PEOPLE AND NETWORKS Research Questions COST workshop, Oxford, 22-25 March 2015

Ruth Ahnert (QMUL) Sebastian Ahnert (Cambridge) NETWORKS SURROUND US NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us:

• Mobile phone networks • Transport networks • Power grids • Online social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) • Gene regulatory networks • Protein interaction networks • Neural networks Bethlem myopathy Heinz Trichothio- Zellweger body dystrophy NETWORKSsyndrome anemia SURROUND US

Ana Humanabundance Disease Network of network data now surrounds us:

Cataract Node size

Myopathy Deafness Epidermolysis Retinitis 41 Muscular pigmentosa bullosa dystrophy Cardiomyopathy

Leigh syndrome 34 Stroke Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 30 Myocardial Diabetes infarction Epilepsy mellitus Alzheimer Ataxia- disease 25 Mental telangiectasia retardation Gastric Obesity cancer Hypertension Pseudohypo- 21 Prostate Atheroscierosis aldosteronism cancer Breast Lymphoma Asthma 15 Fanconi cancer Colon anemia cancer Hirschprung 10 disease Parkinson Leukemia 5 Thyroid disease carcinoma 1

Blood group Spherocytosis Spinocereballar ataxia Hemolytic anemia SCIENCES APPLIED PHYSICAL Complement_component Diseasesdeficiency

Disease Gene Network LRP5 b Goh, K.-I. et al. TheSCN4A human disease network. FBN1 P Natl Acad Sci Usa 104, 8685–8690 (2007). Disorder Class

PAX6 COL2A1 Bone Cancer GJB2 Cardiovascular Connective tissue Dermatological GNAS Developmental Ear, Nose, Throat Endocrine Gastrointestinal Hematological

ARX Immunological ACE Metabolic Muscular FGFR2 Neurological ERBB2 MSH2 Nutritional APC Ophthamological FGFR3 PTEN Psychiatric TP53 KRAS NF1 Renal

KIT MEN1 Respiratory Skeletal multiple Unclassified

Fig. 2. The HDN and the DGN. (a) In the HDN, each node corresponds to a distinct disorder, colored based on the disorder class to which it belongs, the name of the 22 disorder classes being shown on the right. A link between disorders in the same disorder class is colored with the corresponding dimmer color and links connecting different disorder classes are gray. The size of each node is proportional to the number of genes participating in the corresponding disorder (see key), and the link thickness is proportional to the number of genes shared by the disorders it connects. We indicate the name of disorders with Ͼ10 associated genes, as well as those mentioned in the text. For a complete set of names, see SI Fig. 13.(b) In the DGN, each node is a gene, with two genes being connected if they are implicated in the same disorder. The size of each node is proportional to the number of disorders in which the gene is implicated (see key). Nodes are light gray if the corresponding genes are associated with more than one disorder class. Genes associated with more than five disorders, and those mentioned in the text, are indicated with the gene symbol. Only nodes with at least one link are shown.

Goh et al. PNAS ͉ May 22, 2007 ͉ vol. 104 ͉ no. 21 ͉ 8687 RESEARCH ARTICLES

A node color (Leamer Classification) 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Petroleum Materials Raw Products Forest Cereals Intensive Labor Intensive Capital Machinery Chemicals 0.9 Agriculture Tropical Agriculture Animal NETWORKS0.8 SURROUND US

Proximity 0.7 0.6 0.5 link color (proximity) node size (world trade [thousands of US$])

0.4 021 3 4 0.3 3.0x10 1.5x10 7.5x10 3.7x10 1.9x10 0.2 0.1 An abundance of network data5 6 6 7 now8 surrounds us:

fruits B

fishing

vegetables on May 14, 2009

coffee and cocoa products www.sciencemag.org

y Downloaded from garments

metallurgy

Products Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabasi, A.-L. & Hausmann, R. The product space conditions the development of nations. Science 317, 482–487 (2007). Fig. 1. The product space. (A)Hierarchicallyclusteredproximity(f)matrix with their proximity value. The sizes of the nodes are proportional to world representing the 775 SITC-4 product classes exported in the 1998–2000 trade, and their colors are chosen according to the classification introduced by period. (B)Networkrepresentationoftheproductspace.Linksarecolorcoded Leamer.

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 317 27 JULY 2007 483 EARLY MODERN NETWORKS

COST brings together people interested in particular kinds of networks: NETWORKS NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges. NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges.

ki =6 i

The number of connections a node has is its degree k . NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges.

j

ki =6 i

kj =4

The number of connections a node has is its degree k . NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges.

j

ki =6 i

kj =4

The number of connections a node has is its degree k . This abstract framework allows us to examine a wide range of networks with the same tools. NETWORK ANALYSIS NETWORK ANALYSIS Many real-world networks have similar properties, such as a scale-free degree distribution. R EPORTS ing systems form a huge genetic network these two ingredients, we show that they are cited in a paper. Recently Redner (11) has whose vertices are proteins and genes, the responsible for the power-law scaling ob- shown that the probability that a paper is chemical interactions between them repre- served in real networks. Finally, we argue cited k times (representing the connectivity of senting edges (2). At a different organization- that these ingredients play an easily identifi- a paper within the network) follows a power

al level, a large network is formed by the able and important role in the formation of law with exponent ␥cite ϭ 3. nervous system, whose vertices are the nerve many complex systems, which implies that The above examples (12) demonstrate that cells, connected by axons (3). But equally our results are relevant to a large class of many large random networks share the com- complex networks occur in social science, networks observed in nature. mon feature that the distribution of their local where vertices are individuals or organiza- Although there are many systems that connectivity is free of scale, following a power tions and the edges are the social interactions form complex networks, detailed topological law for large k with an exponent ␥ between between them (4), or in the World Wide Web data is available for only a few. The collab- 2.1 and 4, which is unexpected within the (WWW), whose vertices are HTML docu- oration graph of movie actors represents a framework of the existing network models. ments connected by links pointing from one well-documented example of a social net- The random graph model of ER (7) assumes page to another (5, 6). Because of their large work. Each actor is represented by a vertex, that we start with N vertices and connect each size and the complexity of their interactions, two actors being connected if they were cast pair of vertices with probability p. In the the topology of these networks is largely together in the same movie. The probability model, the probability that a vertex has k unknown. that an actor has k links (characterizing his or edges follows a Poisson distribution P(k) ϭ Traditionally, networks of complex topol- her popularity) has a power-law tail for large eϪ␭␭k/k!, where ogy have been described with the random k, following P(k) ϳ kϪ␥actor, where ␥ ϭ actor N Ϫ 1 graph theory of Erdo˝s and Re´nyi (ER) (7), 2.3 Ϯ 0.1 (Fig. 1A). A more complex net- k NϪ1Ϫk but in the absence of data on large networks, work with over 800 million vertices (8)isthe ␭ ϭ N p ͑1 Ϫ p͒ ͩ k ͪ the predictions of the ER theory were rarely WWW, where a vertex is a document and the tested in the real world. However, driven by edges are the links pointing from one docu- In the small-world model recently intro- the computerization of data acquisition, such ment to another. The topology of this graph duced by Watts and Strogatz (WS) (10), N topological information is increasingly avail- determines the Web’s connectivity and, con- vertices form a one-dimensional lattice, able, raising the possibility of understanding sequently, our effectiveness in locating infor- each vertex being connected to its two the dynamical and topological stability of mation on the WWW (5). Information about nearest and next-nearest neighbors. With on May 14, 2009 large networks. P(k) can be obtained using robots (6), indi- probability p,eachedgeisreconnectedtoa Here we report on the existence of a high cating that the probability that k documents vertex chosen at random. The long-range degree of self-organization characterizing the point to a certain Web page follows a power connections generated by this process de-

large-scale properties of complex networks. law, with ␥www ϭ 2.1 Ϯ 0.1 (Fig. 1B) (9). A crease the distance between the vertices, Exploring several large databases describing network whose topology reflects the histori- leading to a small-world phenomenon (13), the topology of large networks that span cal patterns of urban and industrial develop- often referred to as six degrees of separa- fields as diverse as the WWW or citation ment is the electrical power grid of the west- tion (14). For p ϭ 0, the probability distri- patterns in science, we show that, indepen- ern United States, the vertices being genera- bution of the connectivities is P(k) ϭ␦(k Ϫ dent of the system and the identity of its tors, transformers, and substations and the z), where z is the coordination number in www.sciencemag.org constituents, the probability P(k) that a ver- edges being to the high-voltage transmission the lattice; whereas for finite p, P(k)still tex in the network interacts with k other lines between them (10). Because of the rel- peaks around z,butitgetsbroader(15). A vertices decays as a power law, following atively modest size of the network, contain- common feature of the ER and WS models P(k) ϳ kϪ␥. This result indicates that large ing only 4941 vertices, the scaling region is is that the probability of finding a highly networksNETWORK self-organize into a scale-free state, less prominentANALYSIS but is nevertheless approxi- connected vertex (that is, a large k)decreas- a feature unpredicted by all existing random mated by a power law with an exponent es exponentially with k;thus,verticeswith network models. To explain the origin of this ␥ Ӎ 4 (Fig. 1C). Finally, a rather large large connectivity are practically absent. In

power Downloaded from scale invariance, we show that existing net- complex network is formed by the citation contrast, the power-law tail characterizing Manywork modelsreal-world fail to incorporate networks growth and patterns have of the similar scientific publications, properties, the ver- P( k)forthenetworksstudiedindicatesthat preferential attachment, two key features of tices being papers published in refereed jour- highly connected (large k)verticeshavea suchreal networks.as a scale-free Using a model incorporating degreenals distribution. and the edges being links to the articles large chance of occurring, dominating the connectivity. There are two generic aspects of real net- works that are not incorporated in these mod- els. First, both models assume that we start with a fixed number (N) of vertices that are then randomly connected (ER model), or re- connected (WS model), without modifying N. In contrast, most real world networks are open and they form by the continuous addi- tion of new vertices to the system, thus the number of vertices N increases throughout the lifetime of the network. For example, the actor network grows by the addition of new actors to the system, the WWW grows expo- nentially over time by the addition of new Fig. 1. The distribution function of connectivities for various large networks. (A) Actor collaboration graph with N ϭ 212,250 vertices and average connectivity ͗k͘ϭ28.78. (B) WWW, N ϭ Web pages (8), and the research literature 325,729, ͗k͘ϭ5.46 (6). (C) Power grid data, N ϭ 4941, ͗k͘ϭ2.67. The dashed lines have constantly grows by the publication of new slopes (A) ␥ ϭ 2.3, (B) ␥ ϭ 2.1 and (C) ␥ ϭ 4. papers. Consequently, a common feature of actor www power P (k)=k 510 15 OCTOBER 1999 VOL 286 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Barabasi, A. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509–512 (1999). R EPORTS ing systems form a huge genetic network these two ingredients, we show that they are cited in a paper. Recently Redner (11) has whose vertices are proteins and genes, the responsible for the power-law scaling ob- shown that the probability that a paper is chemical interactions between them repre- served in real networks. Finally, we argue cited k times (representing the connectivity of senting edges (2). At a different organization- that these ingredients play an easily identifi- a paper within the network) follows a power

al level, a large network is formed by the able and important role in the formation of law with exponent ␥cite ϭ 3. nervous system, whose vertices are the nerve many complex systems, which implies that The above examples (12) demonstrate that cells, connected by axons (3). But equally our results are relevant to a large class of many large random networks share the com- complex networks occur in social science, networks observed in nature. mon feature that the distribution of their local where vertices are individuals or organiza- Although there are many systems that connectivity is free of scale, following a power tions and the edges are the social interactions form complex networks, detailed topological law for large k with an exponent ␥ between between them (4), or in the World Wide Web data is available for only a few. The collab- 2.1 and 4, which is unexpected within the (WWW), whose vertices are HTML docu- oration graph of movie actors represents a framework of the existing network models. ments connected by links pointing from one well-documented example of a social net- The random graph model of ER (7) assumes page to another (5, 6). Because of their large work. Each actor is represented by a vertex, that we start with N vertices and connect each size and the complexity of their interactions, two actors being connected if they were cast pair of vertices with probability p. In the the topology of these networks is largely together in the same movie. The probability model, the probability that a vertex has k unknown. that an actor has k links (characterizing his or edges follows a Poisson distribution P(k) ϭ Traditionally, networks of complex topol- her popularity) has a power-law tail for large eϪ␭␭k/k!, where ogy have been described with the random k, following P(k) ϳ kϪ␥actor, where ␥ ϭ actor N Ϫ 1 graph theory of Erdo˝s and Re´nyi (ER) (7), 2.3 Ϯ 0.1 (Fig. 1A). A more complex net- k NϪ1Ϫk but in the absence of data on large networks, work with over 800 million vertices (8)isthe ␭ ϭ N p ͑1 Ϫ p͒ ͩ k ͪ the predictions of the ER theory were rarely WWW, where a vertex is a document and the tested in the real world. However, driven by edges are the links pointing from one docu- In the small-world model recently intro- the computerization of data acquisition, such ment to another. The topology of this graph duced by Watts and Strogatz (WS) (10), N topological information is increasingly avail- determines the Web’s connectivity and, con- vertices form a one-dimensional lattice, able, raising the possibility of understanding sequently, our effectiveness in locating infor- each vertex being connected to its two the dynamical and topological stability of mation on the WWW (5). Information about nearest and next-nearest neighbors. With on May 14, 2009 large networks. P(k) can be obtained using robots (6), indi- probability p,eachedgeisreconnectedtoa Here we report on the existence of a high cating that the probability that k documents vertex chosen at random. The long-range degree of self-organization characterizing the point to a certain Web page follows a power connections generated by this process de-

large-scale properties of complex networks. law, with ␥www ϭ 2.1 Ϯ 0.1 (Fig. 1B) (9). A crease the distance between the vertices, Exploring several large databases describing network whose topology reflects the histori- leading to a small-world phenomenon (13), the topology of large networks that span cal patterns of urban and industrial develop- often referred to as six degrees of separa- fields as diverse as the WWW or citation ment is the electrical power grid of the west- tion (14). For p ϭ 0, the probability distri- patterns in science, we show that, indepen- ern United States, the vertices being genera- bution of the connectivities is P(k) ϭ␦(k Ϫ dent of the system and the identity of its tors, transformers, and substations and the z), where z is the coordination number in www.sciencemag.org constituents, the probability P(k) that a ver- edges being to the high-voltage transmission the lattice; whereas for finite p, P(k)still tex in the network interacts with k other lines between them (10). Because of the rel- peaks around z,butitgetsbroader(15). A vertices decays as a power law, following atively modest size of the network, contain- common feature of the ER and WS models P(k) ϳ kϪ␥. This result indicates that large ing only 4941 vertices, the scaling region is is that the probability of finding a highly networksNETWORK self-organize into a scale-free state, less prominentANALYSIS but is nevertheless approxi- connected vertex (that is, a large k)decreas- a feature unpredicted by all existing random mated by a power law with an exponent es exponentially with k;thus,verticeswith network models. To explain the origin of this ␥ Ӎ 4 (Fig. 1C). Finally, a rather large large connectivity are practically absent. In

power Downloaded from scale invariance, we show that existing net- complex network is formed by the citation contrast, the power-law tail characterizing Manywork modelsreal-world fail to incorporate networks growth and patterns have of the similar scientific publications, properties, the ver- P( k)forthenetworksstudiedindicatesthat preferential attachment, two key features of tices being papers published in refereed jour- highly connected (large k)verticeshavea suchreal networks.as a scale-free Using a model incorporating degreenals distribution. and the edges being links to the articles large chance of occurring, dominating the connectivity. There are two generic aspects of real net- works that are not incorporated in these mod- els. First, both models assume that we start with a fixed number (N) of vertices that are then randomly connected (ER model), or re- connected (WS model), without modifying N. In contrast, most real world networks are open and they form by the continuous addi- tion of new vertices to the system, thus the number of vertices N increases throughout the lifetime of the network. For example, the actor network grows by the addition of new actors to the system, the WWW grows expo- nentially over time by the addition of new Fig. 1. The distribution function of connectivities for various large networks. (A) Actor collaboration graph with N Actorsϭ 212,250 vertices and averageWWW connectivity ͗k͘ϭ28.78.Power (B) WWW, gridN ϭ Web pages (8), and the research literature 325,729, ͗k͘ϭ5.46 (6). (C) Power grid data, N ϭ 4941, ͗k͘ϭ2.67. The dashed lines have constantly grows by the publication of new slopes (A) ␥ ϭ 2.3, (B) ␥ ϭ 2.1 and (C) ␥ ϭ 4. papers. Consequently, a common feature of actor www power P (k)=k 510 15 OCTOBER 1999 VOL 286 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Barabasi, A. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509–512 (1999). WHAT CAN WE MEASURE? WHAT CAN WE MEASURE?

We can measure the characteristics of nodes and edges in many different ways. WHAT CAN WE MEASURE?

We can measure the characteristics of nodes and edges in many different ways. An obvious one is the degree. High-degree nodes, also called hubs, are individuals that have many social connections. WHAT CAN WE MEASURE?

We can measure the characteristics of nodes and edges in many different ways. An obvious one is the degree. High-degree nodes, also called hubs, are individuals that have many social connections. A more subtle one is betweenness. For any pair of nodes in the network we can find the shortest path between them. The betweenness of a node measures how many shortest paths in the network pass through that node. WHAT CAN WE MEASURE?

We can measure the characteristics of nodes and edges in many different ways. An obvious one is the degree. High-degree nodes, also called hubs, are individuals that have many social connections. A more subtle one is betweenness. For any pair of nodes in the network we can find the shortest path between them. The betweenness of a node measures how many shortest paths in the network pass through that node. We can also study the robustness of the network by examining how the properties of a network change if nodes or edges are removed. OUR DATA SETS

Our work focuses on two datasets: OUR DATA SETS

Our work focuses on two datasets:

1) A network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). OUR DATA SETS

Our work focuses on two datasets:

1) A network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58).

2) Correspondence in EXTRACTING THE NETWORK EXTRACTING THE NETWORK

Starting from manuscripts we can extract what might be called the metadata of the letters: EXTRACTING THE NETWORK

Starting from manuscripts we can extract what might be called the metadata of the letters: • sender • recipient • time • place EXTRACTING THE NETWORK

Starting from manuscripts we can extract what might be called the metadata of the letters: • sender • recipient • time • place

But from the letter content we can also extract: • commendations • mentioned links • familial relationships • letter carriers PROTESTANT NETWORK PROTESTANT NETWORK

We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). PROTESTANT NETWORK

We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58).

These letters reflect the persecution and martyrdom of Protestants during this period. PROTESTANT NETWORK

We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58).

These letters reflect the persecution and martyrdom of Protestants during this period.

From 289 letters we put together a network of 377 individuals and 795 edges. An edge denotes a social interaction, such as a letter being written, or a commendation. PROTESTANT NETWORK

We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58).

These letters reflect the persecution and martyrdom of Protestants during this period.

From 289 letters we put together a network of 377 individuals and 795 edges. An edge denotes a social interaction, such as a letter being written, or a commendation.

A subset of these edges is the actual correspondence network, which can be analysed separately. PROTESTANT NETWORK

John Hooper

Heinrich Bullinger

Anne Warcup

John Bradford

Joan Wilkinson

Laurence Saunders

Nicholas Ridley

Augustine Bernher

Lucy Harrington

Robert Harrington

Joyce Hales

John Philpot

Margery Cooke

John Careless

William Tyms

R. Ahnert, S. E. Ahnert, Protestant letter networks in the reign of Mary I: A quantitative approach, English Literary History, forthcoming PROTESTANT NETWORK

John Hooper

Heinrich Bullinger

Anne Warcup

John Bradford

Joan Wilkinson

Laurence Saunders

Nicholas Ridley

Augustine Bernher

Lucy Harrington

Robert Harrington

Joyce Hales

John Philpot

Margery Cooke

John Careless

William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK

High-degree nodes are marked in red.

John Hooper

Heinrich Bullinger

Anne Warcup

John Bradford

Joan Wilkinson

Laurence Saunders

Nicholas Ridley

Augustine Bernher

Lucy Harrington

Robert Harrington

Joyce Hales

John Philpot

Margery Cooke

John Careless

William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK

High-degree nodes are marked in red.

John Hooper

Heinrich Bullinger

Anne Warcup

John Bradford These turn out to Joan Wilkinson be the Protestant

Laurence Saunders

Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher leaders

Lucy Harrington

Robert Harrington

Joyce Hales

John Philpot

Margery Cooke

John Careless

William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK High-betweenness nodes are marked in green.

John Hooper

Heinrich Bullinger

Anne Warcup

John Bradford

Joan Wilkinson

Laurence Saunders

Nicholas Ridley

Augustine Bernher

Lucy Harrington

Robert Harrington

Joyce Hales

John Philpot

Margery Cooke

John Careless

William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK High-betweenness nodes are marked in green.

John Hooper

Heinrich Bullinger

Anne Warcup John Bradford These turn out to be

Joan Wilkinson

Laurence Saunders sustainers of the

Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher network who provided

Lucy Harrington

Robert Harrington

Joyce Hales support in the form of

John Philpot

Margery Cooke

John Careless shelter, money, and by William Tyms passing messages. RESEARCH QUESTION RESEARCH QUESTION

Research question for WG2:

How can letter network data identify social roles of individuals in a network, as leaders, sustainers, carriers, rebels, dissenters, informants, etc.? ROBUSTNESS ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles During the reign of William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

Mary I many William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K.

Protestants were Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson executed. John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife

Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston

Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham

Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam

Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw

Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton

John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles During the reign of William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

Mary I many William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K.

Protestants were Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson executed. John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife

Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston This campaign Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham focused on the Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam leaders of the Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

movement, which Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw were the hubs in Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton the network. John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles During the reign of William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

Mary I many William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K.

Protestants were Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson executed. John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife

Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston This campaign Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham focused on the Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam leaders of the Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

movement, which Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw were the hubs in Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton the network. John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles

William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K.

Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson

John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife

Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston

Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham

Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam

Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw

Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton

John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles But despite a William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

large number of William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K. executions, the Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson network does not John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife fragment. Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston

Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham

Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam

Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw

Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton

John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles But despite a William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

large number of William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K. executions, the Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson network does not John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife fragment. Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston

Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham

This is because Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam the sustainers Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

keep it connected. Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw

Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton

John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles

William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K.

Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson

John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife

Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover

John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston

Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside

Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham

Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam

Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw

Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton

John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw ROBUSTNESS

John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife

Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter

Mistress Lounford

All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel

John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation

London

Filles One of the best William Cooper

John Denley

Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?)

Cutbert

Simon Jen

John Spenser

John Harman

Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins

Katherine Phineas

Mistress Wod

Amos Tyms

Richard Nicholl

Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes

Ms Colfoxe

congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent

Master Chester Henry Burgess

a female sustainer Anon_189

godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister

ways of fragmenting William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex

M. William Brasburge

William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant

Cornelius Stevenson

Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden

Thomas Simpson

John Careless's co-religionist AC

John Careless's co-religionists in London

Nicholas Sheterden's mother

John Careless's co-religionist EH

Agnes Glascocke

Stephen Gratwick

Margery Cooke's husband

Anon_234_female_E.K.

Watts

Thomas Whittle

John Ardeley

John Cavell

Margaret Careless

Richard Spurge

Clement Throgmorton

George Ambrose

the flock in London

Nicholas

Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson

Anon_289_female_E.K. a network is in fact Robert Drake Thomas Spurge

Sister Chyllerde

John Tudson

Alexander

Thomas Harland

Thyme/Thynne

William Aylesbury

John Trew's sister-in-law

Dirick Carver

Isabel Foster

Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife

Thomas Upcher Henry Hart

Thomas Hawkes' wife

Joan Warren

Father Herault

Harry Adlington

Mistress Cotton

Richard Gibson

John Went

John Launder

Nicholas Sheterden

Thomas Avington

Richard Brice William Tyms

Mistress Pierpoint

Thomas Iveson not to remove hubs, John Oswald

William Lawrence Mary Honeywood

Roger Newman citizens of London

John Manning

town of Walden

Thomas Hawkes's son

William Kempe

William Flower

Laurence Bradshaw

Henry Jones

Roger Bradford

John Jackson

Humphrey Middleton

Richard Proude

Margery Cooke

Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife

Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes

Anne Knevet

John Careless

William Andrew

Master Royden

Anne Smith

John Gibson

Sir Laurence Hall

Town and University of Cambridge

Richard Porrege

Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher

Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe

Master Newport

John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith

Anne Glover

John Bradford's brothers and sisters

Katherine Smith

Master Osbourne

John Barry

Master Nowell Humphrey Hales

W Charelton

William Porrege

Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife but to remove nodes Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents

Cornelyus

John Ledley

John Traves

Hugh Glover

Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex

Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram

Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester

Robert Smith's brother

Hugh Burrows Robert Cole

John Bradford's mother

Christopher Goodman

Robert Glover

Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife

Master Heath

Thomas Sorrocold's wife

George Tankerfield's wife

Master Marshall's wife

Mary Marlar

Coker

Elizabeth Clarke

Anon_247_Anne

Augustine Bernher

Lord Francis Russell

Master Marshall Robert Smith's children

John Bradford

Cuthbert Simpson

Elizabeth Bradford

Elsing

John Clements M. Vicar

Thomas Witton

Richard Hopkins Robert Smith's female friend and her husband

Master Fokes R. Bolton

Gerard The Frenchman

Roger Shalcross

Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales

Mary Glover or edges with high John Glover

Elizabeth Fane

Thomas Hall

Dr Albun Hill

Master Mering Margaret Bradford

Hancock Richard Bleacher

Anon_170_B

Bartlett Green

Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves

Cuthbert Simpson's wife

John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold

Richard Wright

I. Wild

Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield

William Punt

Morley

Anon_170_C

Robert Bracher

Good Wife Cooper

William Fitzwilliam

Thomas Riddleston

Boyer

Robert Ferrar

Rowland Taylor

Robert Harrington

Richard Bleacher's wife

Elizabeth Longsho

Rosewel

Elizabeth Browne

Barthram Calthorpe

James Bradshaw

Margaret Taylor

Wittrance

George Shipside betweenness. Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins

Catherine Hall

William Fletewode Lucy Harrington

John Philpot's godly brethren

Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends

Joan Wilkinson

Anne Warcup

John Philpot's sister

William Downton

Goring

Thomas Lever

Laurence Saunders

Alice Alexander

Edward Saunders

Farneham Hugh Latimer

Mistress Martipole

Thomas Cranmer

George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman

John Hall

Mistress Heath

Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley

Anon_202 Sister B.S.

Hussey

Thomas Bentham

Richardson

Samuel Saunders

Thomas Philpot

Bockingham Cole

Bell

Lancelot Anon2_218_S

Laurence Saunders's wife and friends

Hobbes

John Hooper

Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield

Joanna Saunders

Homes

Palmer Lother Elice Fogge

Mr Hurland

Peter Martyr

Anne Hooper

Anne Fitzwilliam

Cooke

Elizabeth Warren

George Marsh

brethren and sisters

Northumbrians

Alice Shipside

James Lever

Jane Grey Katherine Grey

Edmund Grindal the Christian congregation, prob. London

Conrad Pellican

Rafe Whitfield

John Grove

Bow churchyard congregation

Edward Crome

William Turner

Heinrich Bullinger

John Ridley

John Hooper's co-religionists in London

Rice Aprice

James Haddon

Ellis Crompton

John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers

Master Chambers

Traiford Richard Cox

Nicholas Ridley II

John Utenhovius

widow of Hugh Ridley

female co-religionist, A. B., widow

Sir John Cheke

Richard Chambers Anon_99

Thomas Sampson

John Hooper's wife

Rachel Hooper

unnamed London merchant

Master Monger

John a Lasco

Robert Langley

Theodor Bibliander's wife

John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk

Conrad Pellican's wife

Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper

Chamber

Dorothy Punt

Christopher Froschover

Anna Bullinger

Rodolph Gualter's wife

Mr Martin

Mr Lavatar

Monger

Oporinus

Margaret Butler

Theodor Bibliander

John Crompton

John Warren

ThomasEdward FrenshamRandolph

Rodolph Gualter

Mr Shorte

John Butler

Rafe Bradshaw

Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex

George Marsh's friends in Manchester

William Hunter William Hunter's mother

George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton

John Bland John Bland's sister John Bland's father

John Schmutz

Richard Bradshaw RESEARCH QUESTION RESEARCH QUESTION

Research question for WG2:

How can letter network data examine temporal changes in a network, both on a local and global scale, particularly in the face of political and religious change? STATE PAPERS ONLINE STATE PAPERS ONLINE

Our next project is a much larger data set:

•The State Papers for the entire 16th century in England. •These are the official government records. •130,000 items of correspondence connecting ~30,000 individuals. •Many of these items connect people across Europe too. •This data covers the reigns of four monarchs, both Catholic and Protestant. DISAMBIGUATION DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: •a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document •a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document Examples: •de la Motte and de la Mote might be the same individual or not. •Archbishop of Canterbury can refer to several different people, depending on the date of the letter. DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: •a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document •a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document Examples: •de la Motte and de la Mote might be the same individual or not. •Archbishop of Canterbury can refer to several different people, depending on the date of the letter. 80% of Data Science is Data Cleaning! DISAMBIGUATION DISAMBIGUATION

The disambiguation process also offers opportunities: DISAMBIGUATION

The disambiguation process also offers opportunities:

The creation of unique identifiers is a prerequisite for linked data. Efforts like this one can serve as nuclei for linked data projects. DISAMBIGUATION

The disambiguation process also offers opportunities:

The creation of unique identifiers is a prerequisite for linked data. Efforts like this one can serve as nuclei for linked data projects.

We can use the disambiguation name lists and mappings to search letter content and extract mentions of individuals and further social links. RESEARCH QUESTION RESEARCH QUESTION

Research question for WG2:

How in general can disambiguation of letter networks drive linked data efforts and content analysis? BIAS BIAS

Letter collections come with inevitable biases that reflect their historical origins. This should be viewed as an opportunity rather than a problem, as the distortion of quantitative results by these biases can bring historical facts to the surface. BIAS

Letter collections come with inevitable biases that reflect their historical origins. This should be viewed as an opportunity rather than a problem, as the distortion of quantitative results by these biases can bring historical facts to the surface.

Edward Courtenay is unusually well-connected in the State Papers Domestic letter network for Mary I reign, and is therefore highlighted in quantitative network analysis results. This is not a direct reflection of his importance, but an indirect one. Courtenay was in exile, but his correspondence was intercepted as he was deemed potentially dangerous. RESEARCH QUESTION RESEARCH QUESTION

Research question for WG2:

How can biases in the data be linked to the history of both individuals and collections? CONCLUSION CONCLUSION These are some of the research questions that WG2 could look at. CONCLUSION These are some of the research questions that WG2 could look at.

Some of these are straightforward questions linking established historical questions about individuals and communities to quantitative measurements. This is an iterative process requiring a close dialogue between traditional scholarship and a quantitative bird’s-eye view. CONCLUSION These are some of the research questions that WG2 could look at.

Some of these are straightforward questions linking established historical questions about individuals and communities to quantitative measurements. This is an iterative process requiring a close dialogue between traditional scholarship and a quantitative bird’s-eye view.

Other research questions relate to the challenges of network analysis in the humanities, namely that any data set will be flawed in terms of both accuracy and bias. CONCLUSION These are some of the research questions that WG2 could look at.

Some of these are straightforward questions linking established historical questions about individuals and communities to quantitative measurements. This is an iterative process requiring a close dialogue between traditional scholarship and a quantitative bird’s-eye view.

Other research questions relate to the challenges of network analysis in the humanities, namely that any data set will be flawed in terms of both accuracy and bias.

It is important to realise that the process of cleaning the data can be a valuable step towards integration with other databases, and that biases are part of the history.