DOCSLIB.ORG

A Geographical Study of the Eastern Jebel Akhdar, Cyrenaica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Geographical Study of the Eastern Jebel Akhdar, Cyrenaica Durham E-Theses A geographical study of the eastern Jebel Akhdar, Cyrenaica Buru, M. M. How to cite: Buru, M. M. (1960) A geographical study of the eastern Jebel Akhdar, Cyrenaica, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9679/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A Geographical Study of the Eastern Jehel Akhdar, Cyrenaica. M.M. Buru, B.A. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Letters in the University of Durham. Octoher 1960. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. CONTENTS Page PREFACE III LIST OP PLATES VII LIST OP MAPS AND DIAGRAMS X LIST OP TABLES XII LIST OP APPENDICES XVII INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE Chapter I Relief 10 Chapter II Geology 28 Chapter III climate 50 Chapter IV vegetation 75 Chapter V Soils 84 Chapter VI Water Resources 92 PART TWO Chapter VII Historical Background and the tri"bal structure 121 Chapter VIII Settlement, Communications and Administration 140 Chapter IX population 171 Chapter X Italian Colonisation 198 Page Chapter XI Agriculture 213 Chapter XII commerce and Industry 289 Chapter XIII Fisheries 296 Chapter XIV Resettlement 305 CONCLUSIONS 313 APPENDICES 316 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY: 350 PLATES 384 Ill PREFACE I arrived in Durham in October 1957, with a view to study the problems of the economic development of the Jebel Akhdar of Cyrenaica. The jebel Akhdar was chosen for three main reasons:- first, the development of the jebel Akhdar achieved lay the Italians had never "been recovered; secondly, the tribal organisation is very strong, and most of the former E.N.T.E. farms are now occupied "by the Bedouin; and, finally, the Jebel Akhdar represents, the scope for agricultural expansion. There are many difficulties to overcome. Most of the Italian literature and reports were destroyed during the second World War, and it is difficult to trace any in Gyrenaica. Agricultural statistics were not available until 1959. Recognised administrative boundaries do not exist and make the analysis of the statistics hazardous. Transport and accommodation were incidental difficulties, but they were solved by the co-operation of the Kazaret Agriculture and Forestry in the former case and Nazaret of Education in the latter. At first the topic of the study was: broad; but later was; fixed on the eastern jebel Alchdar for four main reasons: - first, the eastern jebel is occupied by one tribe;: secondly the boundaries of Mutasarrifiya of Derna coincide with IV eastern je"bel; thirdly, the eastern jebel has a consi• derable number of springs which could "be utilized for irrigation; and finally, Derna gardens are an interesting local study. The field work was achieved in eight months, from June 1958 to January 1959. Derna Town was taken as: a centre for field work, while residence at Benghazi was necessary for collecting reports and consulting some of the many experts; at work. I also spent two-months in Tripoli, working on the Italian literature. I wish to thank the many people in Gyrenaica who have shown an active interest in my work, and I am particu• larly indebted to the following who gave me much valuable assistance:- Nazaret of Agriculture and Forestry:; Dr. E. Kroeller - Statistics Expert.. Nazaret of Finance: Mr. Ahmed Swedi - Director. Nazret of Public works: Mr. H. Adams - Director of Water Resources* Ministry of National Economy: Mr. H. Jawhari, - Assistant Director. Mutasarrifiya of Derna: Mr. H. Abaidi - Director of State property. Mr. A. Ghabiril - Director of Trade* V Derna Harbour H.Q., Mr. Ramadan El-Muaddah - Harbour Master. Municipality of Derna. Mr., S. Jawadi - The Mayor. Mr. H.T.- El-Kurdi - Statistics Department. United Nations Mission. Mr. M. Corroy, Documents Officer. F.AiO. Mission - Benghazi. Mr. N. Abudahheh - Horticultu• rist . U.S.O.M., Experts. Mr. W. Johnson - Geologist. Mr. A. Basiuni - Assistant. El-Gubha. Nursery. Mr. A. El-Rfadi - inspector. Derna Agrario. Mr. M. Ben Agyad - Inspector. Libraries. Mr. Ismail Sueiah - Director of Government Library Mr. Mansur Amer - Librarian. Dr. T. Provasi - Director Natural History Museum1. Farmers:. Mr. Ali Shelwi, Mr. Ahmed Ben Talih and Mr. Hamid Sheunile. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance iii the form of transport of Ess. Nazir of Agriculture and Forestry, and Nazir of Education who made accommodation available in the "boarding schools in the Jehel. In Durham, I must record my appreciation of the work of Dr. J.I. Clarke has offered me in.his role as supervisor, VI and my gratitude to professor W.B. Fisher, who accepted me as a research student in his Department, LIST OP PLATES plate 1 [a) Wadi En-Naga emerging from the lower escarp• ment towards the sea. Plate 1 (t) - The escarpment plunging into the sea, 5 km. east of Lathrun. Plate 2 [a) - Gorge of wadi Derna at shallal. plate 21["b ) - Wadi Derna at its lower reaches at Derna Town looking towards the south. plate 31[a ) - The deposits of the higher terrace at the town wall of Derna. plate 31[b ) - Deri as plant in El-Gubba area. Plate 41[a ) - The Roman cistern at saf-saf. Plate M - Ain Derna (El-Blad) at the "base of the western "bank of Wadi Derna. Plate 51[a ) - Damage caused "by the flooding of Wadi Derna to Ain Derna. December 1958. plate 5<;t> ) - The stream of Lathrun spring running into the sea. Plate 3<'a ) - Ain wadi El-Glaa. Plate 6( - Waterfall of Ain Bu Mansur at shallal, used for » irrigation. plate 7( a) - Picturesque waterfall of Ain Mara forming marshes. Plate 7( - The unfinished pipeline "between Ain Mara and » . El-Marj. Plate 8( a) - El-Gubha spring. plate 8( - Wadi El-Purtas entering Bu Mansur quarter Derna. VIII plate 9(a) - Type of settlement, Hoosh in Mughar with climbing vines on the roof. Plate 9(b) - jebela quarter, the Q-rammar School can be seen in the foreground. plate 10 (a - Type of settlement, Bedouin tent. Plate 10(b - Type of settlement, Roman tomb inhabited by a family in El-Gubba. plate 11(a - Type of settlement, former Ente farm house occupied by a Bedouin family. Plate ll(b - Type of settlement, houses in El-Gubba village occupied by officials and teachers. Plate 12(a - The main shopping street in El-Gheighab. Plate 12(13 - The village of Ain Mara, Mudiriya offices Mudir residence and the police station. Plate 13(a - Cultivation in Wadi Derna occurs on the terraces, of both sides. Plate 13 ("b - Ploughing the land for cereal cultivation in El-Patayah plain. plate 14(a - vegetable cultivation in the Swani of jebela quarter - climbing beans. Plate 14(b - The jedula; rectangular in shape, used to facillitate irrigation. Plate 15(a - Cultivation in Wadi Ain Mara, cereals and tree crops. Plate 15 (b - Intercultivation of vines with olive and almond trees. Plate 16(a - Bananas, Lebanese variety - Derna. Plate 16(b - Organic fertiliser manure brought from the Jebel. IX Plate 17(a) - A method which was used by the farmers in Derna to prepare organic manures; this method has been forbidden by the Health Department. plate 17(b - The flooded jedula irrigation systems in Derna. Plate 18(a - A secondary channel from Ain Derna, for irrigation in jebela quarter. Plate 18(b - Suqia - irrigation trench to distribute water for irrigation to the jedawel. plate 19(a - A well with an electric pump, the water flows into a storage tank (jabia). plate 19(b - El-Gubba nursery. Plate 20(a - Derna Agrario, climbing vines and lemon rhizomes are planted for improving tree and vegetable crops. plate 20(b) - Derna harbour, Greek fishing vessels come to Derna in October and November with sponges they have caught, for weight and taxation. K LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS Figure 1. Location. Figure 2. Topography and Known Geological Structure of Northern Cyrenaica. Figure 3. Section represents the Levels of the Tops and Bottoms of the Two Escarpments. Figure 4. Contour Map of the Eastern jehel Akhdar. Figure 5. Wadi systems in the Eastern jehel Akhdar. Figure 6. Delta Wadi Derna* Figure 7.. Geology of the Eastern jehel Akhdar, Figure 8. Geology of Northern Cyrenaica* Figure 9,. Geological Section from El-Fatayah plain to the Sea. Figure 10* Main Tracks of Depressions Affecting the Eastern Mediterranean in Winter. Figure 11. Climatic Zones of Northern Cyrenaica. Figure 12. Rainfall Zones in Northern cyrenaica. Figure 13* Distribution of Vegetation in the Eastern jehel Akhdar. Figure 14. Distribution of Wells and Cisterns in the Eastern jehel Akhdar. Figure 15. Distribution of Springs in the Eastern Je"bel Akhdar. Figure 16(a) Profile of the Typical surface Levels of the Eocene and oligocene Water-fable. Figure 16 (h) Underground Contour Map of the Oligocene Water- Table and Eocene Lower springs* XI Figure 17. General Trend of the Langhian water^Table of E£L- Gubba.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 30 / Tuesday, February 14, 1995 / Rules and Regulations
    8300 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 30 / Tuesday, February 14, 1995 / Rules and Regulations § 300.1 Installment agreement fee. Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220. Determinations that persons fall (a) Applicability. This section applies The full list of persons blocked pursuant within the definition of the term to installment agreements under section to economic sanctions programs ``Government of Libya'' and are thus 6159 of the Internal Revenue Code. administered by the Office of Foreign Specially Designated Nationals of Libya (b) Fee. The fee for entering into an Assets Control is available electronically are effective upon the date of installment agreement is $43. on The Federal Bulletin Board (see determination by the Director of FAC, (c) Person liable for fee. The person SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION). acting under the authority delegated by liable for the installment agreement fee FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: J. the Secretary of the Treasury. Public is the taxpayer entering into an Robert McBrien, Chief, International notice is effective upon the date of installment agreement. Programs Division, Office of Foreign publication or upon actual notice, Assets Control, tel.: 202/622±2420. whichever is sooner. § 300.2 Restructuring or reinstatement of The list of Specially Designated installment agreement fee. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Nationals in appendices A and B is a (a) Applicability. This section applies Electronic Availability partial one, since FAC may not be aware to installment agreements under section of all agencies and officers of the 6159 of the Internal Revenue Code that This document is available as an Government of Libya, or of all persons are in default. An installment agreement electronic file on The Federal Bulletin that might be owned or controlled by, or is deemed to be in default when a Board the day of publication in the acting on behalf of the Government of taxpayer fails to meet any of the Federal Register.
    [Show full text]
  • Reformatting the European Integration Process: Opportunities and Risks for the Ukraine-Eu Association
    REFORMATTING THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR THE UKRAINE-EU ASSOCIATION КYIV-2019 Reformatting the European Integration Process: Opportunities and Risks for the Ukraine-EU Association / V. Sidenko (project manager) et al. – Kyiv: Zapovit Publishing House, 2019. – 228p. Layout and design – Oleksandr Shaptala, Tetiana Ovsianyk This publication was prepared on the basis of the Razumkov Centre’s research project on “Reformatting the European Integration Process: Opportunities and Risks for the Ukraine-EU Association”, implemented in 2018 under the leadership of the Centre’s Senior Researcher on Economic Issues, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Economics Volodymyr Sidenko. This publication presents an analytical report that summarises the main directions of policies to reformat the European integration process and introduce changes into the mechanisms of the European Union. It carries out a coherent analysis of key determinants underlying the crisis in European integration that led to the current changes in its functioning, as well as identifies baseline potential scenarios of further EU development. Special attention is paid to the issues of completion of the EU’s Economic and Monetary Union, which are singled out in a separate, most voluminous section of the report. The final section of the report analyses potential influence of the European integration reformatting on Ukraine and the Ukraine-EU Association. The report is supplemented with materials that analyse the institutional development of the EU and its policies in the security sector. The publication also contains three extensive articles, which present an analysis of EU problems in the security and defence sector, migrant crisis issues and European migration policy, as well as the UK’s exit from the EU and the potential impact of this event on the EU in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • ISIS in Libya: a Major Regional and International Threat
    המרכז למורשת המודיעין (מל"מ) מרכז המידע למודיעין ולטרור January 2016 ISIS in Libya: a Major Regional and International Threat ISIS operatives enter the coastal city of Sirte in north-central Libya on February 18, 2015, in a show of strength accompanied by dozens of vehicles (Twitter.com, Nasher.me). Since then ISIS has established itself in Sirte and the surrounding areas, turning the entire region into its Libyan stronghold and a springboard for spreading into other regions. Overview 1. In 2015 ISIS established two strongholds beyond the borders of its power base in Iraq and Syria: the first in the Sinai Peninsula, where it wages determined fighting against the Egyptian security forces. The second is situated in the north- central Libyan city of Sirte and its surroundings, where it has established territorial control and from where it seeks to take over the entire country. It intends to turn Libya into a springboard for terrorism and the subversion of the rest of North Africa, the sub-Saharan countries, and southern Europe. The firm territorial base ISIS constructed in Libya is the only one outside IraQ and Syria, and is potentially a greater regional and international threat. 2. ISIS could establish itself in Libya because of the chaos prevalent after the execution of Muammar Qaddafi. As in Iraq and Syria, the governmental-security vacuum created by the collapse of the central government was filled by nationalist and Islamist organizations, local and regional tribal militias and jihadist organizations. The branch of ISIS in Libya exploited the lack of a functioning government and 209-15 2 the absence of international intervention to establish itself in the region around Sirte and from there to aspire to spread throughout Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • La Protection Juridique Du Patrimoine Culturel En Lybie (1835-2017) Yousef Albaghdadi
    La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie (1835-2017) Yousef Albaghdadi To cite this version: Yousef Albaghdadi. La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie (1835-2017). Droit. Université Clermont Auvergne, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017CLFAD004. tel-02067466 HAL Id: tel-02067466 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02067466 Submitted on 14 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE CLERMONT AUVERGNE Ecole doctorale de sciences économiques, juridiques, politiques et de gestion (ED 245) Centre Michel de L’Hospital (E.A. 4232) THESE Pour l’obtention du grade de docteur en droit présentée et soutenue publiquement le 13 juillet 2017 YOUSEF ALBAGHDADI LA PROTECTION JURIDIQUE DU PATRIMOINE CULTUREL EN LYBIE (1835-2017) Sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Florent Garnier et Madame le Professeur Jacqueline Vendrand-Voyer Membres du Jury : M. Olivier DEVAUX, Professeur à l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, rapporteur M. Charles-André DUBREUIL, Professeur à l’Université Clermont Auvergne M. Florent GARNIER, Professeur à l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Doyen honoraire de l’Ecole de droit de l’Université d’Auvergne, Directeur M. Xavier PERROT, Maître de conférences à l’Université de Limoges habilité à diriger des recherches, rapporteur 1 2 L’université Clermont Auvergne n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse; ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur.
    [Show full text]
  • MPLS VPN Service
    MPLS VPN Service PCCW Global’s MPLS VPN Service provides reliable and secure access to your network from anywhere in the world. This technology-independent solution enables you to handle a multitude of tasks ranging from mission-critical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), quality videoconferencing and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) to convenient email and web-based applications while addressing traditional network problems relating to speed, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS) management and traffic engineering. MPLS VPN enables routers to tag and forward incoming packets based on their class of service specification and allows you to run voice communications, video, and IT applications separately via a single connection and create faster and smoother pathways by simplifying traffic flow. Independent of other VPNs, your network enjoys a level of security equivalent to that provided by frame relay and ATM. Network diagram Database Customer Portal 24/7 online customer portal CE Router Voice Voice Regional LAN Headquarters Headquarters Data LAN Data LAN Country A LAN Country B PE CE Customer Router Service Portal PE Router Router • Router report IPSec • Traffic report Backup • QoS report PCCW Global • Application report MPLS Core Network Internet IPSec MPLS Gateway Partner Network PE Router CE Remote Router Site Access PE Router Voice CE Voice LAN Router Branch Office CE Data Branch Router Office LAN Country D Data LAN Country C Key benefits to your business n A fully-scalable solution requiring minimal investment
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    BORN IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: Alicia Vicente,3 Ma Angeles´ Alonso,3 and COMPREHENSIVE TAXONOMIC Manuel B. Crespo3* REVISION OF BISCUTELLA SER. BISCUTELLA (BRASSICACEAE) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC DATA1,2 ABSTRACT Biscutella L. ser. Biscutella (5 Biscutella ser. Lyratae Malin.) comprises mostly annual or short-lived perennial plants occurring in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, which exhibit some diagnostic floral features. Taxa in the series have considerable morphological plasticity, which is not well correlated with clear geographic or ecologic patterns. Traditional taxonomic accounts have focused on a number of vegetative and floral characters that have proved to be highly variable, a fact that contributed to taxonomic inflation mostly in northern Africa. A detailed study and re-evaluation of morphological characters, together with recent phylogenetic data based on concatenation of two plastid and one nuclear region sequence data, yielded the basis for a taxonomic reappraisal of the series. In this respect, a new comprehensive integrative taxonomic arrangement for Biscutella ser. Biscutella is presented in which 10 taxa are accepted, namely seven species and three additional varieties. The name B. eriocarpa DC. is reinterpreted and suggested to include the highest morphological variation found in northern Morocco. Its treatment here accepts two varieties, one of which is described as new (B. eriocarpa var. riphaea A. Vicente, M. A.´ Alonso & M. B. Crespo). In addition, the circumscriptions of several species, such as B. boetica Boiss. & Reut., B. didyma L., B. lyrata L., and B. maritima Ten., are revisited. Nomenclatural types, synonymy, brief descriptions, cytogenetic data, conservation status, distribution maps, and identification keys are included for the accepted taxa, with seven lectotypes and one epitype being designated here.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya Weekly Security Preview
    . Libya Weekly Security Preview February 21, 2021 Prepared by: Risk Analysis Team, Libya Proprietary GardaWorld GardaWorld © 2021 GardaWorld Proprietary 1 202 © 1 Table of Contents Outlook .................................................................................................. 3 Short Term Outlook .............................................................................................................................. 3 Medium to Long Term Outlook ............................................................................................................. 3 Executive Summary ............................................................................... 3 February 17 Celebrations ..................................................................................................................... 3 Political Developments ......................................................................................................................... 4 Military Developments .......................................................................................................................... 4 Oil & Gas .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Travel .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Threat Matrix .......................................................................................... 5 Key Dates .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Limits of Independence
    RUTH FIRST Libya The Elusive Revolution Part II: The Limits of Independence First published by Penguin Books in 1974 Republished in 2012 by the Ruth First Papers Project www.ruthfirstpapers.org.uk Part II : The Limits of Independence MEDITERRANEAN SEA / \ I \ Hummadalt AI Hamra \, Grc:al Sand Stu of Calatucia \ UAR l (EGYPT) y FEZZAN Hantj AIAifflld A \ \ I Rurrn Mur=w! e SandSta \ Total or<:or Libya r,759,ooosq. km. - -- - ---- :;....;:...- ::..:.;.- 2 Hostage to History and Geography The Ancient Greeks gave the name Libye to all North Africa west of Egypt, but for many .centuries the terms Tripoli or Barbary (after the corsairs who practised piracy in the Mediterr• anean) were used instead. It was in 1934, after the completion of the Italian conquest of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, that the two provinces were united under Italian over-rule as the colony of Libia. The independent State that was established in 1951 kept that name as the one associated with the region from ancient times. The political divisions of the former provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan corresponded with the country's natural physical barriers and differences. Geography had made the ancient affiliations of the two coastal regions dissimilar - Cyrenaica's early history was influenced by Greece and Egypt, whereas Tripolitania fell under Rome and was close to Tunisia. The Arab invasions had unifying effects on the population, as did the Turkish occupation in the sixteenth century. But the three provinces were never closely unified,and successive foreign powers, whether they controlled all of modern Libya or only parts of it, generally continued to follow the natural divisions of the country in the shape of their administrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters in a Shoe Box
    LETTERS IN A SHOE BOX 1940-1945 Naomi Schamroth Rapeport 2017 1 LETTERS IN A SHOE BOX 1940-1945 Foreword Julian Meyer was born in Johannesburg on the 18th August 1918. He was schooled at the King Edward VII School for Boys. He went on to study law at the University of the Witwatersrand. He interrupted his studies when he volunteered to join the Union Defence Force (U.D.F.) at the beginning of the Second World War (WWII). He was assigned to the Transvaal Scottish Second Battalion. During the five years of the War he wrote numerous letters to his family in Johannesburg. These letters were kept by his mother, Fanny Meyer. They were subsequently given to Julian. They were kept in a shoebox in his garage at the family home in Pietersburg. Following Julian’s death on the 6th September 1993, the letters were taken for safe keeping by his second son, Ralph. It was Ralph’s intention to compile a document of his father’s experiences. Unfortunately, this never happened. The letters were subsequently scanned by the family as PDF documents. In 2015 I was given copies of these documents. The letters are beautifully written and give the reader an interesting overview of the experiences of a soldier and prisoner of war (POW). Naomi Schamroth Rapeport Daughter of Zelda. May 2017 2 Contents Chapters Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Training in South Africa 7 3. Voyage to Suez Egypt 16 4. Union Defence Force and the Western Desert 20 5. War Experience in Egypt and the Western Desert 30 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Isotope and Noble Gas Study of Three
    DISSERTATION ISOTOPE AND NOBLE GAS STUDY OF THREE AQUIFERS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST LIBYA Submitted by Mohamed S. E. Al Faitouri Department of Geosciences In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2013 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: William Sanford Michael Ronayne Steven Fassnacht Reagan Waskom Copyright by Mohamed S. E. Al Faitouri 2013 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT ISOTOPE AND NOBLE GAS STUDY OF THREE AQUIFERS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST LIBYA Libya suffers from a shortage in water resources due to its arid climate. The annual precipitation in Libya is less than 200 mm in the narrow coastal plain, while the southern part of the country receives less than 1mm. On the other hand, Libya has large resources of good quality groundwater distributed in six basin systems beneath the Sahara. In 1983, the Libyan government established the Great Man-Made River Authority (GMRA) in order to transport 6.5 million cubic meters a day of this groundwater to the coastal cities, where over 90% of the population lives. This large water extraction of one million cubic meters per day (or greater) from each wellfield has the potential to greatly stress the water resources in these areas. This study focuses on three GMRA wellfields in two sedimentary basins (Sirt and Al Kufra) in central and southeast Libya. The Sarir wellfield is located within the Sirt basin and consists of 126 production wells; the Tazerbo wellfield in the Al Kufra basin has 108 wells; and the proposed Al Kufra wellfield is also in the Al Kufra Basin and will have 300 production wells.
    [Show full text]
  • The AAF in Northwest Africa
    DISTRIBUTION STATEMEFNT A Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited Wings at War Series, No. 6 The AAF in Northwest Africa AN ACCOUNT OF THE TWELFTH AIR FORCE IN THE NORTHWEST AFRICAN LANDINGS AND THE BATFLE FOR TUNISIA An Interim Report Published by Headquarters, Army Air Forces Washington, D. C. Office of Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence New Imprint by the Center for Air Force History Washington- D- C- 1992 20050429 005 Wings at War COMMEMORATIVE EDITION Originally published shortly after key air campaigns, the Wings at War series captures the spirit and tone of America's World War II experience. Eyewitness accounts of Army Air Forces' aviators and details from the official histories enliven the story behind each of six important AAF operations. In coopera- tion with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Center for Air Force History has reprinted the entire series to honor the airmen who fought so valiantly fifty years ago. ,.' Celtrfor Air Force History Washington, D.C. DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved REPORT OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, Including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939 – 1945
    Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939 – 1945 Prepared by John Wilson from contemporary documents in the library of the Civil Aviation Authority Foreword Page 1 Chapter I 1939: Civil Aviation after the outbreak of War Page 4 Chapter II Empire and Trans-Oceanic Services Page 9 Appendix B Details of Services Operated During the Period, set out year by year Page 68 Appendix C Regular Air Services in British Empire Countries other than the United Kingdom, set out year by year Page 140 Note that names of companies and places are copied as they were typed in the UK on a standard typewriter. Therefore no accented letters were available, and they have not been added into this transcript. Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939 - 1945 Foreword by John Wilson When in the 1980s I was trying to unravel the exact story surrounding a PBY aircraft called "Guba" and its wartime career in carrying airmails to and from West Africa, I came across a voluminous report [Ref.1] in the Civil Aviation Authority (C.A.A.) Library which gave me the answers to most, if not all, of my questions, and enabled me to write a short booklet [Ref.2] on the vicissitudes of trying to keep an airmail service running in wartime conditions. The information contained in the report was so comprehensive that I was able to use it to answer questions raised by other researchers, both philatelic and aeronautic, but my response to requests for "a copy" of the full document had to be negative because I was well aware of the perils of copyright law as applied at the time, and also aware of the sheer cost of reproduction (I still have the original invoice for the photocopying charges levied by the C.A.A.
    [Show full text]