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Bishop John Jewel and the Catholicity of the Church of England, 1535-1599

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Bishop John Jewel and the Catholicity of the Church of England, 1535-1599 ‘Because Thy God Loves England’: Bishop John Jewel and the Catholicity of the Church of England, 1535-1599 Angela May Ranson Doctor of Philosophy University of York Department of History October 2013 2 Abstract John Jewel (Bishop of Salisbury 1559-1571) became the champion of the Church of England mere months after the formation of the Elizabethan religious settlement. He preached a sermon at Paul’s Cross that challenged the Roman Church to prove that certain traditions had existed in the early church; a strategy that allowed him to portray the Church of England as the true inheritor of the apostolic church, due to its pure doctrine and right administration of the sacraments. This sermon started a decade of controversy, which influenced the development of demarcation lines between the Church of Rome and the Church of England. This thesis argues that Jewel’s work as a polemicist and apologist for the Church of England was a key factor in the development of a Protestant self-identity for the Church of England. Using a unique methodology and a vast knowledge of patristic and Biblical sources, Jewel re-defined the term ‘catholic’ in a way that enabled him to argue for the catholicity of the Church of England while still separating it from the Catholic Church. He gave the English Church authority and legitimacy by portraying it as both part of the true universal church, and yet distinctly English. Drawing on Jewel’s own works, as well as the works of the men who fought for and against him, this thesis demonstrates that Jewel made a significant contribution to the establishment of the Church of England as a national institution. It shows that Jewel was an active, popular leader who was involved in many of the defining moments of the early Elizabethan church. Also, it shows that his popularity did not end with his death in 1571. Rather, his work continued to influence the development of the Church of England throughout the reign of Elizabeth and beyond. 3 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 5 Author’s Declaration ................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter One: Forming a Reformer ....................................................................................... 23 Birth of a Reformer ............................................................................................................ 26 Reformations of the Universal Church (1530-1547) ......................................................... 35 Training a Reformer ........................................................................................................... 43 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter Two: John Jewel and the Community of Reformers ............................................... 49 Foreign Influence and Domestic Faith ............................................................................... 51 The Myth of Martyr ........................................................................................................... 55 Part One: Conflict and Communion in Oxford ................................................................. 58 Communion and Reform ................................................................................................ 64 Part Two: Conflict and Crisis in Exile .............................................................................. 67 Troubles in Frankfurt ..................................................................................................... 70 Community in Exile ....................................................................................................... 75 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 81 Chapter Three: Thundering and Enlightening ...................................................................... 84 The Path of the Controversy .............................................................................................. 86 Historiography of the Jewel-Harding Controversy ............................................................ 89 The Challenge in Context .................................................................................................. 93 The Challenge .................................................................................................................... 97 Between the Lines ............................................................................................................ 101 The Prize of Soul and Body ............................................................................................. 106 The National Universal Church ....................................................................................... 117 The Nation and its God .................................................................................................... 123 The Nation and Its Future ................................................................................................ 125 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 128 Chapter Four: Textual Communities and Catholicity ......................................................... 131 Identity and Catholicity .................................................................................................... 133 Authority and Catholicity ................................................................................................ 138 Two Textual Communities .............................................................................................. 140 4 Unity in Texts .................................................................................................................. 143 Follow the Leaders ........................................................................................................... 146 Re-defining ‘Catholic’ ..................................................................................................... 152 The Universal Church of England ................................................................................... 160 Governor of a National Universal Church ....................................................................... 162 Past, Present and Future ................................................................................................... 168 Print and Pulpit ................................................................................................................ 171 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 178 Chapter Five: Sword and Shield ......................................................................................... 180 Readers and Listeners ...................................................................................................... 186 The Polarization of the Faith ............................................................................................ 190 Response of the Divines ................................................................................................... 194 Response of the Laity ....................................................................................................... 200 Internal Conflicts 1559-1571 ........................................................................................... 208 The Parliament of 1571 and its Results ........................................................................... 211 Internal Conflicts 1572-1599 ........................................................................................... 216 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 228 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 230 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 238 5 Acknowledgements I could not have asked for a better supervisor, so great thanks must first go to Dr John Cooper, who always managed to balance helpful criticism with equally helpful encouragement. He has also given me teaching opportunities that proved both enlightening and amusing, which simultaneously added to my teaching experience and enhanced the experience of teaching. For all of his leadership, I am very grateful. Further thanks go to the brilliant scholars on my advisory panel, Dr William Sheils and Dr William H. Sherman. They always brought out new ideas and helped me to look in different directions, and the diversity of their areas of expertise made TAP meetings richly rewarding. I am also grateful for the encouragement and support of my examiners, Dr Brian Cummings and Dr Kenneth Fincham. Their insight into my work has proved
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