Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer

1. Jahrgang

MARTIN MBS TEXTE 19 BUCER 2004 SEMINAR

Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer

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ReformiertesReformiertes Forum Forum TableTable of Contents of Contents

Inﬂuenced by Erasmus and Zwingli ...... 3 The break with Rome ...... 4 East Friesland‘s ﬁrst Reformed Superintendent ...... 4 Cranmers‘s plans for a pan-European church ...... 5 The European leaders of the reformation converge on England ...... 5 The Strangers‘ Church ...... 6 Laski‘s Reformed worship ...... 7 Bloody Mary‘s shadow falls on England ...... 7 Lask‘s intervention at Wesel ...... 8 The Frankfurt church of Marian exiles ...... 9 Laski forms a Dutch church ...... 9 Lutheran Westphal persecutes Reformed Laski ...... 10 Laski returns home to Poland ...... 11 Annotations ...... 12 The author ...... 12 Impressum ...... 13

1. Auﬂ. 2004 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer

Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer Dr. George M. Ella

We Reformed Evangelicals often mope Influenced by that our age is the least spiritual and Erasmus and Zwingli Bible-believing on record but there is one advantage we have over previous years, Jan Laski, best known in England as namely the rapid improvement taking John à Lasco, was born in 1499 in War- place in our knowledge of former saints. saw, the offspring of a noble Polish family. It appears that our sovereign Lord is now Laski‘s uncle and namesake, Jan Laski, equipping us with examples from the past Poland‘s leading politician, took care of to help us establish the faith in our sphe- the younger Jan‘s education and ear-mar- res of service for the future. In my youth, ked him for the church. Jan Laski Sen. few Christians had heard of George Whi- became Metropolitan of the influential tefield, John Cennick, Ambrose Searle, province of Gnesen in 1510 and almost James Hervey, Robert Traill, William simultaneously Primate of all Poland and Huntington, Joseph Hall, John Gill or chief advisor to the King. He represented even Jonathan Edwards. Their precious Poland from 1513–15 at the Fifth Lateran memory had fallen into oblivion. Nowa- Council, returning with pan-European days, their works are easily available views in cooperation with the Habsburg alongside those of Abraham Booth, John and Hungarian Empires. Laski Sen., Brine, John Newton, John Jewel, Joseph now a papal hereditary legate, began an Hall, George Abbott and other once for- extensive course of persecution in Poland. gotten heroes of the faith. Still to be re- Laski gained a great interest in foreign assessed is the great Reformation hero, travel through his uncle but learned to Jan Laski. It is my conviction that this detest his popish extremes of which the mighty man of God, who had the whole Archbishop later repented. of Europe, including Great Britain, as his Young Laski studied from 1512–1517 parish, will soon be acknowledged as one in Gnesen and Bologna and, though of the very greatest of our Reformers. only 22 years of age, became a Cathedral Dean. He travelled widely in Europe on behalf of Rome who wished to pit Laski‘s learning and zeal against Luther, Zwingli and Oekolampadius. The King also sent him on numerous diplomatic missions.

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During his travels, Laski was the personal against them. Laski was declared a heretic guest of Erasmus who turned his young by the Polish clergy in 1554. friend‘s head from the narrow-minded bigotry of Rome to a greater tolerance. This helped wean Laski from the influ- East Friesland‘s first ence of his uncle and he became more Reformed Superintendent open to the ideas of the Reformers. The breakthrough in Laski‘s life came when The Emden-Oldenburg regions were staying in Zürich with Zwingli where the open to the gospel and Laski preached Swiss Reformer urged his young Polish there for two years, declining to become a friend to take the side of the gospel. minister because of his limited abilities to speak German. Nevertheless, he establis- hed churches and built up existing bands The break with Rome of Christians, becoming more and more Reformed in his theology and outreach. Laski was chief administrator of the The Countess of Oldenburg sponsored Bishopric of Warsaw from 1530-to 32 Laski and encourage him to constitute and must have remained true to Roman a Reformed Church in the Province. superstition until at least 1538 as he was Thus in 1545, Laski became the first then appointed Archdeacon of the War- Superintendent of the Friesland Refor- saw See. Middleton, in his Biographia med Church, retaining this office until Evangelica, also claims that Laski was 1550. Meanwhile, Laski corresponded made Provost of Gnesen and Bishop of with British, Swiss, French and German Vesprin in Hungary. After 1538, Laski Reformers as also political leaders such as allied with the Bohemian Brethren and Duke Albert of Prussia. As his zeal and began openly to question papist dogmas. knowledge of the Scriptures grew, Laski Probably because of his own personal stripped the churches of images and set influence and his close association with up four elders per church to assist the the Royal family, Laski was unhindered. ministers. He insisted that ministers This changed when Laski committed should organise themselves locally and that papal sin of sins: he married and was meet weekly to discuss their tasks and for immediately suspended from all secu- mutual fellowship and edification. For lar and religious offices. The King pro- the instruction of clergy and people alike, nounced this illegal and reinstated Laski. Laski composed a statement of faith and The Roman version is that Laski took catechism. Laski visited England in 1548 an oath of cleansing (Reinigungseid) in to solicit support for a Protestant League 1542, and divorced his wife, thus gaining against the Emperor, and the brief visit back his posts. Laski and his wife now proved of lasting benefit by acquainting followed Sigismund‘s advice and moved Laski with Cranmer. to Germany in 1543 to avoid popish plots

REFORMIERTES FORUM 4 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer

Cranmer‘s plans for The European leaders a pan-European church of the reformation converge on England In 1550, Laski followed an invitation to take up a post in England, ﬁrst extended When Laski reached England, he to him in 1547. Archbishop Cranmer‘s found a ﬁne body of Reformed men from reminder of 1548 is extant in the Parker Italy, Spain, France, Belgium, Holland, Society Records. Here the English Refor- Switzerland and Germany already there. mer tells Laski: Italian Peter Martyr had become Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford (1548) „We are desirous of setting forth in our and Martyr‘s fellow- countryman, Berna- churches the true doctrine of God, and dino Ochino, had been given a prepen- have no wish to adapt it to all tastes, or dary at Canterbury. Both these men had to deal in ambiguities; but, laying aside been in Strasburg with Franco-German all carnal considerations, to transmit to Martin Bucer and arrived in England a posterity a true and explicit form of doc- year before him. When Bucer arrived he trine agreeable to the rule of the sacred had Italian Hebrew scholar Emmanuel writings; so that there may not only be Tremellio with him. Bucer was made set forth among all nations an illustrious Regius Professor of Divinity at Cam- testimony respecting our doctrine, deli- bridge in 1549. The Spanish Reformer vered by the grave authority of learned and nobleman Francisco de Encinas was and godly men, but that all posterity already quartered at Cranmer‘s home. may have a pattern to imitate. For the Hooper had brought Martin Micronius, purpose of carrying this important design the Belgian doctor from Basle and Mic- into execution we have thought it neces- ronius‘ fellow Flemings Gualter Delenus, sary to have the assistance of learned the Hebrew scholar and Jan Utenhoven, men, who, having compared their opini- the Bible translator were already awaiting ons together with us, may do away with Polish Laski‘s leadership. The Walloons all doctrinal controversies, and build Valerand Poullain and Francis Perussel, up an entire system of true doctrine. were equally looking forward to Laski‘s We have therefore invited both yourself arrival. Melancthon was the only church and some other learned men; and as leader invited who declined to come, they have come over to us without any complaining that he feared the Emperor‘s reluctance, so that we scarcely have to troops would arrest him on the way. He regret the absence of any of them, with was not too greatly missed as the Angli- the exception of yourself and Melanc- can Reformers had become suspicious of thon, we earnestly request you, both to him for dropping Luther‘s sound doctrine come yourself, and, if possible, to bring of predestination and even persecuting Melancthon along with you.“1 Predestinarians. This international and highly gifted, scholarly team of Refor-

MBS TEXTE 19 5 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer mers worked with Cranmer, joined by order, with all its weaknesses, was better Hooper, Ridley and Cox, to name but a than no order at all! Later, Laski re-adop- few of Cranmer‘s Anglican co-workers, ted his anti-vestment stand. on the revision of the 1549 Prayer Book. At this time, Calvin was still a According to John Ab Ulmis who had secondary figure in the development of organised the transport of a number of the Reformation. His earlier letters show these foreign guests, Laski was of great that he little understood what was going influence to Cranmer in drawing up the on in Britain and he never seems to have communion service. realised what great improvements were made on the 1549 Prayer Book by Cran- mer and his international team. On the The Strangers‘ Church matter of vestments, he was more con- servative than many of the Anglican and Laski and Cranmer became very good Continental Reformers. Sadly, he only friends and the Archbishop insisted that came round to understanding the full Laski should lodge at his own house. impact of the British Reformation shortly Cranmer then appointed his Polish friend before his death in 1564. Bullinger was as Supervisor of the „Stranger Churches“ also a Continental leader who was, at i.e. the churches of the foreigners in Lon- first, slow to realise what was going on in don, on the generous salary of £100 per Britain. Beza, was far more insular than annum. The „strangers“ were given the Calvin and strove to block the Reformed Austin Friars building, which had fea- Church of England‘s comprehensive, tured so prominently in the early years international work by suggesting that of the Reformation. It is estimated that instead of all Reformed Churches cont- there were between four and five thou- ributing to a joint form of worship, they sand foreign Protestants in London at the should all accept the French Forms which time. Cranmer gave Laski a free hand in had arisen in a time of persecution, were organising and governing these churches, applicable to an underground church but only censoring him once when Laski, sup- did not foresee a church living in peace, ported sporadically by Hooper, sought to alongside but not hidden from the secular ban all kinds of vestments. Laski, as Hoo- world. None of the Continental theolo- per, came round to accepting Cranmer‘s gians here mentioned ever leant too clo- moderate views on these matters. The sely on Calvin and though they accepted deciding factor here was Hooper‘s and forms of liturgy and church order similar Laski‘s joint fear of the Anabaptists who to those later used at Geneva, they poin- wished to turn the Stranger Churches ted out that Calvin had taken them over upside-down, bringing in new doctrines from Bucer at Strasburg when exiled there and new ceremonies radically different from Geneva in 1538–1541. Poullain, from anything practised in orthodoxy Calvin‘s co-pastor at Strasburg, favoured hitherto. They concluded that a united the Strasburg Liturgy of 1545 and 1551

REFORMIERTES FORUM 6 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer which have often been attributed solely to essential features of Laski‘s liturgy. Other Calvin‘s influence rather than to Bucer‘s. psalms were chanted (hymn-singing was Laski himself could never associate him- unheard of at this time) and prayers were self fully with Calvin, especially with offered for the King, his government, his Supralapsarianism, and his love for the City of London, the Church and for ecclesiastical gowns, tippets and caps, but the particular needs of the refugees and always looked to Strasburg, Zürich and those still persecuted in the congregati- Basle for his wider inspiration. Calvin ons‘ homelands. Marriage, baptism and came to view Laski with great suspicion. monthly Holy Communion took place Though Laski obviously leant on the after prayers. The Dutch and French, who Strasburg order, where Calvin departed constituted one church, did not worship from it, Laski mostly kept to Bucer‘s together because of language problems. understanding. Concerning the Lord‘s A novel feature before each Holy Com- Supper, however, Laski was more Zwing- munion was a two weeks‘ time of reflec- lian than either Bucer or Calvin. Bucer tion, self-examination, repentance and was the most distinguished Continental reconciliation as no one was allowed to theologian of the time in England, yet communicate who had a quarrel with a Dickens says rightly that he was „among brother. Would-be communicants had the least arrogant of reformers“. However, to put their names on a list before each Bucer had not pioneered reform in Stras- communion service and on the Saturday burg. This honour is due to Matthew Zell preceding the event the elders met to and Wolfgang Capito.2 There is a direct strike off anyone thought unfit. Those line between these two men, through applying to be admitted to communion Bucer, Calvin and Laski to the Reformed had to answer forty questions satisfacto- Church of England which has been sel- rily before being admitted. All children dom traced, if at all. above the age of five were enrolled in spe- cial catechism classes. In spite of this tight control a number of Anabaptists appea- Laski‘s Reformed worship red in the congregation with Arian beliefs and taught that Christ did not derive his Laski put the main emphasis on his 9.00 human nature from His mother. am and 2.00 pm Sunday services. Both morning and afternoon worship began with a chanted psalm, followed by a pas- Bloody Mary‘s sage of Scripture which was then expoun- shadow falls on England ded. This took an hour in the morning and half an hour in the afternoon as it Laski‘s influence now became enor- was then followed by half an hour‘s cate- mous and it was said of him that he only chising. The Creed, the Ten Command- needed a few minutes with anybody and ments and the General Confession were he could quite change their lives and

MBS TEXTE 19 7 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer opinions. This Hooper found out to his to once again hear an uncompromising consternation. He would be quite convin- gospel from the lips of her former Super- ced of one thing, only to find that Laski intendent. made him quite convinced of the opposite after a brief conversation. The result of Laski‘s persuasive powers and genius for Lask‘s intervention at Wesel church planting and organisation caused him to be in demand all over Europe. Meanwhile, in Wesel, to which many Whatever the church situation, it appea- British and French-speaking brethren red that all thought if only Laski would had fled, the Nether Rhine churches had come, he would change all for the better. formed a Lutheran-Reformed union. When Mary came to power in 1553, They told the British that if they accepted Laski‘s influence in England was nipped their vestments, which had been reduced in the bud. He was one of the first to be to a mere gown called a Chorrock, and ordered out of the country with his con- their modified creed, they could worship gregation. Many fled to Germany and unmolested as a separate church. The exi- Switzerland but on 17th September, Laski les at Wesel turned to Laski for advice, and 175 of his congregation sailed for requesting that he should visit Wesel and Denmark which had opened its doors to sort out matters. Both the British and the Reformation. Denmark was experien- the French also appealed to Calvin who cing an early winter, but in spite of the told the churches that they should not let bitter cold and stormy seas, the refugees matters of indifference put their church were not allowed to land. The word had life at risk and that they should accept the spread that Denmark was to be invaded Wesel offer. Laski, however, told the con- by Zwinglians. The Danish Lutherans gregation not to accept any compromise thought this worse than any news that the whatsoever. Actually, the Wesel church plague was approaching. The exiles were was the same as Laski‘s own ideal, bar given permission to anchor for two days the Chorrock. But any kind of church at Copenhagen, but were not allowed to vestment had become anathema to him. disembark. Laski and his fellow-believers The British followed Laski‘s advice, then sailed to Lubeck where they were rather than Calvin‘s, and were promptly also forbidden to land. Wismar, Ham- expelled with the French under Perussel. burg and Rostock also refused them hos- A number of the refugees now journeyed pitality. By this time the ship‘s passengers to Bern, the majority moving down to were suffering terribly from the cold and Frankfurt. Panic gripped Frankfurt and lack of food but it was March 1554 before made the Senate tighten their otherwise they found a hospitable haven at Emden most lenient restrictions on foreigners. where Countess Anne made the refugees Though the Emperor had promised the most welcome. Anne was now tired of the British and French the freedom of the Emperors interim policy and was happy city, Frankfurt was bankrupt because of

REFORMIERTES FORUM 8 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer the Turkish and Schmalkaldian wars and Frankfurt all told, most of them Dutch. Interim restrictions. Perussel was a most Until 1555, however, the Dutch had no controversial figure and he took these con- separate form of worship. The English troversies with him to Frankfurt which congregation was pastored by David tore the French church apart. Laski, too, Whitehead, a modified Prayer Book man, now decided to follow the Wesel exiles who had been voted in by a majority vote. to Frankfurt. He arrived there shortly Whitehead was assisted by several prea- after the Senate had banned John Knox chers and a plurality of elders. Kneeling for adverse political activity. Knox had at Communion had been abolished for also angered the majority of the British the sake of a protesting minority, and all congregation because of his opposition bowing, crossing and popish vestments to their church practices. All the British had been discarded by a general consen- wanted now was peace and quiet and they sus. At least forty of the British refugees, did not take too kindly to Laski‘s sudden including John Fox, John Jewel, Richard appearance. Cox, Thomas Lever, John Bale, Edmund Grindal, Thomas Becon, William Whit- tingham, David Whitehead, Sir Francis The Frankfurt Knollys, Alexander Nowell, John Poynet church of Marian exiles and Thomas Sampson, became noted campaigners in the Elizabethan Sett- According to the Frankfurt records, lement and manned important offices the British were forbidden to establish in both Church and State. In principle, an independent church but were consi- however, they were almost all noncon- dered, along with the French, Belgian formist in the sense that they adhere to and Dutch as one congregation under the doctrines of grace, and reduced all Lutheran supervision, though they were external signs of ceremony and order to a allowed to worship separately. Roughly bare minimum. The community, though speaking, three refugee churches emerged regarding Calvin with respect, were more in the city, the French with the Walloons, attached to the memory of Bucer, the the British and the Dutch. However, a English martyrs, Peter Martyr and Hein- number of English worshipped with the rich Bullinger. Thus Laski ought to have French and a large number of Dutch wor- been in his element once again. shipped with the English. The English worshippers were in something of a minority and fluctuated between 100 and 200 Laski forms a Dutch church adults, no more than 350 British citizens altogether having worshipped at Frank- The Polish Reformer was used to furt between 1554 and 1559 when most working from scratch, writing his own of the exiles returned to Britain under catechisms and orders of worship and Elizabeth. There were 2,000 refugees in generally telling people, willing to hear,

MBS TEXTE 19 9 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer what to do. The English, however, were Lutheran Westphal quite happy with their present arrange- persecutes Reformed Laski ment. Laski found himself out of work. He was shocked to ﬁnd that the English Laski continued to correspond with were High-Predestinarian in their the- King Sigismund, who was lending an ology and had so little contact with the eager ear to the Reformation. Sadly Joa- Lutherans. He thus decided to compel the chim Westphal, the Lutheran „ﬁery spi- churches to seek some form of reconcilia- rit“ had been poisoning the King‘s mind tion. However, the Lutherans considered against Laski. It also became clear that Laski a radical Calvinist and the English Westphal had been behind the Scandina- thought he was too Lutheran for their vian and German efforts to prevent Laski taste. Laski now drew up his Forma ac and his congregation from landing after ratio tola ecclesiastici Ministerii, in per- their expulsion by Mary. Westphal clai- egrinorum, potissimum vero Germano- med that all Reformed Christians were rum Ecclesia: instituta Londini3 which „monsters“ and that Cranmer, Hooper, was really a description of the forms of Ridley and all the other British martyrs, worship and order he had used in Eng- with the French and Dutch included, land but the British exiles refused to com- were „martyrs of the devil“. Rome had ply as they had grown tired of arguing never a greater ally than this evil-mouthed over ‘things indifferent‘. Laski had sought fanatic. Sad to say, it is a historical fact Bullinger‘s blessing on his move and the that Roman Catholics on the Continent, best that can be said is that Bullinger did on the whole, were more hospitable to the not dampen his enthusiasm. exiles than the Lutherans. All the Frank- The Dutch, however, took to Laski‘s furt refugees, for instance, were provided order, appreciating how the they had with churches by the Roman Catholics, been well-guided by him in England. (the English church belonged to the They also recognised elements of their White Ladies), but the Lutherans tried beloved Utenhove and Micronius in it. their level best to disturb their worship. Thus Laski found himself establishing a One such contender against the Refor- Dutch Reformed Church in Frankfurt med refugees was Brentius, who spread which, possibly because of Laski‘s Euro- such downright lies about Laski and the pean reputation and international politi- Reformed position that Calvin, Bullin- cal standing, was given the backing of the ger and Beza, besides Laski himself, were Senate. The English church did not suffer compelled to take up their pens against too much in numbers from this separa- these attacks on the persons and doctrines tion as the Wesel group made a substan- of the Reformed faith . tial addition to the congregation.

REFORMIERTES FORUM 10 Dr. George M. Ella Jan Laski the Pan-European Reformer

Laski returns home to Poland Laski had little opposition from Rome. Nor did Laski have much opposition from Laski‘s stay in Frankfurt was short. the various Reformed factions as they also Westphal used all his energies in poiso- saw the benefits of his plan. However, ning the mind of the Senate against him. during his absence the Unitarians and The refugees had a most difficult time but Socinians had been very active in Poland the protecting hand of one of the chief and they opposed Laski‘s project with all magistrates, John Glauburg kept them the authority which they could muster. from undue persecution. In 1556, Laski In the long run, it was the negative off- received an urgent call from friends in shoots of the Reformation that stifled its Poland who pleaded with him to return growth in Poland and later laid the land home and help the struggling Bohemian wide open to a papist new possession. Not Brethren . It was a most serious step to wanting to lose such a jewel again, Rome take as Laski was on the wanted list and made Poland one of the most fanatical had been called to face the heresy courts. and aggressive Roman strong holds ever Never the one to be put off by mere peo- known. Laski was ill for a very short time ple, Laski returned to his native country. in January, 1560 and suddenly died. Zan- Once back home, Laski took over his chy, no mean Reformer himself and the family lands and titles and in next to no man behind the teaching of the Church of time, he became the Reformed hope in England on predestination and election, Poland. Though the papists strove to win claimed that Laski belonged to the very Sigismund to their side against Laski, the greatest of Continental Reformers and his King told them that though he had heard name should always be quoted with that that „the bishops had pronounced Laski of Zwingli, Luther and Calvin. a heretic, the Senate of the kingdom had determined no such matter.“ The King now proved to be one of Laski‘s staun- chest supporters. By this time, however, the Polish nobleman was feeling his age and his energies were waning. He decided that a gradual changeover from Rome to the Reformed faith would take too long. He thus strove to create a national church which would cover all Poles and then once the outward organisation was anchored in Polish law, the real work of reform could begin. All Laski really needed to do was to change the title of the Institution from Roman Catholic to Reformed and all would fall into place. Strangely enough,

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AnnotationsAnnotations

1 Vol. I, p. 17. 2 The English Reformation, pp. 232–233. 3 Printed at Frankfurt, 1555.

TheThe author author

Dr. George M. Ella was born in England in February 1939, and as a teenager moved to Sweden to continue his training as a Forestry Apprentice. After his conversion he returned to England to study theology. Whilst at the London Bible College, he attended the worship services of the well- known Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones. Upon graduation at London and Hull Universities, he worked as a school teacher and evangelist among the Lapps. For the past 32 years Dr. Ella has lived in Germany, near the Dutch border. Now retired, his career included work as a Senior Civil Servant, university examiner and writer of curricula for librarian assistants and apprentice retailers for the state‘s commercial colleges. This work included editing and grading textbooks. After adding various external degrees and post-graduate qualiﬁcations in theology/literature, business studies, education, history, psycho- logy and library science at Uppsala, Duisburg and Essen universities, he gained a doctorate in English Literature at Duisburg University. He has written a number of books prior to this volume, including works on William Cowper, James Hervey, John Gill, Andrew Fuller, William Huntington and Augustus Toplady. Dr. Ella was nominated for the John Pollock Award by Prof. Timothy George in 2001. A major work on the English Reformation Exiles under Mary I will appear shortly. Dr. Ella has authored numerous biographical essays and doctrinal studies which have appea- red in magazines such as the Banner of Truth, the Banner of Sovereign Grace Truth, the English Churchman, the Baptist Quarterly, Focus, New Focus, the Bible League Quarterly, and the Evangelical Times.

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