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A Ccep Ted by TSELTAL CLAUSE STRUCTURE by Kirill Shklovsky B.A., Linguistics, Reed College, 2005 Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at the AnCBNES Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2012 0 Kirill Shklovsky, MMXII. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Sign atu re of A u th or ... ........ .................................... ................................................. Kirill Shklovsky Departm of Linguistics and Philosophy C ertified By.. ........................... ....................................................................................... David Pesetsky Professor of Linguistics Thesis Supervisor A ccep ted By . .. ......... ... ....................................................................................... David Pesetsky Professor of Linguistics Head, Linguistics Section Tseltal Clause Structure by Kirill Shklovsky Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on September 7, 2012 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the syntax of clausal structure in Tseltal (Mayan) with a particular focus on agreement phenomena. The first domain of investigation is the External Possession Construction, in which the clausal agreement is controlled by a possessor of the internal argument, rather than the internal argument itself. It is argued that clausal (p-agreement can target nominals embedded in other noun phrases if the head of the embedding phrase incorporates into the verbal complex. It is argued that this type of long-distance agreement arises when other potential agreement controllers are evacuated or otherwise made unavailable. The second kind of long-distance qp-agreement investigated involves non-finite complement clauses. This portion of the thesis examines the relationship between case opacity, agreement, and Person Case Constraint (PCC). It is argued that an ergative language like Tseltal exhibits object-to-subject raising, the counterpart to subject-to- subject raising in languages like English. The distribution of non-third person objects in non-finite clauses is explained as a consequence of interactions between long-distance agreement and case opacity. It is argued that case opacity is subject to parametric variation, and that this variation predicts some of the ergative splits attested cross- linguistically. The final portion of this thesis considers the nature of ellipsis and polar answers in Tseltal. It is argued that in Tseltal only focus constructions can trigger ellipsis. In focus clauses, an XP constituent or a head in the extended VP is attracted to the left periphery of the clause. It is argued that the movement to focus position is mediated by agreement relations, although in contrast to the preceding chapters, the agreement relations considered here are not long-distance, and in some cases are very local. The case of maximally local agreement is argued to differentiate between the realization of narrow focus and broad focus in Tseltal. Thesis Supervisor: David Pesetsky Title: Professor of Linguistics Contents A cknow ledgem ents ................................................................................................................................ 11 A bbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... 13 C hapter O ne: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 W hat this thesis is about ................................................................................................... 15 1.2 O verview of the dissertation ................................................................................................. 15 1.3 M ethodology and sources of data .................................................................................. 17 C hapter Tw o: A bout Tseltal................................................................................................................19 2.1 M ayan and T seltal....................................................................................................................19 2.2 Language nam e ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Petalcingo .................................................................................................................................. 22 2.4 O rthography and select phonological rules ............................................................... 24 2.5 W ord order ............................................................................................................................... 25 2.6 A greem ent, head-m arking, and pro-drop .................................................................. 27 2.6.1 H ead-m arking and agreem ent.............................................................................. 27 2.6.2 pro-drop .......................................................................................................................... 29 2.6.3 Person and num ber agreem ent ............................................................................ 30 2.6.4 Possessive and ergative agreem ent..................................................................... 32 2.6.5 A greem ent versus pronominal clitics ............................................................... 33 2.7 T ense, aspect and auxiliaries .......................................................................................... 36 2.8 A pplicative constructions ................................................................................................ 39 2.9 Binding in T seltal.....................................................................................................................41 ..enessenemma.emassewese..asess....e.=a.assessaama.em.aamasetemaensmessagessaneame.eseensaammase.essanassma..seeme...na.me.e.w.asanassene..e...a.eme.ne.a.meeksese..e.aamas.e.essan.saa..ees.e.s.ammemmaamess....nes.mma..met.mmess.s...leassa6 .essessenessas...se.a.enemane.. emensamma.. .sesseam...anaae.....esan.e.ese.essese.se.e...se.ntemene.s.nasamo.ea.eseewangsanoa..aaa...eessee.angsancessesseemm....saammaasa.a.a.eeaama.essemana.s.=ce.m.a.mene.sess.maa Chapter Three: External Possession............................................................................................ 45 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 45 3.2 External possession ............................................................................................................ 46 3.2.1 O verview of external possession in Tseltal............................................................46 3.2.2 External possession is an applicative construction........................................ 47 3.2.3 External possession is athem atic ........................................................................ 49 3.2.4 Kinds of possessors in external possession...................................................... 50 3.2.5 EPC and predicate classes...................................................................................... 53 3.2.6 Local sum m ary.......................................................................................................... 54 3.3 Tseltal external possession and binding...................................................................... 54 3.4 Argument structure and person agreement in Tseltal.............................................55 3.4.1 A rgum ent structure in transitive clauses........................................................... 55 3.4.2 A rgum ent structure and the applicative........................................................... 55 3.5 A ccount of external possession in Tseltal................................................................... 56 3.5.1 Locality conditions.................................................................................................... 56 3.5.2 Possessor D P and the head D P.............................................................................. 58 3.5.3 A greem ent in situ....................................................................................................... 65 3.5.4 Binding effects ............................................................................................................ 69 3.5.4.1 Anaphora in external possession constructions and beyond ........... 70 3.5.4.2 Disjoint reference effects versus coreference ......................................... 73 3.6 C onclusion ................................................................................................................................ 74 C hapter Four: Person C ase C onstraint...................................................................................... 77 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 77 4.2 A n overview of PC C effects in Tseltal.............................................................................. 78 4.2.1 D itransitives ..................................................................................................................
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