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Anuario Del Terrorismo Yihadista 2018

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Anuario Del Terrorismo Yihadista 2018 OIET OBSERVATORIO INTERNACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE TERRORISMO Anuario del terrorismo yihadista 2018 COVITE Colectivo de Víctimas del Terrorismo Terrorismoaren Biktimen Kolektiboa © de la edición: COVITE, 2019 COVITE Apdo. de Correos 3358 20080 San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa) (España) www.covite.org © de los textos: Sus autores Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta publicación pueden reproducirse o transmitirse de ninguna forma o por ningún medio, sea electrónico, mecánico, reprográfico, fotoquímico, óptico, de grabación o cualquier otra forma de almacenamiento de información o sistema de recuperación, sin el permiso previo y por escrito del editor. Dirección y coordinación: Carlos Igualada Textos: Moussa Bourekba, Alfredo Campos, Luis de la Corte, Francisco José Dacoba, Carlos Fernández, Inés Gaviria, Carlos Igualada, Iñaki Méndez, Carlos Seisdedos, Miguel Sola ISBN: 978-84-09-09308-3 OIET OBSERVATORIO INTERNACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE TERRORISMO Anuario del terrorismo yihadista 2018 Carlos Igualada (Dir.) Moussa Bourekba Alfredo Campos Luis de la Corte Francisco José Dacoba Carlos Fernández Inés Gaviria Iñaki Méndez Carlos Seisdedos Miguel Sola OIET OBSERVATORIO INTERNACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE TERRORISMO PRESENTACIÓN CONSUELO ORDÓÑEZ FENOLLAR, Presidenta del Observatorio Internacional de Estudios sobre Terrorismo (OIET) COVITE defiende firmemente que la única ver- nuestras áreas de actuación y apoyar la investi- dad que cura y regenera el daño causado por gación y la formación de expertos. En esta línea, el terrorismo es la que relata y contextualiza el el Anuario del terrorismo yihadista 2018 recoge sufrimiento que este fenómeno —sean cuales sean información relevante sobre esta materia referente las siglas que lo impartan— causa a las víctimas. a 2018, aportando datos inéditos en un formato Para preservar la memoria y la dignidad de las novedoso. Los temas abordados abarcan atenta- víctimas del terrorismo es importante promover el dos yihadistas, lucha antiterrorista, la actividad desarrollo de proyectos de investigación enfoca- yihadista en el Magreb y Sahel, la radicalización dos a la prevención de la radicalización violenta violenta, el fenómeno de la inmigración, el ciber- y a la difusión de principios democráticos. terrorismo y las víctimas, todo ello avalado por la concienzuda labor de los investigadores que han El Observatorio Internacional de Estudios sobre desarrollado cada uno de los capítulos de este Terrorismo (OIET) surgió en 2015 para fomentar la anuario. investigación nacional e internacional en torno al terrorismo y al desarrollo de estudios estratégicos enmarcados en la prevención de la radicalización El Observatorio Internacional violenta. Abordar estos aspectos es fundamental de Estudios sobre Terrorismo para fortalecer la democracia y debilitar, así, a las organizaciones terroristas que la amenazan. (OIET) surgió en 2015 para Como diría el filósofo Fernando Savater, “la pri- fomentar la investigación mera víctima del terrorismo es la democracia, nacional e internacional aparte de las víctimas concretas. Contra el terro- rismo hay que defender los principios democráti- en torno al terrorismo y cos porque son los que garantizan la libertad”. al desarrollo de estudios Con ese objetivo, el OIET se ha convertido un punto de encuentro entre investigadores, universi- estratégicos enmarcados dades e instituciones públicas o privadas que com- en la prevención de la parten la máxima fundacional de este organismo: radicalización violenta contribuir a la prevención de la radicalización vio- lenta y a la difusión de principios democráticos. En buena medida, el trabajo contenido en este El OIET impulsa una red de trabajo, diálogo y anuario resume la labor de seguimiento e investi- colaboración a nivel nacional e internacional gación que los investigadores vinculados al OIET para frenar el extremismo violento. Esta red per- vienen desarrollado durante todo el año. Carlos mite facilitar el contacto entre expertos y líderes Igualada ha recogido todos los atentados per- internacionales, profundizar el conocimiento en petrados por organizaciones yihadistas o por 4 OIET OBSERVATORIO INTERNACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE TERRORISMO individuos inspirados en su ideología, que tienen Manuel Torres, Martín Alonso, Raúl López Romo, como resultado una o más personas fallecidas y Rogelio Alonso, Román Ortiz, Alberto Bueno, que están documentados por fuentes contrastadas Carlos Igualada, Hana Jalloul Muro, Irene Muñoz en medios nacionales e internacionales. Por su Escandell, Javier Rupérez y Matteo Re. A todos parte, Miguel Sola ha documentado, a lo largo ellos solo puedo agradecer su compromiso para de 2018, información sobre la actividad yihadista que sus investigaciones académicas traspasen el en las zonas de Magreb y Sahel, incluyendo aten- umbral del mundo académico y lleguen a toda la tados, operaciones policiales y militares y otros sociedad. hechos relevantes relacionados con las organi- zaciones que actúan en estas zonas. Asimismo, Desde COVITE continuaremos trabajando para el Observatorio de Operaciones Policiales deslegitimar el terrorismo desde el plano intelec- Antiyihadistas en España, elaborado anterior- tual y de divulgación de ideas. Tal y como dijo mente por el grupo GESI y del que el OIET ha la eurodiputada y activista Maite Pagazaurtundúa recogido el testigo, documenta mensualmente las durante la Jornada de COVITE y el OIET “El nuevo operaciones policiales efectuadas por las Fuerzas escenario del terrorismo en España”, celebrada y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado desde el año en Madrid el 23 de noviembre de 2017: “Es una 1995 hasta la actualidad. El resultado de estas batalla de voluntades y de comunicación en la tres áreas de investigación se analiza y se con- que les tiene que quedar claro [a los terroristas] textualiza en el Anuario de la actividad yihadista que no van a ganar. Hay que mandarles el men- de 2018. Entretanto, la labor de seguimiento y saje de que estamos defendiendo las libertades y análisis del fenómeno yihadista continúa siendo la democracia y las personas que forman parte un pilar fundamental en el trabajo del OIET. de ella, y de que no lo van a conseguir. Lo con- trario del terrorismo no es la paz y la libertad, es Otro pilar fundamental lo conforman los académi- la ley y la libertad”. Con este objetivo, nuestra cos y profesionales de reconocido prestigio que aportación en 2018 fue el Anuario del terrorismo ponen su experiencia y conocimiento a disposición yihadista 2017, y siguiendo la misma línea en del OIET, integrando un prestigioso directorio de 2019 hemos realizado el Anuario del terrorismo expertos. Entre ellos se encuentran algunos de los yihadista 2018. autores de este anuario, así como otros expertos como Fernando Reinares, Florencio Domínguez, Carlos Fernández Casadevante, Francisco J. Llera Ramo, Gaizka Fernández Soldevilla, Henry Patterson, Inés Olza, Javier Gómez Bermúdez, Javier Jordán, Javier Lesaca, Javier Marrodán, Joseba Arregi, Juan Avilés, Luis Castells, Luis de la Corte, Ma del Carmen Alba Figueroa, 5 OIET OBSERVATORIO INTERNACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE TERRORISMO Presentación .......................4 Operaciones policiales contra el yihadismo en España en 2018 .....50 Amenaza yihadista: 1. Introducción ....................50 la globalización del terror 2. Distribución temporal (Prólogo) ..........................8 de las operaciones realizadas .........52 Bibliografía ......................13 3. Distribución geográfica de las operaciones realizadas .........54 Atentados y actividad yihadista 4.1. Edad y sexo ................55 global en 2018 ....................14 4.2. Nacionalidad ...............57 1. Introducción ....................14 5. Tipo de actividad yihadista desarrollada por los detenidos ........58 2. Presencia global del terrorismo yihadista ................15 6. Actuación de las FCSE ............58 3. Víctimas ......................18 7. La Operación Escribano ...........59 4. Los atentados más letales ..........22 8. Expulsiones directas ..............62 5. Organizaciones yihadistas .........23 9. Conclusiones ...................62 6. Modus operandi .................25 Anexo: las 23 operaciones contra el terrorismo yihadista en 2018 ..........63 7. Terrorismo yihadista en Europa ......31 Bibliografía ......................67 8. Conclusiones ...................33 Bibliografía ......................34 Ciberterrorismo de perfil yihadista ...68 La actividad yihadista en el Magreb 1. Introducción ....................68 y el Sahel Occidental en 2018 .......35 2. Internet como campo de batalla .......................68 1. Introducción ....................35 3. Medios propagandísticos ..........69 1.1 Contexto regional .............35 3.1. Inicios de la propaganda .......70 2. La evolución de la amenaza yihadista durante 2018 ....................37 3.2. Comunicación de masas ........70 2.1 Marruecos ..................37 4. Análisis del contenido publicado en canales yihadistas 2.2 Argelia ....................38 en Telegram durante el año 2018 ......77 2.3 Túnez .....................39 4.1. Información cuantitativa ........77 2.4 Libia ......................40 4.2. Información cualitativa .........83 2.5 Mauritania ..................41 5. Conclusiones ...................85 2.6 Mali ......................42 2.7 Senegal ....................43 2.8 Níger .....................43 2.9 Chad .....................44 2.10 Burkina Faso ...............44 2.11 Nigeria ...................45 3. Conclusiones ...................47 Bibliografía ......................48
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