances. pouch to: AAFSW-Room #B816 However, if someone has taken a grievable action against you, or if the appropri¬ Main State. ate procedures have not been followed, you should file a grievance. Doing so strength¬ To arrange a home pick-up of ens the system. AFSA is here to help you with the grievance procedure AND to pro¬ donated items, please call Virginia Jones vide counseling on how to avoid a grievance situation. What we can do for you depends at (202) 223-5796. a on when you call, before the grievable action occurs or after. □

6 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2002 SECURITY CLEARANCES management that many dual-citizen employees have worked for FOR DUAL NATIONALS the department for years and would view the change in policy as unfair and unwarranted. AFSA also pointed out that creating a blan¬ AFSA Advocates Keeping the ket rule would be inconsistent with the regulations governing secu¬ rity clearances, which call for a “whole person” approach. One vari¬ “Whole Person” Approach able (dual citizenship) should not be the only factor that counts. The State Department Bureau of Diplomatic Security’s policy Instead, DS should look at the totality of the person, including, for on dual citizenship has been the subject of heated debate dur¬ example, whether the person used a foreign passport, accepted social ing the past year. DS was considering adopting a blanket rule welfare benefits from a foreign country, sought office or voted in denying a security clearance to any individual who maintained dual foreign elections, served in a foreign military, etc. citizenship. There are other federal agencies that already have such After months of discussion, DS opted not to change standing a rule, including USAID. Under the proposed policy, current policy, but instead issued guidance to ensure that the policy was employees and applicants for employment, including family mem¬ being applied on an equitable and consistent basis (02 State 054446). bers seeking mission employment, who are dual citizens would be Diplomatic Security will continue to adjudicate security clearances asked to renounce their dual citizenship or risk loss or denial of a pursuant to the “whole person” concept, on a case-by-case basis. clearance. AFSA received numerous e-mails from employees and Some individuals who are dual nationals will be granted a clear¬ spouses who were concerned about Diplomatic Security’s proposed ance, while others will not, based upon the individual circumstances change in policy. of each case. In a letter from State AFSA VP Louise Crane to Assistant Secretary AFSA has worked closely with DS on other issues in the past for Diplomatic Security David Carpenter, AFSA advocated keep¬ and is pleased that DS was willing to engage in a dialogue on this ing current practice in place, addressing the issue on a case-by-case issue. We are also pleased that DS issued guidance to be more basis taking into account all relevant factors. AFSA pointed out to transparent on the status of the policy. □

Send in Financial Special AFSA Internship Funded The Charles DelMar Foundation and the Continued from page 2 Questions: AFSA Will Find Answers Thursday Luncheon Group have generously made a $2,000 and $600 donation, respective¬ Scholarship Fund for We are initiating a new periodic Zachary Green ly, to support the 2002 summer AFSA/TLG feature in AFSA News, a Internship. This internship provides an eco¬ As we honor the memory of Barbara Green financial issues Q8cA. nomically disadvantaged college student the and her daughter, killed in a terrorist attack in opportunity to explore a career in the Foreign Pakistan in March, we want to note that a Send us basic financial Service. This summer’s intern is Kimerie Green scholarship fund has been established for the questions facing from Spelman College in Atlanta. She will college education of the Greens’ surviving son, Foreign work in the newly opened State Department 11-year-old Zachary. The Federal Employees Service Office of Indonesia and East Timor Affairs, Education and Assistance Fund, a nonprofit personnel under the direction of Tom Cynkin in the EAP organization, will administer the fund. Anyone that you would like to see Bureau. wishing to make a contribution may send a check made payable to “FEEA” with an indica¬ answered by an expert. tion on the memo line that the donation is for Questions can relate to investing, retire¬ Thrift Savings Open Season the “Federal Diplomatic Family Assistance ment planning, saving for your children’s Now*s your chance to update your Thrift Savings Plan account Open season runs Fund - Green” or “FDFAF - Green.” Checks education, property management or any from May 15 through fuly 31. should be mailed to Federal Employees other subject that could reasonably be con¬ Education and Assistance Fund, 8441 West sidered a financial issue facing Foreign Bowles Ave., Suite 200, Littleton, CO 80123. Foreign Service Youth Service personnel. E-mail Group We cannot promise to answer all questions All Foreign Service youth, ages nine to 21, New Non-lrradiated in print or to acknowledge receipt of all ques¬ are invited to join the new e-mail group for Zip Code in Place tions not selected for use. We will try to pre¬ Foreign Service youth. This is a free, private The new zip code for personal mail to sent expert answers to the most broadly use¬ forum for FS youth to share experiences, con¬ pouch posts is now a reality. Mail addressed ful questions. AFSA’s Advertising and cerns and ideas with others who have the to this zip code will not be irradiated. Cable Circulation Manager Ed Miltenbeiger has same lifestyle. To join, goto 02 State 50918 announces the establishment agreed to match questions to the appropriate groups.yahoo.com/group/feyouth/ or send an of the zip code and provides other relevant experts, so send your questions to him at e-mail with your name, age and post to [email protected]. information about using it [email protected]. Continued on page 10

JUNE 2002 • AFSA NEWS 7 Testimony • Continued from page 4 RETIREE ■ BY ROBERT W. “BILL” FARRAND in its FY02 request, part of the personnel Warm Welcome on the Hill funding was to be used to address con¬ cerns about morale, recruitment and Much has happened over the past year to alter the retention of Foreign Service personnel. American perspective on the federal government and For instance, funds were to implement those who serve it. You may recall that on Sept. 11, a student loan repayment program, to 2001, AFSA Governing Board members, accompanied by a continue a pilot program in Mexico for group of Foreign Service retirees, were on Capitol Hill to push increased spousal employment and pos¬ for greater resources for diplomacy. Our day was cut short. sibly expand it worldwide, and to con¬ On May 9, some of us went back to the Hill to pick up tinue a pilot program to address staffing where we left off. On Sept 11, we had been told that a mem¬ in hard-to-fill posts. Although unmen¬ ber of Congress who spent five minutes a day on foreign affairs tioned in the Administration’s FY03 bud¬ was a rarity. This time around the mood was different. There was genuine interest get request, these proposals from last year on both the House and Senate sides in our message. are still important initiatives, and we urge We told everyone we met that Foreign Service eyes and ears around the globe were the Committee to encourage the tuned as never before to the government-wide task of reporting movements of sus¬ Department to continue and expand pected terrorists and to the related task of closely vetting persons applying for American these programs. visas. It was not necessary to remind our Hill interlocutors about the loss of Foreign AFSA strongly endorses the Service lives in our embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, and, most recently, in a Department’s efforts to convince the church in Islamabad. Administration to support implemen¬ My corollary objective was to convey the importance of the Foreign Service as a tation of an overseas comparability distinct arm of the executive branch with tight entry requirements and an up-or-out adjustment based upon D.C. area local¬ career progression. The Service needs ity pay. There is a huge financial disin¬ to be treated separately in legislation There was genuine interest on centive to serve abroad because of the loss of locality pay. affecting federal employment, benefits both the House and Senate and retirement. To do otherwise, We believe the concept of embassy I argued, risks marginalizing the Foreign sides in our message. security needs to be expanded to encom¬ pass the embassy community. In part, Service at the very time our nation The Service needs to be requires experienced and committed AFSA believes that this will entail the diplomats to promote and defend treated separately in legislation continued hiring of security profession¬ American interests abroad. als and funding to move from a protec¬ affecting federal employment, This year, I asked myself how AFSA tive, defensive posture to a more aggres¬ might attract more Foreign Service benefits, and retirement. sive preventative approach to security. annuitants to join (or rejoin) AFSA and We encourage the Subcommittee to join swell our numbers to create an even more powerful voice. In the world of special inter¬ AFSA in engaging the Department in ests — and we are a unique special interest group — numbers count. Numbers give identifying practical solutions to the you clout. Clout brings results. You should know by now that AFSA has, thanks to expanded threat to Americans and to Ambassador Tom Boyatt’s vision and persistence, formed a PAC. The purpose of American personnel abroad. AFSA-PAC is to improve our clout with key officeholders on Capitol Hill who have Mr. Chairman, we believe that the shown interest in defending the Foreign Service. With the AFSA-PAC, we expect even funds requested for Fiscal Year 2003 and better receptivity on the Hill to Foreign Service concerns. the Supplemental Request that has What a double punch it would be if simultaneously we could stimulate a quan¬ recently been forwarded help provide the tum increase in membership among retired annuitants. The good news is we have minimum but necessary resources that arranged for AFSA dues to be automatically deducted from a retiree’s annuity check, will allow the Department and the effective April 1 (no joke). Let your non-AFSA retiree friends know. And if they ask, Foreign Service to rebuild both its “What would I get for my $130 dues?” tell them how AFSA is on the front line fight¬ infrastructure and the Service itself to ing for their benefits and rights and those of all Foreign Service members and their meet the challenges of this new centu¬ families. ry. As in the past, we stand ready to serve Imagine what we could achieve for the Foreign Service if we numbered 20,000, this Nation in advancing our national instead of 11,000! Why, with numbers like that, we could even lower our dues! I appeal security interests abroad. We urge that to all of you to tell your non-member retired friends and acquaintances about the auto¬ you provide the necessary resources to matic annuity check deduction option. While you’re at it, ask them to join AFSA! □ do so.” □

8 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2002 take into account whether the position regional security officer, narcotics affairs meets the statutory definition of “super¬ section director. visor;” i.e., that the supervisory duties of Q: Should I take out PU? the position require “the consistent exer¬ A# Views are split on whether cise of independent judgment and are not • federal employees should carry merely routine or clerical in nature.” PLI. Some managers do not carry poli¬ The complete list of eligible employ¬ cies because they believe the government Personnel Issues ees is now as follows; ambassador or prin¬ will reimburse their legal costs and any BY JAMES YORKE, cipal officer, DCM, administrative offi¬ judgment against them should they be LABOR MANAGEMENT SPECIAUST cer, senior (or only) GSO, senior (or only) sued and found liable for damages aris¬ human resources officer, senior (or ing from their official acts. If an employ¬ ee is sued for Jus or her official acts, the Professional Liability The new rules allow government will pay for an attorney to represent the employee if the government reimbursement to NAS directors, Insurance believes the individual was acting with¬ information management officers in the scope of Jus or her job and it is in Q: I am a narcotics affairs section (NAS) the government’s interest to do so. The and facilities management director. Will the department pay a per¬ government may also pay the damages centage of my Professional Liability officers, in addition to those award if the employee is found negligent Insurance? According to the Nov. 5, 1999, previously authorized. A# Yes. A recent cable (02 State “Federal Diary” in the Washington Post, • 065820) extended the eligibil¬ from 1995 to 1998 the Justice ity for reimbursement of PLI and, as only) budget and finance officer, senior Department received 7,000 requests AFSA had suggested, increased the (or only) IMO, senior (or only) facilities from officials seeking legal representa¬ department’s share from a maximum of manager, senior (or only) public affairs tion and only rejected 150. During the $100 to $125. The new rules allow reim¬ officer, senior (or sole) consul general or same period, only 15 federal employees bursement to NAS directors, information senior consular officer, chief of non¬ were found personally liable for damages management officers and facilities man¬ immigrant visas, chief of American citi¬ arising from their acts, and in 11 cases, agement officers, in addition to those pre¬ zens services, chief of immigrant visas, agencies compensated employees for viously authorized. The cable emphasizes chief of federal benefits (if a State their losses. In other words, out of sev¬ that administrative officers overseas eval¬ employee), senior (or sole) political offi¬ eral million employees over the past five uating requests for reimbursement must cer, senior (or sole) economic officer, Continued on page 10

Perrin • Continued from page 3 scale change were compensated. The State officer and look forward to continuing my unjust and showed a lack of respect for the Department had received a wake-up call on work with AFSA in the future.” hard work of junior officers in the field, we the need for fair and consistent human Prior to joining the Foreign Service in remained positive and worked toward a resources programs. 1999, Perrin earned a bachelor’s degree in change.” The approach taken by Perrin— Perrin’s remarkable success in pushing mechanical engineering from Vanderbilt to bring JOs together to approach the front for JOs and achieving equity not only University and a J.D. degree from Tulane office with the problem and encourage the helped to transform the HR policy, but also University. He spent several years practicing ambassador to send a message to set an important precedent of using con¬ law in liis hometown of New Orleans and Washington — was successful in alerting structive measures to effectively channel also in San Francisco. In addition to serv¬ the DG to the concerns about the new salary pressing concerns. About being selected for ing as the AFSA rep in Caracas, Perrin serves policy. JOs at many other embassies picked the AFSA achievement award, Perrin told as the Post Language Officer, a member of up Perrin’s approach. AFSA News that “The award is the recog¬ the Post Housing Board, and board mem¬ By October 2001, management had nition for the hard work that many FSOs ber of the Embassy Employees Association. heard from JOs around the world. A meet¬ did to fight for junior officers in the entry- Perrin and his wife, Michele, have a ing was held at State to discuss the salary level pay equity dispute. I commend the daughter, “Winky,” who is a second problem and the supposition that the DG on her reversal of this policy and on grader. Perrin will depart Caracas in July inequalities were hurting JO morale. Soon her implementation of a solution that is a and return to the Washington area for for¬ after, approximately 280 JOs who had step in the right direction. 1 am honored eign language training. His next post is joined the Foreign Service before the salary and privileged to serve as a Foreign Service Embassy Bangkok. □

JUNE 2002 • AFSA NEWS 9 Q&A • Continued from page 9

Continued from page 7 years, only 150 had to pay for their own Business Class Travel legal representation, and only four Approved for Long Trips had to pay damages out of their If your wheels-up-to-wheels-down trip is 14 hours own pockets. or longer (including time for plane changes), you Still, while the odds are good that the and your family now have the option to fly business government will pick up an employee’s class. See 02 State 053544 for the details. And attorney fees and damage award, some don’t forget to log in your frequent-flyer miles, employees carry professional liability which add up fast on long trips. insurance in case they are one of the FSYF Annual unlucky few the government decides Welcome Back Picnic not to cover. An experienced attorney The Foreign Service Youth Foundation invites can cost well over $200 an hour, and a all Foreign Service families that include a child between the ages of nine and 18 to attend the damage award can cost several hun¬ Annual Welcome Back Picnic on Sept. 8,2002. The picnic will be held at Lubber Run Park, dreds of thousands of dollars. Arlington, Va. from 4:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Please bring a dish to share. RSVP by Sept. 5 by Employees can lose their life savings if e-mail to: [email protected] or by phone: (301) 404-6655. For more information about FSYF, visit the the Justice Department refuses to reim¬ Web site at www.feyf.org, or call or e-mail. burse their attorney fees and/or pay the Summer in Washington with Kids? damage award. In addition, in certain Are you transferring this summer? Will you be running around Washington taking care of busi¬ circumstances the Justice Department ness? Need something fun for the kids to do? Diplotots, State’s childcare facility at Columbia Plaza, will not even entertain a request for has a summer camp for children age five to 10. Drop-ins are welcome. Extended day is available. reimbursement. For example, if the Meals are included and many activities, including field trips, are planned. For more information, con¬ Office of the Inspector General, Office tact the director at (202) 663-3555 or e-mail [email protected]. of Public Integrity, or Office of Civil Rights investigates an employee, it is not Correction: In the photo accompanying the May AFSA News article, ‘The Foreign Service Goes Primetime,” AFSA Retiree VP Bill Farrand is mistakenly identified as Amb. Bill De Pree, who was AFSA’s Retiree VP deemed in the government’s interest to on the previous AFSA Governing Board. reimburse the employee’s costs. □ AFSACLASSIREDS S GRIEVANCE ATTORNEY (specializing LEGAL SERVICES since 1983) Attorney assists FS officers cor¬ mnammEmsm ATTORNEY WITH 22 years successful rect defective performance appraisals, reverse experience SPECIALIZING FULLTIME IN FS improper tenuring and promotion board deci¬ ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA GRIEVANCES will more than double your sions, secure financial benefits, defend 1091 Chaddwyck Dr., chance of winning. 30% of grievants win before against disciplinary actions and obtain relief Athens, GA 30606 the Grievance Board; 85% of my clients win. from all forms of discrimination. Free Initial Tel/Fax (706) 769-8976 Only a private attorney can adequately devel¬ Consultation. Call William T. Irelan, Esq. Tel: E-mail: [email protected] op and present your case, including neces¬ (202) 625-1800 Fax: (202)625-1616. • U.S. income tax services sary regs, arcane legal doctrines, precedents E-mail: [email protected] • Many FS & contractor clients and rules. Call Bridget R. Mugane at • Practiced before the IRS WILUESTATE PLANNING by attorney Tel. (202) 387-4383, Tel. (301) 596-0175. • Financial planning who is a former FSO. Have your will reviewed E-mail: [email protected] • American Institute of CPAs, Member and updated, or new one prepared: Free initial consultation. FIRST CONSULTATION FREE No charge for initial consultation. M. Bruce Hirshorn, Boring & Pilger, 307 FREE TAX CONSULTATION: For overseas ATTORNEY Maple Ave. W, Suite D, Vienna, VA 22180 personnel. We process returns as received, (703) 281-2161, Fax (703J-281-9464 without delay. Preparation and representation ESTATE PLANNING, WILLS, POWERS E-mail: [email protected] by Enrolled Agents. Federal and all states pre¬ OF ATTORNEY. 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10 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2002 AFSACLASSIFIEDS

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12 AFSA NEWS • JUNE 2002 FSJ: You have been Boeing’s senior and social mores. First and fore¬ vice president for international rela¬ most, spouses and family members tions for over a year noiv. What was “Henry Kissinger could are now seen as important in their the appeal of the job, and was the own right, not merely as auxiliaries transition to the private sector a diffi¬ be a real terror, to officers. In addition, I believe the cult one? Foreign Service has increasingly Pickering: Not as difficult as some but I learned a great deal emphasized and rewarded individual might think. Much of my background initiative and merit, and is playing a is relevant. I am seeking to find peo¬ just by being around him greater role in foreign policy formu¬ ple and put in place strategic planning lation. in some 20 offices overseas for Boeing as a special assistant FSJ: If you were talking to some while working to build more interna¬ bright young people today, college tional knowledge and awareness and graduates, would you recommend use of international personnel and the Foreign Service to them as a technology at Boeing. The challenge career? Why or why not? is to help a great company find good al interest. After all, one of its largest Pickering: Yes, I would recom¬ people, build the right strategies and customers is the U.S. government. mend it, fiiough with the caveat that develop more international awareness Also, it obviously benefits from a FSOs need to be prepared for hard¬ to assist it to build value globally. strong American presence on the ships. They also have to understand FSJ: What goals did you set for world stage. Our overseas Boeing that diplomats are supposed to go yourself in your new role, and how reps keep in close contact with U.S. where they are sent and serve as would you assess your progress embassies and exchange information requested. But in my experience, die thus far? on commercial issues. rewards — the opportunity to travel Pickering: First of all, since FSJ: How do you respond to extensively, to live in diverse coun¬ Boeing and I were starting a new charges that U.S. missile defense is tries and interact with fascinating activity, I took several months to simply corporate welfare for defense people, to serve your country, and to analyze it’s current overseas opera¬ industry giants like Boeing? be at the center of foreign policy¬ tions and develop a coherent strategy Picker ing: I would note that well making — far outweigh the hard¬ to expand them and make them before taking office, the current ships. more effective. Boeing is building 20 administration made quite clear its While there’s no doubt the new country offices and develop¬ strong commitment to pursue a department has made progress ment offices in six regions. Each of national missile defense system. That toward offering salaries and benefits these is headed by a “Boeing ambas¬ decision was independent of any that are comparable to those found sador,” who oversees a country team. influence Boeing or any other com¬ in the private sector, the fact of the In addition, each country and region pany might have exerted. It is true matter is that it will probably never is developing a specific corporate that Boeing won the competition to be fully competitive. But when I strategy it pursues. Another impor¬ be the leader of a consortium of came into the private sector, I found tant part of my role is to explain to companies as the system integrator, out that most surveys show that pri¬ Boeings top executives international but that role is neither permanent vate sector employees actually rate issues and how they affect tire com¬ nor assured. If we don’t excel in ful¬ financial rewards well down the list pany. Fortunately, as a member of filling the terms of the contract, on below job satisfaction, something the company’s Executive Council, I time and on budget, someone else that is also true for FSOs. am in an ideal position to do that. may well replace us. The transparen¬ FSJ: What changes do you think FSJ: In this era of globalization, cy of the process and the competition are needed to the FS personnel sys- some people say that “national cor¬ to lead it are strong guarantees that tem to ensure that the Service has the porations” are a thing of the past. To this is not welfare! abilities, outlooks and organizational what degree are Boeing’s interests FSJ: How do you see the Foreign structure to effectively discharge its synonymous with U.S. interests? Service as having changed over the role in the active promotion of U.S. Pickering: To begin with, Boeing course of your career? interests abroad? is a loyal corporate citizen of the Pickering: Like other institu¬ Pickering: Well, I should begin U.S., so I don’t see a conflict tions, the changes in the Service my response by admitting that while between its interests and tire nation- reflect changes in American society I participated in a study to set up the

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 current assignment system, I never al, broad-based support to weigh the actually had to submit a bid list since costs of going it alone, such as no I was already an ambassador by the “1 have always access rights or bases available, time it took effect. In fact, I am prob¬ against the benefits of cooperation. ably one of the last FSOs for whom believed that the FSJ: Since the attacks, there that was true. seemed to be a consensus that In any case, I believe it is vital for ‘bicycle principle’ applies President Bu sh had finally overcome Foreign Service officers to rotate in the belief that, while he had good and out of Washington, and not revert to the Middle East: advisors, he was ill-suited to foreign to an overseas-only service as it was policy and not really knowledgeable back in the 1940s, or one where offi¬ if you stop moving about foreign affairs. But those earlier cers stay in the U.S. as long as possi¬ doubts seem to be resurging now. Do ble. There has to be a balance. The forward, you fall over.” you think such criticism is fair? Civil Service has a long institutional Pickering: I believe that Pres. memory which is absolutely invalu¬ Bush earned the high marks he able to die formulation of foreign pol¬ received for his foreign policy in die icy, but State also needs the fresh per¬ immediate aftermath of Sept. 11, and spectives and country-specific exper¬ morale. So I definitely am a strong I think he should be complimented tise that FSOs can provide. supporter. and encouraged in that regard. I don’t FSJ: A year ago, there was a good FSJ: In the post-Sejrt. 11 world, really join those who are inclined to deal of hope that the recommenda¬ what areas of U.S. foreign policy do be highly critical of him. tions of the Hart-Rudman and you believe have changed, and in FSJ: Among your many senior- Carlucci Commissions, unlike so what areas will continuity predomi¬ level assignments, you have been many earlier studies of Foreign nate? ambassador both to Jordan and Service reform, might actually be Pickering: Old issues never really Israel. Did you disagree with the implemented. Did you share that opti¬ go away; but they often take on new Bush administration’s reluctance until mism? How satisfied are you with forms. Sept. 11 gives us new opportu¬ recently to take an active role in what has transpired, and what nities to build coalitions to mobilize restarting the Middle East peace prospects do you see for additional support to solve old problems. The process, and do you believe Sec. steps? new priority on the war on terror is Powell’s recent trip accomplished Pickering: I thought the general essential to protect our people and, anything? thrust of the recommendations each well focused, can help us mobilize Pickering: I have always believed commission made was good, but support to resolve other issues as well. that tiie “bicycle principle” applies to many of the specific proposals were FSJ: Do you have any concerns the Middle East: if you stop moving flawed. In particular, the idea of going that, given the massive effort we are forward, you fall over. And that region to an under secretary-heavy, “stove¬ having to make in terms of leading an is simply too vital to be allowed to pipe” structure would be a serious increasingly fractious anti-terrorism drift. So, yes, I think the administra¬ mistake. The State Department is coalition, other important issues are tions initial hands-off approach was condemned to be a matrix-organiza¬ being neglected? And drawing on not the best choice. tion, if you will, and changing it would your own parallel experience as U. S. That said, I am glad to see that be very difficult. Look at the difficul¬ ambassador to the United Nations they are newly engaged in the peace ty State has had in absorbing USIA, during the Gulf War, what advice process, and I think Secretary Powell for example. would you offer the administration? accomplished a good deal of impor¬ FSJ: What is your overall assess¬ Pickering: Above all, I would urge tant work during his trip. I hope he ment of Secretary Powell so far? an emphasis on the fundamental con¬ will go back soon to build on that Pickering: Very positive. I follow crete objectives of any wartime coali¬ progress and bring it to completion. his policy statements closely and tion: obtaining base rights, access and FSJ: What path is open to U.S. believe he consistently hits the nail on overflight rights, and working with diplomacy in the Middle East now? the head. He is a strong leader, both allies willing to stand firmly by us. I Pickering: I think die formula we as a voice for President Bush and a would also urge those figures in this have been promoting is still the only leader of State, where he has worked administration who are skeptical way forward to a final settlement: hard to obtain resources and improve about the value of gaining multilater¬ Israeli withdrawal in return for a solid

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 and implemented Palestinian commit¬ thought about diplomacy and doesn’t ment to stop the suicide bombings, just clutter the shelf with personal coupled with both sides returning to “I believe the Foreign reminiscences. the negotiating table. I was recently in FSJ: Your wife Alice is receiving a the region and I believe that many cre¬ Service has increasingly special commendation from AFSAfor ative and innovative people on both her own contributions both to your sides are actually closer than ever emphasized and career and to U.S. diplomacy. Please before to each other in their views on tell us about both those roles. the actual terms of a peace settlement. rewarded individual Pickering: Since we have always FSJ: You were ambassador to Israel thought of ourselves as a team, we are during the first intifada, and you met initiative and merit, and both deeply gratified by that recogni¬ current Israeli Prime Minister Ariel tion. As you know, Alice was already an Sharon several times. Do you think is playing a greater role FSO when we met, yet she made the Sharon will ever make peace ? tough choice — as female FSOs Pickering: Sharon repeatedly told in foreign policy regrettably had to in those days — to me that his ambition was to become sacrifice her own accomplished, high¬ prime minister of Israel and then to formulation.” ly promising career to marry me. bring about a lasting peace settlement. Our partnership has contributed to Now that he has accomplished that the Foreign Service in another way, as first objective, I am waiting in hope for well: my daughter Margaret serves as a him to deliver on the second. you like to do? Any plans to write a lawyer in the Legal Advisor s office and FSJ: How successful do you believe memoir or other books? our son-in-law John is an FSO running we have been in getting out the mes¬ Pickering: I have thought serious¬ States Office of European Security sage that the war on terrorism is not a ly for some time about writing a mem¬ and Political Affairs (EUR/RPM). war on Arabs or Muslims? oir, but I want to make sure that it rep¬ FSJ: Thank you, Ambassador Pickering: I think we have been resents a contribution to serious Pickering. ■ successful thus far, but we must not relent. In particular, we must continue to make clear our understanding that Join the Journal’s Editorial Board! violence and terror are not the unique province of Islam or Arabs. Christians Active Foreign Service employees from all foreign affairs agencies are and Jews certainly have their own invited to nominate themselves or colleagues for a two-year term on the unfortunate histories in that regard. Foreign Service Journal Editorial Board beginning in September. Because of FSJ: Do you think we have been as normal turnover and moves abroad, there will be at least three vacancies on successful in reaching out to the much- the board this year. vaunted Arab and Muslim “street” as Board members set the general editorial direction of the Journal, in con¬ we have in convincing their regimes to sultation with the editorial staff. Meeting monthly at AFSA HQ (over a free stand by us? lunch!), they evaluate submitted manuscripts, decide on future focus topics, Pickering: No, we haven’t. It’s a and weigh in on other matters affecting the Journal’s style, substance and difficult task but we need to work process. much harder. And I must admit that Board members must be able to attend monthly midday meetings in Washington and should be able to devote at least a few hours a month to the Clinton administration did not pay reading articles and considering other Journal-related matters. enough attention to that factor or If interested, please get in touch as soon as possible with FSJ editor devote enough resources to it, either, Steve Honley (e-mail: [email protected]), sending some information about which undoubtedly enabled Osama yourself (or the colleague you are nominating) and explaining why you are bin Laden to attract more support interested in serving on the Board. than he would have otherwise — building on Saddam s own propagan¬ dizing in the Persian Gulf and Arabian For more information, you may also call (202) 944-5511, fax: (202) Peninsula. 338-8244, or write: Editorial Board Search, Foreign Service FSJ: Your current job clearly keeps Journal, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 20037-2990. you quite busy. But what else would

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41 ARAB-AMERICANS IN ISRAEL: WHAT “SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP”?

ISRAEL AND THE UNITED STATES HAVE LONG ENJOYED PARTICULARLY CLOSE RELATIONS. BUT THAT “SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP” HAS NOT EXTENDED TO PALESTINIAN-AMERICANS IN ISRAEL.

BY JERRI BIRD

he Department of States annual brought to my attention. He was an 18-year-old, tiiird-gener- T human rights reports have document¬ ation American bom in Albuquerque, N.M. After attending ed for many years a depressing litany high school in die West Bank village where his grandmother of extra-legal human rights abuses per¬ lives, he went to Ben Gurion Airport together widi his moth- petrated against tire Palestinian people er and brodier to return to Albuquerque to attend universi¬ by Israel: countless home demolitions, ty. There Israeli authorities seized him. Partners for Peace land confiscations, arbitrary arrests, and widespread torture. launched a nationwide effort to bring the facts of his situation Similar practices have also been reported in detail by numer¬ to public attention. Sadly, he was severely tortured and was ous Israeli, Palestinian and international human rights orga¬ jailed for more than a year before he was expelled from the nizations for years. country. Otiier cases were soon referred to me and I have But it may come as an unpleasant surprise for the since been able to document a total of 13, two of whom American public to leam that for over 30 years, Israel has also remain in prison. repeatedly detained, tortured and incarcerated Americans of Arab origin, without suffering any sanctions or even a public Jamil Sarsour reprimand from Washington. Jamil Sarsour, now 51, was naturalized as an American cit¬ Responding to a question in die April 2, 2002, press brief¬ izen in 1983, He lives in Wisconsin where he has extensive ing, a State Department spokesman confirmed that Israel business interests. He is married and has eight children. In was holding at least 18 American citizens on “security” October 1998, Sarsour was detained upon arrival at the Ben charges, and had detained at least 22 more since “die current Gurion Airport and taken to Moscobiya Prison (two blocks violence began last fall.” Pie also noted that “we have no way from the U.S. consulate general in Jerusalem) where he of knowing for certain the numbers of American cidzens who alleges he was subjected to interrogation and torture, may have been detained for short periods and released.” including “shabah,” a standard Israeli procedure for dehu¬ Since it is a legal obligation of even' host government to noti¬ manizing prisoners. After being handcuffed and having fy die local diplomatic mission within 48 hours of the deten¬ their feet chained, they are forced to sit in a tilted small tion of a foreign national, this is an alarming admission. chair tied to the ground, leaving them totally unable to In addition, Israeli and international human rights organi¬ move. They are then hooded with a filthy small bag which zations have gatiiered evidence that such prisoners are rou¬ is very hard to breathe through. Meanwhile, very loud tinely denied family visits for long periods and deprived of music blasts overhead. Sarsour was also denied the use of access to legal counsel. Their interrogations routinely include a toilet or shower for long periods. torture. Such cases are heard by one military officer at a The questioning centered on alleged transfers of funds to hearing conducted in a settlement on the West Bank, which “illegal organizations” such as Hamas. Sarsour denies making enables authorities to deny die detainee a civil trial. The such transfers but admits that he has helped to support a detainee is not allowed to challenge die charges or offer a widow with four children who is a member of his extended real defense. family. He also acknowledges that he had $10,000 in cash on I first learned of die detention and torture of American him when he arrived in Israel, but it is not uncommon for citizens in 1998, when die case of Hashem Mufleh was Palestinian-Americans to travel with large quantities of cash

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 when returning to their ancestral homeland where they will Israel. (Awadallah was lolled in an Israeli raid.) Sarsour was share tiieir good fortune with gifts for family and friends. sentenced and imprisoned at Ashkelon Prison, but his fami¬ Sarsours brother Emad says the family notified the con¬ ly hopes he may be home by Feb. 11, 2003. However, he sulate of the detention 10 days after he was first detained, but missed the wedding of his oldest daughter last September, he did not receive a consular or family visit until after 101 and neither his wife nor any other family member has been days of incarceration, when an American consul finally came. allowed to visit him since September 2000. Consulate His wife was allowed to see him two weeks after that, but General Jerusalem routinely sends a local staff person to visit only on a non-contact basis. American prisoners approximately once per month. It was 60 days more before Sarsours attorney visited him, and the two men were never allowed to meet in private. Amjad Ahmad Farah Kur’an When die attorney visited him again, he was accompanied by Arnjad Ahmad Farah Kur’an, a 21-year-old who was a delegation of four American officials: a female U.S. district attending Bir Zeit University and living with Ins father who attorney from Chicago, a male DA from Milwaukee, an FBI had retired to the family home in Al Bireh, adjacent to or CIA agent, and a counterterrorism official. They interro¬ Ramallah, is also still in prison. Amjad was picked up in June gated Sarsour and wanted him to sign an agreement to coop¬ 1998 as he was on his way to Bir Zeit University and alleges erate with them by telling about a terrorist network in the he was tortured for a week in the Moscobiya Prison before U.S., saying that would help his case. When he refused, the anyone from the consulate was able to visit him. delegation warned him that if he did not confess to providing Amjad was charged with “stone-throwing, an act against money to Hamas he would be jailed “forever.” He says they public order, providing chemicals for explosives and seven also showed him pictures of his home and those of his rela¬ different materials, conspiring to break prisoners out of tives back in the States, indicating they knew how to impli¬ prison and membership in an illegal organization,” according cate them with the same charges. to the official charge sheet. He signed a confession obtained Although the physical torture stopped once he received a during torture. consular visit, Sarsour was then moved from solitary confine¬ Mr. Farah, his father, claims the charges against his son, ment to a cell with Palestinians who he says tried to get him based on Amjads purchase of kerosene for the space heater to incriminate himself and beat him when he refused. for tiie family home, were ridiculous. He points out that After many postponements over a period of almost three there is no way Amjad could reach a prison to assist in any years, his trial was finally held on Aug. 8, 2001, and he was breakout. convicted of channeling funds to Adel Awadallah, a top When he asked his son why he had confessed to tilings he Hamas fugitive and mastermind of past suicide bombings in claims he did not do, Amjad reluctantly told him it was because he couldn’t endure any more torture. In addition to Jerri Bird, the wife of retired FSO Eugene Bird, has lived subjecting him to shabah, the interrogators had thrown hot in Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Egypt and Saudi Arabia and water on him, pulled his hair, deprived him of food and traveled in all of the other Arab countries except Iraq and threatened to pull out his fingernails. His family has told me Sudan. She is president and founder of Partners for Peace, he is in fragile condition; he only weighed 155 pounds at the a Washington, D C.-based NGO whose mission is to edu¬ time ol his detention and lost 15 pounds in the first month of cate the public about the issues in the Israeli-Palestinian detention. conflict, with particular emphasis on developing produc¬ Amjad was transferred to Megiddo Prison, an extremely tive relationships with the professional media. Partners overcrowded tent prison located between Haifa and the for Peace sponsors an annual 10-city tour of the United Lebanese border, far from his West Bank home. It is a com¬ States called “Jerusalem Women Speak: Three Women, mon practice of the Israeli security establishment to jail Three Faiths, One Shared City,” that brings women from Palestinians outside their home area, a flagrant violation of Israel and Palestine together to share their views of the die Geneva Convention. conflict with ordinary Americans. (For more information, After two years of imprisonment without any trial he was go to www.partnersforpeace.org.) sentenced in July 2000 by an Israeli military officer to 52 Ms. Bird is also the auth or of numerous articles on the months at a hearing held in an Israeli settlement on the West role of women in the Muslim world and on the Israeli- Bank. He was also ordered to pay a $2,000 fine. Palestinian conflict. She wrote the chapter “Revolution for Initially, Amjads mother and a sister were allowed to visit Children in Saudi Arabia” in the book Children in the him by making arrangements with the Red Crescent Society, Muslim Middle East, edited by Elizabeth Wamock Femea but now they have not seen him in almost two years. His and published by the University of Texas Press in 1995. father has been allowed to visit only once (before the begin-

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 ning of the September 2000 intifada). Americans to local employees when On his way to the prison, Mr. Farah diey make inquiries of any kind.) At says he was stopped at a checkpoint “I cannot believe that the embassy, the FSNs he spoke with where tire guard took his American blamed him for his son’s situation passport and stomped on it. The guard my government was because he had sent him to a said, “I could kill your wife and son Palestinian university. and the U.S. government couldn’t do powerless to take action anything.” He was held at this check¬ 40 Days In Hell point for five hours of harassment and on my behalf. Among the many other Palestinian- taunting. (Keep in mind that this is a Americans who have suffered similar man who earned a B.A. degree and an Is it because I have mistreahnent but been released are MBA in the United States, then ran Anwar Mohamed and Yusif Marei. his own business in Youngstown, an Arabic name?” Since both men returned to die United Ohio, before selling it and moving to States immediately following their the West Bank.) And when he and his — Anwar Mohamed, a Palestinian- ordeal, I have had the opportunity to American detained in Israel family reached the prison, the guard interview them extensively. required Mr. Farah and other Anwar Mohamed’s brother, Palestinian visitors to clean the latrines Hassan Mohamed, called me to before they were allowed to see the visited the consulate in Jerusalem and advise me of his brother’s detention. detainees. the embassy in Tel Aviv in the early Anwar was bom in Silwan to an When Mr. Farah complained to a days of his son’s imprisonment seeking American citizen, Ahmad consular representative about condi¬ help but never managed to talk to an Mohamed, now deceased. He grew tions in the tent prison and the fact American officer. (In interviewing up in America and was the manager that his son was being bitten by rats, other detainees and family members, of a pizza restaurant when he decid¬ he was told there was nothing the I have found it is a general practice of ed to go to the West Bank to visit his American officials could do. He also die American consulate to refer Arab- aunts, the only family members

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 remaining there. His sister is mar¬ ried and lives in Amman. Anwar decided to visit her before returning Help for Seniors home and was detained at the bor¬ der, handcuffed and chained and TsAay Be Just taken to “another place” where he says the soldiers taunted him when a Phone Cull Awuy- he presented his American passport The Senior Living Foundation Resource Center by saying, “We are all Americans may be able to help you or someone you know find here, but we hate Americans.” information and resources for: A Department of State official in Washington admitted that a ■ Home Health Care Jerusalem employee of the consulate SlF ■ Adult Day Care and Respite Care visited Anwar and observed that he ■ Transportation to Medical Appointments had been beaten. After two weeks of A time of service, ■ Medicare/Medicaid Eligibility torture Anwar refused to sign a con¬ a time of need. ■ Friendly Visitor Calls fession and was remanded by a “judge” to 16 more days of “interroga¬ For more information, please call the tion.” The following is an excerpt from SENIOR LIVING FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE his detailed account in his own words, 1716 N ST., NW - WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036-2902 tape recorded as soon as he returned (202) 887-8170 E MAIL: afspa @ afspa.org - WEB SITE: www.afspa.org to die United States. “I spent 40 days in hell. There are ❖Financial Assistance may he available. no words to describe what I went SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION through. All kinds of torture was prac¬ ticed on me, from food and sleep deprivation, beatings, inhuman con¬ finement in a concrete box of 6-by-4- feet, isolated for 19 days with no win¬ PRINCETON UNIVERSITY $ dows and a hole in the floor as a toilet; Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs with disgusting odors, spiders and Master’s Degree in Public Policy: roaches [crawling] over my face. This A One-Year Program for Midcareer Professionals box is known as The Coffin.’ I also In Cooperation with the Department of State faced threats of death, deprivation of For further information Our M.P.P. program provides rising leaders in the international clean, warm clothing and my medicine about State Department and domestic policy arenas an opportunity to expand their eligibility and application organizational skills and intellectual breadth to compete in an (I have a chronic ear condition), and procedures, FSOs may increasingly complex global environment. psychological mistreatment. The chair contact HR/ CDA/SL/CDT at (202) 647-3822. Civil The John L. Weinberg Fellowship Program. Through a joint where I was handcuffed and chained Service employees may program with the Department of State, Princeton offers up to with my head covered with a filthy contact HR/CSP at five fellowships each year to Foreign Service and Civil Service (202) 663-2144. employees nominated by the Department. During the academic bag, stretched into a contorted posi¬ year, Fellows take courses alongside all other Woodrow Wilson tion for days at a time, caused my Woodrow Wilson School School graduate students. The rigorous one-year program hands to swell as a balloon and they Master’s Degree in combines courses in quantitative methods and policy analysis Public Policy with a more specialized curriculum chosen from among the lost all sense of feeling. I lost 40 Princeton University School's four fields of concentration: international relations, pounds. I was in agony. All of this was Princeton, NJ 08544-1013 international development, domestic policy, and economics and public policy. Most classes are small seminars taught by faculty going on while the American con¬ from the politics, economics, and other departments of the To leam more about the University. The program is directed by Assistant Dean Robert sulate was located just a few blocks program, call the Woodrow Hutchings, a former U.S. ambassador who also teaches in the Wilson School at away from me, and our American flag School's international relations curriculum. (609) 2584836, was flying high in the sky on top of it!” send an email to Qualifications. The State Department has established eligibility Yousif Marei was bom in a village [email protected] criteria for FO-02s and FP-02s and for Civil Service officers at the near Jenin in 1955, immigrated to the or visit our website: GS-13 or GS-14 level. Details are available in a series of State www'.wws.princeton.edu/ Department notices or from FIR/CDA/SL/GDT and HR/CSP. United States in 1978 and became a degree mpp.html U.S. citizen in 1996. On April 26,

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 1999, after completing the haj (pil¬ offering time for an appointment witii grimage to Mecca), he traveled to staff from Consular Af fairs the follow¬ Jordan. He and his wife were detained On his way to a prison ing day. Those officials expressed con¬ at file Allenby Bridge crossing point to cern, but there was never any follow¬ Israel as they were traveling to the to visit his son, up to the requests made by die three home of his parents on the West Bank. men, which included obtaining the They were held in separate areas, and one Palestinian-American release of the Americans still held in he was extremely agitated about die prison by Israel. welfare of his young bride, who had says he was stopped at a The men also recounted their never been to the Middle East. After experiences at a press conference held 14 hours he was handcuffed and taken checkpoint where the at the National Press Club and die to Jalameh Prison near Haifa. Washington Post and the Los Angeles Here is a short excerpt from his guard took his passport Times, among others, published arti¬ detailed account of this experience: cles. CNN produced a 17-minute doc¬ “One interrogator used the mediod and stomped on it. umentary about Anwar’s experience of shabah against me for dtree hours and aired it worldwide. [at a time] to force me to he against Partners for Peace has repeatedly myself. Many times drey kept me for apply for an exit visa before he was raised tiiis issue with congressional long hours in a small cell between the finally allowed to leave. Again, when offices, the Department of State and interrogations. That cell was the size Anwar sought help from the the White Plouse. Congressional of my body. I called it die living grave American consulate, he was told that offices are largely totally unrespon¬ cell. The Israelis never charged me he had to “follow Israeli rules.” sive. From State, we have received with anydiing. The American consul boileiqilate replies tiiat express from Tel Aviv visited me on die sec¬ Presenting Their Case regret but are not responsive to our ond day of my arrest. That was a big Few Arab-Americans are willing to requests for action. President relief for me. It was die first time after go public widi the details of dieir tor¬ Clinton responded widi the usual my arrest tiiat I received news about ture in Israeli prisons once they gain acknowledgment of “an obligation to my wife. The consul was sympathetic. release and return to America, fearing protect all American citizens, I thought he was going to take me with tiiat they will be targeted by the FBI regardless of where they may hap¬ him and free me and let me go to my as so many Arab-Amerieans have pen to be,” and an assurance that family. He told me that die Israeli been, or reviled by their fellow citi¬ this problem has been raised in the audiorities were concerned about my zens as possible security risks. Fear of human rights report. He also said human rights conditions. He told me U.S. reprisal has only increased in die that Secretary of State Madeleine that die security issue is ‘a matter aftermath of Sept. 11. But three men Albright had raised the issue at the between you and die Israeli audiori¬ (Anwar Mohamed, Yousif Marei mid highest levels, including Prime ties,’ and he couldn’t get involved in Bishar Saidi) who endured this experi¬ Minister Ehud Barak, whose tiiat. He offered me two magazines ence came to Washington twice to response was that Israel had “no togetiier widi some printed pages but present their cases to the Department intention to humiliate or to intimi¬ die guard didn’t allow me to have die of State, Congress and the public. I date any Arab citizens, be they printed pages. Maybe the papers regard them as brave because Shin Israelis, Americans or from other explained my rights as an American Bet officials told them as they left countries.” Note that this is not a citizen. I appreciated die visit but I Israel, “Don’t cause us any trouble. reply to the charge of torture. wish diat he had done more for me We can get you wherever you are.” My work during die past four years dian give me a magazine.” The State Department refused to and the evidence I have compiled sug¬ Both Yousif Marei and Anwar give them an appointment when diey gest tiiat these cases are but die tip of Mohamed were finally released after came to Washington die first time, the iceberg. All tiiese young men — 36 to 40 days of detention and tor¬ suggesting tiiat tiiey mail theft affi¬ and women — are extremely proud to ture without any charge ever filed davits. However, the Washington Post be American and have been deeply against them, and no explanation or ran a stoiy about them and die same offended by tile official U.S. attitude apology. Anwar was required by the day I received a call from the office of in die face of theft trauma. As Anwar Israelis to get a Palestinian passport Thomas R. Pickering, Under Mohamed said, “I cannot believe that (which he did not want) and dien Secretary of State for Political Affairs, my government was powerless to take

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 action on my behalf. Is it because I already increasingly reflected. als” were attended by two American have an Arabic name?” This new pattern was “codified” in consular officers. As Ms. Johnson’s air- the handling of a series of reports of gram reports: “One of the two was The Special Relationship Israeli torture, including die torture of present at every session of die trial. It The origin of the unwritten policy two American teenagers as reported in is the opinion of botii of diese consular permitting these abuses — commonly an airgram (Jerusalem A-19, dated officers that die Israeli military author¬ called the “special relationship” — Oct. 9, 1978), filed by junior officer ities made no real effort to investigate cannot be pinpointed. But after die Alexandra Johnson in 1978. The broth¬ the charges of mistreatment. Indeed, Israeli occupation of die West Bank ers, Gamil Khalid, 15, and Gamal botii the militaiy judge and the prose¬ and Gaza in 1967, following the Six- Klialid, 16, were subjected to beatings cutor made it clear throughout die Day War, there was a subde but clear and thrown to the ground. In a written trial that they considered the ques¬ shift in U.S. policy, particularly witii statement Gamil Khalid reported as tions of mistreatment and coercion to regard to die reporting from die con¬ follows: ‘They took me to a room and be irrelevant and trivial. They also sulate general in Jerusalem. That post said to me, ‘Sign tiiis paper, and if not made it clear from the start tiiat die has had a unique independent status we will do to you like we did to Munzer trial’s result was preordained.” since official U.S. policy deems [another detainee] and hit you in the According to the airgram, the con¬ Jerusalem an international city, not die eye and swell it up like his. We will sular section of die consulate general capital of Israel. Initially, tiiis status bring border police and beat you in had sent over 40 reports on Israeli mis¬ provided the basis for offering a differ¬ front of your father wfth a stick on any treatment of Palestinian political pris¬ ent voice to Washington, one that part of your body, and put die stick into oners in Jerusalem and die West Bank reflected American officials’ unique your rear.’ So I agreed.” to the State Department. In two later opportunity to observe both sides of The boys were eventually given cables (Jerusalem 1500 and 3239, sent die conflict on a day-to-day basis. But several hearings (usually called a mili¬ on June 3, 1978, and Nov. 30, 1978, by die end of die first decade of occu¬ tary court but devoid of any of the respectively), Johnson detailed die pation, Israeli sensitivities were usual rules of evidence), and the “tri¬ treatment of Arab prisoners on the

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 47 West Bank. She received commenda¬ treats Palestinian detainees. A number tine, systematic and institutionalized.” tory letters from Arthur Houghton, an of NGOs, including some in Israel A report by die Public Committee aide to Secretary of State Cyrus Vance; itself, have documented these abuses. Against Torture in Israel defines die Pat Derian, Assistant Secretary of die For example, BTselem (the Israeli issue this way: “Israels 32-year occu¬ Bureau of Human Rights and Information Center for Human Rights pation of the West Bank and Gaza has Humanitarian Affairs, and Deputy in the Occupied Territories) reports given rise to patterns of legal proceed¬ Secretary of State Warren Christopher, die following: ings tiiat undermine die rule of law but was denied tenure in 1979 and left “Since 1987, the General Security and the democratic values of the state die Foreign Service. Service (GSS) interrogators have tor¬ of Israel. According to the latest offi¬ The report dated Nov. 30, 1978, tured thousands of detainees, inten¬ cial estimate, during die Intifada peri¬ was approved by bodi the consul gen¬ tionally inflicting severe pain and suf¬ od alone (1987-1993), 30,000 eral and his deputy, with die following fering. The torture was neidier extra¬ Palestinians were interrogated by die note appended: ‘The post fully under¬ ordinary nor limited to ‘ticking GSS. Those mass arrests led to illegal stands Israels legitimate concern over bombs.’ Quite the opposite: torture interrogation, which usually included security on the West Bank and accepts was a bureaucratic routine; there was submitting the detainees to physical die premise diat a military occupation standard equipment for inflicting tor¬ and mental pressure and torture and regime may necessarily supercede the ture, and careful recording of the which, from die start, contradicted die basic civil and human rights which are times the pain and suffering were Israeli Penal Code and the Israeli expected hi a free, democratic state inflicted. Even the states response in Basic Law of Freedom and Dignity. living in a state of peace.” petitions against torture repeated, Moreover, this behavior has continued paragraph after paragraph, die routine to take place with total disregard to the Other Observers justification for what were supposedly fact that in August 1991, Israel ratified It should perhaps come as no sur¬ extraordinary acts. Supervision of die the United Nations Convention prise that Israel treats Arab-American GSS did not succeed in preventing Against Torture and Odier Cruel, prisoners so brutally given the way it torture in Israel from becoming rou¬ Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

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48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Punishment, which prohibits and physical pressure” must be abandoned Furthermore, the United States took denounces actions deliberately caus¬ since these actually constituted “tor¬ great care to avoid any public admis¬ ing suffering or severe pain.” ture.” This was a great victory for sion that Americans had been tor¬ According to Miftah (an Arab Israelis who had been fighting for tured. NGO headed by Hanan Ashrawi), years in court for such a ruling, and for The special relationship offers the since 1967 the Israelis have carried out a few months there were no new United States the opportunity to have over 600,000 arrests or detentions. reports of torture. However, within six enormous influence on the state of Both Miftah and B’Tselem concur that months, credible reports of a continu¬ Israel. In addition to giving huge between 90 and 94 percent of those ation of the operations of the General amounts of aid to Israel, the U.S. has arrestees have been tortured. Even if Security Services were surfacing, provided military resources that have we halve that number, that still means including interrogation methods helped make it the fourth most pow¬ that some 270,000 individuals have explicitly oudawed by the High Corut. erful fighting force in the world. been tortured. Or to put it another Yet rather than using this special way: if that proportion were applied to Time to Reassess Our Policy relationship in a constructive way, U.S. the U.S. population, it would mean There is clear evidence that the policy has become “Israel, right or that more than 25 million cases of tor¬ United States government has known wrong.” Even when the lives of ture had occurred in the past 35 years. for at least 24 years that Israel uses tor¬ American citizens are at stake, the ture during interrogations of U.S. does not intervene effectively to The Israeli Response Palestinians and that the practice was safeguard them. How can this disre¬ Even though it is well documented widespread. Furthermore, the U.S. gard for our citizens be justified? This that the practice of torture began soon had evidence that American children is not a question of guilt or innocence after Israeli occupation of the West were also subjected to this abuse. Yet, of tire individual detained. The issue is Bank and Gaza, the Israelis deny any over more than two decades, no effec¬ torture. use of torture at all. With the creation tive action has been taken by the Israel was founded on the premise of Israel as an independent state in United States to halt this practice. that it would be the “light of the 1948, the Israeli Knesset adopted the 1945 Defense Emergency Regu¬ lations of the British. In the Occupied Territories this law allows detention without trial. The Fourth Geneva Convention permits such detentions on a limited basis, but with clear stipu¬ lations limiting the use of the power and calls for the safeguarding of basic human rights. Israel asserts that both detention and “moderate physical pressure” are justified since the coun¬ try remains on a wartime footing and Comfortable use of any and all means necessary to Fully furnished one, extract information and save Israeli two or three bedroom lives is required. apartments to your Convenient After the press conference in specifications. Cost Effective Locations all around September 1999 in Washington, D.C. All linens, towels, Washinton, D.C., kitchenware and other Far less expensive than Northern Virginia and featuring the three American victims amenities provided. most hotels or suites. Maryland. of torture, an Israeli Embassy spokesman was quoted as saying, “We One phone call and don’t do torture.” But a few days later, we do all the work the High Court of Israel (comparable Toll free: (877) 234-5005 Phone: (301)622-6717 NATIONAL TEMPORARY to the U.S. Supreme Court) acknowl¬ email: [email protected] APARTMENTS, LLC edged that torture was a tool that had been routinely used by the state and 12301 Old Columbia Pike Suite 305 Silver Spring, MD 20904 ruled that certain forms of “moderate

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 SEVEN MINUTES TO STATE DEPARTMENT world,” a tiny democracy thriving through hard work in the midst of a desert. Israel has, instead, become a country that tortures and commits many other human rights abuses, acknowledged and detailed in the COLUMBIA PLAZA Department of States Human Rights APARTMENTS Reports for years. Capital Living And now we see a ferocious, brutal With Comfort and Convenience attack on Palestinian civilians by the massive Israeli military, supposedly to root out terrorists. Let me be clear: SHORT TERM FURNISHED APARTMENTS AVAILABLE Nothing can possibly justify suicide Utilities Included 24 Hour Front Desk bombings carried out against innocent Complimentary Voice Mail Garage Parking Available civilians in pizza parlors, hotels or bus Courtyard Style Plaza Shopping on Site stops. But neither can anything justify Polished Hardwood Floors Cardkey Entry/Access the brute force Israel has used to Private Balconies River Views Huge Walk-In Closets Minutes to Fine Dining maintain its occupation of die West Bank and Gaza. Walk to the Kennedy Center and Georgetown Israel has attempted to hijack the Minutes to Foggy Bottom Metro U.S.-led war on terrorism by claiming (202) 293-2000 that Palestinians resisting occupation 2400 Virginia Ave., N.W. are equivalent to al-Qaida, and Washington, D.C., 20037 asserting that it is merely doing what Uf Co. the U.S. is doing in Afghanistan: pro¬ tecting its citizens. But the differ¬ ences are self-evident. The U.S. has not been occupying Afghanistan for 35 years. We have no American set¬ tlements in Afghanistan. And so I ask: Who are die terror¬ ists in the Middle East? Don’t decades of torture practiced on a wide scale by an occupying power qualify as being terrorist? Are die Israeli government demolitions of homes not terrorist actions? Do the attacks on civilians in the Jenin oper¬ FARA ation mean there will be fewer Foreign Affairs Recreation Association Palestinian terrorists? How long can FARA Housing Division, moderate governments in die region Managed by ECMC continue as American partners in the 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314 Ph: (703) 684-1825 Fax: (703) 739-9318 “war on terrorism”? We share Israels guilt in the com¬ We are proud to provide the best hotel values in the Washington, DC mission of human rights abuses over metropolitan area! You can choose from properties offering studios, a long period of time because we one bedroom, 2-bedroom apartments, suites & hotel rooms. have allowed our friend to commit Our locations have unique proximity to FSI, State Department, the diem. We are enablers. For die sake Pentagon, NFATC, National Airport, Old Town , Alexandria, of our future and our national honor, White House and Georgetown and for die sake of peace, our “special relationship” must change. The tor¬ For more information call for features and rates of participating FARA hotels. ture must stop. ■

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

AN INTERNSHIP CAN OPEN MANY DOORS

INTERNSHIPS OFFER MANY BENEFITS, BUT THEY DO REQUIRE CAREFUL PLANNING TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THEM. HERE ARE SOME TIPS FROM ONE OF THE JOURNAL’S OWN RECENT INTERNS.

BY TANJA TRENZ

re you a high school or college stu¬ director for international admissions at American dent who has always dreamed of University. However, internships constitute helpful evi¬ A working at a TV station in the U.S., dence of an applicants initiative and ambition. advertising in China, or designing “Experiencing work and getting exposed to a different cars in Germany? One of the best environment than home and school are [also] essential, ways to prepare for your dream providing students with situations where they make deci¬ career is to apply for an internship. sions and get a taste of the real world. In short, work And it’s never too early to start. experience makes high school students more mature, a Even if you are not sure what profession you want to quality that we highly value when making admissions pursue, or even what major to declare, internships can be decisions,” concludes Nasr. excellent opportunities to gain prac¬ Accordingly, over the last several tical experience in the workplace. years, there has been a steady “There is nothing like hands-on The most effective way to find growth in the number of students experience, and an internship pro¬ taking advantage of the opportuni¬ vides that,” says Iris Krasnow, a an internship is through the ties an internship can provide. journalism professor at American “From 20 to 25 percent of the time University in Washington, D.C. Internet, since the most we see resumes with internship “Working in a company teaches you experience at high school age,” about real life, about people, about up-to-date information is there. observes Anna Pugliese Seitz, asso¬ yourself, about your potential, and ciate director of admissions at most importantly, it shows a young person whether or not American University. By learning about the students they were made to do the profession.” Internships can experience in his or her work environment, as well as the also provide valuable contacts for the future. level of challenge posed, Seitz comments that she and Moreover, an internship at high school age may also other admissions officers get to know the student better open another door: that of the college of your choice. and identify leadership qualities. Admission to most academic institutions is becoming “Students who have done internships or have worked more and more competitive, and the number of applica¬ in the real world do have an advantage in enhancing their tions often far exceeds the space available. As a result, profile and their experiences will definitely count favor¬ even students with impressive grades and standardized ably when [we are] reviewing their applications,” says test results cannot count on being admitted unless they Nasr. also demonstrate other strengths, such as the ability to contribute to campus and community life. Finding the Right Internship “Our admission decisions are primarily based on acad¬ Before you begin your search, it is helpful to think emic performance,” explains Assem Nasr, senior assistant about what type of internship you are looking for and what you would like to gain from the experience. A good Tanja Trenz was the Journals advertising intern in the fall general reference book is What Color is Your ParachuteP of2001. She is finishing a master's degree in political sci¬ A Practical Manual For Job-Hunters and Career- ence, journalism and American studies at the Johannes Changers by Richard Nelson Bolles (2001, Ten Speed Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. Press). You can find a copy of the book in most libraries. Continued on page 52

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 51 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Cont inued from page 51

For more detailed guidance, try The Internship, Practicum & Field Placement Handbook: A Guide for Whether it’s learning how to study, the Helping Professions by Brian N. playing competitive sports, or scaling Baird (2001, Prentice Hall). There our climbing tower, at Blue Ridge School challenges set are challenges met are many other helpful books out - each requires structure and focus there, too. as students journey toward success. To narrow the field further, there Personal attention, a flexible are many other sources of informa¬ curriculum embracing different tion available, including libraries and learning styles, a safe and supportive community, solid grounding in school career centers. academics: and the arts, and finally But the most effective way to find ... college acceptance. Come to an internship is through the Internet, Blue Ridge and climb to new heights. since the most up-to-date informa¬ BLUE RIDGE SCHOOL tion is there. The home page for 434.985.2811 www.internships.com is a great www.blueridgeschool.com source for information on paid and St. George, Virginia 22935 unpaid internships as well as other Blue Ridge is a college preparatory boarding school for boys grades 9-12. pre-professional employment oppor¬ “ It is nondiscriminatory in its admission and financial aid practices. tunities for students. In addition, the following Web sites offer links dedi¬ cated to internships: www.monster.com www.jobtrak.com www.ideahst.com www.jobweb.de www.4intemships.com www.careerplanit.com Another excellent resource for internships in the U.S. is the home Learn with page of Rising Star Internships, www.rsintemships.com, which pro¬ vides a lot of information on jobs Friends. divided by fields and subjects. In addition, keep in mind that Join our close-knit community of multinational corporations some¬ 160 students in a quality academic times have ongoing internship pro¬ program embracing the Quaker values grams both in the U.S. and abroad of simplicity, community and service. and post information online about • College Preparatory Program them. So it may be worth going to (Grades 6-12) their Web sites, as well. • Full and 5-Day Boarding Overseas Opportunities • 75 Miles North of NYC About 18 percent of the approxi¬ mately 10,000 Foreign Service chil¬ dren overseas are attending high - - 1 800 843-3341 school. These youth have a unique opportunity to take what they have learned in the classroom and apply it Oakwood in a work setting in a foreign country. (SIENDsisCHOOL Besides strengthening their language skills, an internship can provide Poughkeepsie, New York ■ www.oakwoodfriends.org insights into the culture and working Continued on page 54

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 Two Great

COED BOARDING

AND DAY SCHOOLS

NEAR PHILADELPHIA,

PENNSYLVANIA

GEORGE SCHOOL

WESTTOWN SCHOOL SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Continued from page 52

habits of the country. And as a bonus, finding a job outside the embassy compound demonstrates independence and self-reliance. Besides checking with the Community Liaison Office and the commercial office at post, try the fol¬ lowing Web sites, which not only describe available overseas intern¬ ships but provide helpful information The day they step in about the country and culture, including any special circumstances we prepare them for the day they step out. you should be aware of: www.intem.studyabroad.com As a parent, you want to give your child every opportunity. The opportunities www.internabroad.com begin with OES. OES gives your child the chance to grow in a supportive, academic environment that’s dedicated to building both great minds and great people. In fact, Beside these online databases, you could call it the opportunity of a lifetime. We invite you to give us a call today local newspapers also sometimes and discover it for yourself. have leads on possible internship opportunities in the country or OREGON EPISCOPAL SCHOOL region. And don’t forget to contact 6300 SW Nicol Road • Portland OR 97223-7566 chambers of commerce on the Tel: 503-768-3115 • [email protected] • www.oes.edu regional, national and international levels. Explore the possibilities of one of the Pacific Northwest's finest boarding schools. First Impressions Once you’ve done your research, you’re ready to apply for specific openings. First, you need to write or Vv update your resume. It is important to target this to the company or the employer in order to stand out from your “competition,” especially since you are probably just one of many applicants with similar skills and WASHINGTON INTERNAT backgrounds. Be sure to emphasize your accomplishments, particularly if dotijfo IV!Eooii you have already done similar jobs or studied related subjects. Stress the specific objectives you want to ^NATi ONAA-*^ achieve by interning for that compa¬ Pre-K through Grade 12 day school ny or office. Bilingual and second language programs in Next, prepare a good cover letter English/French and English/Spanish Advanced math and science preparation addressed to the person in charge. International Baccalaureate Diploma program Keep in mind that the cover letter Extended day and summer options will be tlie first thing a personnel offi¬ Selective, competitive admissions cer will see. It should answer the most fundamental employment ques¬ tion: “Why should I hire you?” And, if M/M/M/.M/lt. Uu requested, include letters of recom¬ mendation from teachers or previous th Primary School: Reservoir Road at 36 Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007 employers. Middle and Upper Schools: 3100 Macomb Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 Any library or bookstore will have Admissions: (202)243-1815 Fax: (202)243-1807 [email protected] books, including sample letters and Continued on page 56

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY

THE AMERICAN OVERSEAS SCHOOL OF ROME Preserving a half-century of academic excellence by teaching children to learn how to learn. Challenging curricula including the Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs. Dedicated to teaching respect and understanding in an edu¬ cational community with 600 students from 49 countries - of whom 40% are native English speakers - ensuring a smooth transition for Americans and a rich English language envi¬ ronment for ESL students Committed to developing all the talents and abilities of stu¬ dents through rigorous academics, art, music, drama, athlet¬ ics and support for students with special learning needs. Preparing students for the future through cutting edge tech¬ nology - featuring three computer labs and over 70 new Pentium computers. Boarding program for 30 selected high school students. rr-j/ College Acceptances for This Year Include: Boston University Ohio State University University of Illinois Brown University Oxford University University of Kent, AOSR Cornell University Penn State Canterbury London School of Temple University University of Texas American Overseas School of Rome Economics U.S. Air Force Academy Washington University Via Cassia, 811 - Rome, Italy 00189 Miami University of Ohio University of Edinburgh Tel: 06.33438.1 - Fax: 06.3326.2608 website: www.aosr.org Providing Outstanding Education For The Rome email: [email protected] International Community For Over 50 Years SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Continued from page 54 CARDIGAN resumes, you can draw on to prepare these documents. But above all, proofread all your materials and have MOUNTAIN several other people do the same. In particular, make sure you have SCHOOL addressed the application to the proper individual or department and have spelled their name correctly. AN INDEPENDENT BOARDING Once you have sent your applica¬ SCHOOL FOR BOYS IN GRADES tion to the company of your choice, 6 - 9, LOCATED IN CANAAN, prepare yourself for the interviewing process. Anticipate questions you NEW HAMPSHIRE, 30 MINUTES might be asked. Research the FROM DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. department or institution beforehand and be ready to show that you have a solid understanding of the company’s organization. In addition, you should always prepare questions ahead of Cardigan Mountain School seeks to educate adolescent boys in mind, time in case you are given the oppor¬ body, and spirit, in a small tunity to ask, such as: residential community What will my duties and assign¬ that values each student ments be? in its care. What will a typical day look like? Who will be my supervisor? .523.3548 » www.cardigan.org Making the Most Out of It! Once you are accepted for an internship, think about how to make Designate #2422 on the most of your experience. A good reference book is Internship Success: Real-World, Step-hy-Step Advice your CFC pledge card... on Getting the Most out of Internships by Marianne E. Green (1998, McGraw Hill). ...to help a Be aware that often the first day of Foreign Service child go to college. your internship is the most important one. Ask as many questions as possi¬ ble to ensure you understand your Give to the responsibilities and your expectations American Foreign Service are realistic. This will also help pre¬ Association (AFSA) vent the “copy and file” rut that some interns get trapped in. After all, you Scholarship Fund want your work to be substantive and in the beneficial to you. Combined Federal To the extent possible, try to “net¬ Campaign (CFC). work.” Not only will you learn more and enjoy your time more, but it will make it easier for your supervisor to write you a detailed letter of recom¬ 202-944-5504 mendation. And sometimes it can E-mail: [email protected] pave the way for a higher-level internship or even employment. So get going! It is never too early to line up an internship. ■

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

All the advantages of a day/boarding school come together in St.Catherine's. Your daughter will have the opportunity to study sub¬ jects from programming to Chinese; to participate in activities from the per¬ forming arts to sports and community ser- i vice; and to 0g interact with ' L- young women from around Richmond, the U.S. and the world. And she'll live in a city where history culture and fun events are part of the landscape. Call 804-288-2804 or 1-800- 648- 4982; or come visit us at www.st.catherines.org or at 6001 Grove Avenue, Richmond, VA23226. Day in and day out, boarding here is an enriching experience.

Boarding 9-12 ; qualified students i

BRENTWOOD COLLEGE SCHOOL Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada 420 Students, Bovs and Girls Grades 8-12 www. brentwood. oc .ca

A BOARDING SCHOOL NURTURING SCHOLARS, ARTISTS AND ATHLETES AS INDIVIDUALS OF INTEGRITY.

Founded in 1923, Brentwood College is a co-educational university preparatory school for grades 8 through 12. Located on Vancouver Island, our oceanfront campus is home to 420 students from diverse Canadian and international backgrounds, and affords opportunities for a variety of aquatic sports and outdoor activities. Proximity to Victoria provides access to music, theatre, and other cultural experiences. For years Brentwood College graduates have continued their studies at all major Canadian universities, American universities including: Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Stanford, MIT, Brown, the University of California, The University of Washington, and many prestigious institutions of higher learning in Europe. Our school offers a challenging symphony of academics, visual and performing arts, and athletics (including crew). We encourage you to fully explore our web site and arrange a visit to our campus.

FOR FURTHER DETAIL, CONTACT ANDY RODFORD, DIRECTOR OF ADMISSIONS: Tel: (250) 743-5521, Fax: (250) 743-291 1 or email: [email protected]

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 57 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Look beyond the Glass Ceiling St. Margaret's School. Shatters barriers, shapes the future.

The Grier School Consistently ranked as a top school in British Columbia, St. Margaret's A Boarding School for Girls welcomes students from all over the world. We nurture a girl's love for learning in a safe and supportive environment. Give your daughter the comfort of home and the promise of an exceptional university preparation. Find out more at www.stmarg.ca E-mail: [email protected] URL:http://www.grier.org St. Margaret’s School phone: 814 684 3000 an international C' non-denominationaln-dcnominational school for girlsirirls K to 12 Boarding and Day fax: 814 684 2177 1080 Lucas Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, CANADA college-prep academics, athletics, arts, dance, horseback riding www.stmarg.ca Tel: (250)4 79-7 1 71 Est. 1908

ST. TIMOTHY'S SCHOOL s THfVAlCuARD SCHOOL

A boarding and day school for girls Grades 9-12 & PG

Offering Grades 5 - 12 & 13 Coeducational Boarding & Day School Located Ju.it outoide of Baltimore, Maryland Individualized Instruction and Programming • Girls, grades 9-PG, boarding & day • Dynamic dance, visual & performing arts programs Recreational Program Clubs Social Activities • Interscholastic athletic & equestrian programs Post-Secondary Planning and ACT Testing • Extensive social-cultural activities interscholastic and Intramural Sports • Strong college preparatory curriculum • AP courses. Academic Resource Center Fully-Accredited Program • Highly qualified, dedicated faculty who challenge '*-* students in all dimensions of school life 22000 US Highway 27, Lake Wales, Florida 33859 Phone 863-676-6091 ❖ Fax 863-676-8297 Call no at 410.486. 7400 8400 Greenspring Avenue • Stevenson, MD 21153 • [email protected] WWW.VANGUARDSCHOOL.ORG

WWW.STTIMOTHYSSCHOOL.COM Non-discriminatory Admission Policy

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT Schools mi m fiance See our web page www.afsa.org and click on the marketplace tab.

Cardigan Mountain 56 203 All boys 92 8 6-9 N N 130 Y Y N 27,700

Le Mans Academy 62 115 All boys 97 50 5-9 Y ADD, ADHD 90 Y N/Y Y 22,000 North Country School 68 78 58/42 95 16 4-9 Y Y 125 Y Y N 32,500

JUNIOR-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

Grier School, The 58 174 All girls 100 50 7-12, PG Y Y 120 Y Y Y 24,250

Oakwood Friends 52 140 55/45 55 5 6-12 Y Y 35 N N N 25,900 School

Oldfields School 66 188 All girls 80 14 8-12 Y Limited 35 N N Y 26,900

Washington Int’l 54 802 49/51 0 37 PK-12 N Limited 8 Y NA NA 16,400 School

West Nottingham 68 125 67/33 75 20 6-12 N Y 50 Y Y Y 29,460

Westtown 53 770 50/50 75 12 PK-12 Y N 25 Y Y N 27,700 Wilbraham & Monson 64 350 55/45 50 15 9-12, PG Y Y 20 Y Y 29,200 Academy

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

Blue Ridge School 52 190 All boys 100 15 9-12 Y Y 90 N Y N 26,500 Conserve School 60 120 50/50 100 10* 9-12 N N 250 * Y Y 25.000 Foxcroft School 65 160 All girls 75 13 9-12, PG N 30 Y N Y 26,940

Garrison Forest School 67 213 All girls 46 9 9-12 Y N 35 N 26,950 George School 53 540 48/52 55 14 9-12 Y 35 Y Y N 28,650

Gunnery, The 66 55 Co-ed 95 16 9-12, PG Y N 60 Y Y N 28.600 Idyllwild Arts Academy 65 250 40/60 90 27 8-12, PG N N 120 Y 28,700

Kimball Union Academy 65 305 60/40 69 10 9-12, PG Y N 150 Y/N Y 30,000 Lawrence Academy 67 377 55/45 50 48 9-12 Y N 50 Y v Y 27,800 Oregon Episcopal School 54 230 50/50 25 25 9-12 Y Limited 20 Y Y Y 27,065

* Planned. CONTINUED ON PACE 61

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 59 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

College Preparatory C O N S E RV E Boarding School

www.ConserveSchool.org ■ 866-547-1300

ENVIRONMENT A World-Class ETHICS INNOVATION American Education with European Style Accepting

applications Leysin American School in Switzerland for grades 9, • Building a 10, and 11. Harmonious Community • Providing an Academic Challenge • Offering a Balanced Educational Program Foreign Service Youth Foundation Summer Activities • International June 4 Basement Meeting* 6:30 PM-8:00 PM Understanding June 8 Farewell Lunch for AWAL & graduating Globe Trotters. Coeducational, boarding, June TBA Go-Karting or Hiking at Great Falls grades 9-12 and PG year. June 29 Newsletter Meeting, 10am-12 pm, Located in a beautiful FSI's Transition Center, RSVP by June 26. & safe Alpine Resort, July 4 AFSYF/ AAFSW Potluck Barbeque. above Lake Geneva, All FS community. 3:30 PM - 6:30 PM close to Montreux, RSVP, by July 1 directions and sign up for a dish Lausanne, & Geneva to Anne Sullivan at (703) 359-6955, or e-mail: Excellent US and [email protected]. International July 17 Splashdown Water Park university/college placement August Six Flags Amusement Park August 6 Basement Meeting* 6:30 PM-8:00 PM August 10 WINGS Newsletter Event. @ September 7 WINGS Newsletter Event. Leysin American School in Switzerland - US Admissions September 8 Welcome Back Picnic! 4:00 PM to 6:30 PM. FSYF, AWAL and Globe Trotters FS families PO Box 7154 (F) w/ youth, ages 9-18, and their siblings. Portsmouth, NH 03802 Bring covered dish to share. Lubber Run Park, 603-431-7654 Arlington, VA. Fax 603-431-1280 e-mail [email protected] For more information on any of the FSYF events contact: E-mail: [email protected] Tel. (301) 404-6655 or view www.fsyf.org Visit Our Website * Potomac Room (near rental office) Oakwood Apartments 501 N. Roosevelt Boulevard, Falls Church, VA at www.las.ch

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT School* at m ^iane# See our web page www.afsa.org and click on the marketplace tab.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

Sandy Spring 66 207 50/50 18 12 9-12 Y N 20 Y Y Y 19,500- Friends School 24,050 St. Catherine’s School 57 285 All girls 26 15 9-12 Y N 10 N Y N 24.500 St. Johnsbury 62 974 50/50 18 9 9-12, PG Y Y 75 Y Y Y 21,875 Academy

St. Timothy’s School 58 110 All girls 70 13 9-12 Y N 35 Y Y N 27,950 Westover School 64 195 All girls 70 20 9-12 Limited 55 Y Y N 25,800 White Mountain School 64 100 55/45 80 5 9-12, PG Y Y 100 Y N/Y Y 28,500

MILITARY SCHOOLS

Oak Ridge Military 68 220 80/20 69 15 7-12, PG N Y 6 Y Y Y 16,985 Academy San Marcos Baptist 67 280 66/34 72 24 6-12 N N 30 Y Y Y 17,998 Academy

HOMESCHOOLING / ELEMENTARY SCHOOL / SPECIAL NEEDS SCHOOL

Gow School, The 63 143 All boys 100 12 7-12, PG N All LD 20 Y Y N 28,450 Calvert School 63 Homeschooling program. K-8. For more information, g o to www.calvertschool.org

Rock Creek 66 185 50/50 NA 33 Pre-K-6 N N 20 Y NA Y 16,550 International School Vanguard School 58 136 87/49 94 30 4-12, PG N Y 50 Y Y N 29,900

OVERSEAS SCHOOLS

American Overseas 55 600 50/50 7 70 Pre-K—PG N Y 30 Y Y N 21,000 School of Rome 25,000 Brentwood College 57 425 58/42 78 22 8-12 42 Y Y N 16,500 School

Levsin American in 60 315 55/45 100 60 9-12, PG Y N 75 Y Y N 25,000 Switzerland

St. Margaret’s School 58 415 All girls 25 25 K-12 N 20 v Y N 12,629 TASIS-American School 62 740 50/50 50 30 Pre-K—12 N Limited 15 N Limited N 16,470 in England

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 61 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT ST. JOHNSBURY, VERMONT EST. 1842 Le Mans Academy Catholic hoarding and day school for hoys, grades 5-9 w www.lemansacademy.org

• Develop organizational, time management and goal setting skills • Build self-esteem in a structured, yet nurturing environment • Strengthen spirituality and compassion through teaching of Christian values • Learning environment where diverse student body can reach their potential • Hands-on academic program including integrated technology curriculum • Sports, intramurals, craft shop, fishing, horseback riding, paintball, cookouts...

educating the heart as well as the mind...

St.Johnsbury Academy is a coedu¬ cational boarding and day school for students in grades 9-12 and PG. Our unusually broad curriculum includes nearly 200 offerings and 12 Advanced Placement courses. St.Johnsbury is a traditional small town set in one of the most beautiful and unspoiled corners of New England. Call us at 802.751.2130 Sponsored by the Brothers of Holy Cross, Notre Dame or visit us on the web at www.stj.k12.vt.us P.O. Box 7, 5901 N. 500 East, Rolling Prairie, IN 46371 800-777-2697 • 219-778-2521 1000 Main Street, St Johnsbury, VT 05819 LM ASpartan @ aol .com

TASIS

THE TASIS SCHOOLS IN EUROPE Founded in 1956, TASIS is the longest established American boarding school in Europe. ♦ Magnificent campuses near Lugano, Switzerland, and London, England ♦ Co-educational; Day Students, Pre-K-12; Boarding, 7-12; Post Graduate year ♦ Challenging and diverse curricula: US College Prep, Advanced Placement Program, International Baccalaureate ♦ Extensive Travel, Sports, Art, Drama, Music, and Activities ♦ Outstanding university placement record ♦ Exciting summer programs offering foreign language and enrichment courses ♦ Scholarships for Foreign Service children

Please contact: The TASIS Schools, 1640 Wisconsin Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20007 • Tel: (202) 965 5800 • Fax: (202) 965 5816 E-mail: [email protected] • Web site: www.tasis.com

62 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

The more the world changes, the more your child needs the classical curriculum offered by Calvert School.

Our homeschooling curriculum packages for K-8 are solidly designed and academically complete. Parents are equipped with easy to follow lesson plans, textbooks, workbooks and complete school supplies. The joy of learning is enhanced with the knowledge that years of tried and true teaching experience is delivered in our packages.

Calvert also offers excellent Enrichment Courses in a variety of subjects, including art, music, literature and math, to compliment your child’s education. The courses, tapes and books have been carefully selected and can provide opportunities for expanded growth and learning as an enrichment to Calvert homeschooling or other education choices.

For more information or a copy of our complimentary catalog, call us at 888-487-4652 or visit our Web site at www.calvertschool.org. Calvert % School r® Education Services 10713 Gilroy Road, Suite B • Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031 THE G0W SCHOOL

The Gow School is a college preparatory school for young men, grades 7 - postgrad with Dyslexia or Similar Language Based Learning Differences. Phone: (716) 652-3450 or email: admissions @ gow.org South Wales, New York, USA

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 63 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

Small School. Big Outdoors. Wilbraham & Monson Academy Traditional College Preparatory, Coeducational Grades 9-12 & Post-Graduate International Community Service Coed college prep 6 - PG Excellent College Placement Faculty/Student Ratio 1:4 6-8 day only 9-PG day & boarding Backpacking, Mountain Biking, Safe, caring learning Paddling & Kayaking, Rock & Ice Climbing, environment Skiing, Snowboarding, Soccer and Lacrosse Located on a 300-acre campus in Wilbraham, Massachusetts Diverse student body of 350 from 13 countries & 16 states Small, academically challenging classes AP and honors-level classes offered Arts & award-winning theatre programs Wilbraham & Monson Academy 423 Main Street Wilbraham, MA 01095-1715 [email protected] http:/ / WMAcademy.org

A leader in girls’ education... WESTOVERSCHOOL CLASS REUNION Middlebury, CT Westover is an academically rigorous school dedicated to ANNOUNCEMENTS challenging and encouraging young women in all aspects of academic, community and athletic life. WANTED Girls’ Joint Boarding and Day Math/Science In the Dec. ‘02 Schools Supplement the Journal grades 9-12 program with would like to include brief listings for upcoming Rensselaer Outstanding Polytechnic overseas school reunions of Foreign Service performing and Institute folks who otherwise may not be in touch with visual arts Joint Program with their alma mater. Students The Manhattan representing School of Music 12 countries and Listings should include the name of the school, 22 states Joint Program with year(s) covered in the reunion, dates of the Extensive sports The School of program including Dance CT event and contact information. 9 varsity sports, an outdoor program Advanced Please send them to: Ed Miltenberger at: mil- and dance Placement Courses [email protected] Deadline: Oct.1 in 17 subjects Summer Math and Science Camp for Centrally located girls entering 7th, Our first reunion listing: For more information contact: between 8rh or 9th grades New York City The Office of Admission and Boston Two Preview Days Westover School American Cooperative School, La Paz held in the fall P.O. Box 847 New 30,000 square for prospective Middlebury, CT 06762 Invitees: 1960s-era attendees students and their tel: (203)758-2423 foot athletic center Place/Date: Austin, Texas June 28-30 parents fax: (203)577-4588 opened fall of 2001 Contact: e-mail: [email protected] website: www.westoverschool.org e-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.acs60s.com

64 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

A prestigious boarding arts high school in Idyilwild, CA, offering pre-professional study in music, dance, creative writing, visual arts, theatre, and film/video, along with rigorous academics. Graduates attend the finest conservatories, colleges and universities. Call 909-659-2171, ext. 223 or email us at: admissionfidyllwildarts.org • www.idyllwitdarts.org

The Best at Home Kimball Union Academy Our mission is to discover with each student the right path to academic mastery, to creativity and to responsibility.

AT FOXCROFT, young women prepare for coDege and for life. Students discover and enhance their academic and personal strengths, taking full advantage of an outstanding faculty. Exceptional extracurricular op¬ portunities and nine sports teams including an equestrian team enrich the Foxcroft experience. Our beautiful, safe 500 acre campus is 50 miles from Washington, D.C. Foreign Service Scholarships are available.

Building confidence through accomplishment

FOXCROFT “A balance of programs that is a model for SCHOOL New England boarding schools.”

GIRLS,GRADES 9-12 (800)858-2364 Kimball Union Academy, PO Box 188, Meriden, NH 03770 BOARDING AND DAY [email protected] Telephone: 603-469-2100 Fax: 603-469-2041 MIDDI.EBURG.VA www.foxcroft.org E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.kua.org

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 65 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

OLDFIELDS 1500 GLENCOE ROAD • GLENCOE, MD • (410) 472-4800

The Gunnery Mr. Gunn’s School - Founded in 1850

Coeducational, diverse student body of 255 for grades 9-12 Students represent 13 countries from around the world and 17 states. • AP classes Located in rural Connecticut, two hours north of • 4:1 student-tx>teacher ratio New York City • Riding program Small, challenging classes with honors and AP • Outstanding arts program level classes available • 185 girls in grades 8-12 Competitive athletics • Integrated laptop technology Strong visual and performing arts program Beautifully situated on 200 acres, Oldfields School is nationally The Gunnerv, Mr. Gunn’s School known for its individualized college preparatory curriculum and 99 Green Hill Road, Washington, CT 06793 warm, supportive environment. Located 25 miles north of Phone: 860-868-7334 Fax: 860-868-1614 Baltimore, Oldfields has been committed to the intellectual, Email: [email protected] ethical, and social development of girls for 135 years. Web: www.gunnery.org s [email protected] • www.01dfieldsSchool.org

ROCK CREEK Washington, D.C. Area INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Ecole Internationale Rock Creek SANDY Colegio Intemacional Rock Creek SPRI NG

EDUCATING CHILDREN IN TWO LANGUAGES FRIENDS Full bilingual curriculum Spanish/English or French/English SCHOOL Now offering Pre-K to Grade 6 FIVE OR SEVEN DAY BOARDING OPTIONS International Baccalaureate s Primary' Years Programme GRADES 9 THROUGH 12 Inquiry-based, integrated and transdisciplinary learning Small classes, caring environment in an international community PRE-K THROUGH 12 DAY SCHOOL Extended Day. Transportation

Summer Language Immersion Program 0 AP COURSES 0 QUALITY FACULTY 0 SMALL CLASSES 0 QUAKER VALUES 1550 Foxhall Road, Washington, DC, 20007 0 STRONG ARTS, ATHLETICS

0 SUMMER FRIENDS CAMPS For more information call our Admission Office at (202) 965-8900 16923 NORWOOD ROAD, SANDY SPRING, MD 20860 Or see our web page at www.rcis.org Phone: (301) 774-7455 Fax (301) 924-1115 WWW.SSFS.ORG

66 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

ACHIEVEMENT DISCIPLINE ruu.Mi-jHuv msmLEADERSHIP MOTIVATION San Marcos Baptist Academy is a private boarding school for boys in grades 6-12 and girls in grades 8 12. Day school is available for boys and girls in grades 6 -12.

mm 2801 Ranch Road 12 . San Marcos. TX 78666 . 1-800-428-5120 e-mail: [email protected] www.smba.org %an Mjrtoi ■*«< AtMrrtj

co-ed student ^

■ student-centered curriculum

honors, advanced placement • excellent college placement • independent study options • advanced placement courses • • superb offerings in arts, athletics • state-of-the-art athletic center • full riding program with polo • • friendly environment on 100 acre campus • new arts center Please call (410)363-1500 In Owings Mills, Md. two miles north of For more information, please contact the Admissions Office at Baltimore Beltway exit 20. www.gfs.org 978-448-6535, e-mail [email protected], or fax 978-448-9208. Powderhouse Road, P.O. Box 992, Groton, Massachusetts 01450-0992 Intellect. Integrity. Spirit!

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 67 SCHOOLS SUPPLEMENT

The farm, the garden, the four seasons & Whiteface Mountain. Offering safety, inspiration and active WE BELIEVE... learning for grade 4-9. in young people, in academics, in leadership, in character, in challenges, in tradition. . . North Country School

co-ed • college prep • structure • • boarding/day • 100% college acceptance • ■ 11:1 student/teacher ratio • • faculty supervised study halls • “At NCS, the students are just as likely to be • full athletic program • bent over a 2 x 4 sawing, or heatedly arguing over whether the South African riots will Oak Ridge Military Academy accomplish anything. School runs into life and life runs into school, so sometimes you can) 1-800-321-7904 tell the difference. ” -Gabriel Mironov, age 12 ISP Oak Ridge, NC Contact us at: (518) 523-9329 or www.northcoimtryschool.coni www.oakridgemilitary.com

Join the Journal's Editorial Board!

Active Foreign Service employees from all foreign affairs agencies are invited to nominate themselves or colleagues for a two-year term on the Foreign Service Journal Editorial Board beginning in September. Because of normal turnover and moves abroad, the Board seeks to fill at least three slots this year. Board members set the general editorial direction of the Journal, in consultation with the editorial staff. Meeting monthly at AFSA HQ (over a free lunch!), they evaluate submitted manuscripts, decide on future focus topics, and weigh in on other matters affecting the Journal's style, substance and process. WEST NOTTINGHAM ACADEMY Board members must be able to attend monthly midday The Oldest Boarding School in America Founded in 1744 meetings in Washington, D.C., and should be able to devote at least a few hours a month to reading articles and considering HALLOCK SCHOLARSHIP other Journal-related matters. FOR AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE & MILITARY STUDENTS FULL SCHOLARSHIP FOR JUNIOR & SENIOR YEARS If interested, please get in touch as soon as possible with College Preparatory FSJ editor Steve Honley (e-mail: [email protected]), and send Supportive Learning Environment some information about yourself (or the colleague you are nominating) and explain why you are interested in serving on Coed Boarding & Day Programs for Upper School the Board. Day Program for Middle School For more information, you may also HEIDI K. L. SPRINKLE, DIRECTOR OF ADMISSION Call: (202) 944-5511, Fax: (202) 338-8244, or 410-658-5556, EXT. 210 Write: Editorial Board Search, Foreign Service Journal, 190 MINUTES NORTH OF WASHINGTON, D.C. IN COLORA, MARYLAND J 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 20037-2990.

68 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JUNE 2002 BOOKS

India Discovered role played by new caste-based par¬ ties and dieir commitment to affirma¬ Again India has never really tive action, is reviewed by a French professor, Christophe Jaffrelot, witii India Briefing: Quickening the figured on the U.S. radar the added benefit of a lucid explana¬ Pace of Change tion of India’s off-cited but poorly Alyssa Ayres and Philip Oldenburg, screen in its own right. understood caste system. Editors, 2002, M.E. Sharp, $25.95, Though one might have liked a softcover, 299 pages. more systematic presentation, Sadanand Dhume’s report on the REVIEWED BY SUSAN MAITRA brain-drain boomerang from Silicon on the U.S.-India relationship, the Valley, where so many Indian Getting a handle on India is a chal¬ one thing that really is “quickening” Institute of Technology graduates led lenge for the typical Westerner, one these days. But Alyssa Ayres makes the American tech boom, back to die that is rife with the lands of pitfalls up for this in her introduction, maturing Bangalore-Hyderabad described so well in the famous noting that the book was already in high-tech corridor in India is a lively Indian childrens tale, “The Blind production when 9/11 pushed counterpoint to the obligatory if dry Men and the Elephant.” For Indo-American relations into a new economic review presented by Americans this is because India has geometry, and assessing some of the Joydeep Mukherji. Mark Nichter and never really been on die U.S. radar basic elements driving die relation¬ David Van Sickle review the status of screen in its own right, showing up ship forward at this time. India’s health and health care. only as a green (or, more often, red) Today in India events are taking Finally, in a thought-provoking blip in response to the American pol¬ place against the backdrop of a essay, Alolc Rai draws us into the rich icy ping. momentous but protracted change, texture of an authentic Indian view¬ In India Briefing: Quickening the namely the transformation of the point. Rai evaluates die new popular¬ Pace of Change, ninth in the Asia Indian polity and emergence of a new ity of India’s English-language writers Society’s ongoing series on India, edi¬ political order. The editors are right on the world stage with rigor, passion tors Alyssa Ayres and Philip to spotlight this, because its impact is and not a few delightfully ironic jabs. Oldenburg continue the Society’s tra¬ felt in all aspects of daily life as well as “India has a penchant for being dis¬ dition of providing die exception to policy making. Though the Congress covered,” he begins, alluding to this rule. While not exacdy an easy Party is by no means dead and Nehru’s famous prison wilting, The read, the book is an excellent buried, the days when it was the only Discovery of India, and we are off. resource for anyone with more than a party with a national reach, and thus Rai succeeds in conveying the passing interest in India. The contrib¬ the unifier and sole arbiter of the complexity of India, with its 5,000 utors are knowledgeable and dior- national political process, are gone years of histoiy and one billion souls ough in their specialties, and the for good. Most observers foresee a speaking 22 developed languages — book is packed with detail on the cho¬ long period of fluidify and perhaps indeed he refuses to let us be, widi sen topics, in this case die Indian some turmoil as the new political our superficial formulas and self-cen¬ economy, health care, the political order slowly takes shape. tered judgments. In die process he arena and India’s English-language One aspect of tiiis process, the puts the cultural ambiguity of the rel¬ fiction. A chronology of the years cov¬ decentralization of policy-making and atively tiny English-speaking elite ered (1998-2000) and a glossary of audiority with the rise of vigorous into perspective, and raises some very abbreviations, organizations and state-based parties, is cogently expli¬ interesting questions about “world terms complete the presentation. cated by John Echeverri-Gent of the literature” to boot. In die end, we Surprisingly, there is no chapter University of Virginia. Another, die must wonder whether in India’s

JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 69 B O 0 K s

English-language novels we have got had come under their control in 750,000 Okinawans was not consid¬ hold of the Rosetta Stone for deci¬ 1879. Embedded in that overarch¬ ered assimilable into the United phering India or an elephants foot. ing narrative is a fascinating account States because they were “of alien culture and outlook.” Susan Maitra is Associate Editor of Throughout the story, Sarantakes the Journal. brings to life the voices of Foreign Service officers, botii prominent and Sarantakes brings to obscure; skillfully quoting their long- State versus shelved cables and reports. But life the voices of Foreign there is no lack of more famous fig¬ Defense ures, U. Alexis Johnson first and Service officers, both foremost among them. We meet Keystone: The American him first as a language specialist Occupation of Okinawa and famous and obscure; starting his career in Tokyo and then U.S.-Japanese Relations follow his tenure as ambassador to Nicholas Evan Sarantak.es, 2001, skillfully quoting their Japan, including a seemingly unim¬ Texas AirM University Press, portant visit by Richard Nixon in $34.95, hardcover, 304 pages. long-shelved cables and 1967. Amb. Johnson graciously (or shrewdly) afforded him standard REVIEWED BY DAVID CASAVIS reports. VIP treatment, something the for¬ mer vice president seldom enjoyed Little corners of history, particu¬ and never forgot. The next year, the larly when Americans have been president-elect named Johnson his involved in them, have always been under secretaiy of State for political popular reads for Foreign Service of a long-running policy clash affairs. When asked why, Nixon sim¬ audiences. A pitched battle, a between the U.S. Departments of ply said that he trusted him. typhoon-prone landscape, and a for¬ State and Defense. Should the U.S. Sarantakes also shows us gotten colony on the edge of the keep the Ryukyu Islands as a prize of an uncharacteristically indecisive Cold War are the stuff of cozy, satis¬ war, or should they revert to President Truman and an adroit fying evenings, far from television Japanese control? Dwight Eisenhower. As Army commercials and noisy children. Incredible as it may seem to a Chief of Staff, Eisenhower pragmati¬ Nicholas Evan Sarantakes’ book, 21st-century Foreign Service audi¬ cally recommended a Defense Keystone: The American Occupation ence accustomed to defeat after Department retreat on the issue of of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese defeat in the policy arena, States Okinawa, but once he became presi¬ Relations, follows ably in that long tra¬ view eventually prevails, but not dent, he promptly abandoned the dition. Sarantakes, an assistant profes¬ without a fight. After an epic idea of returning the prefecture to sor of histoiy at Texas A&M bureaucratic struggle, the turning Tokyo. University-Commerce, teaches U.S. point comes in Chapter Seven, when Keystone is a good basic refer¬ diplomatic and World War II histoiy. U.S. Ambassador to Japan Edwin O. ence book for readers interested in Those specializations serve him well Reischauer goes head to head with postwar U.S.-Japanese relations, as here. Lt. General Paul W. Caraway, the well as Okinawa specialists. But it is Keystone opens logically enough High Commissioner of the Ryukyu Sarantakes’ sympathetic portrayal of with a vivid account of the battle of Islands. State s efforts to put the past behind Okinawa (the chief island in the Apparently there was no discus¬ and rekindle U.S.-Japanese relations Ryukyu chain) in 1945 to set the sion of a third option, independence that makes this an essential book for stage for the book’s main story: a from Japan. In fact, Sarantakes anyone interested in diplomacy. ■ chronicle of the American occupa¬ implies that one reason State ulti¬ tion of the Ryukyus and the long mately prevailed in its drive to David Casavis works for the U.S. campaign of the Japanese to regain return the islands to Japanese con¬ Department of Commerce in New tire prefecture of Okinawa, which trol was that the population of York City.

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JUNE 2002/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 75 POSTCARD FROM ARROAD Peshawar Memory

BY MARY CAMERON KILGOUR

Overwhelmed, filled with re¬ 16th-century mosque; there was no fugees, grief, despair, Peshawar isn’t We sat on tourist brochure. fun anymore, its air thickened by Villagers on die edge of the city smells of dung-fueled cooking fires rough-heum struggled against poverty whichever and dust. Buses belch diesel fumes way they could: hardscrabble farming, and horns blare. Heavy-laden bicy¬ chairs watching sheep-herding, gun-making, smug¬ cles slip off the road to survive. gling. With welcoming gestures they Diplomats analyze while spies listen. this small, exotic showed us homes, workplaces, Journalists and photographers rush to schools, clinics; put hand to chest in tire front, risk their lives, sneak across, world swirl b y. greeting. Lapis lazuli lured the shop¬ use satellite videophones, send us per, seven dollars to make a ring. searing images, tell us news. Some Blue, die color of serenity. The die. Aid workers hunker down, nego¬ streets were wide, the people few. tiate obstacles, try to help. The USAID guesthouse was vin¬ The road to Kabul, the Khyber Sometimes they weep, or get drunk. tage British colonial, with cozy chintz Pass, beckoned, thrilling and not Madrassa students chant and sway, furniture. Hot showers washed away unsafe. Soldiers waved us through shout and march. Dark-turbaned field trip dust. The evening meal twisting dry gray gorges. Snowy fighters glare and point heavy rifles. might be curry or chicken tikka or mountain-rimmed Kabul was tiat, Women hide and they, too, weep. meatloaf. At night the flaming fire¬ cold, unthreatening. Where was the Everyone waits. place softened the chill. At dawn polo life? Behind high dun-colored walls? It hasn’t always been this way. In players from the military cantonment Dysenteiy kept me inside my own the long-gone ’60s, tire American air¬ pounded through the fog in the field walls, clouded my perception. Back base was clean, orderly, a refuge for next door, our alarm clock. to Peshawar, hurry, hurry. official travelers from Lahore, Peshawar’s old town welcomed us: Where are those people now, the Karachi, Lyalpur, even Dhaka. The the gold street, the spice street, the ones who made us feel welcome? officers’ club had tender steaks, and brass trinket makers, Gondhara stat¬ The ring designers and statue sellers? salad that didn’t taste of bleach. In ues for sale cheap from dark shops. The village schoolmaster and fanner, the PX were luxuries, and essentials Narrow winding streets out of the tea seller: are you still tiiere, wait¬ too, better than the Sears catalogue. Dickens or Kipling, the buildings all ing? Are the views still the same, the The base’s suburban streets, ranch- shades of desert brown. Stopping for ambiance, die basic human problems style houses, mown grass, seemed so tea at a sidewalk shop, we sat on and needs? The ones behind die out of place: no peddlers, dirt, or traf¬ rough-hewn chairs watching this walls, do you still have walls? fic, no muezzin calls. American wives small, exotic world swirl by, feeling no You, Americans who still go to in shorts chatted in the shade. threat, unperturbed by the somber Peshawar, do you enjoy the stay? Do Children on a school bus sang “You looks that softened or turned away. you meet the people? Do you drink are my sunshine.” We returned the smiles of children the tea? Do you take home a brass with wide black eyes. We were care¬ tray? Mary Cameron Kilgour is a retired ful, though, to dress modestly in slacks You, Peshawari, do you still wel¬ FSO. The stamp is courtesy of the with a long, long blouse, a shalwar come us? Will you do so again? AAFSW Bookfair “Stamp Comer.” kamis. But we never knew about the Kindly RSVP. Peace be with you. ■

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