. Libya Weekly

Operational Preview

April 25, 2021

Prepared by:

Risk Analysis Team, Libya

© 2021 GardaWorld Proprietary

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1 202 1 © Table of Contents

Outlook ...... 3 Short Term Outlook ...... 3 Medium to Long Term Outlook ...... 3 Executive Summary ...... 3 Political Developments ...... 3 Military Developments ...... 4 Security Developments ...... 4 International Security Developments ...... 5 Coronavirus ...... 5 Migrant Crisis ...... 5 Oil & Gas ...... 5 Threat Matrix ...... 5 Key Dates ...... 6 Assessment ...... 6 Political Developments ...... 6 Oil & Gas ...... 6 Military Developments ...... 6 International Security Developments ...... 7 Coronavirus ...... 7 Regional Assessment ...... 7 Tripolitania Region ...... 7 Cyrenaica Region ...... 8 Fezzan Region ...... 9 Chad ...... 9 Acronym List ...... 11 GardaWorld ...... 12 Information Services ...... 12 Global Leader in Comprehensive Security and Risk Management...... 12

This is an abridged version of the GardaWorld Weekly Libya .Xplored report. To subscribe to our full report or to request a quote for security services in Libya please contact Nicholas Bennett, Regional Director, Libya.

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1 202 2 © Outlook

Short Term Outlook

▪ The political landscape in Libya continues to evolve at a pace. The new Presidential Council (PC) is driving forward, keen to realign international stakeholders and promote domestic reconciliation and reconstruction. The formation of the Government of National Unity (GNU) is another major milestone in the country’s progress back to stability, but both the GNU and PC face a number of challenges in the coming months as the country prepares to move to elections in December. ▪ While the political environment is seeing significant movement, the military situation remains stagnant. The Sirte to Jufra frontline remains in situ, as do foreign fighters. The situation is calm, although there remains the potential for isolated incidents in response to political developments. The 5+5 Joint Military Commission continues its work, but it is unclear how much progress can be expected this year with the GNU restricted in how much it can meaningfully shape the security track. ▪ COVID-19 continues to affect Libya and travel in and out through Turkey and Tunisia although, at present, PCR testing is helping to keep travel corridors open. The country is expected to begin its delayed vaccination program and despite localized lockdowns and curfews, coronavirus continues to have little effect on normal daily life. ▪ Crime (including carjacking's, armed robberies, murders, and kidnappings) remains common in many areas of the country with perpetrators exploiting local gaps in security to carry out attacks. Crime reporting remains high across all regions.

Medium to Long Term Outlook

▪ The successful implementation of the new PC and GNU are notable achievements, putting Libya back on a path to unity, but many threats to this progress remain. It's likely that the new government's honeymoon period is coming to an end as it begins to navigate the fragmented domestic landscape. In many respects, the GNU is being seen as a relatively weak body, but this could work in Libya’s favour, leaving the prime minister room to continue driving the process forward as he tries to build a broad support base across the various factions. The country is gearing up for elections in December 2021, an ambitious timeframe that will need various foundations to be laid in the months ahead by the new government. ▪ Islamic State continues to suffer attrition in Libya and remains mostly dormant from an operational perspective. However, political fragility will continue to present conditions in which the group could begin to reconstitute some of its capability, and it retains a presence in the country. Increasing political unity could prove a motivating factor for the group to try and destabilise Libya as it moves towards scheduled elections in December. Other terrorist factions also remain active with some representing a kidnap threat, especially in more remote areas, while some have exploited the last conflict with the LNA to embed themselves within security forces in Tripoli. Executive Summary

Political Developments

▪ Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah was scheduled to travel with the Government of National Unity (GNU) to Benghazi to hold a cabinet meeting in Boatni at 1300hrs on April 26. There have been calls for a protest at Benina Airport in Benghazi over the visit. ▪ The House of Representatives (HoR) held a discussion on the draft budget on April 19, voting to

send the draft back to the GNU for revision. The GNU has ten days to respond with a redrafted budget to the HoR. The HoR has revised the final total downwards. ▪ Rome has been busy this week as it looks to establish its relationship with the new government.

The Italian Interior Minister, Luciana Lamorgese, met with President of the Presidential Council

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1 202 3 © (PC), Mohamed Menfi, in Tripoli to “reaffirm the significance of bilateral relations between Rome and Tripoli in all fields.” The Foreign Minister (GNU) Najla Al-Mangoush also travelled to Rome this week where she discussed various infrastructure projects with her comments on the withdrawal of Turkish forces drawing criticism from the Justice and Construction Party. ▪ Several MoUs in the fields of electricity, communications, infrastructure, technical cooperation, investments, transport, health, and energy were signed on April 20 during a visit by Egyptian Prime Minister Mustafa Madbouly to Tripoli. The meeting also discussed the ongoing work to reopen the Egyptian Embassy and the reopening of sea and air links between the two nations. Madbouly used the trip to invited Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah to visit Egypt. ▪ US Ambassador Norland met Tebu Congress President, Issa Abdul Majeed Mansour, on April 20 in Tunis. Mansour described “alarming efforts by certain international Libyan elements as well as external forces such as Wagner to support military operations against Chad from Libyan soil.” ▪ Prime Minister (GNU) Abdulhamid Dbeibah has issued an order relieving all ministerial undersecretaries assigned by the former GNA, and any other previous government, of their duties.

Military Developments

▪ The Libyan National Army (LNA) mobilized forces to the Chadian border this week following orders from the HoR and GNU. The LNA is conducting ground and air operations along the border areas as concerns grow over the situation in Chad and the activities of rebel groups which hold bases in Fezzan. ▪ US Ambassador Richard Norland has stated that they have as yet unverified information suggesting Wagner Group had mercenaries accompany FACT fighters on their recent incursion into Chad. This follows reports suggesting that Wagner Group has been involved in training the group prior to the incursion which began on April 11. ▪ The Presidential Council (PC) has issued an order prohibiting officers occupying leadership positions in the army from traveling abroad without permission from the council, regardless of the reasons for the trip. All other military personnel are to seek permission from the Military Intelligence Department. ▪ A meeting of the 5+5 Joint Military Commission (JMC) has been scheduled to take place in Sirte over April 26 and 27. The meeting is also to be attended by a UNSMIL delegate. The meeting is the fourth meeting in the city and comes as concerns grow over Chad with the LNA deploying to the Chadian border area.

Security Developments

▪ Following a meeting with Tajura based armed groups, forces under the command of Saleh Badi mobilized to Tajura on April 25 from Misrata. The mobilisation has triggered concerns that the force is looking to mount offensive action with various potential targets identified. These include SDF/444 Combat Unit, Ghneiwa, Tarhunah, Garabuli, and even Jufra. ▪ The commander of 8 Force/ Nawasi Battalion, Mustafa Qaddour, escaped an assassination attempt just before Iftar on April 18 on the Shat Road in Tripoli. No further information has been publicized and no further incidents or developments have so far been connected. ▪ Chief of Staff General Mohammed al-Haddad and Major General Abdelbaset Marwan, commander of the Tripoli Military Region, visited 444 Combat Unit to discuss recent security operations undertaken by the unit in Tripoli. The unit has cleared another six armed group locations in Tripoli this week, making a total of 29. ▪ Alliances between armed groups forged in Tripoli maybe extending westwards along the coast. The area of Ajaylat and Aljmail has seen a number of clashes and other activity which has been linked back to Zawiyah based groups, which in turn, are being linked back to the Security Stability Agency (SSA) headed by Ghneiwa in Tripoli.

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▪ On April 20, the Chadian government announced that President Idriss Deby had died of wounds sustained while visiting the frontlines over the weekend. Government forces had been fighting rebel groups after they launched an incursion from Libya on April 11. The news came a day after the rebel commander stated they had made a “strategic withdrawal.” The rebels are currently adhering to a truce while trying to negotiate a political settlement.

Coronavirus

▪ The vaccination campaign began last week in Tripolitania with initial reports this week of a high turnout. The campaign has also begun in Benghazi but hit logistical problems in Gharyan resulting in a localized stoppage.

Migrant Crisis

▪ A vessel capsized in international waters in the Mediterranean this week with initial reports suggesting at least 120 people may have drowned. The boat, carrying around 130 migrants, was one of three vessels in distress during bad weather on April 22, prompting rescue efforts by NGOs. It is the worst single loss of life so far this year.

Oil & Gas

▪ The Arabian Gulf Oil Company and the Sirte Oil Company have both drawn down operations this week as they are unable to meet their financial commitments. This has resulted in a force majeure being declared on exports from Hariga Port with a warning from the NOC further disruption is possible. The UN later raised concerns over the development, stating that the NOC should not become politicised. Threat Matrix

Region Political Terrorism Militancy Crime Kidnap

Tripolitania High High High High High

Tripoli High High High High High

Cyrenaica High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate-High

Benghazi High-Extreme Moderate-High Moderate High High

Fezzan High High-Extreme High-Extreme High High

Sabha High High High High-Extreme High

Threat Scale Minimal Low Moderate High Extreme

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1 202 5 © Key Dates

Date Occasion Comment

May 01, 2021 May Day Public Holiday

May 12 - 14, 2021 Eid al-Fitr Public Holiday

July 19, 2021 Day of Arafah Public Holiday

July 20 – 22, 2021 Eid al-Adha Public Holiday

December 24, 2021 Scheduled elections

Assessment

Political Developments

GNU: Budget sent back to HoR for revisions The HoR held a discussion on the draft budget on April 19, voting to send the draft back to the GNU for revision. Numerous observations were made as well as a 16-page and 31-point report by the Finance Committee detailing their objections to the budget. The main issue is that the GNU is only in place until scheduled elections in December, with the presented budget deemed too big in relation to the country’s projected revenues and its ability to spend the money effectively. The HoR stated that the GNU should focus on finishing uncompleted projects rather than starting new ones and looked to cut spending on overseas healthcare and scholarships. The GNU had ten days to respond with a redrafted budget to the HoR.

Oil & Gas

NOC: Dispute with CBL deepens as production cut On April 19, the Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO) cut production at Sarir and Mesla fields, resulting in a force majeure being called by the National Oil Company (NOC) at Hariga Port in Tobruk. The shut- down has shuttered 280,000bpd and will cost 118 million LYD/ $26 million per day. AGOCO stated that it had been forced to cut production as it was no longer able to meet its financial commitments. On April 22, the Sirte Oil Company stated it too was shutting down production as it was unable to fulfill its contractual obligations to contractors and could not service accumulated debts. The interruptions to production are being blamed on the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) by the NOC with both AGOCO and the Sirte Oil Company stating they have not had funding for seven months.

Military Developments

Fezzan: Kufra Military Region (LNA) deployed to secure Chadian border On April 23, the LNA began a ground and air operation to secure the Chadian border after deploying forces from the Kufra Military Region (LNA). The operation came after the HoR and GNU ordered military units to secure the area as concerns grow over the situation in Chad. The Ministry of Defence (GNU) also ordered the deployment of Bayraktar drones. These are controlled by Turkey/Tripolitania- based forces and it is unclear how their potential deployment would be coordinated with the LNA,

especially as they too are running air assets from Sarra Airbase near the Sudanese border.

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Chad: Deby’s death destablises Chad This week saw the unexpected death of 68-year-old Chadian President Idriss Deby as he visited the frontlines in Kanem Region over April 17/19 with his death announced on April 20. His death came hours after the announcement he had won a sixth term in office following elections on April 11. It was the elections that triggered an incursion by Chadian rebels from Fezzan in Libya. After a few days of fighting in the Tibesti Mountains, the Front pour l'alternance et la concorde au Tchad (FACT) push southwards towards the capital N’Djamena. The Chadian government re-engaged the rebels as they arrived near Mao, the capital of the Kanem Region, around 226km from N’Djamena. After fighting over the weekend April 17/18, the commander of FACT stated they had conducted a “strategic withdrawal” on April 19 with reports claiming they had sustained heavy losses.

Following Deby’s death, his son Mahamat Idriss Deby (aka Kaka) took control at the head of a military transitional council which is currently set to be in power for 18 months. FACT responded angrily, stating Chad was not a monarchy and claimed they would relaunch their offensive. They have since stated they want a diplomatic solution, and a truce remains in place however, they are likely using the threat of further military action as leverage to try and secure representation on the transitional council.

Coronavirus

Reported cases have reduced this week for the second time in nine weeks with 3406 cases reported compared to 4055 last week. The Libyan vaccination campaign is underway with initial reports suggesting a high take-up rate. Regional Assessment

Tripolitania Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Prisoner Release - Apr 18, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Ash Shwayrif: A prisoner exchange took place between the LNA and Misrata, four of who were from Ash Shwayrif. The move is a positive indicator that negotiations are still producing some small progress on the military side. ▪ Kidnap - Apr 18 02:00, Tripoli Province, Al-Madar Street: A kidnapping by an armed group was reported. ▪ Kidnap - Apr 18 02:00, Tripoli Province, Tripoli: A Libyan national was kidnapped by an armed group and later murdered. ▪ Kidnap - Apr 18 12:20, Misrata Province, Bani Walid: 35 Egyptian nationals were kidnapped for ransom. This is the latest mass kidnapping of Egyptian workers in the Bani Walid area. On March 28, eight workers were taken. On January 26, 38 Egyptians were kidnapped as they left the town. On January 28, the Desert Security Patrols arrested 25 on Nahr Road as they moved from Ash Shwayrif to Bani Walid with reports indicating they were in the country illegally and planning on heading to Europe. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 18 18:00, Tripoli Province, Al Shat Road: The commander of 8 Force/ Nawasi, Mustapha Qadour, was subjected to an attempted assassination. Initial reports suggest this may have been a drive-by type attack. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 19 00:00, Tripoli Province, Tripoli: A member of the Tripoli Security Directorate was murdered. ▪ Security Operation - Apr 19Morning, Tripoli Province, Sidi Saleem: 444 Combat Unit raided the HQ of the National Guard, dislodging its occupants. ▪ Arrest - Apr 20 13:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Sabratah: Reports indicate that an IS member was arrested after travelling from Bani Walid to Sabratah. The arrest is a timely reminder that the groups’

presence continues to endure in Libya and in Tripolitania. Sabratah used to be somewhat of a

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1 202 7 © stronghold for the group before they were dislodged in 2016. The area is still believed to be home to some loyal to the group and remains of importance due to its location along one of the routes from Tunisia. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 21 23:30, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Qadamat Checkpoint: Four members of the Mashashiya tribe were chased and shot dead by unidentified perpetrators near the Qadamat Checkpoint. The incident could result in tribal tensions in the area. The Mashashiya returned to their homes near Zintan a few years ago after being displaced during the revolution when they sided with the Gadhafi regime. ▪ Security Announcement - Apr 22, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: Wessam Jadidi of the Shalfuh militia handed over the HQ of the Security Support Squad to the Criminal Investigation Unit. ▪ Security Operation - Apr 22 02:00, Sirte Province, Sirte: 166 Brigade (LNA) reportedly forced entry to the Sirte Security Directorate. Security patrols were later mobilised in the area. ▪ Troop Movements - Apr 22 07:00, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Ash Shwayrif: The Misrata Security Operations Room reported an LNA deployment to Ash Shwayrif. This follows a deployment on April 11 from Jufra to Ash Shwayrif and comes as the LNA reportedly mobilises reinforcements to Fezzan in response to developments in Chad. The area has also seen activity from 444 Combat Brigade based in Tripoli. ▪ Armed Attack - Apr 22 12:00, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Ajaylat: An armed group attacked a farm, killing Hisham Al-Said in the Cow Project area to facilitate theft from the location. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 22 22:30, Al-Murqub Province, Tarhunah: An armed group member was murdered. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 22 23:00, Al-Murqub Province, Zliten: A Libyan national was shot and killed after failing to give a convoy of four armoured vehicles priority on the road. The convoy was on its way back to Misrata. The incident may trigger localised tensions in the area. ▪ SAF - Apr 22 23:00, Tripoli Province, Ghut al-Shaal: SAF and heavy artillery was in use in the area. ▪ Armed Clash - Apr 23, Nuqat Al-Khams Province, Aljmail: The Al-Far militia (CID) from Zawiyah launched an attack on a Riqdalin armed group with the possible intent of taking control of the Ajmail and Riqdalin Security Directorates. At least four people were killed in the attack. ▪ Security Operation - Apr 23 01:00, Al-Murqub Province, Tarhunah: 444 Combat Brigade carried out a number of arrests and raids. ▪ Armed Clash - Apr 23 02:00, Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi Province, Qadamat Checkpoint: An armed clash took place near the Qadamat Checkpoint. Reports indicate it was between a Gharyan armed group and 444 Combat Brigade. Several fatalities were reported. Four members of the Mashashiya Tribe were killed in the same area on April 21.

Cyrenaica Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Armed Robbery - Apr 18 15:30, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: Unidentified masked perpetrators are reported to have stolen three containers worth of public salaries as they were in transit between the Central Bank in Bayda to the Central Bank in Benghazi. Authorities have denied the incident took place. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 18 20:00, Derna Province, Derna: The body of Ismail Attia al-Sheikh was found bearing signs of torture. Al-Sheikh had reportedly been kidnapped three days prior by 166 Brigade (LNA). ▪ Security Operation - Apr 20 17:00, Kufra Province, Kufra: The Peace Battalion (LNA) gave chase to two vehicles, a Toyota Tundra and an Esquire, in the desert near Kufra. One of the vehicles broke down forcing the driver to flee in the second vehicle. A number of AK-47s and ammunition was recovered from the vehicle. The vehicles are believed to have been smuggling weapons to one of the neighbouring countries or to a terrorist group. ▪ Armed Clash - Apr 20Evening, Benghazi Province, Laithi: Clashes broke out after an armed group

attacked the home of Salem el-Badri, a member of "an investigation team." ▪ Armed Robbery - Apr 22 14:00, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: A Libyan national was shot and

killed during an armed robbery in the Tunnel Street area.

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1 202 8 © ▪ Security Operation - Apr 23 00:00, Kufra Province, Sarra Airbase: The LNA has begun an armed air reconnaissance operation along the border between Libya and Chad. Operations are being run from Sarra Airbase to the south of Kufra near the Sudanese border. This comes after the Ministry of Defense (GNU) ordered the deployment of the Turkish Bayraktar drones to the border. Should they also deploy, there is the potential for tensions between the LNA and Tripolitania forces. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Apr 23 01:00, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: Mohammed al-Jali, a pro-LNA journalist, was subjected to an attempted assassination. ▪ Other - Apr 24, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: Benghazi is reportedly experiencing a drinking water outage. This has been ongoing for around 72 hours.

Fezzan Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Arrest - Apr 19 02:00, Sabha Province, Al-Mahari Hotel: A number of individuals were reported detained based on tribal identity by an unknown armed force. ▪ Unknown Explosion - Apr 19 20:00, Wadi Al-Shatii Province, Brak al-Shati Airbase: A number of explosions and HMG was reported in the area near Brak Airbase with reports indicating it was likely weapons testing. ▪ Security Operation - Apr 21 13:00, Fezzan, Fezzan: The Presidential Council has ordered forces to secure the southern border, gather information and target "hostile targets." ▪ Armed Robbery - Apr 21 13:30, Sabha Province, Qurdah Agricultural Area: An attempted armed robbery resulted in a subsequent armed clash between the perpetrators and victims. ▪ Airstrike - Apr 22 02:00, Murzuq Province, Libya - Chadian Border: Unconfirmed reports claim airstrikes were carried out by AFRICOM against an armed convoy on the Libya/ Chad border. ▪ CP/ Roadblock - Apr 22 22:30, Sabha Province, Nasriya: An armed group established a fake checkpoint and began robbing passengers between the Secondary Neighbourhood and the Nasriya area. ▪ Troop Movements - Apr 22 23:00, Murzuq Province, Libya - Chadian Border: The first deployment of forces from the Kufra Military Region have arrived at the Libyan - Chadian border to conduct air and ground patrols under orders from the LNA General Command. ▪ Airstrike - Apr 22 23:00, Murzuq Province, Qatrun: An airstrike allegedly targeted an armed convoy in the Qatrun area. The incident is likely connected to the situation in Chad. ▪ Troop Movements - Apr 23 02:00, Sabha Province, Tamanhint: An armed convoy of approximately 20 vehicles was reported to be heading towards Tamanhint which is under LNA control. It's possible the convoy was LNA reinforcements following a general mobilisation order to secure the Chad border. ▪ Security Operation - Apr 23 03:30, Wadi Al-Hayaa Province, Obari: The Obari Security Room is coordinating static and mobile security operations with the Sabha Military Region Joint Operations Room (LNA).

Chad

Significant Incidents ▪ Threat Warning - Apr 18, Tibesti, Tibesti Mountains: Reports indicate that the situation in Tibesti remains tense and the area may retain a presence of FACT fighters as they hold withdrawal routes for fighters further south in Kanem region. ▪ Troop Movements - Apr 19, Kanem Region, Mao: FACT stated that they had conducted a "strategic withdrawal" from the area after reports they sustained heavy losses. The Chadian armed forces claimed to have killed around 300 fighters. It is unclear how far they have fallen back. ▪ Security Operation - Apr 20, Kanem Region, Mao: The Chadian government has announced the death of President Idriss Déby due to wounds he sustained over the weekend while visiting the frontlines where government forces were fighting rebel groups. Chad has closed its borders and implemented a curfew. The rebels are holding to a truce while they try to negotiate a political settlement in the aftermath of the president's death.

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Disclaimer: The information and opinions expressed in this Report are the views of GardaWorld and constitute a judgment as at the date of the Report and are subject to change without notice. The information and opinions expressed in this Report have been formed in good faith on the basis of the best information and intelligence available at the time of writing, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. GardaWorld accepts no liability arising out of or in connection with the comments made or the information set out in this Report and the reader is advised that any decision taken to act or not to act in reliance on this Report is taken solely at the reader's own risk. In particular, the comments in this Report

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AQ - Al-Qaeda BAM – Al Bunyan Al Marsous (Misratan-led) BDB – Benghazi Defense Brigade / Saraya Defend Benghazi (SDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) CBL – Central Bank of Libya CNI – Critical National Infrastructure DACOCT - Deterrence Apparatus for Combating Organized Crime and Terrorism DDR - Disarmament, demobilising and reintegration DF – Direct Fire DPF – Derna Protection Force (an amalgamation of all militias in Derna, including the MSCD) GECOL – General Electricity Company of Libya GMMR – Great Man-made River GNA – Government of National Accord (2016) GNC – General National Congress (2012) GNU – Government of National Unity (2021) GTUC - Greater Tripoli Union Council (Tripoli militias and others, established in June 2020) HNEC – High National Elections Commission HoR – House of Representatives (Tobruk-based) IDF – Indirect Fire (mortars/rockets) IDP - Internally Displaced Persons IED - Improvised Explosive Device IOC - International Oil Company IS - Islamic State LIFG – Libyan Islamic Fighting Group LNA – Libyan National Army LNG – Libyan National Guard LPA – Libyan Political Agreement (2015) LPDF - Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (2020) LROR - Libyan Revolutionary Operations Room MoD - Ministry of Defense MoF - Ministry of Finance MoFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoHE - Ministry of Higher Education MoI - Ministry of Interior MoJ - Ministry of Justice MoO - Ministry of Oil MoT - Ministry of Transportation MSCD – Mujahideen Shura Council of Derna (AQ aligned) NFDK - No Further Details Known NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation (aid/charity) NOC – National Oil Company NSG – National Salvation Government (GNC) NSTR - Nothing Significant To Report PC – Presidency Council (GNA) PG – Presidential Guard PFG- Petroleum Facilities Guard RPG - Rocket Propelled Grenade RSCB - Revolutionary Shura Council of Benghazi RTA - Road Traffic Accident SAF - Small Arms Fire SDB – Saraya Defend Benghazi / Benghazi Defense Brigade (BDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) SDF – Rada Deterrence Force/ Special Deterrence Force/ Rada Technical - An improvised weapon-mounted pick-up truck TPF – Tripoli Protection Force (TRB, Nawasi 8 Force, Bab Tajoura Brigade and Ghneiwa umbrella group, established in December 2018)

UXO - Unexploded Ordnance

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