La Protection Juridique Du Patrimoine Culturel En Lybie (1835-2017) Yousef Albaghdadi

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La Protection Juridique Du Patrimoine Culturel En Lybie (1835-2017) Yousef Albaghdadi La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie (1835-2017) Yousef Albaghdadi To cite this version: Yousef Albaghdadi. La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie (1835-2017). Droit. Université Clermont Auvergne, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017CLFAD004. tel-02067466 HAL Id: tel-02067466 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02067466 Submitted on 14 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE CLERMONT AUVERGNE Ecole doctorale de sciences économiques, juridiques, politiques et de gestion (ED 245) Centre Michel de L’Hospital (E.A. 4232) THESE Pour l’obtention du grade de docteur en droit présentée et soutenue publiquement le 13 juillet 2017 YOUSEF ALBAGHDADI LA PROTECTION JURIDIQUE DU PATRIMOINE CULTUREL EN LYBIE (1835-2017) Sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Florent Garnier et Madame le Professeur Jacqueline Vendrand-Voyer Membres du Jury : M. Olivier DEVAUX, Professeur à l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, rapporteur M. Charles-André DUBREUIL, Professeur à l’Université Clermont Auvergne M. Florent GARNIER, Professeur à l’Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Doyen honoraire de l’Ecole de droit de l’Université d’Auvergne, Directeur M. Xavier PERROT, Maître de conférences à l’Université de Limoges habilité à diriger des recherches, rapporteur 1 2 L’université Clermont Auvergne n’entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse; ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. 3 Nous dépenserons, peut-être, toute une vie pour faire une brèche…. par laquelle la lumière passera pour les générations futures. A Asma, Amir, Saleh, Hashim, Abdul Samad. 4 REMERCIEMENTS Je présente mes infinies remerciements et reconnaissances aux professeurs Florent Garnier et Jacqueline Vendrand-Voyer, pour le savoir qui m’ont apporté et la patience dont ils m’ont fait grâce, à travers leurs observations pertinentes et leurs bons conseils qui ont illuminé le chemin vers l’aboutissement de cette étude. Je présente mes remerciements également à l’université d’Auvergne qui m’a donné l’opportunité de prendre de sa science et de côtoyer ses savants. Je remercie aussi les membres du jury dont j’ai l’honneur défendre cette thèse devant eux. Enfin, un grand merci à tous ceux qui m’ont prêté main forte dans le but d’arriver au terme ce travail, notamment Monsieur Habib Boussadia. 5 6 Résumé La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie a connu deux périodes distinctes. La première avant 1869 se caractérisait par l’absence de législation spécifique. Les vestiges apparents et les pièces archéologiques transportables étaient exposés au pillage et au marchandage tandis que le patrimoine immatériel se transmettait par une mémoire populaire qui perdait au fil du temps une partie de son héritage culturel. La seconde période, à partir du mitan du XIXe siècle, est marquée pour le patrimoine libyen par une volonté de protection. Il a connu depuis 1869 jusqu’à nos jours et après l’indépendance, différentes étapes et divers degrés dans la préservation de biens culturels d’un point de vue juridique. Cette recherche doctorale s’intéresse particulièrement à ces quelques 150 années où l’intérêt a été porté à la définition du patrimoine et à la vision de la loi musulmane sur le patrimoine car l’héritage religieux reste très ancré dans l’esprit des gens et constitue une entrave à l’acceptation de plusieurs formes de patrimoine culturel. A partir des différents pouvoirs qui se sont exercés sur le territoire libyen, il est permis de saisir les apports et les limites, les influences et les évolutions, les enjeux et les acteurs, les dispositions normatives et leur application pendant la période ottomane puis l’occupation italienne et enfin l’administration militaire britannique. Ces deux pays européens se sont intéressés à la seule protection du patrimoine culturel matériel et à sa redécouverte. Comme en d’autres espaces, le patrimoine immatériel n’a bénéficié d’une attention particulière de ces deux administrations. Après la proclamation de l’indépendance, l’intérêt porté au patrimoine culturel a été moindre malgré les nombreuses lois et les résolutions promulguées favorables à l’émergence d’un droit national du patrimoine et destinée à protéger les richesses culturelles en raison de la découverte d’importantes quantités de pétrole. Le pays alors oriente son économie vers l’exploitation d’une rente impliquant l’abandon des autres ressources du pays. L’économie a alors été privilégiée et l’Etat n’a donné aucune importance au développement du tourisme archéologique. Par ailleurs, la conscience de l’importance du patrimoine comme constitutive de l’identité culturelle du peuple n’a pas été ancrée dans l’esprit de la plupart des citoyens, notamment à cause des programmes d’enseignement ne faisant pas état de la question patrimoniale. Par contre, ils étaient saturés de sujets nationalistes discriminatoires pour lutter contre la diversité culturelle intérieure et extérieure. La propagande de l’ancien régime s’est efforcée d’agir ainsi durant les décennies. Avec la chute du régime du colonel Kadhafi en 2011, une nouvelle législation patrimoniale a permis de prendre en considération de nouveaux domaines. De possibles évolutions sont à attendre de l’influence des conventions internationales. Cette thèse, par une analyse de l’évolution de la protection juridique du patrimoine culturel libyen et la mise à disposition du corpus normatif élaboré au cours des siècles, est une première étape pour de futures recherches relatives au patrimoine culturel et plus largement à la question du droit libyen. 7 Mot clé : protection- juridique- patrimoine culturel- Libye. Abstract The juristic protection of cultural heritage in Libya has been divided into two distinct periods. The first before 1869 was characterized by the absence of specific legislation. Apparent remains and transportable archaeological pieces were exposed to pillage and bargaining, while intangible heritage was transmitted through a popular memory that lost part of its cultural heritage over time. The second period, from the mid-nineteenth century, is marked for the Libyan heritage by a desire for protection. From 1869 to the present and after independence, it has had different stages and varying degrees in the preservation of cultural property from a legal point of view. This doctoral research is particularly interested in the last 150 years when the definition of the heritage and the vision of the Muslim law on the heritage were taken into account, because the religious heritage remains deeply in the minds of the people and constitutes an obstacle to the acceptance of several forms of cultural heritage. From the various powers that have been exercised in Libyan territory, it is possible to understand the contributions and limits, the influences and developments, the stakes and the actors, the normative provisions and their application during the Ottoman period, Italian occupation and finally the British military administration. These two European countries have focused on the protection of the tangible cultural heritage and its rediscovery. As in other areas, intangible heritage has received special attention from both administrations. After the proclamation of independence, interest in cultural heritage was lessened despite the many laws and resolutions promulgated favorable to the emergence of a national heritage law and intended to protect cultural wealth due to the discovery large quantities of oil. The country then directs its economy towards the exploitation of a rent implying the abandonment of the other resources of the country. The economy was privileged and the state gave no importance to the development of archaeological tourism. In addition, awareness of the importance of heritage as a constituent part of the cultural identity of the people has not been anchored in the minds of most citizens, in particular because of educational programs that do not Heritage issue. On the other hand, they were saturated with discriminatory nationalist subjects to combat internal and external cultural diversity. The propaganda of the old regime has tried to do so over the decades. With the collapse of the regime of Colonel Gaddafi in 2011, a new patrimonial legislation made it possible to take into consideration new areas. Possible developments can be expected from the influence of international conventions. 8 This thesis, by analyzing the evolution of the legal protection of the Libyan cultural heritage and making available the normative corpus elaborated over the centuries, is a first step for future research on cultural heritage and more broadly on the question Of Libyan law. Keywords: protection- juristic - cultural heritage- Libya. 9 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...p. 8 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : Genèse de protections patrimoniales ……………………….p. 33 CHAPITRE 1 : L’héritage ottoman (1835-1911)……………………………………….p. 35 Section 1 : Une conservation organisée ......................................................... …….p. 39 Section 2 : Une
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