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Volume XII, Issue 5 October 2018 PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5

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ISSN 2334-3745 Volume XII, Issue 5 October 2018 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 Table of Contents Welcome from the Editors...........................................................................................3 Articles The Derna Mujahideen Shura Council: A Revolutionary Islamist Coalition in Libya.......4 by Kevin Truitte Theory-Testing Uyghur Terrorism in China..............................................................18 by Andrew Mumford The Strategic Communication Power of Terrorism: The Case of ETA.........................27 by César García Migration, Transnational Crime and Terrorism: Exploring the Nexus in Europe and Southeast Asia..........................................................................................................36 by Cameron Sumpter and Joseph Franco Research Notes 30 Terrorism Databases and Data Sets: A New Inventory..........................................52 by Neil G. Bowie Resources Terrorism Bookshelf: 30 Books on Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism-Related Subjects...................................................................................................................62 by Joshua Sinai Nina Käsehage, The Contemporary Salafist Milieu in Germany: Preachers and Followers.................................................................................................................75 Reviewed by Alex Schmid Antonio Giustozzi, The Islamic State in Khorasan: Afghanistan, Pakistan and the New Central Asian Jihad...................................................................................................76 Reviewed by Joshua Sinai Bibliography: Terrorist Tactics and Strategies..........................................................78 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Bibliography: Foreign Terrorist Fighters.................................................................121 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes ISSN 2334-3745 i October 2018 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 130 Academis Theses (Ph.D. and MA) On Terrorism and Counterterrorism Issues, Written in English between 1973 and 2018, by Authors with Arab and/or Muslim Backgrounds..........................................................................................................160 Compiled and selected by Ryan Scrivens Recent Online Resources for the Analysis of Terrorism and Related Subjects..........170 Compiled and selected by Berto Jongman Announcements Conference Monitor/Calendar of Events.................................................................200 Compiled and selected by Reinier Bergema About Perspectives on Terrorism............................................................................209 ISSN 2334-3745 ii October 2018 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 Welcome from the Editors Dear Reader, We are pleased to announce the release of Volume XII, Issue 5 (October 2018) of Perspectives on Terrorism, available now at: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/PoT. Please note that the journal’s old website (www. terrorismanalysts.com) will remain online as an archives only site for a while longer, but will eventually be closed down. Readers should update bookmarks and reference links accordingly. Our free and independent online journal is a publication of the Terrorism Research Initiative (TRI) and the Institute of Security and Global Affairs (ISGA) of Leiden University’s Campus The Hague. Now in its twelfth year, Perspectives on Terrorism has over 8,000 regular e-mail subscribers and many more occasional readers and website visitors worldwide. The Articles of its six annual issues are fully peer reviewed by external referees while its Research and Policy Notes, Special Correspondence and other content are subject to internal editorial quality control. We are pleased to announce that with this issue of the journal we are joined by a new member of our Editorial Team, Dr. Rashmi Singh, Associate Professor at the Pontifical Catholic University Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. As an Associate Editor, she will collaborate with one of the two main editors (Alex Schmid and James Forest) on one of the six issues of our journal published in 2019. Here is a brief look at the contents of the current issue: The first article by Kevin Truitte describes the rise and fall of the Derna Mujahideen Shura Council – a coalition of Libyan revolutionary Islamic groups – and its relationship with other local and global jihadist entities. Then Andrew Mumford examines the religious and separatist dimensions of Uyghur terrorists in China. César García follows with an analysis of how the Basque terrorist group ETA used strategic communication techniques to create a ‘spiral of silence’ that muted resistance. And in our final article of this issue, Cameron Sumpter and Joseph Franco provide a comparative analysis of the crime-terrorism nexus in Europe and Southeast Asia This issue of Perspectives on Terrorism also features a Research Note by Neil Bowie providing a new inventory of terrorism databases and datasets. In addition, the Resources section includes our regular contributions from Joshua Sinai (book reviews), Judith Tinnes (bibliographies), Ryan Scrivens (theses), Berto Jongman (web resources), and Reinier Bergema (conference calendar). The current issue of Perspectives on Terrorism was jointly prepared by Co-Editor James J.F. Forest and Prof. em. Alex P. Schmid, the Editor-in-Chief of the journal. ISSN 2334-3745 3 October 2018 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 The Derna Mujahideen Shura Council: A Revolutionary Islamist Coalition in Libya by Kevin Truitte Abstract The Derna Mujahideen Shura Council (DMSC) – later renamed the Derna Protection Force – was a coalition of Libyan revolutionary Islamist groups in the city of Derna in eastern Libya. Founded in a city with a long history of hardline Salafism and ties to the global jihadist movement, the DMSC represented an amalgamation of local conservative Islamism and revolutionary fervor after the 2011 Libyan Revolution. This article examines the group’s significant links to both other Libyan Islamists and to al-Qaeda, but also its ideology and activities to provide local security and advocacy of conservative governance in Derna and across Libya. This article further details how the DMSC warred with the more extremist Islamic State in Derna and with the anti-Islamist Libyan National Army, defeating the former in 2016 but ultimately being defeated by the latter in mid-2018. The DMSC exemplifies the complex local intersection between revolution, Islamist ideology, and jihadism in contemporary Libya. Keywords: Libya, Derna, Derna Mujahideen Shura Council, al-Qaeda, Islamic State Introduction The city of Derna has, for more than three decades, been a center of hardline Islamist jihadist dissent in eastern Libya. During the rule of Libya’s strongman Muammar Qaddafi, the city hosted members of the al-Qaeda- linked Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) and subsequently served as their stronghold after reconciliation with the Qaddafi regime. The city sent dozens of jihadists to fight against the United States in Iraq during the 2000s. After the 2011 Libyan Revolution deposed Qaddafi, the city continued to serve as a center of gravity for rigorist Salafists with links to broader jihadist trends, including al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Ansar al-Sharia in Libya (ASL). After the formation of the Islamic State (IS) in 2014, a number of local fighters pledged allegiance (bay’a) to IS Caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It would be in Derna’s tradition of hardline Islamism and in the spirit of the 2011 Libyan Revolution that the Derna Mujahideen Shura Council (DMSC) emerged. The group, a broad coalition of local and regional militias, was founded by locals and former LIFG members to provide security to the city as it became increasingly isolated. It was also meant to support allied Islamist revolutionary-oriented groups – such as the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (BRSC) – in their fight against the anti-Islamist Libyan National Army (LNA) and its leader, General Khalifa Haftar. The DMSC – later renamed the Derna Protection Force (DPF) – provided security and a semblance of governance against the LNA, as veteran jihadists and jihadist-linked figures found refuge in the city under its protective umbrella. The DMSC was also the first Islamist group in Libya to break with the Islamic State, leading to nearly a year of conflict between the two organizations before IS finally completely withdrew from the city’s environs. In the wake of the 2011 revolution, Libya has become an increasingly complex fractured polity, dividing along tribal, regional, religious, political, personal, and other dimensions. Existing English language literature on militant Islamist groups in Libya in particular has largely focused either on local branches of IS – such as the group’s now defunct Barqa (Cyrenaica), Tarablus (Tripoli), and Fezzan provinces – or al-Qaeda (AQIM or ASL), or on the ties between these global jihadist organizations and local actors. This approach often reduces the local actors’ agency and disregards or downplays the local and historical situation in which each group exists, particularly in the complex post-revolution environment. The DMSC represents these local complexities in Libya, wherein jihadists, non-jihadist Salafists, and even more moderate revolutionaries can operate under a coalition banner against common enemies. Its enemies – ISSN 2334-3745 4 October 2018 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 using labels
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